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The document provides a comprehensive overview of the history of architecture, examining various styles and factors influencing architectural developments from prehistoric times to classical Greek architecture. It details influences from history, society, religion, geography, and climate on architectural styles, and discusses specific examples from Egyptian, Near Eastern, and Greek architecture. Key examples include megalithic structures, pyramid constructions, ziggurats, and Greek temple designs, highlighting the evolution and significance of architectural forms across different cultures and time periods.

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FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 1 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1. Definitions 1.1.1. History of Architecture It is a record of man’s effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. 1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture The particular method, characteristics, manner of design which prevailed at a certain place and time. 1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture 1.2.1. History 1.2.2. Society 1.2.3. Religion 1.2.4. Geography 1.2.5. Geology 1.2.6. Climate 2.PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 2.1. Influences 2.1.1. History Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 B.C.) Hunting and food gathering 2.1.2. Religion No organized religion Burial rituals and monuments 2.2. Architectural Character 2.2.1. Construction System Megalithic structures – large stones 2.2.2. Materials Animal skins, wooden frames and bones 2.2.3. Orientation Faces toward cardinal points 2.3. Examples 2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) Single, large upright monolith, sometimes arranged in parallel rows reaching several miles 2.3.2. DOLMENS Several large stones capped with a covering slab 2.3.3. TRILITHON Organized groups of three stones, two vertical and a horizontal one at their top 2.3.4. CROMLECH A circle of monoliths / trilithons; enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form (Most imposing example: Stonehenge, England – 2000 B.C.)
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 2 2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) An artificially constructed mound of earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral chamber 2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Natural and artificial caves Beehive hut Trullo Wingwam or tepee Hogan Igloo 3.EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS) 3.1. Influences 3.1.1. History 3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on earth, sole master of its country and people Subdivision of ancient Egypt: The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII The New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX 3.1.2. Religion Cult of many gods representing nature Deep concern for immortality amounted to near obsession; First requirement of immortality- Mummification Egyptians wished for fine burial embalmment and funeral rites, a permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling” 3.1.3. Geography and Geology Nile River – travel and trade route It consists of narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both banks of the River Nile. Natural products like timber, clay, brick and stone. Includes limestone, granite and alabaster. For constructive/decorative architectural work and vases and personal ornaments 3.1.4. Climate Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine (simplicity in design) 3.2. Architectural Character 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION Monumental, immortal, permanent; Classify them as: Tomb architecture Temple architecture Obelisks Dwellings Tomb architecture The Mastaba The Royal Pyramid The Rockhewn Tombs Two types of Temples Mortuary Temples Cult Temples Known Architects Imhotep – under king Zoser Semnut – worked for Queen Hatshepsut 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals Square pillar Polygonal column Palm-type column Bud-and-bell column Foliated capital column Hathor-headed column Osiris pillars 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat 3.2.5. WALL
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 3 Massive walls to protect from fierce heat of the sun and space for Hieroglyphics Batter wall – diminishing in width towards the top 3.2.6. OPENING No windows; skylights; roof slits; clerestories 3.2.7. DECORATION “Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings Hieroglyphics Sphinxes Solar disc and vulture with spread wings Scarab – symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing fertility Grapes symbolizes eternity 3.2.8. ORIENTATION Towards the cardinal points 3.3. Examples 3.3.1. MASTABAS Arabic for “bench” A rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping flat or recessed sides, erected over a subterranean tomb chamber that was connected with the outside by a vertical shaft Length is between 20 – 50 meters Width is 15 – 37 meters Chapel with a false door for offerings to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber for the statue of the deceased. Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex, Saqqara Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara Mastaba at Giza Mastaba at Beit Khallaf 3.3.2. PYRAMIDS A sepulchral monument in the form of huge stone structures with a square base and four sloping sides meeting at an apex Types : step, slope and bend The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara (near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.) The Pyramids at Gizeh (finest rue pyramids) (near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV dynasty: Khufu (Greek - Cheops) Khafre (Greek.- Chepren)
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 4 Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus) 3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS Built along hillside the nobility, not royalty 3.3.4. PYLONS Monumental gateway to temples, usually composed of two masses of masonry with sloping sides flanking the entrance portal 3.3.5. OBELISKS Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, square in plan with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base with four sides featuring Hieroglyphics 3.3.6. TEMPLES Mortuary temples – In honor of pharaohs Cult temples – In honor of god Temple of Hatshepsut Designed by the royal architect Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut Great Temple of Abu Simbel
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 5 The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia, lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C. Example of rock-cut temple 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses 4.NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE 4.1. Influence 4.1.1. History 5000 B.C. to 641 A.D. 3 Periods: Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean) Assyrian Persian 4.1.2. Geography and Geology 3 zones: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent Mountains and plateaus from west to east 4.1.3. Religion Worshipped nature gods 4.1.4. Society Religion determined society City-state was under the protection of the god of the city The king is the representative and steward Socio-political system – “Theocratic Socialism” 4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture “Land between the Rivers” Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the present-day Middle Eastern country of Iraq. 4.2.1. Architectural Character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil ORIENTATION: Four corners towards cardinal points 4.2.2. EXAMPLES: ZIGGURATS Rough pyramidal structures consisting of stages, each succeeding stage stepped back from the one beneath. It supports an altar or temple. “artificial mountains” of tiered rectangular stages with temple at summit Ziggurat at Bulsippa Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen 15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each 4.3. Assyrian Architecture 4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Materials: some stone and timber are available DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding chief portals glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow and green Low relief sculpture in stone Murals 4.3.2. EXAMPLES Temples: With or without ziggurat Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat 4.4. Persian and Median Architecture 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was used mostly for fire-temples and palace platforms COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians introduced the use of columns 4.4.2. EXAMPLES DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house with entrance at end rather than on the long sides.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 6 Columned portico as entrance or vestibule Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis Palace of Darius Palace of Xerses Hypostyle Hall of Xerses Hall of Hundred Columns (by Darius) 5.GREEK ARCHITECTURE 5.1. Influences 5.1.1. History Aegean Period 2 major cultures Minoan (flourished in Crete) Mycenaean (mainland and others) Minoan architecture Mycenean architecture Ancient Greek architecture Archaic Greek architecture Classical Greek architecture Late Classical Greek architecture Hellenistic Architecture 5.1.2. Religion Nature worship, religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their gods live in nature, mountains, assumed human form and was not free from human weakness 5.1.3. Geography and Geology Mainland: mountainous hinterlands separated inhabitants into groups, clans, and states Archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and communication 5.1.4. Climate Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light 5.2. AGEAN PERIOD 5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive structures COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part capital: square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no mortar, clay bedding Polygonal wall – advanced technique, Hellenic period, no pith or tar Rectangular – no dowels Cyclopean wall 5.2.2. EXAMPLES Minoan Architecture: Houses Megaron – single-storeyed house of deep plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom with central doorway, living apartment or megaron proper, central hearth, columns supporting roof , thalamus, or sleeping room behind The Megaron Palaces: Palace of King Minos, Knossos, Crete 1600-1400 B.C.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 7 Mycenean Architecture: Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenea Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive shaped type of subterranean tomb constructed as a corbelled vault and found on pre-historic Greek sites Treasury of Atreus The best preserved “beehive tomb” Built into a hill and approached by a long passage, the dromos, leading to the beehive shape round tomb chamber, tholos 5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic) 5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: mostly religious architecture “carpentry in marble” – timber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exactness CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns and entablature were made of timber and terra cotta decorations stone columns in 600 B.C. THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base, column shaft, horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice) DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN DECORATION: Refinements used to correct optical illusions; sculpture, colors, mural painting ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column to correct the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle 5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic) 5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for Roman building types not religious in character, but civic Dignified and gracious structures Symmetrical, orderly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof and upper wall
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 8 Skylight – made of thin translucent marble Temple door – on the east DECORATION: Mouldings - In architecture, a continuous narrow surface either projecting or recessed, plain or ornamented, whose purpose is to break up a surface, to accent, or to decorate by means of the light and shade it produces Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa (Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like) Fillet Cavetto Scotia Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly Doors oriented towards east 5.4.2. EXAMPLES: TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an established cult centre, sometimes it incorporates many buildings Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos) Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in the 5th century B.C. Foremost among world –famous building sites 10 structures: Propylaea – the entrance gateway to an enclosure (usually temple precincts) as on the Acropolis, Athens Pinacotheca - building containing gallery of painted pictures Statue of Athena Promachos Erectheion (group of buildings) Parthenon Temple of Nike Apteros Old Temple of Athena Stoa of Eumeses Theater of Dionysos Odeon of Herodes Atticus Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 9 TEMPLES – not intended for internal worship; altar was outside, on the east front Parts: COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to the rows of columns PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled room opening into the cella. CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of the god or goddess was placed REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the cella, often added for reasons of symmetry. Its place might alternatively be occupied by an enclosed adytum (treasure room, sometimes interpreted as a "holy of holies” STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the stepped foundation of a Greek temple (known as the crepidoma) CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually, three levels upon which the superstructure of the building is erected STYLOBATE - The upper step of the base of a Greek temple, which forms a platform for the columns PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally behind a screen of columns. Typical Greek temple plan Temples: Column number terminology: Technical term number of columns at front distyle - 2 columns tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used by Vitruvius hexastyle - 6 columns, term used by Vitruvius octastyle - 8 columns decastyle - 10 columns Temples: Planned by column arrangement In-antis – between anta and the front Amphi-antis – at front and rear Prostyle – portico at front Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and rear Peripteral – on all sides Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns attached to naos Dipteral – double line of columns surrounding naos Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but inner columns omitted on flanks on naos.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 10 DORIC TEMPLES DORIC COLUMN: stands without base directly on stylobate; simplest Had a timber origin H=4 – 6 X base diameter ENTABLATURE: H = 1 & ¾ the height of Order The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C. Sculptor and general director: Phidias Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates Temple of Hera, Paestum IONIC TEMPLES IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute and scroll capital; derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most elegant; slender than Doric H = 9 X base diameter 24 flutes separated by fillets
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 11 ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of Order Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in asianic examples), cornice Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C. Ionic building named after a mythic Athenian hero Erechtheus; with Caryatid porch CARYATID – A female figure that functions as a supporting column Temple of Artemis, Ephesus By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates Sculpted by Scopas CORINTHIAN TEMPLES
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 12 CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft resembling the Ionic; more slender H = 10 X base diameter CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 & 1/6 diameter high; designed by Callimachus, inspired by basket surrounded by acanthus leaves over the grave of a Corinthian maiden ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic 3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens THEATERS: An open-air structure in the form of a segment of a circle, frequently excavated from a hillside, with the seats arranged in tiers behind and above one another Parts: ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front of the stage in a theater, where the chorus stood THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place) Alternate name koilon. Originally referred to the audience space of the Greek theatre, but later became synonymous with the entire auditorium consisting of the spaces for both the audience as well as the performance; corresponds to Roman cavea. SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind the orchestra originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances; corresponds to the Roman scaena or scaenae PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl. parodoi) Side entrance into the orchestra of a Greek theater (one on each side); the space between the audience seating and the skene building; primary entrance/exit for the chorus and used by audience for entrance and exit from theatre; also the song sung by chorus as it first enters the orchestra. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end of skene PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as speaking place or locelon EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the 2-storey skene building DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata) Horizontal walkway separating upper and lower sections of theatron (Latin cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in Greek theatres concentric with the outer wall; corresponds to Roman praecinctio Greek theater plan
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 13 Theater of Epidaurus Designed by Polycleitos Most beautiful Greek theater DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8) Propylaea, Athens AGORA: An open square space used for public meetings or business/social life STOA: covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens. PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens BOULEUTERION: Council house with banked seats facing inwards ODEION: building similar to theater used for musical performance in Sparta, built in the 7th or 6th century B.C. STADIUM: foot race course HIPPODROME: course provided by the Greeks for horse racing and chariot racing PALAESTRA: Wrestling school GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games and all types of physical exercises TOMBS: The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos Most famous of all tombs one of seven wonders of ancient world; for king Mausolos from his widow Artemisia The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos 6.ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 6.1. INFLUENCES 6.1.1. History Centrally-located on the Mediterranean, was able to serve as intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.) ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.) 6.1.2. Religion Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from Greek gods 6.1.3. Geography and Geology
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 14 Italian peninsula; central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea 6.1.4. Climate Temperate climate in the North Sunny in Central Italy Almost tropical in south 6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE: 6.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: great builders and large scale undertakings CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of true and radiating arch MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel Earth for making terra cotta and bricks; first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) – stone or brick rubble and mortar or pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth material COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan Order CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the cardo (north-south) and the decumanus (east-west)—a grid of smaller streets dividing the town into blocks, and a wall circuit with gates. 6.2.2. EXAMPLES: TOMBS: existed in great numbers outside city walls in special necropolis sites DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium 6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: 6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders of architecture used as decorative features which could be omitted Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Developed arch and vault system started by Etruscans Combined use of columns, beam and arch KEYSTONE – the central stone of an arch or rib vault; sometimes carved IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually formed of a projecting bracket-like moulding, on which the end of an arch rests VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an arch INTRADOS – the interior curve of an arch taken from the inside of the voussoirs SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch, where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins. MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white Concrete – to build vaults of a magnitude equaled until 19th century steel construction COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th Orders: Tuscan and Composite TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of Doric Order H = 7 X diameter Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature COMPOSITE ORDER: combines prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian voussoirs
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 15 Composite Order ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/ tunnel vault, wagon vault with intersecting vault, cross vault, hemispherical dome/ cupola WALL: Opus Quadratum Opus Incertum Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect with fine joints running diagonally OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork and small squared stone blocks 6.3.2. EXAMPLES: Rectangular temples The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best preserved; Corinthian Order CIRCULAR TEMPLE The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect preservation of roman buildings) Temple of Vesta, Rome FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek Agora; central open space usually surrounded by public building and colonnades
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 16 Trajan’s Forum BASILICAS: large public hall where law- suits were heard; hall of justice; commercial exchange Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Usuall plan: length twice the width THERMAE: Roman public baths, containing large halls, with water at various temperatures and many other amenities such as libraries, and sports arenas 3 parts: Main building, open space outer ring of apartments Main building: Dominant central hall, symmetrically arranged rooms Tepidarium – warm room Frigidarium – cold water swimming bath Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating room Apodyteria – dressing room Unctuaria – Oils room Thermae of Caracalla THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit Roman drama; Semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area (cavea) The Theater, Orange AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double- theaters) elliptical or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats used for gladiatorial and animal contests The Colosseum, Rome
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 17 CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing (from hippodrome) The Circus Maximus, Rome TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs Caemetaria Monumental tombs Pyramidal Tombs Temple-shaped tombs Eastern Tombs TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch built to celebrate victorious campaigns; erected to emperors and generals Arch of Titus, Rome DWELLINGS: Domus – private house Villa – country house Insula – apartment block Republican house, consisted of an entrance corridor (fauces) main room (atrium) open to the sky with a central basin for the collection of rainwater Series of small bedrooms (cubicula) Office area (tablinum) Dining room (triclinium) kitchen (culina), and perhaps a small garden (hortus) AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure Pont du Gard, Nimes, France TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS BRIDGES MEMORIAL COLUMN PALACES FOUNTAINS
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 18 7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 7.1. INFLUENCES 7.1.1. History 313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from Judea to Rome; became the official religion of the Roman Empire Two Historic Events The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state religion) Transfer of power from Rome to Constantinople c. 330 7.1.2. Religion Christianity 7.1.3. Geography and Geology Roman ruins served as quarries from which materials were obtained 7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly influenced by Roman art and architecture; purpose of the Christian church was to serve worshippers 2 building types Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end. Martyrium – Circular building (Baptistery or mausoleum) 7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as possible the materials from old Roman temples which had become useless 7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof of king and queen post trusses; vaulted or domed 7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman construction methods; an architectural abstraction of the ideal Christian, simple and plain on the outside, but with a soul glowing and beautiful within. (richly decorated interior space and neglecting the exterior) 7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West Priest stood behind altar facing East 7.3. EXAMPLES 7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on ancient Roman basilicas; erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated Parts: ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave NAVE – part of the church between the chief entrance and the choir, demarcated from aisles, by piers and columns AMBULATORY – a passageway around the apse of a church, or for circumambulating a shrine APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or polygonal termination, usually to a chancel or chapel BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at the east end AISLE – part of the church, parallel to, and divided by piers or columns from, the nave, choir or transept CHOIR – part of the church where the choir sits; normally the west part of the chancel (loosely applied to mean as chancel) CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a church in which the main altar is placed; reserved for clergy and choir AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle was read TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church whose axis crosses at right angles the axis running from the chief entrance through the nave to the apse
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 19 Plan S. Clemente, Rome S. Maria Maggiore, Rome S. Apollinare, Ravenna S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter’s martyrdom) S. Costanza, Rome 7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower, either attached to a church or standing alone BAPTISTERY 7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or part of a church in which the Sacrament of Baptism is administered during Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany; with the advent of infant baptism, it was replaced by the Font Baptistery of Constantine, Rome 7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th century took place in the Catacombs outside Rome; Christians objected to cremation and insisted burial on consecrated ground Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Earliest tomb in cruciform plan; sarcophagi still remain in the arms of the cross
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 20 8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 8.1. INFLUENCES 8.1.1. History 330-1453 A.D. Byzantium – Greek colony since 660 B.C.; Constantine, a converted Christian transferred the empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D. Empire was divided: Rome as western capital and Byzantium (which later became Constantinople) as eastern capital (“new Rome”) 8.1.2. Religion 330 A.D. Constantinople became capital to first official Christian empire 8.1.3. Geography and Geology Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by small body of water; most commanding position and most valuable part of eastern Roman Empire 8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church construction; discarded early Christian style for new domical Byzantine style (still the official style for Orthodox churches) Basilican plan: early Christian Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine 8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical construction with classical columnar style 8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, Cubiform capital, shaped to form a transition from square abacus to circular shaft; dosseret block used as deep abacus invented to enlarge surface for receiving wide voussoirs of arches or thick walls 8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes Simple, Compound and special designs 8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of mouldings; decorative arches, internal marble, mosaic and fresco decorations 8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west 8.3. EXAMPLES 8.3.1. CHURCHES Centralized type of plan S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia or “divine wisdom”) Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus; One of the supreme achievements in the history of world architecture; Structurally the dome rests on pendentives between the four supporting arches resting on four main piers S. Vitale, Ravenna
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 21 9.ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 9.1. INFLUENCES 9.1.1. History 900-1200 A.D. Decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of independent states and notions of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. King Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope in 800 A.D. established the Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted until 1806; Religious enthusiasm found physical expression in magnificent cathedrals and monastic buildings 9.1.2. Religion Growth of different religious orders Monasticism became the most important institution within the Church (provided seclusion, assurance of salvation, only means of receiving education) The monasteries were the bearers of culture and art 9.1.3. Society Two major social institutions added coherence: the Christian church and Feudalism 9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by classical traditions; concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ornamental detail; sober and dignified Transition from flat wooden ceiling of the nave to masonry vault construction Application of cross-groin vault, consisting of four curved surfaces (quadripartite vault) Use of bay system Semicircular arches for openings in walls Massive enclosing walls and incorporation of towers into the church building proper 9.3. NORTH ITALY 9.3.1. INFLUENCES: History Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa Invasions and trade with northern Europe through alpine passes; Close alliance with Constantinople, influence of Byzantine culture, because of Venice and Ravenna Geography and Geology Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for bricks and marble from hills Climate Extremes of heat and cold 9.3.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS Basilican-type churches; flat, severed facades across whole church, masking division on nave and aisles Wheel window Central projecting porch on façade, often 2-storey with columns on crouching beasts Roughly-carved grotesque figures of men and beasts Less refined in character due to use of stone and brick instead of marble Ornament shows a departure from classic precedent, instead its shows rough northern European grotesque styles S. Ambrogio, Milan S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona S. Fedele Como S. Michele, Pavia CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque period; straight tower shafts, generally standing alone as civic monuments or symbols of power rather than integral parts of church
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 22 9.4. SOUTH ITALY 9.4.1. INFLUENCES: History Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and Norman rule Geography and Geology Mountainous with limestone Climate Almost sub-tropical 9.4.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in mosaic decorations; Muslim influence on use of striped marbles Monreale Cathedral, Palermo S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo La Zisa, Palermo 9.5. CENTRAL ITALY 9.5.1. INFLUENCES: HISTORY Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa Rich in pagan influence Geography and Geology Great stone and mineral wealth at Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino, travertine, marble Ruins of classical buildings 9.5.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS Concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ornamental details, instead of new construction systems Resembles early basilican churches in plan Pisa Cathedral Forms one of most famous building groups in the world – campanile and Campo Santo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of Pisa” The wall is covered with white and pink marble. The dome at the Crossing is additional at later period. The Bell Tower was designed by Bonanno 9.6. NORTH FRANCE 9.6.1. INFLUENCES Geography and Geology Fine Caen stone Pumice and tufa Climate Wintery in north 9.6.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Remains of old buildings were less abundant, greater freedom of developing new style
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 23 The Abbey S. Denis The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen S. Nicholas, Caen 9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 9.7.1. INFLUENCES Geography and Geology Abundant good stone, easily quarried and freely used Climate Sub-tropical in south 9.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Cruciform plan Semi-circular east end, as an ambulatory with radiating chapels, is common Use of old Roman architecture features St. Sernin, Toulouse Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port Angouleme Cathedral 9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE 9.8.1. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Stone from mountains along Rhine Timber from Baltic shores Brick from Elber in the north Climate Summer and winter 9.8.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard influence Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral Worms Cathedral, Germany Church of the Apostles, Cologne Speyer Cathedral
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 24 9.9. SPAIN 9.9.1. INFLUENCES History Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 A.D.; continuous warfare against moors gave a certain unity to the peninsula Christian influence Royal ties with France and England Geography and Geology Iberian Peninsula is a great rock massif – granite, limestone, red sandstone, semi-marble, no timber 9.9.2. EXAMPLES RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Used both Basilica and Greek-cross forms Sta. Maria, Ripoll St. Tirso, Sahagun La Lugareja, Arevalo St. Martin de Fromista Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia Santiago de Compostela Finest achievement of Romanesque architecture in Spain CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS City Walls of Andalusia Loarre in Aragon Finest Romanesque Castle in Spain Complex of circular towers, curtain walls City Walls of Avila, Castile 9.10. ENGLAND 9.10.1. INFLUENCES History Subject to roman conquest, preceded by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55 A.D. Ruled by Roman legions Geography and Geology Remote from rest of Europe, dependent on sea routes Hardwood forest and stone Climate Low lighting, severe cold 9.10.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS 3 foundations: Old foundation – served by secular clergy Monastic foundation – served by regular clergy or monks, later by secular canons New foundation – to which bishops had been appointed Norwich Cathedral St. Albans Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Bristol Cathedral Carlisle Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Exeter Rochester Oxford Worcester Canterbury Cathedral Durham Cathedral
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 25 MONASTIC BUILDINGS Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire CASTLES 1500 castles in England, in 1100 to 1200 A.D. Began as motte and bailey earthworks, later citadels with stone and curtain walls Windsor Castle The largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous occupation Tower of London Castle Hedingman, Essex Orford, Suffolk Conisborough, Yorkshire 10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 10.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Gothic age originated in France around 1150 Originally- Gothic- first used by Renaissance critics as a derogatory term for all art and architecture of the middle ages-works of the barbarian Goths. Considered as one of Europe’s outstanding artistic eras. This age saw the rise of new cities or built on the foundations of old Roman cities Religion Strongly influenced by religious men and saints; extreme power and wealth led to serious abuses in the church 10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting The pointed arch, flying buttress and rib vault Colored glass and tracery, rhythm columns and bundled piers Towers and spires-transcendental character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Transverse section
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 26 Sexpartite Vault 10.3. FRANCE 10.3.1. INFLUENCES History 1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453 A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began with England; restlessness Feudal system, tyranny of lords over common people Religious zeal – Christianity was united against Muslims; Crusades 10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in reproach to this style – a departure from classic lines General use of “Pointed Arch” “L ‘architecture Ogivale” 3 periods: PRIMARIE(1200 AD) “A lancettes” Pointed arch and geometric traceried windows SECONDAIRE (1300 AD) “Rayonnant” Circular windows, wheel tracery TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD) “Flamboyant” Flame-like window tracery 10.3.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Erected out of funds provided by the laity – not as part of monastic establishments Served as a library for illiterate townspeople; biblical stories told, with stained-glass and statuary Point of departure from classic Vaulting framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs, which supports thin stone panels Difficulty of vaulting oblong compartments – overcome by using pointed arches over shorter span and sometimes retaining semi-circular arches for diagonal or longer spans Downward and outward pressures from vault were collected by meeting of ribs at angles; oblique pressure was counter-acted by buttresses or flying buttresses weighted by pinnacles Walls – less needed supports, released from load-bearing function; invention of colored, stained glass window to adorn window-walls.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 27 Notre Dame de Paris One of the oldest French cathedrals; begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully “flying buttress” Reims Cathedral Chartres Cathedral Beauvais Cathdral Laon Cathedral Soissons Cathedral HOTEL DE VILLE Few examples because little municipal life under the Feudal system Hotel de Ville, Arras PALAIS DE JUSTICE Great halls in which kings and nobles dispensed justice to their vassals Palais de Justice, Rouen CASTLES Built on mounds above rivers with thick walls and small windows to resist attack Later adapted to make convenient residences Chateau de Pierrefonds Chateau de Ambrose COUNTRY HOUSES With the development of gunpowder and new social order, country houses took the place of fortified citadels Still called “chateaux” Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Justice, Rouen Chateau d’O, Mortree TOWNHOUSES “Maisons noble” – French nobles ceased to be feudal lords in castles and erected, known as “hotels” House of Jacques Couer, Bourges Hotel de Cluny, Paris 10.4. ENGLAND 10.4.1. INFLUENCES History
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 28 High Gothic Style gained acceptance in England under Henry II (1154-1189 A.D.) 10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.) Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed arches in Romanesque structures Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.) equivalent to high Gothic in France – also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed” style Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also called “Second Pointed” equivalent to French “Flamboyant” style Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed” Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing application of Renaissance detail Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.) Renaissance ideas take its mark THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING NORMAN Diagonal segmental rib Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century) Early English groined vaulting Early English groined vaulting with intermediate ribs DECORATED (14th Century) Lierne vault Ceiling Plan Lierne stellar vaulting PERPENDICULAR (15th Century) Fan vaulting REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 29 TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof Hammer – Beam Roof Collar –Braced Roof Aisle Roof EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC WINDOWS GOTHIC DOORWAYS Early English Gothic doorway Gothic doorway; Decorated style Gothic doorway; Perpendicular style REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 30 10.4.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS (Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a religious building for worship, specifically of a denomination with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox and some Lutheran churches, which serves as a bishop's seat, and thus as the central church of a diocese Westminster Abbey; most important medieval building in England; largest area and width (32 m. inside) Yorkminster Wells Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral MONASTERIES: Building complex of monastic order – self – contained community used by monks PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church, Stock Essex Breamore Church, Hants Tity church, Essex CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS Stronghold, also for administering justice and dispensing hospitality SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room shelters of wood and thatch townhouses on burgages or narrow strips of land, limited frontage on main street COLLEGES: with chapel; communal dining hall, library, small rooms, staircases, storage. Brew houses, gatehouse MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and wealthy trading families Parts: Great Hall, (sometimes aisled) Chapel Latrine chamber Service rooms Kitchens Central hearth TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased number and variety of rooms; Quadrangular court from which many rooms entered directly. Battlement parapets and fortified gateways used for ornamentation Penhurst Place, Kent Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk Chamey Basset Manor house, Berkshire Athelhampton Hall, Dorset Hampton Court Palace 10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE 10.5.1. INFLUENCES History: Germany was a composition of many states 10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Style came from France and not from German Romanesque 10.5.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the north – totally different external appearance
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 31 Ulm Cathedral CASTLES: seen everywhere with old fortified towns Klingentor, Rothenburg TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House, Nuremburg HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house, Brunswick 10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS 10.6.1. INFLUENCES History: Basins and delta of Rhine and other rivers, number of medieval states and cities; sea power, culturally dependent on Germany and France Towns competed with each other in power and the arts – architecture as products of civic rivalry in wealth and splendor 10.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER French Gothic influence – Brabantine style; German influence – hall churches 10.6.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example of Gothic in Netherlands; Antwerp Cathedral SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Town hall, Bruges Town hall, Louvain Town hall, Brussels Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent 10.7. SPAIN 10.7.1. INFLUENCES History; Spanish inquisition in 1477 A.D. – brought national and religious unity against the Jews and Muslims Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085 A.D.; Moors were expelled from in 1492 A.D. with fall of Granada 10.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence, horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery, rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and flowing patterns Gerona Cathedral Burgos Cathedral Most poetic of all Spanish cathedrals Toledo Cathedral Salamanca Cathedral Avila Cathedral Segovia Cathedral Granada Cathedral Barcelona Cathedral Seville Cathedral The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. It is the largest of all Roman Catholic cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not being a cathedral) and also the largest Medieval Gothic religious building, in terms of both area and volume SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Puerta Serranos, Valencia
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 32 The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo College of Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid Palacio de la Audencio, Barcelona Ducal Palace, Guadalajara La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Camp 10.8. ITALY 10.8.1. INFLUENCES History: Italy led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and commerce; Renaissance, cultural revival, took place in Italy nearly in advance in northern Europe This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in Italy (only one Gothic architecture in Rome: St. Francis of Assisi) 10.8.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Roman tradition remained strong; combination of Greek inspiration, Roman construction and Byzantine decoration Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval Cathedral) Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort in civic architecture during the period) Florence Cathedral (aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed by Arnolfo di Cambio; essentially Italian in character without the vertical features of northern Gothic; the dome was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi which triumphantly blended with a Gothic building Sienna Cathedral (one of the most stupendous undertakings since the Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble striping on wall and pier Palazzo Vechio Palazzo S. Steffano Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo 11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE 11.1. INFLUENCES History; great inventions led to general upheaval of this period – gunpowder, mariner’s compass, printing by movable types; attempt to understand the ancient world, its values, literary and artistic forms; “Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius in 1486; Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had begun to fall apart Two principal Components of the style: Revival of the classical forms (Re-birth) Intensified concern for secular life “Humanism” – people are rational beings who possess within themselves the capacity for truth and goodness 11.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the Renaissance movement crated a break in the evolution of European architecture; characteristic of departure from Gothic – classic Roman “Orders of Architecture” used after a thousand years; adoption of Byzantine structural and decorative practices interwoven with Roman and Romanesque succession COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Orders were standardized by Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi, used constructively and decoratively ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised above pendentives to accommodate windows, decoration with classical columns crowned with lantern WALL: rusticated masonry walls; rusticated wall angles called quoins Quoins
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 33 11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Renaissance: period of learning, designer’s intent on accurate transcription of Roman elements High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque: became an individual style in its own right; conflict between purists and Proto – Baroque; also Mannerist phase wherein practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings were conceived in a non- Roman way – a free, decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent Baroque: highly enriched play of form with multiform elements; architects worked with freedom and firmly acquired knowledge; true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge, baroque was dramatic, rich, grand and alive, with architecture, painting, sculpture and minor arts being used in harmony to produce a unified whole Rococo: primarily French in origin; rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells are worked up together in a profusion and confusion of detail, often without organic coherence, but presenting a lavish display of decoration; Rococo is profuse, often semi- abstract ornamentation and lightness of color and weight. 11.4. FLORENCE 11.4.1. INFLUENCES: History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of central, chief powers of Italy; Medici family, founded by Giovanni de Medici – commercial and political power European kings were richer and powerful than the church and nobility The Medici Family of Florence ran the town Artists, excelling in several arts gaining high status in society Renaissance had its birth in Florence! Wall: Rusticated masonry gave massive and rugged appearance; also defined by string courses crowned by deep cornices Openings: doorways at Genoa have triangular and segmental pediments; doorways are small yet imposing; 11.4.2. EXAMPLES Palazzi – palace type building evolved, built around a cortile or interior court like medieval cloister; rugged fortress- like character in contrast with refinement of Renaissance churches Early Renaissance examples Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence by Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 34 Palazzo Strozzi, Florence by Benedetto de Majano, for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of the Medici High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque examples Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous architect Palazo Municipio, Genoa New Sacristy of S. Lorenzo Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque breakaway from academic formalism with his design Baroque examples Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect Porta Pila, Genoa Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known building by Guarini 11.5. ROME 11.5.1. INFLUENCES History: Roman ruins supplied models for new buildings, which served as model for all of Europe; political authority of pope in Rome Revival of building in Rome brought by stable government, increased population and wealth 11.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Wall: frequently screened with pilasters, both singled and coupled on each storey, sometimes up to two storeys to give grandness Types of Pediments Triangular Segmental Broken 11.5.3. EXAMPLES Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar and cliff-like façade Churches – centralized and compact in plan; astylar façade treatment Early Renaissance examples Luciano Laurana – famous architect Ducal Palace, Urbino Begun by Florentine Maso di Bartolomeo Luciano Laurana designed the façade, the famous courtyard and the great entrance staircase High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque Donato Bramante – famous architect The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome Architectural gem by Bramante S. Peter, Rome – most important building of the period, with cathedral, piazza and Vatican, forms a world-famous group 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects under the direction of the pope:
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 35 Bramante – design was selected from several entries in a competition (Greek cross, proposed a dome similar to Pantheon) Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo & Raphael – proposed a Latin cross plan; died Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek cross; died Antonio da Sangallo (the younger) - submitted a slightly altered plan with an extended vestibule and lofty campanile and elaborate dome Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to Greek cross plan, strengthened the piers of the dome and redesigned the surrounding chapels and apses. He completed the drum of the dome before his death. (present building owes most of its outstanding features to him) Giacomo della Porta & Domenico Fontana – completed the dome in 1590 Giacomo da Vignola – added side cupolas Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and added the gigantic façade Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the noble entrance piazza (St. Peter’s square) – 198 m. wide Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome Completed plan in Latin cross Baroque examples S. Susana, Rome S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi 11.6. VENICE 11.6.1. INFLUENCES Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia, Bergamo; greatness founded on oriental commerce; sea-power, semi-independence from popes Merchants and commercial magnates, each in rivalry with each other 11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Lighter and more graceful than Florentine architecture; buildings built on a hundred isles of wooden and stone piles; ubiquitous waterways, spanned by charming bridges Openings: doorways flanked by pilasters and columns supporting cornices and pediments 11.6.3. EXAMPLES Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to the play of light and shadows on the façade; compact plans owing to cramped sites Churches – simple and aisle-less Early Renaissance examples Doge’s palace Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice High Renaissance & Proto-Broque examples; Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona Palazzo Pompeii Palazo Grimani, Venice San Michelle’s greatest work The Basilica, Vicenza Baroque examples Adapted to strict Venetian conditions; sculptured carvings of maritime theme 11.7. FRANCE 11.7.1. INFLUENCES History: united to expel the English in 1453 – unprecedented unity, power and splendor
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 36 Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure; France had united as a kingdom; Paris as center 11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER Renaissance radiated from Paris to all parts of the country Periods: Early Period – combination of Gothic and renaissance features; forming picturesque ensemble; state of transition, Renaissance features grafted unto Gothic buildings Classical Period – dignity, sobriety and masculine quality of its foremost buildings Late period – Louis the XV phase: externally simple and less classically pure Louis XVI phase: return to sober classicism - austere and refined exteriors Empire: (1790 – 1830 A.D.) rigid formality 11.7.3. EXAMPLES SECULAR BUILDINGS Chateau de Bois Chateu d’Azay-Rideau Palaise de Fountainbleau Chateau de Chambord by Italian, Domenico da cortona Palais du Louvre, Paris together with Tuileries, constitutes one of the most imposing palaces in Europe Chateau de Maisons – one of the most harmonious of all chateaux by Francois Mansart ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS St. Etienne du Mont, Paris St. Eustache, Paris St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church By Salomon de Brosse The church of the Val-de-Grâce designed by François Mansart and Jacques Lemercier 11.8. ENGLAND 11.8.1. INFLUENCES History: great wars of 1800 and 1900; continental travels closed to Englishmen Henry VIII – king and supreme head of English church, dissolved monasteries and sold their estates; Stuarts gave England closer ties with France and Italy
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 37 Religion – Protestantism won converts 11.8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Renaissance – Elizabethan Early renaissance – Jacobean Late Renaissance – Stuart Late Renaissance – Georgian 11.8.3. EXAMPLES Early Renaissance – Elizabethan examples; reign of Queen Elizabeth; establishment of renaissance style in England; followed Tudor architecture – transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, early exquisite Renaissance art Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen, merchants and gentry needed mansions to suit their positions, designed comprehensively by owner and chosen master craftsmen, externally – towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and bay windows; viewing outwards rather than inwards with forecourt, gateways, angle pavilions, formal gardens, fountains, terraces with balustrades, topiary gardens, orchards Parts: Central hall – centrally located; more of a state hall, rooms around a central court Grand staircase Long gallery Withdrawing room or solar Kitchen and office at one end Gatehouse at entrance side Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire Castle Ashby, Northants Early Renaissance – Jacobean examples Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House, Herts Bramshill House, Hampshire Blicking Hall, Norfolk Colleges The Brodleian Library, Oxford Merton College, Oxford Late Renaissance – Stuart examples Banqueting House Whitehall, London by Inigo Jones St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 38 Late Renaissance – Georgian examples Houses: Planned as a simple symmetrical square or rectangular block; Swan House, Chichester Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh 11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL 11.9.1. INFLUENCES History – Spain was the leading country in Europe in 1500’s, vast hereditary possession of Spanish monarchy, military conquest: Cape of Good Hope, America, Netherlands and Central Europe, Mexico, Peru, Chile; Protestant reformation gained few adherents in Spain due to Christian unity brought by anti-Moor struggle 11.9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Period – Renaissance details on Gothic forms; influence by Moorish art; plateresque, rich and poetic style, minuteness of details similar to silversmiths’ work, extremely florid and decorative In Portugal – Manueline style from king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D. Classical Period – adherence to Italian Renaissance art Baroque Period – reaction to the correct and frigid formalism of Herrera and followers – classical rules disregarded; Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression, by Jose de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 A.D. Antiquarian Period – returned to ancient classical model 11.9.3. EXAMPLES Secular examples The University, Salamanca Façade is plateresque masterpiece The Alcazar, Toledo Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca; façade covered with carved scallop shells The Escorial, Madrid The Palacio Nacional, Queluz; exquisite Rococo country house Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe – one of the grandest Renaissance churches in southern Spain The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter house) Granada –extreme example of Churrigueresque 11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE 11.10.1. INFLUENCES History – wars between Catholics and Protestants; Martin Luther as
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 39 dominating figure of Reformation; invasion by Turks Influence by universities on art and architecture; Heidelberg, seat of Humanist movement; printing and literature sparked interest in ancient Greece Geography and Geology – central position close to France and Italy 11.10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Renaissance influence from Italy and France, deferred by 125 years Periods: Early Renaissance – introduction of early Renaissance elements into Gothic buildings Proto – Baroque – Italian architects carried Renaissance into Switzerland, Austria and Germany – emulated by local architects Baroque – local architects trained in Italy Rococo – great refinement in architecture and decoration Antiquarian – return to ancient classical models 11.10.3. EXAMPLES Secular Buildings The Rathaus –Heilbronn Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern brick architecture by Flemish architect Arton Van Obbergen The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague – stucco decorations by Italian Bartolome Bianco The Troja Palace, Prague by JB Mathley Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau Ecclesiastical Examples: The Theatine Church, Munich – Baroque style by A Barelli and H Zulalli Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most striking Baroque monuments Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague Karlskirche, Vienna St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich Wiblingen Abbey Church The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most celebrated Rococo church The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen by Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo decorations by Johan Zimmerman 12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE 12.1. BRITAIN 12.1.1. INFLUENCES History – Age of Revivals, age of innovations Social – struggle of Industrial Revolution, rise in population, urbanization, transport systems, growth of middle class, professionals and businessmen Technology – improvements in drainage and sanitation, cotton
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 40 manufacturing, steam power, coal- gas, gas lamps, later electricity, Lift or elevator. Inventions in metallurgy – structural iron, cast – iron, iron glass, steel, reinforced concrete Town halls, hospitals, public banks, warehouse, department stores, fire and police stations, exhibition halls, university buildings, art galleries, transport and industrial buildings 12.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms, combining native and foreign styles Periods: Early Victorian High Victorian Late Victorian Late Victorian & Edwardian Aftermath 12.1.3. EXAMPLES Early Victorian examples: The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by Islambard Brunel (pylons of Egyptian character) Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph Paxton The Crystal Palace was one of the most remarkable buildings in the 19th century; Housed in the Great Exhibition in London c. 1851. it was destroyed by fire in 1936 Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew By Decimus Burton and Richard Turner The King’s Cross Station, London by Lewis Cubitt Westminster New Palace (houses of Parliament), London by Sir Charles Barry; non – classical design, Gothic detail by Pugin; Victoria Tower – Big Ben St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical monument Britain) High Victorian Examples All Saints, Margaret Street, Westminster by William Butterfield
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 41 The University Museum, Oxford by Benjamin Woodward (landmark of High Victorian Gothic) Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by Philip Webb for William Morris The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station, London by Engr. WH Barlow (largest and most spectacular of the High Victorian period) Late Victorian & Edwardian examples: Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, 1906 Law Society, Chancery Lane, London by Charles Holden Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL Pearson The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks by Sir Edward Lutyens St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES Prior (adapts Gothic features) Aftermath examples: The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford, Surrey, England by Sir Edward Maufe City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy Thomas 12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE 12.2.1. INFLUENCES History – French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire influenced Europe; economic rivalry of France and Germany; World War I Growth of Communications, railways; European countries acquired colonies in other continents
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 42 Ship building, steam power, Suez Canal, International exhibitions of science and industry; metal glass construction, reinforced concrete 12.2.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, repetitive use of standard bays in plan and elevation to be enriched with classical, Medieval or Renaissance motifs as desired, as a convenient but dull formula for the design of large complex buildings of that age Periods: 1850 – 1870 A.D. Comparable to High Victorian in Britain Renaissance revival established and gained richness; growing interest in Gothic architecture; structural use of iron; major town planning undertakings like the re-planning of Paris by Baron Eugene Georges Haussemann 1870 – 1914 A.D. Use of metals intensified, especially in exhibitions; academic architecture Antique forms instead of Renaissance In Holland and Scandinavia, less pretentious, more humane, rational architecture, use of brick In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni Gaudi ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.) Free of any historical style; floral style, freely-shaped writing forms; deliberate simplification of structural elements in building and interiors, handmade objects and furnitures 12.2.3. EXAMPLES Domestic buildings Court Gardener’s House, Charlottenhof, Potsdam by Schinkel Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau by Georg Von Dollman for Ludwig II of Bavaria (German Rococo-like style) The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi (seems to presage Art Nouveau in its forms) The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi No. 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta (first complete Art Nouveau building) The Votivkirche, Vienna by Heinrich von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic) The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by Paul Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 43 The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona By Gaudi (Art Nouveau) Public Buildings: The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo- classical) The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel (Greek-revival) Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival) The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by Henri Labrouste (Neo- Renaissance) The National Library by Labrouste The Opera House, Paris by JLC Garnier (Neo-Baroque) The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome by Giuseppe Sacconi The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by HP Berlage (Neo-Romanesque) The Opera House, Cologne by J. Raschdorf (French neo- Baroque) The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by Otto Wagner (Art Noveau) Commercial Buildings: The Halles Centralles, Paris by Victor Baltard Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo- Classical) Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney (Neo-Renaissance) Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate Works, Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales Saulnie
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 44 The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower), International Exhibition 1889, Paris by Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of glass and iron The Galerie des Machines, International Exhibition, Paris by CLF Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer) Metro Station, Place de la Bastille, Paris by H. Guimard (Art Noveau) 12.3. AMERICA 12.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 3 PERIODS: Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements) First Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival, Gothic and Egyptian styles Second Eclectic Phase: with 2 main streams – • Gothic Revival by HH Richardson Louis Sullivan Frank Lloyd Wright • Ecole des Beaux-Artes, Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Roman, late Gothic (more academic in character) Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame construction, non-load bearing curtain wall, elevators Produced the skyscraper, as America’s single greatest contribution to architecture 12.3.2. EXAMPLES Domestic Buildings: The White House, Washington D.C. official residence of the president by James Hoban (Irish architect) (English Palladian style) The Robie House, Chicago by Frank Lloyd Wright Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd American president – Palladian style) Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by RM Hunt (first American architect trained at Ecole Beaux-Artes) (early French Renaissance chateau) Stoughton House, Cambridge, Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead and White (shingle-style) Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (first important work of Frank Lloyd Wright aka Prairie House) Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin by Frank Lloyd Wright
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 45 Religious Buildings: The First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley, California by Bernard Maybeck Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One monument of American architecture – Neo-Romanesque) Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by Frank Lloyd Wright Educational, Civic and Public Buildings: The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (first Neo- Classical monument in America based on Maison Caree, Nimes) The United States Capitol, Washington D.C. (seat of U.S. Government; one of the world’s best known buildings first designed by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines) The National Academy of design, New York by PB Wight (Venetian Gothic in style) The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve, Paris) The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by Henry Bacon (Greek Doric style) The Chapel and Post Headquarters, U.S. Military Academy, West Point New York by Cram Goodhue and Ferguson The Temple of Scottish Rite, Washington D.C. (Masonic Temple) by John Russel Pope (similar to Mausoleum, Halicarnassos) The Reliance Building, Chicago by Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16 storeys) Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by William Strickland (Greek revival) based on Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois by HH Richardson (7 – storeys, load bearing wall construction The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois by Dankmar Adler and
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 46 Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo- byzantine interior) The Monadnock Building, Chicago by Holabird & Roche (south half); Burnham & Root (north half) The Second Leiter Building, Chicago (metal-framed building; 8 storeys) The Gace Building, Chicago by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche (8 storey) The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis Sullivan (suggestion of Art Nouveau style) The Wainwright Building, St Louis by Adler and Sullivan (10 storeys) The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass Gilbert (241 m. high with 52 storeys; Gothic style) Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon (85 storeys) 13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE 13.1. INFLUENCES 13.1.1. History – technological advancement: curtain wall, steel; plate-glass Arts and Crafts Movement, awakened a social conscience among architects Art Nouveau was short-lived 13.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Famous Names Walter Gropius – created proto-type of modern architecture: free standing glass sheath suspended on a structural framework, curtain wall – Hallidie Building, San Francisco in 1918 A.D. founded the “Bauhaus” (famous German school of Design) Peter Behrens Adolf Meyer Tony Garnier, France – steel span of 80 m. at Lyons Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial Hall at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D. Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris Robert Maillart, Switzerland – flat slab method Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe – (German/American architect; 1919 competition – glass sheathed 20 storey skyscraper; Famous for his dictum “Less is more” and “God is in the details” Le Corbusier – (Original name is Charles Edouard Jeanneret) • “a house is a machine for living” - houses should be designed as machines serving specific purposes; • Le Corbusier – 5 points for contemporary architecture • The Pillar: • Functional independence of skeleton and wall • The open plan
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 47 • The free facade • The roof garden JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de Stijl” (group of geometric-abstract artists of Theo van Doesburg Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic sculptural quality Marcel Bruer Richard Neutra – Austria Rudolf Schindler – Austria Frank Lloyd Wright – USA Louis Sullivan – USA CFA Voysey – UK Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK 13.1.3. EXAMPLES Dulles International Airport Building by Eero Saarinen Notre-Dame-du-Haut Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier Johnson Wax Co. Building by Frank Lloyd Wright Falling Water, Pennsylvania Sydney Opera House by Jorn Utzon of Denmark Einstein Tower, Potsdam by Eric Mendelsohn Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y. By Frank Lloyd Wright The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67, Montreal by Buckminster Fuller
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 48 The Chrysler New York by William Van Alen (Art Deco style) Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Post Office Tower, London by architects of the Ministry of Public Building and Works University of East Anglia, near Norwich in Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun Barbican Housing Project, London by Chamberlain, Powel and Bon Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics by Kenzo Tange Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and Annibale Vitellozzi (1958) The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan by Eero Saarinen The Railway Terminus, Rome by Montuori and Associates World Trade Center N.Y. by Minoru Yamasaki (destroyed during the “9/11 terrorist attack”) New World Trade Center by Daniel Liebskind 14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 14.1. INFLUENCES 14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira when Mohammed moved from Mecca to Medina; in 10 years Mohammed made framework of religion and military organization charged with spreading the faith Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to carry Islam into Central Asia and westward to the Atlantic, along trade routes into Africa and India, Turks and Mongols Always established a cultural tie with Arabian heartland with annual pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a lifetime obligation Tribal groups – public life was reserved for men; women had a secondary role – for domestic and agricultural work Self-contained groups of different religions – Christians and Jews “People of the Book”, beliefs were based on revelations and teachings contributory to Islam Freedom of worship and self- government; spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and racial movements; Arab expansion north and west out of Arab peninsula
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 49 14.1.2. RELIGION Last of three great religions of the Middle East; complete philosophy of life and government, one god Allah, Mohammed is the prophet Faith is held to be god’s will for creation 3 Works: Koran, revelation through Mohammed Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions Law from tradition and example; Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life; personal humility and abhorrence of image worship 14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Countries of Western and Southern Asia and Northern Africa Isolated communities like Zanzibar, Madagascar and China Lately, all over the world Countries already rich in building tradition 14.1.4. CLIMATE Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation rather than rainfall; tendency to seek shelter from sun 14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 14.2.1. Description Islamic architecture is a product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no architectural tradition Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different circumstances The Islamic way of life had a profound impact on its architecture: No essential difference in techniques between religious and non- religious buildings Important architectural endeavor is normally expended on buildings having a direct social or community purpose Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors established forms Symmetry and balance in the concept of perfect creation; centered upon God 14.2.2. OPENINGS Ogee arch Horseshoe arch Cusped arch Pointed arch 14.2.3. DECORATIONS Variety of mouldings, friezes, crestlings, abstract and geometric motifs, in lieu of human and animal forms Motifs from calligraphy, floral abstraction and geometric interlacement Carvings in bas relief Stone inlay and mosaic Patterned brickwork Carved stucco Ceramic facing and mosaic Glass mosaic Painting Timber inlay Pietra dura Arabesques Screen or pierced grilles in marble 14.2.4. ORIENTATION Related to a principal axis, the Kibla Axis extended into a formal landscape as an integral part of the design 14.3. EXAMPLES Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid (Turkey) – small prayer house
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 50 Mosque or Jami Principal place of worship, Friday prayer; inward-looking building whose prime purpose is contemplation and prayer; no positive object of attention or adoration; maybe used as a school place for transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices Mihrab – niche oriented towards Mecca Mimber – raised platform for ceremonial announcements Iwan / Ivan – open-fronted vault facing a court Bab – gateway Sahn – courtyard of a mosque Minaret – tower from which a call to prayer is made Harem – women’s or private chamber of a house or palace Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards Mecca Muezzin – caller who summons the faithful to prayer Imam – man who leads congregation in prayer Calipin – successor to the prophet as military, judicial or spiritual leader of Islam Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular to the kibla axis Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra, Jerusalem (most important Islamic structure) great central dome covering the summit of Mt. Moriah, from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven The Great Mosque, Damascus (earliest surviving mosque; stood in walled temenos) Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun, Cairo
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 51 The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia The great Mosque, Cordoba The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul 14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS Kiosk or Chattri (India) Used in isolation as an ornamental pavilion emphasizing the roof or providing a focus in a pleasure garden Chinli kiosk, Istanbul 14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey) Religious college and mosque Madrassah and tomb of Sultan Hasan, Cairo Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey 14.3.3. SARAY OR SERAI Palace The Alhambra, Granada, Spain – fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens; one of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic palaces 14.3.4. HAN OR CARAVANSERAI Hostel 14.3.5. TOMBS Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid & Bukhara, hemispherical dome superimposed on a perfect cube building Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s family museum) Tomb of Iltumish, India Tomb of Humayun, Delhi The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra 15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE 15.1. INFLUENCES 15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties, warring states Philosophers: Confucius, code of ethics and education Lao-Tzu, Taoism Shih Huang Ti, emperor Emergence of theorists, thinkers, schools of philosophy Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture Foreign trade by land and sea Chinese were banned from going abroad 15.1.2. RELIGION Confucianism Code of social conduct and philosophy of life, family and ancestor worship Taoism Universal love as a solution to social disorder Buddhism 15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 23 provinces
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 52 Larger than Europe in area 1/13 of total land area of the world Metals, timber, bamboo, clay 15.1.4. CLIMATE North, severe winters South, warmer 15.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian influence in use of arch and vault 15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick, sometimes combined – timber structures raised on stone or brick platform; stone for important edifices 15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature, supported on timber uprights, independent of walls; a sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other, up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments 15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows and doors, lined with oyster shells or rice paper for effective subdued lighting 15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of architecture, dragons, fish and grotesque ornaments in glazed terra cotta 15.3. EXAMPLES 15.3.1. Temples Consists of successive open courts and porticoes; kitchens, refectories, sleeping cells for priests, steps, gateways, bridges 15.3.2. Pagodas Pagodas – most typical Chinese building, formerly of religious significance, later secular nature or monuments to victory; usually octagonal in plan, odd number of stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs, turned-up eaves, slopes to carry each storey 15.3.3. Pai-lous Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic structure; serves as entrance to temples and tombs, as monuments to eminent persons Constructed of wood or stone consisting of two or more upright posts formed by horizontal rails having one or three openings 15.3.4. Tombs – not of great architectural value Xian tomb Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36 years to build; after construction, covered with a 150 foot hill of earth, escaping detection for 22 centuries; subterranean vault contains an army of 6000 to 8000 fully-armed terra cotta soldiers, in battle formation, along with houses and chariots; no two men looked alike, all six feet tall – said to be an exact replica of the emperor’s live honor guards, in marching position with real weapons
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 53 15.3.5. Palaces Imperial palaces and official residences were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions resembling temples 15.3.6. Houses No noble country houses; generally 1 – storey; governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions and number of columns; Emperor – bays Prince – 7 Mandarin – 5 Ordinary citizens – 3 15.3.7. Bridges 15.3.8. Fortifications The Great Wall of China – most famous of ancient Chinese buildings by Shi Huang Ti; 3700 miles long (1/20 of the earth’s circumference) from Pacific Ocean to Gobi desert; gray granite blocks-enough building materials to make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90 m. thick wall around the equator; used whatever materials were available in the locality – sand, twigs, stone, pebbles, adobe and earth 16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE 16.1. INFLUENCES 16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism with castes of emperors and nobles, shoguns , military and people; for 200 years, closed to outside world, isolation from foreign influence; 1854 A.D. commercial treatise with America and Europe entered into war with China and Russia 16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous polydemonism, Buddhism 16.1.3. Geography and Geology Principal island Honshu Smaller islands at north and south, off the eastern coast of Asian mainland; prevalence of earthquakes, hilly and forested, un-stratified volcanic stone – granites and porphyries 16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy rainfall 16.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 16.2.1. Description – largely derived from China, but always maintained its own special characteristics of lightness and delicacy ; refined 16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of Chinese form 16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature, exquisite curvature 16.3. EXAMPLES 16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are distinguished from Buddhist temples by Torii gateways; Torii have upright posts supporting 2 or more horizontal beams; worshippers must pass under this for prayers to be effective Torii
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 54 Buddhist temples are entered through an elaborate 2 – storey gateway, surmounted by a room under an ornate roof Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5 storeys, 45 m. in height, virtually suspended around a central timber, stable against earthquake shocks Japanese Pagoda Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6 corridors to 3 different pavilions for the emperor’s family; sometimes protected by concave batter walls and a moat House – unpainted wood without any surface treatment; no other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetics qualities of wood Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan, vestibule, veranda engawa, living and dining Guest rooms Recess for flowers and art Rooms for host and hostess No distinction between living and sleeping apartments, all futon or beddings are stored in closets during daytime Room size determined by “Tatami floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken (1.80 m. X 0.90 m.) Tea Houses Bath Houses 17. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE 17.1. INFLUENCES 17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia through mountain passes in the north, from Persia and Graeco- Roman Western Asia through Baluchistan (Afghanistan) Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan (in present-day Pakistan) indicate close links of Indus Valley- Harappan culture with that of Mesopotamia Successive military and economic incursions brought art and architecture in Aryan, Persian, Graeco-Roman, Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French and English 17.1.2. Religion Hindu From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders An individual act – only Brahmans can officiate religious practices Buddhist Concentrated in monasteries and stupas or shrines Salvation or Nirvana Jain Salvation through successive rebirths Rigid asceticism and avoidance of injury to any living creature 17.1.3. Geography and Geology Mountain ranges in the north Sea on the south and east to west Indus and Ganges were trade-ways and sites of first cities 17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east, summer and winter; very heavy rainfall, warm and humid country 17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE 17.2.1. Architectural Character – shrines designed for congregational use, large groups of worshippers; mouldings of bulbous character, often heavily under-cut – strong shadow lines Ornament is restrained in character and extent; painted wall decorations and bas-relief as social records
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 55 17.2.2. Examples Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free without any structural function) circular or octagonal shafts Stupas – shrine or domical mounds with rails, gateways, processional paths, crowning umbrella; regarded as symbols of the universe Chaityas – Assembly hall Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle surrounded by veranda 17.3. JAIN ARCHITECTURE 17.3.1. Architectural character Periods: Early Jain Early rock-cut caves Exact stone copies of wood or thatch structures Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D. Temples in central India Central shrine with a dome or sphere cover Lighter and more elegant than Hindu temples; careful site selection; temple cities on sacred mountains 17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE 17.4.1. Architectural Character Small unit shrine called garbha-gira Spire-shaped sikhara roof Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 56 18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE 18.1. INFLUENCES 18.1.1. History PRE-COLONIAL Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive food gatherers and hunters In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced race from Indonesia Barangays as tribal system Converted to Islam in 1300 A.D. Trade center of the Orient SPANISH RULE 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by Emilio Aguinaldo AMERICAN RULE Islands cede to America, as a result of defeat in war with the USA, fighting, self-government JAPANESE INVASION December 1941 Puppet government Liberation by the US under Gen. McArthur in July 1945 INDEPENDENCE in 1946 3rd largest English speaking nation in the world Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese, Spanish 18.1.2. Religion Roman Catholics Islam Protestants Aglipayan Iglesia ni Kristo 18.1.3. Geography and Geology Archipelago of 7100 islands 3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean Strategic position – in the path of Far East trade Volcanoes, mountains, seas Forests: molave, guijo, yakal, narra, pine Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass, rattan, nipa, Clay, limestone, adobe, marble, gypsum, granite, coral stone Metals 18.2. Examples 18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS / HOUSES Caves – basic amenities found in the cave are the paga (sleeping board) and hearth used for cooking and providing warmth during cold seasons Lean-to (2 types) a. wind shield or one sided lean-to w/ or w/o flooring b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter support Tree-house Generally built in the forked branches of high trees (6-18 m.) or high stumps (4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as foundations houses are anchored to nearby trees by means of rattan Cordillera Region Isneg Kalinga Bontoc Ifugao Panay Region Mindanao & Sulu Region
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 57 Badjao Samal Yakan Maranao Ivatan Mangyan Subanun Mandaya 18.2.2. Spanish Churches Calasiao, Pangasinan 2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte By Fr. Joseph Ruiz Sinking bell tower Las Piñas Church By fr. Diego Cera Loboc, Bohol Biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings Manila Cathedral By Bishop Domingo Salazar Miagao Church, Iloilo By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Morong Church, Rizal Exquisite Spanish Baroque style By Fr. Blas dela Madre Panay Church Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople Quiapo Church Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragoza San Agustin Church By Fr. Juan Macias San Sebastian Church One first steel building Steel from Belgium by Eiffel Taal Church, Batangas By Fr. Martin Aguirre Biggest church Sta. Ana Church By Fr. Vicente Ingles Restored by Juan Nakpil Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City By Jose maria Zaragoza Sto. Niño Church, Cebu By Diego de Herrera 18.2.3. Spanish Houses Vigan Houses Antillan Houses Ivatan Houses First floor Zaguan – for caroza Quadra – horse stable Bodega – store room Second floor Stairway Caida – ante-sala from stairs Sala – living room Comedor – dining room Dispensa – pantry Letrina or comun – toilet Baño – bath Azotea – open terrace Aljibe – water cistern Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio Entresuelo – vault Balcon – balcony Patio – courtyard Early American Period Notable architects: Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City Beautiful Movement” - city plan of Manila and Baguio William Parsons Juan Arellano Tomas Mapua 1st registered architect in the country Alejandro Legardo Antonio Toledo Carlos Baredo Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st concrete building in Escolta Philippine Normal School Philippine Normal University University of the Philippines Padre Faura National Museum Intendencia Building – adjacent to Manila Cathedral Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia French Baroque style Army and Navy Club – rest and recreation for American soldiers
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 58 De La Salle College – by Tomas Mapua Rizal Monument Obelisk Sta. Isabel College Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons UST Main Building by Roque Rueno The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with elevator) by Parsons, renovated by Locsin in 1975 The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano Commonwealth Period Notable architects: Juan Nakpil 1st National artist for architecture Pablo Antonio 2nd National artist for architecture Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Baretto Fernando Ocampo Andres Luna y San Pedro Leandro Locsin 3rd National artist for architecture Far Eastern University Main Building by Pablo Antonio (Art Deco) The Metropolitan Theater, Manila By Juan Arellano (1931) The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 59 Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal Arcade, Escolta Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001 Art Deco, streamline style Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Ocampo – 1st skyscraper in the country (4 storeys) Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo Antonio Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro Regina Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by Federico Ilustre The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio Palma Hall Melchor Hall Both by Cesar Concio Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite Church of the Holy Sacrifice by UP (thin shell structure) Leandro Locsin Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by Cresenciano De Castro
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 60 Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil (Folded Plate Construction) Church of St. Andrews by Locsin Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos Viola Engineering and former architecture building at UST by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise- Soleil” – sun breaker) World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by Alfredo Luz Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 61 San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa Brothers and Landscape architect I.P. Santos Development Academy of the Philippines by Felipe Mendoza Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers Philippine Stock Exchange Building, Makati
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 62 Ateneo Professional Schools Pearl Farm Resort Mary Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or “Tahanang Filipino” By Francisco Mañosa Churches: Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles restored by Juan Nakpil Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz (sinking bell tower)
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 63 Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings) Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower) by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Miagao Church, Iloilo by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre (biggest church) Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr. Blas dela Madre VERNACULAR TERMS: Abang – dowel Alahado – flush Alero – eaves Alulod o kanal – gutter Andanyo – scaffolding Asinta – laying of CHB Asolehos – wainscoating tiles Bagad – wall post Balangkas – framework Baral de Kadena – chain bolt Barandillas – baluster Batidura – astragal Batidura – fillet Baytang – tread Biento – spacing Biga – beam Bisagra –hinge Bolado – projection Caida – hall Canal – groove De Bandeha – panel door Dish rack – bangguerahan Dos aguas – gable roof Dotal – floorboards Dulang – low table Dutcha – shower Escombro – earth fill Escondro – crushed stone Estanyo – Nikolite bar Estanyo – soldering bar Estopa – oakum Guililan – floor sill Hamba pintuan – door jamb Haspe – wood grain
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 64 Hiero – iron Hulog – plumb bob Kaballete – ridge roll Kabilya – reinforcing bars Kalinya –aligned Kantero – mason Kanto mesa – miter Kanto – corner Kapatas – foreman Kilo – truss Kisame – ceiling Kontratista – constructor Kostilyahe – ceiling joists Kostura – mortar joints Krokis – sketch plan Kuling – girder Ladrillo – brick Larga masa – concrete slab Lastillas – sand & gravel Latero – tinsmith Lingueta – GI strap Liyabe – anchor Madre de Escalera – closed stringer Masilya – putty Media Cana – quarter round Medya Agua – awning Palitada, plaster Pasamano – window sill Paupo – mortar Pendulum – king post Pergola – trellis Pie de Gallo - brace Pilarete – vertical stud Pitsa – washer Piye – feet Piyon – laborer Plantsuela – wrought iron strap Poleya – wiring knob Poste – column Prigadero – sink Pulgada – inches Rebokada – scratch coat Reostra – purlins Rimatse – rivets Rodapis – baseboard Senepa – fascia board Sepo – girt Sibe – lean-to-roof Sinturon – collar Soleras – floor joists Staka – stake Suelo – flooring Sombrero pintuan – door head Tabike – exterior siding Tabla – wood plank Takip silipan – riser Tambak – fill Tapon –plug Tirante – bottom chord Trabe anzo – horizontal stud Trankilya – barrel bolt Tuerka – nut Tubo de Banada – downspout Unosinotra – alternate/staggered Vaciada – rabbet
FAR EASTERN UN IVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 65

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HISTORY_OF_ARCHITECTURE.pdf

  • 1.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 1 1.INTRODUCTION 1.1. Definitions 1.1.1. History of Architecture It is a record of man’s effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. 1.1.2. Historic Styles of Architecture The particular method, characteristics, manner of design which prevailed at a certain place and time. 1.2. Factors affecting the Styles of Architecture 1.2.1. History 1.2.2. Society 1.2.3. Religion 1.2.4. Geography 1.2.5. Geology 1.2.6. Climate 2.PRE-HISTORIC ARCHITECTURE 2.1. Influences 2.1.1. History Neolithic or New Stone Age (8000 to 3000 B.C.) Hunting and food gathering 2.1.2. Religion No organized religion Burial rituals and monuments 2.2. Architectural Character 2.2.1. Construction System Megalithic structures – large stones 2.2.2. Materials Animal skins, wooden frames and bones 2.2.3. Orientation Faces toward cardinal points 2.3. Examples 2.3.1. MENHIR (monoliths) Single, large upright monolith, sometimes arranged in parallel rows reaching several miles 2.3.2. DOLMENS Several large stones capped with a covering slab 2.3.3. TRILITHON Organized groups of three stones, two vertical and a horizontal one at their top 2.3.4. CROMLECH A circle of monoliths / trilithons; enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form (Most imposing example: Stonehenge, England – 2000 B.C.)
  • 2.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 2 2.3.5. TUMULUS (Passage grave) An artificially constructed mound of earth raised over a tomb or sepulchral chamber 2.3.6. PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS Natural and artificial caves Beehive hut Trullo Wingwam or tepee Hogan Igloo 3.EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE EGYPT (LAND OF THE PHARAOHS) 3.1. Influences 3.1.1. History 3200 B.C. to 1 A.D. Centralized omnipotent authority of the pharaoh (king), seen as a god dwelling on earth, sole master of its country and people Subdivision of ancient Egypt: The Ancient or Old Kingdom–Dynasties I-X The Middle Kingdom–Dynasties XI-XVII The New Empire–Dynasties XVIII-XXX 3.1.2. Religion Cult of many gods representing nature Deep concern for immortality amounted to near obsession; First requirement of immortality- Mummification Egyptians wished for fine burial embalmment and funeral rites, a permanent tomb or “eternal dwelling” 3.1.3. Geography and Geology Nile River – travel and trade route It consists of narrow strip of fertile, alluvial soil along both banks of the River Nile. Natural products like timber, clay, brick and stone. Includes limestone, granite and alabaster. For constructive/decorative architectural work and vases and personal ornaments 3.1.4. Climate Spring and summer; brilliant sunshine (simplicity in design) 3.2. Architectural Character 3.2.1. DESCRIPTION Monumental, immortal, permanent; Classify them as: Tomb architecture Temple architecture Obelisks Dwellings Tomb architecture The Mastaba The Royal Pyramid The Rockhewn Tombs Two types of Temples Mortuary Temples Cult Temples Known Architects Imhotep – under king Zoser Semnut – worked for Queen Hatshepsut 3.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Columnar and trabeated 3.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS Lotus, papyrus and palm capitals Square pillar Polygonal column Palm-type column Bud-and-bell column Foliated capital column Hathor-headed column Osiris pillars 3.2.4. ROOF AND CEILINGS Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat 3.2.5. WALL
  • 3.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 3 Massive walls to protect from fierce heat of the sun and space for Hieroglyphics Batter wall – diminishing in width towards the top 3.2.6. OPENING No windows; skylights; roof slits; clerestories 3.2.7. DECORATION “Gorge” or “hollow and roll” mouldings Hieroglyphics Sphinxes Solar disc and vulture with spread wings Scarab – symbol of resurrection Papyrus, lotus and palm symbolizing fertility Grapes symbolizes eternity 3.2.8. ORIENTATION Towards the cardinal points 3.3. Examples 3.3.1. MASTABAS Arabic for “bench” A rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping flat or recessed sides, erected over a subterranean tomb chamber that was connected with the outside by a vertical shaft Length is between 20 – 50 meters Width is 15 – 37 meters Chapel with a false door for offerings to the “Ka” and the “serdab” – chamber for the statue of the deceased. Mastaba at Zoser Funerary Complex, Saqqara Mastaba of Aha-Sakkara Mastaba of Thi-Sakkara Mastaba at Giza Mastaba at Beit Khallaf 3.3.2. PYRAMIDS A sepulchral monument in the form of huge stone structures with a square base and four sloping sides meeting at an apex Types : step, slope and bend The Stepped Pyramid of Zoser,Saqqara (near Cairo c. 2750 B.C.) The Pyramids at Gizeh (finest rue pyramids) (near Cairo) c. 2700 B.C These pyramids belong to three pharaohs of the IV dynasty: Khufu (Greek - Cheops) Khafre (Greek.- Chepren)
  • 4.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 4 Menkure (Greek.- Mykerinus) 3.3.3. ROCK-CUT or ROCK HEWN TOMBS Built along hillside the nobility, not royalty 3.3.4. PYLONS Monumental gateway to temples, usually composed of two masses of masonry with sloping sides flanking the entrance portal 3.3.5. OBELISKS Tall tapering shaft of stone, usually granite, monolithic, square in plan with an electrum-capped pyramidion on top symbolizing the sun-god Heliopolis Came in pairs fronting temple entrances Height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base with four sides featuring Hieroglyphics 3.3.6. TEMPLES Mortuary temples – In honor of pharaohs Cult temples – In honor of god Temple of Hatshepsut Designed by the royal architect Senemut for Queen Hatshepsut Great Temple of Abu Simbel
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 5 The gigantic temple at Abu Simbel in Nubia, lower Egypt, was built on the orders of Ramses II, pharaoh of Egypt from 1279 to 1212 B.C. Example of rock-cut temple 4 rock-cut colossal statues of Ramses 4.NEAR EAST ARCHITECTURE 4.1. Influence 4.1.1. History 5000 B.C. to 641 A.D. 3 Periods: Mesopotamian (Babylonian or Chaldean) Assyrian Persian 4.1.2. Geography and Geology 3 zones: Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula Grasslands, steppes, river plains of the Fertile Crescent Mountains and plateaus from west to east 4.1.3. Religion Worshipped nature gods 4.1.4. Society Religion determined society City-state was under the protection of the god of the city The king is the representative and steward Socio-political system – “Theocratic Socialism” 4.2. Early Mesopotamian Architecture “Land between the Rivers” Mesopotamia was located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in the present-day Middle Eastern country of Iraq. 4.2.1. Architectural Character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Arcuated MATERIALS: No stone, only clay and soil ORIENTATION: Four corners towards cardinal points 4.2.2. EXAMPLES: ZIGGURATS Rough pyramidal structures consisting of stages, each succeeding stage stepped back from the one beneath. It supports an altar or temple. “artificial mountains” of tiered rectangular stages with temple at summit Ziggurat at Bulsippa Ziggurats built by Ur-Nammu Made of sun-dried , faced with baked brick laid in bitumen 15 meters high on a massive base with two successive smaller stages, upper stage serves as pedestal of the shrine Three ramp-like stairways 100 steps each 4.3. Assyrian Architecture 4.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Materials: some stone and timber are available DECORATION: Winged-bulls guarding chief portals glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow and green Low relief sculpture in stone Murals 4.3.2. EXAMPLES Temples: With or without ziggurat Palaces: Came with or without zigurrat 4.4. Persian and Median Architecture 4.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER MATERIALS: Due to scarcity, stone was used mostly for fire-temples and palace platforms COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Persians introduced the use of columns 4.4.2. EXAMPLES DWELLINGS: Megaron, Anatolian house with entrance at end rather than on the long sides.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 6 Columned portico as entrance or vestibule Palaces: Palace Platform at Persepolis Palace of Darius Palace of Xerses Hypostyle Hall of Xerses Hall of Hundred Columns (by Darius) 5.GREEK ARCHITECTURE 5.1. Influences 5.1.1. History Aegean Period 2 major cultures Minoan (flourished in Crete) Mycenaean (mainland and others) Minoan architecture Mycenean architecture Ancient Greek architecture Archaic Greek architecture Classical Greek architecture Late Classical Greek architecture Hellenistic Architecture 5.1.2. Religion Nature worship, religious rites, sacred games, ritual dances, sacrifices. Their gods live in nature, mountains, assumed human form and was not free from human weakness 5.1.3. Geography and Geology Mainland: mountainous hinterlands separated inhabitants into groups, clans, and states Archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and communication 5.1.4. Climate Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat Clear atmosphere and intense light 5.2. AGEAN PERIOD 5.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Rough and massive structures COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Two-part capital: square abacus above and circular bulbous echinus below Wall: Cyclopean wall – large stones, no mortar, clay bedding Polygonal wall – advanced technique, Hellenic period, no pith or tar Rectangular – no dowels Cyclopean wall 5.2.2. EXAMPLES Minoan Architecture: Houses Megaron – single-storeyed house of deep plan, columned entrance porch, anteroom with central doorway, living apartment or megaron proper, central hearth, columns supporting roof , thalamus, or sleeping room behind The Megaron Palaces: Palace of King Minos, Knossos, Crete 1600-1400 B.C.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 7 Mycenean Architecture: Palace at Tyrins Lion Gate, Mycenea Tombs: Bee-hive tomb – a bee-hive shaped type of subterranean tomb constructed as a corbelled vault and found on pre-historic Greek sites Treasury of Atreus The best preserved “beehive tomb” Built into a hill and approached by a long passage, the dromos, leading to the beehive shape round tomb chamber, tholos 5.3. Ancient Greek Architecture (Hellenic) 5.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: mostly religious architecture “carpentry in marble” – timber forms imitated in stone with remarkable exactness CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: first columns and entablature were made of timber and terra cotta decorations stone columns in 600 B.C. THE GREEK ORDER: Capital, base, column shaft, horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice) DORIC, IONIC AND CORINTHIAN DECORATION: Refinements used to correct optical illusions; sculpture, colors, mural painting ENTASIS: slight bulge given to a column to correct the optical illusion that it is thinner in the middle 5.4. Classical Greek Architecture (Hellenistic) 5.4.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Provided inspiration for Roman building types not religious in character, but civic Dignified and gracious structures Symmetrical, orderly CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Columnar and trabeated COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Greek orders OPENINGS: Clerestory – between roof and upper wall
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 8 Skylight – made of thin translucent marble Temple door – on the east DECORATION: Mouldings - In architecture, a continuous narrow surface either projecting or recessed, plain or ornamented, whose purpose is to break up a surface, to accent, or to decorate by means of the light and shade it produces Cyma Recta Cyma Reversa (Ogee) Ovolo (egg-like) Fillet Cavetto Scotia Astragal (bead) Torus Bird’s Beak ORIENTATION: entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and orderly Doors oriented towards east 5.4.2. EXAMPLES: TEMENOS – a sacred enclosure, sanctuary, or sacred precinct at an established cult centre, sometimes it incorporates many buildings Acropolis at Athens (Best example of Temenos) Reconstructed drawing of the Athenian acropolis in the 5th century B.C. Foremost among world –famous building sites 10 structures: Propylaea – the entrance gateway to an enclosure (usually temple precincts) as on the Acropolis, Athens Pinacotheca - building containing gallery of painted pictures Statue of Athena Promachos Erectheion (group of buildings) Parthenon Temple of Nike Apteros Old Temple of Athena Stoa of Eumeses Theater of Dionysos Odeon of Herodes Atticus Reconstructed view of Acropolis at Pergamon
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 9 TEMPLES – not intended for internal worship; altar was outside, on the east front Parts: COLONNADE (OR PERISTYLE) - Refers to the rows of columns PORCH (OR PRONAOS) - a three walled room opening into the cella. CELLA (OR NAOS) - where the statue of the god or goddess was placed REAR PORCH (OR OPISTHODOMOS OR EPINAOS) - is a false porch behind the cella, often added for reasons of symmetry. Its place might alternatively be occupied by an enclosed adytum (treasure room, sometimes interpreted as a "holy of holies” STEREOBATE -the lower two steps of the stepped foundation of a Greek temple (known as the crepidoma) CREPIDOMA - the platform of, usually, three levels upon which the superstructure of the building is erected STYLOBATE - The upper step of the base of a Greek temple, which forms a platform for the columns PTEROMA - the enclosed space of a portico, peristyle, or stoa, generally behind a screen of columns. Typical Greek temple plan Temples: Column number terminology: Technical term number of columns at front distyle - 2 columns tetrastyle - 4 columns, term used by Vitruvius hexastyle - 6 columns, term used by Vitruvius octastyle - 8 columns decastyle - 10 columns Temples: Planned by column arrangement In-antis – between anta and the front Amphi-antis – at front and rear Prostyle – portico at front Amphi-prostyle – porticoes at front and rear Peripteral – on all sides Pseudo-peripteral – flanking columns attached to naos Dipteral – double line of columns surrounding naos Pseudo-dipteral – like dipteral, but inner columns omitted on flanks on naos.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 10 DORIC TEMPLES DORIC COLUMN: stands without base directly on stylobate; simplest Had a timber origin H=4 – 6 X base diameter ENTABLATURE: H = 1 & ¾ the height of Order The Parthenon, Acropolis 448-432 B.C. Sculptor and general director: Phidias Architects: Ictinos and Callicrates Temple of Hera, Paestum IONIC TEMPLES IONIC COLUMN: remarkable for its volute and scroll capital; derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art; most elegant; slender than Doric H = 9 X base diameter 24 flutes separated by fillets
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 11 ENTABLATURE: H = 1/5 the height of Order Parts: Architrave, frieze (omitted in asianic examples), cornice Temple of Athena Nike by Callicrates 427-424 B.C. The Erechtheion, Acropolis by Mnesicles, 421-405 B.C. Ionic building named after a mythic Athenian hero Erechtheus; with Caryatid porch CARYATID – A female figure that functions as a supporting column Temple of Artemis, Ephesus By Demetrius and Paenius Denocrates Sculpted by Scopas CORINTHIAN TEMPLES
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 12 CORINTHIAN COLUMN: Base and shaft resembling the Ionic; more slender H = 10 X base diameter CAPITAL – much deeper than Ionic; 1 & 1/6 diameter high; designed by Callimachus, inspired by basket surrounded by acanthus leaves over the grave of a Corinthian maiden ENTABLATURE: same as Ionic 3 parts: architrave, frieze, cornice Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens THEATERS: An open-air structure in the form of a segment of a circle, frequently excavated from a hillside, with the seats arranged in tiers behind and above one another Parts: ORCHESTRA: the circular space in front of the stage in a theater, where the chorus stood THEATRON: (Greek: viewing-place) Alternate name koilon. Originally referred to the audience space of the Greek theatre, but later became synonymous with the entire auditorium consisting of the spaces for both the audience as well as the performance; corresponds to Roman cavea. SKENE: (Greek: tent) Building behind the orchestra originally used for storage but provided a convenient backing for performances; corresponds to the Roman scaena or scaenae PARODOS: (Greek; A passageway ;pl. parodoi) Side entrance into the orchestra of a Greek theater (one on each side); the space between the audience seating and the skene building; primary entrance/exit for the chorus and used by audience for entrance and exit from theatre; also the song sung by chorus as it first enters the orchestra. FURTHER DEVELOPMENTS: PARACENIA: projecting wall/wing at end of skene PROCENIUM: in front of skene, used as speaking place or locelon EPISCENIUM: Raised background to the 2-storey skene building DIAZOMA: (Greek; pl. diazomata) Horizontal walkway separating upper and lower sections of theatron (Latin cavea ) seating; passages or aisles in Greek theatres concentric with the outer wall; corresponds to Roman praecinctio Greek theater plan
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 13 Theater of Epidaurus Designed by Polycleitos Most beautiful Greek theater DOMESTIC/PUBLIC BUILDINGS PROPYLAEA: (meaning on page 8) Propylaea, Athens AGORA: An open square space used for public meetings or business/social life STOA: covered walkways or porticos, commonly for public usage The restored Stoa of Attalos in Athens. PRYTANEION: Senate house, used for entertaining distinguished visitors and citizens BOULEUTERION: Council house with banked seats facing inwards ODEION: building similar to theater used for musical performance in Sparta, built in the 7th or 6th century B.C. STADIUM: foot race course HIPPODROME: course provided by the Greeks for horse racing and chariot racing PALAESTRA: Wrestling school GYMNASIUM: functioned as a training facility for competitors in public games and all types of physical exercises TOMBS: The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos Most famous of all tombs one of seven wonders of ancient world; for king Mausolos from his widow Artemisia The Mausoleum of Hallicarnassos 6.ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 6.1. INFLUENCES 6.1.1. History Centrally-located on the Mediterranean, was able to serve as intermediary in spreading art and civilization in Europe, West Asia and North Africa ETRUSCAN (750 – 146 B.C.) ROMAN (146 – 365 A.D.) 6.1.2. Religion Roman mythology slowly derived attributes from Greek gods 6.1.3. Geography and Geology
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 14 Italian peninsula; central and commanding position on Mediterranean Sea 6.1.4. Climate Temperate climate in the North Sunny in Central Italy Almost tropical in south 6.2. ETRUSCAN ARCHITECTURE: 6.2.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: great builders and large scale undertakings CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: earliest use of true and radiating arch MATERIALS: stone; tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand and gravel Earth for making terra cotta and bricks; first use of concrete (300-400 A.D.) – stone or brick rubble and mortar or pozzolana – a thick volcanic earth material COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: New Tuscan Order CITY PLANNING: two main streets—the cardo (north-south) and the decumanus (east-west)—a grid of smaller streets dividing the town into blocks, and a wall circuit with gates. 6.2.2. EXAMPLES: TOMBS: existed in great numbers outside city walls in special necropolis sites DRAINAGE: Cloaca Maxima, Rome ARCHES: Arch of Augustus, Perugia TEMPLE: Temple of Juno Sospita, Lanuvium 6.3. ROMAN ARCHITECTURE: 6.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: Greek orders of architecture used as decorative features which could be omitted Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks Developed arch and vault system started by Etruscans Combined use of columns, beam and arch KEYSTONE – the central stone of an arch or rib vault; sometimes carved IMPOST – a member in the wall, usually formed of a projecting bracket-like moulding, on which the end of an arch rests VOUSSOIRS - wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch EXTRADOS – the outside curve of an arch INTRADOS – the interior curve of an arch taken from the inside of the voussoirs SPRINGER – the lowest voussoir on each side of an arch, where the vertical support for the arch terminates and the curve of the arch begins. MATERIALS: Marble, mostly white Concrete – to build vaults of a magnitude equaled until 19th century steel construction COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: 4th & 5th Orders: Tuscan and Composite TUSCAN ORDER: simplified version of Doric Order H = 7 X diameter Base, unfluted shaft, moulded capital, plain entablature COMPOSITE ORDER: combines prominent volutes of Ionic with acanthus of Corinthian voussoirs
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 15 Composite Order ROOF AND CEILING: wagon/ barrel/ tunnel vault, wagon vault with intersecting vault, cross vault, hemispherical dome/ cupola WALL: Opus Quadratum Opus Incertum Opus Reticulatum Opus Quasi-Reticulatum Opus Testaceum Opus Mixtum OPUS QUADRATUM – rectangular blocks, with or without mortar joints OPUS INCERTUM – small stones, loose pattern resembling polygonal walling OPUS RETICULATUM – net-like effect with fine joints running diagonally OPUS TESTACEUM – brick facing OPUS MIXTUM – alternation of brickwork and small squared stone blocks 6.3.2. EXAMPLES: Rectangular temples The Maisson, Carree, Nimes; Best preserved; Corinthian Order CIRCULAR TEMPLE The Pantheon, Rome; (most perfect preservation of roman buildings) Temple of Vesta, Rome FORUMS: Corresponds to the Greek Agora; central open space usually surrounded by public building and colonnades
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 16 Trajan’s Forum BASILICAS: large public hall where law- suits were heard; hall of justice; commercial exchange Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii Usuall plan: length twice the width THERMAE: Roman public baths, containing large halls, with water at various temperatures and many other amenities such as libraries, and sports arenas 3 parts: Main building, open space outer ring of apartments Main building: Dominant central hall, symmetrically arranged rooms Tepidarium – warm room Frigidarium – cold water swimming bath Laconicum (sudatorium) – dry aweating room Apodyteria – dressing room Unctuaria – Oils room Thermae of Caracalla THEATERS: Greek-type adapted to suit Roman drama; Semicircular in plan and consisted of a tall stage building abutting a semicircular orchestra and tiered seating area (cavea) The Theater, Orange AMPHITHEATERS: (literally double- theaters) elliptical or circular space surrounded by rising tiers of seats used for gladiatorial and animal contests The Colosseum, Rome
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 17 CIRCUS: for horse and chariot racing (from hippodrome) The Circus Maximus, Rome TOMBS: classes of Roman Tombs Caemetaria Monumental tombs Pyramidal Tombs Temple-shaped tombs Eastern Tombs TRIUMPHAL ARCHES: monumental arch built to celebrate victorious campaigns; erected to emperors and generals Arch of Titus, Rome DWELLINGS: Domus – private house Villa – country house Insula – apartment block Republican house, consisted of an entrance corridor (fauces) main room (atrium) open to the sky with a central basin for the collection of rainwater Series of small bedrooms (cubicula) Office area (tablinum) Dining room (triclinium) kitchen (culina), and perhaps a small garden (hortus) AQUEDUCTS: artificial channel for carrying water, usually an elevated masonry or brick structure Pont du Gard, Nimes, France TOWN GATEWAYS AND ARCHWAYS BRIDGES MEMORIAL COLUMN PALACES FOUNTAINS
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 18 7. EARLY CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE 7.1. INFLUENCES 7.1.1. History 313-800 A.D. Christianity moved from Judea to Rome; became the official religion of the Roman Empire Two Historic Events The Edict of Milan c. 313 (state religion) Transfer of power from Rome to Constantinople c. 330 7.1.2. Religion Christianity 7.1.3. Geography and Geology Roman ruins served as quarries from which materials were obtained 7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 7.2.1. DESCRIPTION: Construction was highly influenced by Roman art and architecture; purpose of the Christian church was to serve worshippers 2 building types Early Christian Basilica – Rectangular building with an apse for the altar at one end. Martyrium – Circular building (Baptistery or mausoleum) 7.2.2. MATERIALS: made use as much as possible the materials from old Roman temples which had become useless 7.2.3. ROOF AND CEILING: simple timber roof of king and queen post trusses; vaulted or domed 7.2.4. DECORATION: did not use bulky Roman construction methods; an architectural abstraction of the ideal Christian, simple and plain on the outside, but with a soul glowing and beautiful within. (richly decorated interior space and neglecting the exterior) 7.2.5. ORIENTATION: Façade faced West Priest stood behind altar facing East 7.3. EXAMPLES 7.3.1. BASILICAN CHURCHES: based on ancient Roman basilicas; erected over the burial place of the saint to whom it was dedicated Parts: ATRIUM – open colonnaded court in front of and attached to a Christian basilica NARTHEX – a porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave NAVE – part of the church between the chief entrance and the choir, demarcated from aisles, by piers and columns AMBULATORY – a passageway around the apse of a church, or for circumambulating a shrine APSE – a vaulted semi-circular or polygonal termination, usually to a chancel or chapel BEMA – raised stage for the clergy at the east end AISLE – part of the church, parallel to, and divided by piers or columns from, the nave, choir or transept CHOIR – part of the church where the choir sits; normally the west part of the chancel (loosely applied to mean as chancel) CHANCEL - that part of the east end of a church in which the main altar is placed; reserved for clergy and choir AMBO – where the Gospel and epistle was read TRANSEPT - part of a cruciform church whose axis crosses at right angles the axis running from the chief entrance through the nave to the apse
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 19 Plan S. Clemente, Rome S. Maria Maggiore, Rome S. Apollinare, Ravenna S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome Old St. Peter’s, Rome (erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter’s martyrdom) S. Costanza, Rome 7.3.2. CHURCH COMPLEX BELFRY/CAMPANILE – a bell tower, either attached to a church or standing alone BAPTISTERY 7.3.3. BAPTISTERIES: a separate building or part of a church in which the Sacrament of Baptism is administered during Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany; with the advent of infant baptism, it was replaced by the Font Baptistery of Constantine, Rome 7.3.4. TOMBS: burial up to the end of the 4th century took place in the Catacombs outside Rome; Christians objected to cremation and insisted burial on consecrated ground Tomb of Galla Placidia, Ravenna Earliest tomb in cruciform plan; sarcophagi still remain in the arms of the cross
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 20 8. BYZANTINE ARCHITECTURE 8.1. INFLUENCES 8.1.1. History 330-1453 A.D. Byzantium – Greek colony since 660 B.C.; Constantine, a converted Christian transferred the empire from Rome to Byzantium in 330 A.D. Empire was divided: Rome as western capital and Byzantium (which later became Constantinople) as eastern capital (“new Rome”) 8.1.2. Religion 330 A.D. Constantinople became capital to first official Christian empire 8.1.3. Geography and Geology Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by small body of water; most commanding position and most valuable part of eastern Roman Empire 8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 8.2.1. DESCRIPTION: mostly church construction; discarded early Christian style for new domical Byzantine style (still the official style for Orthodox churches) Basilican plan: early Christian Domed, centralized plan – Byzantine 8.2.2. CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM: domical construction with classical columnar style 8.2.3. COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: used Roman Ionic, Corinthian, Composite style, Cubiform capital, shaped to form a transition from square abacus to circular shaft; dosseret block used as deep abacus invented to enlarge surface for receiving wide voussoirs of arches or thick walls 8.2.4. ROOF AND CEILING: 3 types of domes Simple, Compound and special designs 8.2.5. DECORATION: stone bands instead of mouldings; decorative arches, internal marble, mosaic and fresco decorations 8.2.6. ORIENTATION: Façade at west 8.3. EXAMPLES 8.3.1. CHURCHES Centralized type of plan S. Sophia, Constantinople (Hagia Sophia or “divine wisdom”) Designed by Anthemius of Tralles and Isidorus of Miletus; One of the supreme achievements in the history of world architecture; Structurally the dome rests on pendentives between the four supporting arches resting on four main piers S. Vitale, Ravenna
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 21 9.ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE 9.1. INFLUENCES 9.1.1. History 900-1200 A.D. Decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of independent states and notions of Europe – Gaul, Central Europe, etc. King Charlemagne crowned emperor by Pope in 800 A.D. established the Holy Roman Empire a title which lasted until 1806; Religious enthusiasm found physical expression in magnificent cathedrals and monastic buildings 9.1.2. Religion Growth of different religious orders Monasticism became the most important institution within the Church (provided seclusion, assurance of salvation, only means of receiving education) The monasteries were the bearers of culture and art 9.1.3. Society Two major social institutions added coherence: the Christian church and Feudalism 9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 9.2.1. DESCRIPTION: architecture governed by classical traditions; concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ornamental detail; sober and dignified Transition from flat wooden ceiling of the nave to masonry vault construction Application of cross-groin vault, consisting of four curved surfaces (quadripartite vault) Use of bay system Semicircular arches for openings in walls Massive enclosing walls and incorporation of towers into the church building proper 9.3. NORTH ITALY 9.3.1. INFLUENCES: History Milan, Venice, Ravenna, Pavia, Verona, Genoa Invasions and trade with northern Europe through alpine passes; Close alliance with Constantinople, influence of Byzantine culture, because of Venice and Ravenna Geography and Geology Low-lying plains of Lombardy – clay for bricks and marble from hills Climate Extremes of heat and cold 9.3.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS Basilican-type churches; flat, severed facades across whole church, masking division on nave and aisles Wheel window Central projecting porch on façade, often 2-storey with columns on crouching beasts Roughly-carved grotesque figures of men and beasts Less refined in character due to use of stone and brick instead of marble Ornament shows a departure from classic precedent, instead its shows rough northern European grotesque styles S. Ambrogio, Milan S. Zeno Maggiore, Verona S. Fedele Como S. Michele, Pavia CAMPANILEs – Product of Romanesque period; straight tower shafts, generally standing alone as civic monuments or symbols of power rather than integral parts of church
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 22 9.4. SOUTH ITALY 9.4.1. INFLUENCES: History Underwent Greek, Roman, Byzantine, Muslim and Norman rule Geography and Geology Mountainous with limestone Climate Almost sub-tropical 9.4.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS: Byzantine influence in mosaic decorations; Muslim influence on use of striped marbles Monreale Cathedral, Palermo S. Giovanni degli Eremiti, Palermo La Zisa, Palermo 9.5. CENTRAL ITALY 9.5.1. INFLUENCES: HISTORY Rome, Florence, Naples, Pisa Rich in pagan influence Geography and Geology Great stone and mineral wealth at Tuscany – bricks, tufa, peperino, travertine, marble Ruins of classical buildings 9.5.2. EXAMPLES: CATHEDRALS Concentrated on beauty and delicacy of ornamental details, instead of new construction systems Resembles early basilican churches in plan Pisa Cathedral Forms one of most famous building groups in the world – campanile and Campo Santo Baptistery – designed by Dioti Salvi Campanile – aka the “Leaning Tower of Pisa” The wall is covered with white and pink marble. The dome at the Crossing is additional at later period. The Bell Tower was designed by Bonanno 9.6. NORTH FRANCE 9.6.1. INFLUENCES Geography and Geology Fine Caen stone Pumice and tufa Climate Wintery in north 9.6.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Remains of old buildings were less abundant, greater freedom of developing new style
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 23 The Abbey S. Denis The Abbaye-aux-Hommes, Caen S. Nicholas, Caen 9.7. SOUTH FRANCE 9.7.1. INFLUENCES Geography and Geology Abundant good stone, easily quarried and freely used Climate Sub-tropical in south 9.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Cruciform plan Semi-circular east end, as an ambulatory with radiating chapels, is common Use of old Roman architecture features St. Sernin, Toulouse Vienne cathedrakNotre dame du Port Angouleme Cathedral 9.8. CENTRAL EUROPE 9.8.1. INFLUENCES GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Stone from mountains along Rhine Timber from Baltic shores Brick from Elber in the north Climate Summer and winter 9.8.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: Exhibits a Carolingian and Lombard influence Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen) Cathedral Worms Cathedral, Germany Church of the Apostles, Cologne Speyer Cathedral
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 24 9.9. SPAIN 9.9.1. INFLUENCES History Moors in southwest Europe, until 732 A.D.; continuous warfare against moors gave a certain unity to the peninsula Christian influence Royal ties with France and England Geography and Geology Iberian Peninsula is a great rock massif – granite, limestone, red sandstone, semi-marble, no timber 9.9.2. EXAMPLES RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS Used both Basilica and Greek-cross forms Sta. Maria, Ripoll St. Tirso, Sahagun La Lugareja, Arevalo St. Martin de Fromista Monastery of Poblet, Catalonia Santiago de Compostela Finest achievement of Romanesque architecture in Spain CASTLES AND TOWN WALLS City Walls of Andalusia Loarre in Aragon Finest Romanesque Castle in Spain Complex of circular towers, curtain walls City Walls of Avila, Castile 9.10. ENGLAND 9.10.1. INFLUENCES History Subject to roman conquest, preceded by the landing of Julius Caesar in 55 A.D. Ruled by Roman legions Geography and Geology Remote from rest of Europe, dependent on sea routes Hardwood forest and stone Climate Low lighting, severe cold 9.10.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS 3 foundations: Old foundation – served by secular clergy Monastic foundation – served by regular clergy or monks, later by secular canons New foundation – to which bishops had been appointed Norwich Cathedral St. Albans Cathedral Winchester Cathedral Bristol Cathedral Carlisle Cathedral Chichester Cathedral Exeter Rochester Oxford Worcester Canterbury Cathedral Durham Cathedral
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 25 MONASTIC BUILDINGS Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire CASTLES 1500 castles in England, in 1100 to 1200 A.D. Began as motte and bailey earthworks, later citadels with stone and curtain walls Windsor Castle The largest inhabited castle in the world and, dating back to the time of William the Conqueror, is the oldest in continuous occupation Tower of London Castle Hedingman, Essex Orford, Suffolk Conisborough, Yorkshire 10. GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE 10.1. INFLUENCES HISTORY Gothic age originated in France around 1150 Originally- Gothic- first used by Renaissance critics as a derogatory term for all art and architecture of the middle ages-works of the barbarian Goths. Considered as one of Europe’s outstanding artistic eras. This age saw the rise of new cities or built on the foundations of old Roman cities Religion Strongly influenced by religious men and saints; extreme power and wealth led to serious abuses in the church 10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: The Cathedral – a rare synthesis of architecture, sculpture and painting The pointed arch, flying buttress and rib vault Colored glass and tracery, rhythm columns and bundled piers Towers and spires-transcendental character CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM Transverse section
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 26 Sexpartite Vault 10.3. FRANCE 10.3.1. INFLUENCES History 1200 – 1600 A.D. with 1337 to 1453 A.D., the “Hundred Years War” began with England; restlessness Feudal system, tyranny of lords over common people Religious zeal – Christianity was united against Muslims; Crusades 10.3.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DESCRIPTION: the term “Gothic” in reproach to this style – a departure from classic lines General use of “Pointed Arch” “L ‘architecture Ogivale” 3 periods: PRIMARIE(1200 AD) “A lancettes” Pointed arch and geometric traceried windows SECONDAIRE (1300 AD) “Rayonnant” Circular windows, wheel tracery TERTIARE (1400 – 1600 AD) “Flamboyant” Flame-like window tracery 10.3.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Erected out of funds provided by the laity – not as part of monastic establishments Served as a library for illiterate townspeople; biblical stories told, with stained-glass and statuary Point of departure from classic Vaulting framework of intersecting pointed arch ribs, which supports thin stone panels Difficulty of vaulting oblong compartments – overcome by using pointed arches over shorter span and sometimes retaining semi-circular arches for diagonal or longer spans Downward and outward pressures from vault were collected by meeting of ribs at angles; oblique pressure was counter-acted by buttresses or flying buttresses weighted by pinnacles Walls – less needed supports, released from load-bearing function; invention of colored, stained glass window to adorn window-walls.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 27 Notre Dame de Paris One of the oldest French cathedrals; begun by Bishop Maurice de Sully “flying buttress” Reims Cathedral Chartres Cathedral Beauvais Cathdral Laon Cathedral Soissons Cathedral HOTEL DE VILLE Few examples because little municipal life under the Feudal system Hotel de Ville, Arras PALAIS DE JUSTICE Great halls in which kings and nobles dispensed justice to their vassals Palais de Justice, Rouen CASTLES Built on mounds above rivers with thick walls and small windows to resist attack Later adapted to make convenient residences Chateau de Pierrefonds Chateau de Ambrose COUNTRY HOUSES With the development of gunpowder and new social order, country houses took the place of fortified citadels Still called “chateaux” Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Justice, Rouen Chateau d’O, Mortree TOWNHOUSES “Maisons noble” – French nobles ceased to be feudal lords in castles and erected, known as “hotels” House of Jacques Couer, Bourges Hotel de Cluny, Paris 10.4. ENGLAND 10.4.1. INFLUENCES History
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 28 High Gothic Style gained acceptance in England under Henry II (1154-1189 A.D.) 10.4.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Norman (1066 – 1154 A.D.) Transitional (1154 – 1189 A.D.) pointed arches in Romanesque structures Early English (1189 – 1307 A.D.) equivalent to high Gothic in France – also called “Lancet” or “First Pointed” style Decorated (1307 – 1377 A.D.) also called “Second Pointed” equivalent to French “Flamboyant” style Perpendicular (1377 – 1485 A.D.) also called “Rectilinear” or “Third Pointed” Tudor (1495 – 1558 A.D.) increasing application of Renaissance detail Elizabethan (1558 – 1603 A.D.) Renaissance ideas take its mark THE EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC VAULTING NORMAN Diagonal segmental rib Sexpartite vaulting Waggon vaulting EARLY ENGLISH (13th Century) Early English groined vaulting Early English groined vaulting with intermediate ribs DECORATED (14th Century) Lierne vault Ceiling Plan Lierne stellar vaulting PERPENDICULAR (15th Century) Fan vaulting REFERENCES FOR VAULTING: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 29 TYPES OF TIMBER ROOFS Tie-Beam Roof Trussed – Rafter Roof Hammer – Beam Roof Collar –Braced Roof Aisle Roof EVOLUTION OF GOTHIC BUTTRESSES GOTHIC WINDOWS GOTHIC DOORWAYS Early English Gothic doorway Gothic doorway; Decorated style Gothic doorway; Perpendicular style REFERENCE: Scanned image and text by George P. Landow (2007) Fletcher, Bannister, and Bannister F. Fletcher. A History of Architecture on the Comparative Method for the Student, Craftsman, and Amateur. 16th ed. New York: Chas. Scribner’s Sons, 1958.
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 30 10.4.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS (Lat. cathedra, "seat") is a Christian church that contains the seat of a bishop. It is a religious building for worship, specifically of a denomination with an Episcopal hierarchy, such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, Orthodox and some Lutheran churches, which serves as a bishop's seat, and thus as the central church of a diocese Westminster Abbey; most important medieval building in England; largest area and width (32 m. inside) Yorkminster Wells Cathedral Salisbury Cathedral MONASTERIES: Building complex of monastic order – self – contained community used by monks PARISH CHURCHES: All Saints Church, Stock Essex Breamore Church, Hants Tity church, Essex CASTLES AND FORTIFICATIONS Stronghold, also for administering justice and dispensing hospitality SMALLER HOUSES: simple one-room shelters of wood and thatch townhouses on burgages or narrow strips of land, limited frontage on main street COLLEGES: with chapel; communal dining hall, library, small rooms, staircases, storage. Brew houses, gatehouse MANOR HOUSES; erected by new and wealthy trading families Parts: Great Hall, (sometimes aisled) Chapel Latrine chamber Service rooms Kitchens Central hearth TUDOR MANOR HOUSES; increased number and variety of rooms; Quadrangular court from which many rooms entered directly. Battlement parapets and fortified gateways used for ornamentation Penhurst Place, Kent Little Wenham Hall, Suffolk Chamey Basset Manor house, Berkshire Athelhampton Hall, Dorset Hampton Court Palace 10.5. CENTRAL EUROPE 10.5.1. INFLUENCES History: Germany was a composition of many states 10.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Style came from France and not from German Romanesque 10.5.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: Hall Churches in the north – totally different external appearance
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 31 Ulm Cathedral CASTLES: seen everywhere with old fortified towns Klingentor, Rothenburg TOWN HALLS: Rathaus, Regensberg CUSTOMS HOUSE: the Customs House, Nuremburg HOUSES: Old Houses, Nuremburg The Kaiserworth, Goslar, Old house, Brunswick 10.6. BELGIUM & NETHERLANDS 10.6.1. INFLUENCES History: Basins and delta of Rhine and other rivers, number of medieval states and cities; sea power, culturally dependent on Germany and France Towns competed with each other in power and the arts – architecture as products of civic rivalry in wealth and splendor 10.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER French Gothic influence – Brabantine style; German influence – hall churches 10.6.3. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS St. Gudule, Brussels: earliest example of Gothic in Netherlands; Antwerp Cathedral SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Town hall, Bruges Town hall, Louvain Town hall, Brussels Cloth hall and Belfry, Bruges Maison des Francs Bateliers, Ghent 10.7. SPAIN 10.7.1. INFLUENCES History; Spanish inquisition in 1477 A.D. – brought national and religious unity against the Jews and Muslims Muslim capital of Toledo fell in 1085 A.D.; Moors were expelled from in 1492 A.D. with fall of Granada 10.7.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS: strong Moorish influence, horseshoe arch, pierced stone tracery, rich surface decoration of intricate geometrical and flowing patterns Gerona Cathedral Burgos Cathedral Most poetic of all Spanish cathedrals Toledo Cathedral Salamanca Cathedral Avila Cathedral Segovia Cathedral Granada Cathedral Barcelona Cathedral Seville Cathedral The Cathedral of Seville, formally Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) was begun in 1402, with construction continuing into the 16th century. It is the largest of all Roman Catholic cathedrals (Saint Peter's Basilica not being a cathedral) and also the largest Medieval Gothic religious building, in terms of both area and volume SECULAR ARCHITECTURE Puerta Serranos, Valencia
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 32 The Puerta Del Sol, Toledo College of Sto. Gregorio, Villadolid Palacio de la Audencio, Barcelona Ducal Palace, Guadalajara La Lonja de la Seda, Valencia Castillo de la Mota, Medina del Camp 10.8. ITALY 10.8.1. INFLUENCES History: Italy led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and commerce; Renaissance, cultural revival, took place in Italy nearly in advance in northern Europe This arrested the development of Gothic architecture in Italy (only one Gothic architecture in Rome: St. Francis of Assisi) 10.8.2. EXAMPLES CATHEDRALS Roman tradition remained strong; combination of Greek inspiration, Roman construction and Byzantine decoration Milan Cathedral (largest Medieval Cathedral) Doge’s Palace, Venice (grandest effort in civic architecture during the period) Florence Cathedral (aka S. Maria del Fiore) designed by Arnolfo di Cambio; essentially Italian in character without the vertical features of northern Gothic; the dome was designed by Filippo Brunelleschi which triumphantly blended with a Gothic building Sienna Cathedral (one of the most stupendous undertakings since the Pisa Cathedral); zebra marble striping on wall and pier Palazzo Vechio Palazzo S. Steffano Palazzo Arcivescoville, Palermo 11. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE 11.1. INFLUENCES History; great inventions led to general upheaval of this period – gunpowder, mariner’s compass, printing by movable types; attempt to understand the ancient world, its values, literary and artistic forms; “Treatise on Architecture” by Vitruvius in 1486; Religious and intellectual unity of Christendom had begun to fall apart Two principal Components of the style: Revival of the classical forms (Re-birth) Intensified concern for secular life “Humanism” – people are rational beings who possess within themselves the capacity for truth and goodness 11.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER: the Renaissance movement crated a break in the evolution of European architecture; characteristic of departure from Gothic – classic Roman “Orders of Architecture” used after a thousand years; adoption of Byzantine structural and decorative practices interwoven with Roman and Romanesque succession COLUMNIATION, CAPITALS: Orders were standardized by Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi, used constructively and decoratively ROOF AND CEILING: high drums raised above pendentives to accommodate windows, decoration with classical columns crowned with lantern WALL: rusticated masonry walls; rusticated wall angles called quoins Quoins
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 33 11.3. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Renaissance: period of learning, designer’s intent on accurate transcription of Roman elements High Renaissance & Proto – Baroque: became an individual style in its own right; conflict between purists and Proto – Baroque; also Mannerist phase wherein practices which had no Roman precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings were conceived in a non- Roman way – a free, decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique precedent Baroque: highly enriched play of form with multiform elements; architects worked with freedom and firmly acquired knowledge; true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style began to emerge, baroque was dramatic, rich, grand and alive, with architecture, painting, sculpture and minor arts being used in harmony to produce a unified whole Rococo: primarily French in origin; rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells are worked up together in a profusion and confusion of detail, often without organic coherence, but presenting a lavish display of decoration; Rococo is profuse, often semi- abstract ornamentation and lightness of color and weight. 11.4. FLORENCE 11.4.1. INFLUENCES: History: Florence, Genoa, Milan; one of central, chief powers of Italy; Medici family, founded by Giovanni de Medici – commercial and political power European kings were richer and powerful than the church and nobility The Medici Family of Florence ran the town Artists, excelling in several arts gaining high status in society Renaissance had its birth in Florence! Wall: Rusticated masonry gave massive and rugged appearance; also defined by string courses crowned by deep cornices Openings: doorways at Genoa have triangular and segmental pediments; doorways are small yet imposing; 11.4.2. EXAMPLES Palazzi – palace type building evolved, built around a cortile or interior court like medieval cloister; rugged fortress- like character in contrast with refinement of Renaissance churches Early Renaissance examples Filippo Brunelleschi – famous architect Palazzo Medici – Riccardi, Florence by Michelozzo Di Bartolomeo
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 34 Palazzo Strozzi, Florence by Benedetto de Majano, for Filippo Strozzi the Elder, a rival of the Medici High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque examples Bartolomeo Ammanati – famous architect Palazo Municipio, Genoa New Sacristy of S. Lorenzo Michelangelo led the Proto-Baroque breakaway from academic formalism with his design Baroque examples Bartolomeo Bianco – famous architect Porta Pila, Genoa Palazo Carignano, Turin; best known building by Guarini 11.5. ROME 11.5.1. INFLUENCES History: Roman ruins supplied models for new buildings, which served as model for all of Europe; political authority of pope in Rome Revival of building in Rome brought by stable government, increased population and wealth 11.5.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Wall: frequently screened with pilasters, both singled and coupled on each storey, sometimes up to two storeys to give grandness Types of Pediments Triangular Segmental Broken 11.5.3. EXAMPLES Palazzi – majesty and dignity; astylar and cliff-like façade Churches – centralized and compact in plan; astylar façade treatment Early Renaissance examples Luciano Laurana – famous architect Ducal Palace, Urbino Begun by Florentine Maso di Bartolomeo Luciano Laurana designed the façade, the famous courtyard and the great entrance staircase High Renaissance & Proto-Baroque Donato Bramante – famous architect The Tempietto, San Pietro, Montorio, Rome Architectural gem by Bramante S. Peter, Rome – most important building of the period, with cathedral, piazza and Vatican, forms a world-famous group 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects under the direction of the pope:
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 35 Bramante – design was selected from several entries in a competition (Greek cross, proposed a dome similar to Pantheon) Giulliano da Sangallo, Fra giacondo & Raphael – proposed a Latin cross plan; died Baldassare Peruzzi – reverted to greek cross; died Antonio da Sangallo (the younger) - submitted a slightly altered plan with an extended vestibule and lofty campanile and elaborate dome Michelangelo – (72 yrs. old) reverted to Greek cross plan, strengthened the piers of the dome and redesigned the surrounding chapels and apses. He completed the drum of the dome before his death. (present building owes most of its outstanding features to him) Giacomo della Porta & Domenico Fontana – completed the dome in 1590 Giacomo da Vignola – added side cupolas Carlo Maderna - lengthened the nave to form a Latin cross and added the gigantic façade Gian Lorenzo Bernini – erected the noble entrance piazza (St. Peter’s square) – 198 m. wide Plan and site view: S. Peter, Rome Completed plan in Latin cross Baroque examples S. Susana, Rome S. Carlo alle Quatro Fontane Fontana di Trevi by Nicola Salvi 11.6. VENICE 11.6.1. INFLUENCES Venice, Padua, Vicenza, Verona, Brescia, Bergamo; greatness founded on oriental commerce; sea-power, semi-independence from popes Merchants and commercial magnates, each in rivalry with each other 11.6.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Lighter and more graceful than Florentine architecture; buildings built on a hundred isles of wooden and stone piles; ubiquitous waterways, spanned by charming bridges Openings: doorways flanked by pilasters and columns supporting cornices and pediments 11.6.3. EXAMPLES Palazzi – graceful balconies adding to the play of light and shadows on the façade; compact plans owing to cramped sites Churches – simple and aisle-less Early Renaissance examples Doge’s palace Palazzo corner Spinelli, Venice High Renaissance & Proto-Broque examples; Palazzo Bevilacqua, Verona Palazzo Pompeii Palazo Grimani, Venice San Michelle’s greatest work The Basilica, Vicenza Baroque examples Adapted to strict Venetian conditions; sculptured carvings of maritime theme 11.7. FRANCE 11.7.1. INFLUENCES History: united to expel the English in 1453 – unprecedented unity, power and splendor
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 36 Napoleon Bonaparte as national figure; France had united as a kingdom; Paris as center 11.7.2. ARCHITECTURAL CAHRACTER Renaissance radiated from Paris to all parts of the country Periods: Early Period – combination of Gothic and renaissance features; forming picturesque ensemble; state of transition, Renaissance features grafted unto Gothic buildings Classical Period – dignity, sobriety and masculine quality of its foremost buildings Late period – Louis the XV phase: externally simple and less classically pure Louis XVI phase: return to sober classicism - austere and refined exteriors Empire: (1790 – 1830 A.D.) rigid formality 11.7.3. EXAMPLES SECULAR BUILDINGS Chateau de Bois Chateu d’Azay-Rideau Palaise de Fountainbleau Chateau de Chambord by Italian, Domenico da cortona Palais du Louvre, Paris together with Tuileries, constitutes one of the most imposing palaces in Europe Chateau de Maisons – one of the most harmonious of all chateaux by Francois Mansart ECCLESIASTICAL BUILDINGS St. Etienne du Mont, Paris St. Eustache, Paris St-Gervais-et-St-Protais Church By Salomon de Brosse The church of the Val-de-Grâce designed by François Mansart and Jacques Lemercier 11.8. ENGLAND 11.8.1. INFLUENCES History: great wars of 1800 and 1900; continental travels closed to Englishmen Henry VIII – king and supreme head of English church, dissolved monasteries and sold their estates; Stuarts gave England closer ties with France and Italy
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 37 Religion – Protestantism won converts 11.8.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Renaissance – Elizabethan Early renaissance – Jacobean Late Renaissance – Stuart Late Renaissance – Georgian 11.8.3. EXAMPLES Early Renaissance – Elizabethan examples; reign of Queen Elizabeth; establishment of renaissance style in England; followed Tudor architecture – transition style with Gothic features and Renaissance detail Tombs and Fittings – Tomb of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, early exquisite Renaissance art Elizabethan Mansions – statesmen, merchants and gentry needed mansions to suit their positions, designed comprehensively by owner and chosen master craftsmen, externally – towers, gables, parapets, balustrades, chimney stacks, oriel and bay windows; viewing outwards rather than inwards with forecourt, gateways, angle pavilions, formal gardens, fountains, terraces with balustrades, topiary gardens, orchards Parts: Central hall – centrally located; more of a state hall, rooms around a central court Grand staircase Long gallery Withdrawing room or solar Kitchen and office at one end Gatehouse at entrance side Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire Castle Ashby, Northants Early Renaissance – Jacobean examples Jacobean Mansions – Hatfield House, Herts Bramshill House, Hampshire Blicking Hall, Norfolk Colleges The Brodleian Library, Oxford Merton College, Oxford Late Renaissance – Stuart examples Banqueting House Whitehall, London by Inigo Jones St. Paul Cathedral, London by Sir Christopher Wren
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 38 Late Renaissance – Georgian examples Houses: Planned as a simple symmetrical square or rectangular block; Swan House, Chichester Moot house, Downtown Wiltshire Blenheim Palace by Sir John Vanburgh 11.9. SPAIN &PORTUGAL 11.9.1. INFLUENCES History – Spain was the leading country in Europe in 1500’s, vast hereditary possession of Spanish monarchy, military conquest: Cape of Good Hope, America, Netherlands and Central Europe, Mexico, Peru, Chile; Protestant reformation gained few adherents in Spain due to Christian unity brought by anti-Moor struggle 11.9.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods: Early Period – Renaissance details on Gothic forms; influence by Moorish art; plateresque, rich and poetic style, minuteness of details similar to silversmiths’ work, extremely florid and decorative In Portugal – Manueline style from king Manuel I of 1495 – 1521 A.D. Classical Period – adherence to Italian Renaissance art Baroque Period – reaction to the correct and frigid formalism of Herrera and followers – classical rules disregarded; Churrigueresque, fantastically extravagant expression, by Jose de Churriguera, 1650 – 1723 A.D. Antiquarian Period – returned to ancient classical model 11.9.3. EXAMPLES Secular examples The University, Salamanca Façade is plateresque masterpiece The Alcazar, Toledo Casa de las Conchas, Salamanca; façade covered with carved scallop shells The Escorial, Madrid The Palacio Nacional, Queluz; exquisite Rococo country house Granada Cathedral by Diego de Siloe – one of the grandest Renaissance churches in southern Spain The Sacristy of La Cartuja (Charter house) Granada –extreme example of Churrigueresque 11.10. CENTRAL EUROPE 11.10.1. INFLUENCES History – wars between Catholics and Protestants; Martin Luther as
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 39 dominating figure of Reformation; invasion by Turks Influence by universities on art and architecture; Heidelberg, seat of Humanist movement; printing and literature sparked interest in ancient Greece Geography and Geology – central position close to France and Italy 11.10.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Renaissance influence from Italy and France, deferred by 125 years Periods: Early Renaissance – introduction of early Renaissance elements into Gothic buildings Proto – Baroque – Italian architects carried Renaissance into Switzerland, Austria and Germany – emulated by local architects Baroque – local architects trained in Italy Rococo – great refinement in architecture and decoration Antiquarian – return to ancient classical models 11.10.3. EXAMPLES Secular Buildings The Rathaus –Heilbronn Zeughaus, Gdansk, Poland – northern brick architecture by Flemish architect Arton Van Obbergen The Loggia, Waldstein Palace, Prague – stucco decorations by Italian Bartolome Bianco The Troja Palace, Prague by JB Mathley Heidelberg Castle – Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau Ecclesiastical Examples: The Theatine Church, Munich – Baroque style by A Barelli and H Zulalli Monastery, Melk Austria; one of most striking Baroque monuments Brevnov Monastery Church, Prague Karlskirche, Vienna St. Michael, Berg-an-Laim, Munich Wiblingen Abbey Church The Wieskirche, Steinhausen – most celebrated Rococo church The Pilgrimage Church, Steinhausen by Dominikus Zimmerman, Rococo decorations by Johan Zimmerman 12. 1800’S AND 1900’S: REVIVAL ARCHITECTURE 12.1. BRITAIN 12.1.1. INFLUENCES History – Age of Revivals, age of innovations Social – struggle of Industrial Revolution, rise in population, urbanization, transport systems, growth of middle class, professionals and businessmen Technology – improvements in drainage and sanitation, cotton
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 40 manufacturing, steam power, coal- gas, gas lamps, later electricity, Lift or elevator. Inventions in metallurgy – structural iron, cast – iron, iron glass, steel, reinforced concrete Town halls, hospitals, public banks, warehouse, department stores, fire and police stations, exhibition halls, university buildings, art galleries, transport and industrial buildings 12.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Eclecticism, taste for exotic forms, combining native and foreign styles Periods: Early Victorian High Victorian Late Victorian Late Victorian & Edwardian Aftermath 12.1.3. EXAMPLES Early Victorian examples: The Clifton Suspension Bridge, Bristol by Islambard Brunel (pylons of Egyptian character) Crystal Palace, London by Sir Joseph Paxton The Crystal Palace was one of the most remarkable buildings in the 19th century; Housed in the Great Exhibition in London c. 1851. it was destroyed by fire in 1936 Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew By Decimus Burton and Richard Turner The King’s Cross Station, London by Lewis Cubitt Westminster New Palace (houses of Parliament), London by Sir Charles Barry; non – classical design, Gothic detail by Pugin; Victoria Tower – Big Ben St. George’s Hall, Liverpool by Harvey Lonsdale Elmes (most magnificent neo-classical monument Britain) High Victorian Examples All Saints, Margaret Street, Westminster by William Butterfield
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 41 The University Museum, Oxford by Benjamin Woodward (landmark of High Victorian Gothic) Red House, Bexley Heath, Kent by Philip Webb for William Morris The Train Shed, St. Pancras Station, London by Engr. WH Barlow (largest and most spectacular of the High Victorian period) Late Victorian & Edwardian examples: Heathcote, by Edwin Lutyens, at Ilkley, Yorkshire, England, 1906 Law Society, Chancery Lane, London by Charles Holden Truro Cathedral, Cornwall by JL Pearson The Dreanery Garden, Sonning, Berks by Sir Edward Lutyens St. Andrew, Roker, Sunderland by ES Prior (adapts Gothic features) Aftermath examples: The Guildford Cathedral, Guildford, Surrey, England by Sir Edward Maufe City Hall, Swansea by Sir Percy Thomas 12.2. CONTINENTAL EUROPE 12.2.1. INFLUENCES History – French Revolution and Napoleonic Empire influenced Europe; economic rivalry of France and Germany; World War I Growth of Communications, railways; European countries acquired colonies in other continents
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 42 Ship building, steam power, Suez Canal, International exhibitions of science and industry; metal glass construction, reinforced concrete 12.2.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER By Jean-Nicolas-Louis Durand, repetitive use of standard bays in plan and elevation to be enriched with classical, Medieval or Renaissance motifs as desired, as a convenient but dull formula for the design of large complex buildings of that age Periods: 1850 – 1870 A.D. Comparable to High Victorian in Britain Renaissance revival established and gained richness; growing interest in Gothic architecture; structural use of iron; major town planning undertakings like the re-planning of Paris by Baron Eugene Georges Haussemann 1870 – 1914 A.D. Use of metals intensified, especially in exhibitions; academic architecture Antique forms instead of Renaissance In Holland and Scandinavia, less pretentious, more humane, rational architecture, use of brick In Spain, creative flowering by Antoni Gaudi ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1906 A.D.) Free of any historical style; floral style, freely-shaped writing forms; deliberate simplification of structural elements in building and interiors, handmade objects and furnitures 12.2.3. EXAMPLES Domestic buildings Court Gardener’s House, Charlottenhof, Potsdam by Schinkel Schloss Linderhoff, near Obermmergau by Georg Von Dollman for Ludwig II of Bavaria (German Rococo-like style) The Palau Guell, Barcelona by Gaudi (seems to presage Art Nouveau in its forms) The Casa Mila, Barcelona by Gaudi No. 6 Rue Paul-Emile Janson (Hotel Tassel), Brussels by Victor Horta (first complete Art Nouveau building) The Votivkirche, Vienna by Heinrich von Ferstel (Neo-Gothic) The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris by Paul Abadie (Neo-Byzantine)
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 43 The Church of the Sagrada Familia, Barcelona By Gaudi (Art Nouveau) Public Buildings: The Schauspielhaus, Berlin by KF von Schinkel (Greek-revival style, neo- classical) The Altes Museum, Berlin by Schinkel (Greek-revival) Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen by MGB Bindesboll (Greek-revival) The library of St. Genevieve, Paris by Henri Labrouste (Neo- Renaissance) The National Library by Labrouste The Opera House, Paris by JLC Garnier (Neo-Baroque) The Victor Emmanuelle II Monument, Rome by Giuseppe Sacconi The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam by HP Berlage (Neo-Romanesque) The Opera House, Cologne by J. Raschdorf (French neo- Baroque) The Post Savings Bank, Vienna by Otto Wagner (Art Noveau) Commercial Buildings: The Halles Centralles, Paris by Victor Baltard Gare du-Nord, Paris by Hittorf (Neo- Classical) Gare de L’est, Paris by FA Duquesney (Neo-Renaissance) Turbine Building, Menier Chocolate Works, Noiseil-sur-Marne by Jales Saulnie
  • 44.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 44 The Entrance Pavilion (Eiffel Tower), International Exhibition 1889, Paris by Gustave Eiffel, extensive use of glass and iron The Galerie des Machines, International Exhibition, Paris by CLF Dutert (architect) & Victor Contamin (engineer) Metro Station, Place de la Bastille, Paris by H. Guimard (Art Noveau) 12.3. AMERICA 12.3.1. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 3 PERIODS: Post – Colonial (Neo-Classic elements) First Eclectic Phase – (Greek revival, Gothic and Egyptian styles Second Eclectic Phase: with 2 main streams – • Gothic Revival by HH Richardson Louis Sullivan Frank Lloyd Wright • Ecole des Beaux-Artes, Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Roman, late Gothic (more academic in character) Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame construction, non-load bearing curtain wall, elevators Produced the skyscraper, as America’s single greatest contribution to architecture 12.3.2. EXAMPLES Domestic Buildings: The White House, Washington D.C. official residence of the president by James Hoban (Irish architect) (English Palladian style) The Robie House, Chicago by Frank Lloyd Wright Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (3rd American president – Palladian style) Biltmore, Ashville, North Carolina by RM Hunt (first American architect trained at Ecole Beaux-Artes) (early French Renaissance chateau) Stoughton House, Cambridge, Massachusetts by Mckim, Mead and White (shingle-style) Winslow House, River Forest, Illinois (first important work of Frank Lloyd Wright aka Prairie House) Taliesin East, Spring Green, Wisconsin by Frank Lloyd Wright
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 45 Religious Buildings: The First Church of Christ Scientist, Berkeley, California by Bernard Maybeck Trinity Church by HH Richardson (One monument of American architecture – Neo-Romanesque) Unity Temple, Oak park, Illinois by Frank Lloyd Wright Educational, Civic and Public Buildings: The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia by Thomas Jefferson (first Neo- Classical monument in America based on Maison Caree, Nimes) The United States Capitol, Washington D.C. (seat of U.S. Government; one of the world’s best known buildings first designed by Dr. William Thorton, Palladian lines) The National Academy of design, New York by PB Wight (Venetian Gothic in style) The Public Library, Boston by McKim, Mead and White (similar in elevation to St. Genevieve, Paris) The Lincoln Memorial, Washington D.C. by Henry Bacon (Greek Doric style) The Chapel and Post Headquarters, U.S. Military Academy, West Point New York by Cram Goodhue and Ferguson The Temple of Scottish Rite, Washington D.C. (Masonic Temple) by John Russel Pope (similar to Mausoleum, Halicarnassos) The Reliance Building, Chicago by Burnham, and Root (from 4 – 16 storeys) Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia by William Strickland (Greek revival) based on Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, Athens The Marshall Field Wholesale Warehouse, Chicago, Illinois by HH Richardson (7 – storeys, load bearing wall construction The Auditorium Building, Chicago, Illinois by Dankmar Adler and
  • 46.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 46 Louis Sullivan (10 storeys, Neo- byzantine interior) The Monadnock Building, Chicago by Holabird & Roche (south half); Burnham & Root (north half) The Second Leiter Building, Chicago (metal-framed building; 8 storeys) The Gace Building, Chicago by Louis Sullivan and Holabird and Roche (8 storey) The Schlesinger-Mayer Store by Louis Sullivan (suggestion of Art Nouveau style) The Wainwright Building, St Louis by Adler and Sullivan (10 storeys) The Larkin Soap Co. Building, Buffalo, N.Y. by Frank Lloyd Wright The Woolworth Building, N.Y. by Cass Gilbert (241 m. high with 52 storeys; Gothic style) Empire State Building by Shreve, Lamb and Harmon (85 storeys) 13. MODERN ARCHITECTURE 13.1. INFLUENCES 13.1.1. History – technological advancement: curtain wall, steel; plate-glass Arts and Crafts Movement, awakened a social conscience among architects Art Nouveau was short-lived 13.1.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Famous Names Walter Gropius – created proto-type of modern architecture: free standing glass sheath suspended on a structural framework, curtain wall – Hallidie Building, San Francisco in 1918 A.D. founded the “Bauhaus” (famous German school of Design) Peter Behrens Adolf Meyer Tony Garnier, France – steel span of 80 m. at Lyons Max Berg – 65 m. diameter centennial Hall at Brelau, 1912 – 1913 A.D. Eugene Freyssinet, France – Parabolic vaulted hangar at Orly, near Paris Robert Maillart, Switzerland – flat slab method Ludwg Mies Van der Rohe – (German/American architect; 1919 competition – glass sheathed 20 storey skyscraper; Famous for his dictum “Less is more” and “God is in the details” Le Corbusier – (Original name is Charles Edouard Jeanneret) • “a house is a machine for living” - houses should be designed as machines serving specific purposes; • Le Corbusier – 5 points for contemporary architecture • The Pillar: • Functional independence of skeleton and wall • The open plan
  • 47.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 47 • The free facade • The roof garden JJP Oud – The Netherlands; part of “de Stijl” (group of geometric-abstract artists of Theo van Doesburg Eric Mendelsohn, - Germany; dynamic sculptural quality Marcel Bruer Richard Neutra – Austria Rudolf Schindler – Austria Frank Lloyd Wright – USA Louis Sullivan – USA CFA Voysey – UK Charles Rennie Mackintosh – UK 13.1.3. EXAMPLES Dulles International Airport Building by Eero Saarinen Notre-Dame-du-Haut Ronchamp, France by Le Corbusier Johnson Wax Co. Building by Frank Lloyd Wright Falling Water, Pennsylvania Sydney Opera House by Jorn Utzon of Denmark Einstein Tower, Potsdam by Eric Mendelsohn Parliament Buildings, Brasilia by Lucio Costa and Oscar Niemeyer Solomon Guggenheim Museum, N.Y. By Frank Lloyd Wright The United States Pavilion at Expo ’67, Montreal by Buckminster Fuller
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 48 The Chrysler New York by William Van Alen (Art Deco style) Lever House N.Y. by Skidmore, Owings and Merrill Post Office Tower, London by architects of the Ministry of Public Building and Works University of East Anglia, near Norwich in Norfolk by Dennis Lasdun Barbican Housing Project, London by Chamberlain, Powel and Bon Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics by Kenzo Tange Palazetto dello Sport for 1960 Rome Olympics by Pier Luigi Nervi and Annibale Vitellozzi (1958) The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan by Eero Saarinen The Railway Terminus, Rome by Montuori and Associates World Trade Center N.Y. by Minoru Yamasaki (destroyed during the “9/11 terrorist attack”) New World Trade Center by Daniel Liebskind 14. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE 14.1. INFLUENCES 14.1.1. History – 622 A.D. year of the Hegira when Mohammed moved from Mecca to Medina; in 10 years Mohammed made framework of religion and military organization charged with spreading the faith Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to carry Islam into Central Asia and westward to the Atlantic, along trade routes into Africa and India, Turks and Mongols Always established a cultural tie with Arabian heartland with annual pilgrimage to Mecca as a once-in-a lifetime obligation Tribal groups – public life was reserved for men; women had a secondary role – for domestic and agricultural work Self-contained groups of different religions – Christians and Jews “People of the Book”, beliefs were based on revelations and teachings contributory to Islam Freedom of worship and self- government; spread of Islam is associated with military conquest and racial movements; Arab expansion north and west out of Arab peninsula
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 49 14.1.2. RELIGION Last of three great religions of the Middle East; complete philosophy of life and government, one god Allah, Mohammed is the prophet Faith is held to be god’s will for creation 3 Works: Koran, revelation through Mohammed Hadith, book of sayings and Injunctions Law from tradition and example; Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life; personal humility and abhorrence of image worship 14.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Countries of Western and Southern Asia and Northern Africa Isolated communities like Zanzibar, Madagascar and China Lately, all over the world Countries already rich in building tradition 14.1.4. CLIMATE Territories fertile by virtue of irrigation rather than rainfall; tendency to seek shelter from sun 14.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 14.2.1. Description Islamic architecture is a product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a people with no architectural tradition Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many different circumstances The Islamic way of life had a profound impact on its architecture: No essential difference in techniques between religious and non- religious buildings Important architectural endeavor is normally expended on buildings having a direct social or community purpose Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric, calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors established forms Symmetry and balance in the concept of perfect creation; centered upon God 14.2.2. OPENINGS Ogee arch Horseshoe arch Cusped arch Pointed arch 14.2.3. DECORATIONS Variety of mouldings, friezes, crestlings, abstract and geometric motifs, in lieu of human and animal forms Motifs from calligraphy, floral abstraction and geometric interlacement Carvings in bas relief Stone inlay and mosaic Patterned brickwork Carved stucco Ceramic facing and mosaic Glass mosaic Painting Timber inlay Pietra dura Arabesques Screen or pierced grilles in marble 14.2.4. ORIENTATION Related to a principal axis, the Kibla Axis extended into a formal landscape as an integral part of the design 14.3. EXAMPLES Masjid (Persia and India) or Mesjid (Turkey) – small prayer house
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 50 Mosque or Jami Principal place of worship, Friday prayer; inward-looking building whose prime purpose is contemplation and prayer; no positive object of attention or adoration; maybe used as a school place for transactions, storage for treasures, place for hearing official notices Mihrab – niche oriented towards Mecca Mimber – raised platform for ceremonial announcements Iwan / Ivan – open-fronted vault facing a court Bab – gateway Sahn – courtyard of a mosque Minaret – tower from which a call to prayer is made Harem – women’s or private chamber of a house or palace Selamlik – men’s or guest’s quarters Kibla / kible – axis oriented towards Mecca Muezzin – caller who summons the faithful to prayer Imam – man who leads congregation in prayer Calipin – successor to the prophet as military, judicial or spiritual leader of Islam Kibla wall – mosque wall perpendicular to the kibla axis Dome of the Rock or Kubbet-es-Sakhra, Jerusalem (most important Islamic structure) great central dome covering the summit of Mt. Moriah, from where the prophet is believed to have made his ride to heaven The Great Mosque, Damascus (earliest surviving mosque; stood in walled temenos) Dar al-Imara and mosque Ibn Tulun, Cairo
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 51 The Great Mosque, Kairouan, Tunisia The great Mosque, Cordoba The Suleymaniye Mosque, Istanbul 14.3.1. SINGLE CELL BUILDINGS Kiosk or Chattri (India) Used in isolation as an ornamental pavilion emphasizing the roof or providing a focus in a pleasure garden Chinli kiosk, Istanbul 14.3.2. Madrassah (Egypt) Medrese (Turkey) Religious college and mosque Madrassah and tomb of Sultan Hasan, Cairo Inje Minare Medrese, Konya, Turkey 14.3.3. SARAY OR SERAI Palace The Alhambra, Granada, Spain – fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens; one of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic palaces 14.3.4. HAN OR CARAVANSERAI Hostel 14.3.5. TOMBS Tomb of Ismail, the Samanid & Bukhara, hemispherical dome superimposed on a perfect cube building Gur-i-mir, Samarkand (Tamerlane’s family museum) Tomb of Iltumish, India Tomb of Humayun, Delhi The Taj-Mahal, in Agra, India, built under Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his favorite wife, Mumtaz Mahal Tomb of Akbar, Sikandra, Agra 15. CHINESE ARCHITECTURE 15.1. INFLUENCES 15.1.1. Succession of emperors and dynasties, warring states Philosophers: Confucius, code of ethics and education Lao-Tzu, Taoism Shih Huang Ti, emperor Emergence of theorists, thinkers, schools of philosophy Arts, painting, calligraphy, architecture Foreign trade by land and sea Chinese were banned from going abroad 15.1.2. RELIGION Confucianism Code of social conduct and philosophy of life, family and ancestor worship Taoism Universal love as a solution to social disorder Buddhism 15.1.3. GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY 23 provinces
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 52 Larger than Europe in area 1/13 of total land area of the world Metals, timber, bamboo, clay 15.1.4. CLIMATE North, severe winters South, warmer 15.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 15.2.1. Construction System – Mesopotamian influence in use of arch and vault 15.2.2. Materials – timber and brick, sometimes combined – timber structures raised on stone or brick platform; stone for important edifices 15.2.3. Roof and ceiling – chief feature, supported on timber uprights, independent of walls; a sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other, up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments 15.2.4. Openings – square headed windows and doors, lined with oyster shells or rice paper for effective subdued lighting 15.2.5. Decoration – colors are integral part of architecture, dragons, fish and grotesque ornaments in glazed terra cotta 15.3. EXAMPLES 15.3.1. Temples Consists of successive open courts and porticoes; kitchens, refectories, sleeping cells for priests, steps, gateways, bridges 15.3.2. Pagodas Pagodas – most typical Chinese building, formerly of religious significance, later secular nature or monuments to victory; usually octagonal in plan, odd number of stories (9 – 13), repeated roofs, turned-up eaves, slopes to carry each storey 15.3.3. Pai-lous Ceremonial gateway, basic symbolic structure; serves as entrance to temples and tombs, as monuments to eminent persons Constructed of wood or stone consisting of two or more upright posts formed by horizontal rails having one or three openings 15.3.4. Tombs – not of great architectural value Xian tomb Tomb of Qin Shi Huandi near Xian 36 years to build; after construction, covered with a 150 foot hill of earth, escaping detection for 22 centuries; subterranean vault contains an army of 6000 to 8000 fully-armed terra cotta soldiers, in battle formation, along with houses and chariots; no two men looked alike, all six feet tall – said to be an exact replica of the emperor’s live honor guards, in marching position with real weapons
  • 53.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 53 15.3.5. Palaces Imperial palaces and official residences were isolated, 1 – storey pavilions resembling temples 15.3.6. Houses No noble country houses; generally 1 – storey; governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions and number of columns; Emperor – bays Prince – 7 Mandarin – 5 Ordinary citizens – 3 15.3.7. Bridges 15.3.8. Fortifications The Great Wall of China – most famous of ancient Chinese buildings by Shi Huang Ti; 3700 miles long (1/20 of the earth’s circumference) from Pacific Ocean to Gobi desert; gray granite blocks-enough building materials to make a 2.40 m. high and 0.90 m. thick wall around the equator; used whatever materials were available in the locality – sand, twigs, stone, pebbles, adobe and earth 16. JAPANESE ARCHITECTURE 16.1. INFLUENCES 16.1.1. History – Chinese influence, feudalism with castes of emperors and nobles, shoguns , military and people; for 200 years, closed to outside world, isolation from foreign influence; 1854 A.D. commercial treatise with America and Europe entered into war with China and Russia 16.1.2. Religion – Shinto, indigenous polydemonism, Buddhism 16.1.3. Geography and Geology Principal island Honshu Smaller islands at north and south, off the eastern coast of Asian mainland; prevalence of earthquakes, hilly and forested, un-stratified volcanic stone – granites and porphyries 16.1.4. Climate – winter and summer, heavy rainfall 16.2. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER 16.2.1. Description – largely derived from China, but always maintained its own special characteristics of lightness and delicacy ; refined 16.2.2. Columniation, capitals – columns of Chinese form 16.2.3. Roof and Ceiling – dominant feature, exquisite curvature 16.3. EXAMPLES 16.3.1. Temples – Shinto temples are distinguished from Buddhist temples by Torii gateways; Torii have upright posts supporting 2 or more horizontal beams; worshippers must pass under this for prayers to be effective Torii
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 54 Buddhist temples are entered through an elaborate 2 – storey gateway, surmounted by a room under an ornate roof Pagodas – square plan; mostly 5 storeys, 45 m. in height, virtually suspended around a central timber, stable against earthquake shocks Japanese Pagoda Palaces – simple type, principal hall 6 corridors to 3 different pavilions for the emperor’s family; sometimes protected by concave batter walls and a moat House – unpainted wood without any surface treatment; no other architecture reveals the structural and aesthetics qualities of wood Typical 1 – storey rectangular plan, vestibule, veranda engawa, living and dining Guest rooms Recess for flowers and art Rooms for host and hostess No distinction between living and sleeping apartments, all futon or beddings are stored in closets during daytime Room size determined by “Tatami floor” coverings 1 ken x ½ ken (1.80 m. X 0.90 m.) Tea Houses Bath Houses 17. INDIAN ARCHITECTURE 17.1. INFLUENCES 17.1.1. History – influence from Central Asia through mountain passes in the north, from Persia and Graeco- Roman Western Asia through Baluchistan (Afghanistan) Excavations at Harappa and Rajasthan (in present-day Pakistan) indicate close links of Indus Valley- Harappan culture with that of Mesopotamia Successive military and economic incursions brought art and architecture in Aryan, Persian, Graeco-Roman, Sassanian, Muslim, Portuguese, French and English 17.1.2. Religion Hindu From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan invaders An individual act – only Brahmans can officiate religious practices Buddhist Concentrated in monasteries and stupas or shrines Salvation or Nirvana Jain Salvation through successive rebirths Rigid asceticism and avoidance of injury to any living creature 17.1.3. Geography and Geology Mountain ranges in the north Sea on the south and east to west Indus and Ganges were trade-ways and sites of first cities 17.1.4. Climate – varied climate, in east, summer and winter; very heavy rainfall, warm and humid country 17.2. BUDDHIST ARCHITECTURE 17.2.1. Architectural Character – shrines designed for congregational use, large groups of worshippers; mouldings of bulbous character, often heavily under-cut – strong shadow lines Ornament is restrained in character and extent; painted wall decorations and bas-relief as social records
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 55 17.2.2. Examples Stambhas or Laths (monumental pillars standing free without any structural function) circular or octagonal shafts Stupas – shrine or domical mounds with rails, gateways, processional paths, crowning umbrella; regarded as symbols of the universe Chaityas – Assembly hall Viharas – Monasteries; quadrangle surrounded by veranda 17.3. JAIN ARCHITECTURE 17.3.1. Architectural character Periods: Early Jain Early rock-cut caves Exact stone copies of wood or thatch structures Late Jain – 1000 to 1700 A.D. Temples in central India Central shrine with a dome or sphere cover Lighter and more elegant than Hindu temples; careful site selection; temple cities on sacred mountains 17.4. HINDU ARCHITECTURE 17.4.1. Architectural Character Small unit shrine called garbha-gira Spire-shaped sikhara roof Porch-like mandapa halls for dancing and music Sikhara - a Sanskrit word translating literally to "mountain peak", refers to the rising tower in the Hindu temple architecture of North India
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 56 18. FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE 18.1. INFLUENCES 18.1.1. History PRE-COLONIAL Immigrants of Malay origin, primitive food gatherers and hunters In 3000 B.C., joined by more advanced race from Indonesia Barangays as tribal system Converted to Islam in 1300 A.D. Trade center of the Orient SPANISH RULE 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by Emilio Aguinaldo AMERICAN RULE Islands cede to America, as a result of defeat in war with the USA, fighting, self-government JAPANESE INVASION December 1941 Puppet government Liberation by the US under Gen. McArthur in July 1945 INDEPENDENCE in 1946 3rd largest English speaking nation in the world Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia Mixture of races; Malay, Chinese, Spanish 18.1.2. Religion Roman Catholics Islam Protestants Aglipayan Iglesia ni Kristo 18.1.3. Geography and Geology Archipelago of 7100 islands 3 main island groups – Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean Strategic position – in the path of Far East trade Volcanoes, mountains, seas Forests: molave, guijo, yakal, narra, pine Bamboo, coconut palm, cogon, grass, rattan, nipa, Clay, limestone, adobe, marble, gypsum, granite, coral stone Metals 18.2. Examples 18.2.1. PRE-COLONIAL DWELLING FORMS / HOUSES Caves – basic amenities found in the cave are the paga (sleeping board) and hearth used for cooking and providing warmth during cold seasons Lean-to (2 types) a. wind shield or one sided lean-to w/ or w/o flooring b. single-pitched roof w/ rafter support Tree-house Generally built in the forked branches of high trees (6-18 m.) or high stumps (4.5 - 6 m.) w/c serves as foundations houses are anchored to nearby trees by means of rattan Cordillera Region Isneg Kalinga Bontoc Ifugao Panay Region Mindanao & Sulu Region
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 57 Badjao Samal Yakan Maranao Ivatan Mangyan Subanun Mandaya 18.2.2. Spanish Churches Calasiao, Pangasinan 2nd best bell tower by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte By Fr. Joseph Ruiz Sinking bell tower Las Piñas Church By fr. Diego Cera Loboc, Bohol Biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings Manila Cathedral By Bishop Domingo Salazar Miagao Church, Iloilo By Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Morong Church, Rizal Exquisite Spanish Baroque style By Fr. Blas dela Madre Panay Church Largest bell from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople Quiapo Church Restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragoza San Agustin Church By Fr. Juan Macias San Sebastian Church One first steel building Steel from Belgium by Eiffel Taal Church, Batangas By Fr. Martin Aguirre Biggest church Sta. Ana Church By Fr. Vicente Ingles Restored by Juan Nakpil Sto. Domingo Church, Quezon City By Jose maria Zaragoza Sto. Niño Church, Cebu By Diego de Herrera 18.2.3. Spanish Houses Vigan Houses Antillan Houses Ivatan Houses First floor Zaguan – for caroza Quadra – horse stable Bodega – store room Second floor Stairway Caida – ante-sala from stairs Sala – living room Comedor – dining room Dispensa – pantry Letrina or comun – toilet Baño – bath Azotea – open terrace Aljibe – water cistern Cuarto, alcoba – dormitorio Entresuelo – vault Balcon – balcony Patio – courtyard Early American Period Notable architects: Daniel Burnham – (“Father of City Beautiful Movement” - city plan of Manila and Baguio William Parsons Juan Arellano Tomas Mapua 1st registered architect in the country Alejandro Legardo Antonio Toledo Carlos Baredo Masonic Temple, Escolta – 1st concrete building in Escolta Philippine Normal School Philippine Normal University University of the Philippines Padre Faura National Museum Intendencia Building – adjacent to Manila Cathedral Luneta Hotel – 2nd hotel in Asia French Baroque style Army and Navy Club – rest and recreation for American soldiers
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 58 De La Salle College – by Tomas Mapua Rizal Monument Obelisk Sta. Isabel College Philippine General Hospital by William Parsons UST Main Building by Roque Rueno The Manila Hotel (1st hotel in Asia; 1st with elevator) by Parsons, renovated by Locsin in 1975 The Post Office Building, Manila by Juan Arellano Commonwealth Period Notable architects: Juan Nakpil 1st National artist for architecture Pablo Antonio 2nd National artist for architecture Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Baretto Fernando Ocampo Andres Luna y San Pedro Leandro Locsin 3rd National artist for architecture Far Eastern University Main Building by Pablo Antonio (Art Deco) The Metropolitan Theater, Manila By Juan Arellano (1931) The Quezon Institute by Juan Nakpil (1930)
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 59 Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal Arcade, Escolta Lyric Theater, Escolta by Juan Nakpil Ideal Theater by Pablo Antonio Jai Alai Building – demolished in 2001 Art Deco, streamline style Ambassador Hotel by Fernando Ocampo – 1st skyscraper in the country (4 storeys) Syquia Apartments, Malate by Pablo Antonio Natividad Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro Regina Building, Escolta by Andres Luna y San Pedro The Quezon Monument (Art deco) by Federico Ilustre The Church of the Risen Lord, UP by Cesar Concio Palma Hall Melchor Hall Both by Cesar Concio Rizal Provincial Capitol by Ruperto Gaite Church of the Holy Sacrifice by UP (thin shell structure) Leandro Locsin Philippine Atomic Research Center, Quezon City by Cresenciano De Castro
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 60 Commercial Bank & Trust Building by Juan Nakpil (Folded Plate Construction) Church of St. Andrews by Locsin Iglesia Ni Kristo Cathedrals by Carlos Santos Viola Engineering and former architecture building at UST by Julio Victor Rocha (using “Brise- Soleil” – sun breaker) World Health Organization Building, Taft Avenus by Alfredo Luz Insular Life Building, Makati City by Cesar Concio Philamlife Building, Manila by Carlos Arguelles The Meralco Building by Jose Zaragoza
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    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 61 San Miguel Corporation Headquarters by Mañosa Brothers and Landscape architect I.P. Santos Development Academy of the Philippines by Felipe Mendoza Benguet Corporation Building by Locsin GSIS Building (Senate Building) by Jorge Ramos Ramon Magsaysay Center, Manila by Alfredo Luz Cultural Center of the Philippines by Locsin Sulu Hotel by the Mañosa Brothers Philippine Stock Exchange Building, Makati
  • 62.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 62 Ateneo Professional Schools Pearl Farm Resort Mary Immaculate Church Coconut Palace or “Tahanang Filipino” By Francisco Mañosa Churches: Las Piñas Church by Fr. Diego Cera Manila Cathedral by Bishop Domingo Salazar San Agustin Church by Fr. Juan Macias Quiapo Church restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa Sta. Ana Church, Manila by Fr. Vicente Ingles restored by Juan Nakpil Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte by Fr. Joseph Ruiz (sinking bell tower)
  • 63.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 63 Loboc Church, Bohol (biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings) Calasiao Church, Pangasinan (2nd best bell tower) by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Miagao Church, Iloilo by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo Taal Church, Batangas by Fr. Martin Aguirre (biggest church) Morong Church, Rizal (Spanish Baroque style by Fr. Blas dela Madre VERNACULAR TERMS: Abang – dowel Alahado – flush Alero – eaves Alulod o kanal – gutter Andanyo – scaffolding Asinta – laying of CHB Asolehos – wainscoating tiles Bagad – wall post Balangkas – framework Baral de Kadena – chain bolt Barandillas – baluster Batidura – astragal Batidura – fillet Baytang – tread Biento – spacing Biga – beam Bisagra –hinge Bolado – projection Caida – hall Canal – groove De Bandeha – panel door Dish rack – bangguerahan Dos aguas – gable roof Dotal – floorboards Dulang – low table Dutcha – shower Escombro – earth fill Escondro – crushed stone Estanyo – Nikolite bar Estanyo – soldering bar Estopa – oakum Guililan – floor sill Hamba pintuan – door jamb Haspe – wood grain
  • 64.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 64 Hiero – iron Hulog – plumb bob Kaballete – ridge roll Kabilya – reinforcing bars Kalinya –aligned Kantero – mason Kanto mesa – miter Kanto – corner Kapatas – foreman Kilo – truss Kisame – ceiling Kontratista – constructor Kostilyahe – ceiling joists Kostura – mortar joints Krokis – sketch plan Kuling – girder Ladrillo – brick Larga masa – concrete slab Lastillas – sand & gravel Latero – tinsmith Lingueta – GI strap Liyabe – anchor Madre de Escalera – closed stringer Masilya – putty Media Cana – quarter round Medya Agua – awning Palitada, plaster Pasamano – window sill Paupo – mortar Pendulum – king post Pergola – trellis Pie de Gallo - brace Pilarete – vertical stud Pitsa – washer Piye – feet Piyon – laborer Plantsuela – wrought iron strap Poleya – wiring knob Poste – column Prigadero – sink Pulgada – inches Rebokada – scratch coat Reostra – purlins Rimatse – rivets Rodapis – baseboard Senepa – fascia board Sepo – girt Sibe – lean-to-roof Sinturon – collar Soleras – floor joists Staka – stake Suelo – flooring Sombrero pintuan – door head Tabike – exterior siding Tabla – wood plank Takip silipan – riser Tambak – fill Tapon –plug Tirante – bottom chord Trabe anzo – horizontal stud Trankilya – barrel bolt Tuerka – nut Tubo de Banada – downspout Unosinotra – alternate/staggered Vaciada – rabbet
  • 65.
    FAR EASTERN UNIVERSITY HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE FEU – ALE Review acdv 65