The irrigation works in ancient Sri Lanka, the earliest dating from about 300 BCE, in the reign of King Pandukabhaya and under continuous development for the next thousand years, were some of the most complex irrigation systems of the ancient world.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED: size, shape; physiography, slope, climate, drainage, land use, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology and hydrogeology, socio-economic characteristics, basic data on watersheds.
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as replenishing groundwater reservoirs through human activities. It then outlines the need for artificial recharge to improve water quality, conserve excess water, and enhance yields. The document describes various methods of artificial recharge including direct surface methods like flooding, basins, and streams as well as indirect subsurface methods like injection wells and fracturing. It also provides two case studies and discusses the advantages of artificial recharge like increased well yields and improved water quality.
The document presents information on different types of farm ponds, including their dimensions and uses. It provides detailed estimates for constructing a sample farm pond that is 10m long, 6m wide, and 2-3m deep, including costs for excavation, stonework, and labor. The total estimated cost for constructing this example farm pond is 32,586 Rupees.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model. It begins with an introduction to hydrological modeling and the development and utilities of the SWAT model. It describes the data requirements, model framework, and step-by-step procedure to run the model. A case study applying the SWAT model to the Simly Dam watershed in Pakistan is summarized. The limitations and future developments of the SWAT model are briefly discussed, followed by references.
The document discusses groundwater usage and management in India. It notes that groundwater provides 61% of irrigation needs, 85% of rural drinking water, and 45% of urban water supply. However, 803 of 5845 assessment units in India are overexploited, and levels are declining in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board's objectives include comprehensive aquifer mapping, management plans, capacity building, and regulation to shift from "groundwater development" to "groundwater management" in a sustainable way through community participation. The goals are to improve data accuracy, manage aquifers locally, ensure drinking water security, and sustainably develop groundwater resources.
This document discusses irrigation water management and drainage systems. It covers the causes of waterlogging including over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and obstruction of natural drainage. The effects of waterlogging like reduced plant growth and increased soil salinity are also outlined. Various measures to prevent waterlogging are then described such as controlling irrigation intensity, providing drainage systems, lining canals, and adopting better irrigation practices. Finally, the importance of properly-designed drainage systems to prevent and remedy waterlogging is highlighted.
Sustainable Water Management Powerpoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
Introducing Sustainable Water Management PowerPoint Presentation Slides. This Water resource system PowerPoint slideshow can be used to explain the overview of market size, growth rate, and capital expenditure of the water industry. You can discuss the process of planning, developing, and managing the optimum use of water. The survey data for determining water quality can be easily presented by using a water cycle management PowerPoint slideshow. Demonstrate the division of the wastewater treatment market by editing our content-ready water quality monitoring PowerPoint slide deck. You can easily edit our water resources presentation to highlight the natural processes and human processes that affect water quality. Key trends that will influence the water industry in the future such as increasing regulation, failing infrastructure, greater conservation, and efficiency, etc. can also be presented with the help of our ready-to-use water management PPT visuals. It is possible to present the features that describe a suitable location for the monitoring program. It is easy to explain topics like wastewater treatment process, wastewater reuse, global wastewater reuse by sector, treated wastewater quality parameter, etc by downloading this sustainable water management PowerPoint slide deck. https://bit.ly/3tEV5qm
CHARACTERISTICS OF WATERSHED: size, shape; physiography, slope, climate, drainage, land use, vegetation, geology and soils, hydrology and hydrogeology, socio-economic characteristics, basic data on watersheds.
This document discusses artificial groundwater recharge. It begins by defining artificial recharge as replenishing groundwater reservoirs through human activities. It then outlines the need for artificial recharge to improve water quality, conserve excess water, and enhance yields. The document describes various methods of artificial recharge including direct surface methods like flooding, basins, and streams as well as indirect subsurface methods like injection wells and fracturing. It also provides two case studies and discusses the advantages of artificial recharge like increased well yields and improved water quality.
The document presents information on different types of farm ponds, including their dimensions and uses. It provides detailed estimates for constructing a sample farm pond that is 10m long, 6m wide, and 2-3m deep, including costs for excavation, stonework, and labor. The total estimated cost for constructing this example farm pond is 32,586 Rupees.
The document provides an outline for a presentation on the SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) hydrological model. It begins with an introduction to hydrological modeling and the development and utilities of the SWAT model. It describes the data requirements, model framework, and step-by-step procedure to run the model. A case study applying the SWAT model to the Simly Dam watershed in Pakistan is summarized. The limitations and future developments of the SWAT model are briefly discussed, followed by references.
The document discusses groundwater usage and management in India. It notes that groundwater provides 61% of irrigation needs, 85% of rural drinking water, and 45% of urban water supply. However, 803 of 5845 assessment units in India are overexploited, and levels are declining in many areas. The Central Ground Water Board's objectives include comprehensive aquifer mapping, management plans, capacity building, and regulation to shift from "groundwater development" to "groundwater management" in a sustainable way through community participation. The goals are to improve data accuracy, manage aquifers locally, ensure drinking water security, and sustainably develop groundwater resources.
This document discusses irrigation water management and drainage systems. It covers the causes of waterlogging including over-irrigation, inadequate drainage, and obstruction of natural drainage. The effects of waterlogging like reduced plant growth and increased soil salinity are also outlined. Various measures to prevent waterlogging are then described such as controlling irrigation intensity, providing drainage systems, lining canals, and adopting better irrigation practices. Finally, the importance of properly-designed drainage systems to prevent and remedy waterlogging is highlighted.
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
LECTURE 3-HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR WATERSHED PLANNING.pptxCHU DICKSON
The document provides an overview of watershed planning and the importance of hydrological data in watershed planning. It discusses key concepts such as watershed delineation, topographic maps, and contour lines. The document also outlines the steps in the watershed planning process and describes the types of hydrological, meteorological, physiographical, and land use data required for effective watershed planning.
The lecture contains aspects such as Ancient Water Resources Planning, Water shortage, or water wastage in Sri Lanka?, Network of tanks and streams in the form of cascades, Tank-village Ecosystem, Patial desilting concept
APPLICATIONS OF ARC SWAT MODEL FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELLINGAbhiram Kanigolla
SWAT is a watershed-scale model used to predict the impacts of management on water resources. It divides watersheds into subwatersheds and hydrologic response units. Model setup involves watershed delineation, HRU definition, weather data input, editing SWAT inputs, and running the model. Several case studies demonstrate applications of SWAT for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, quantifying land use change impacts, and modeling best management practices.
This document discusses key properties and concepts related to aquifers and groundwater flow. It defines terms like porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and water table. It describes different types of aquifers such as unconfined, confined, and perched aquifers. Pumping from confined aquifers can create a cone of depression. Storativity describes how much water an aquifer can gain or lose from storage. Aquifer units can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, isotropic, or anisotropic depending on their properties.
This document discusses watershed management and development in Karnataka, India. It begins with introducing watersheds and their importance. It then covers principles of watershed management, factors affecting it, common practices used, and different types of approaches. The document also discusses the need for watershed management in Karnataka due to issues like drought and soil erosion. It provides examples of specific watershed development programs and case studies in Karnataka. In conclusion, it emphasizes that watershed management is essential for sustainable land and water resource management.
This document discusses various topics related to water conservation including rainwater harvesting, watershed management, and the national water policy of India. It provides information on defining and implementing rainwater harvesting techniques to recharge groundwater. It outlines the key objectives of watershed management such as conserving soil and water resources through community participation. The national water policy prioritizes drinking water and aims to establish a national information system to regulate water usage and exploitation of groundwater resources.
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, conveying, and storing rainwater for beneficial uses like irrigation, production, washing, and drinking water. It involves capturing rainwater primarily from rooftops and surface runoff and storing it for direct use or recharging into groundwater. RWH helps conserve and supplement existing water resources and can potentially provide an improved quality water source at a low cost. However, performance depends on climate and collected rainwater quality may be impacted by external factors like pollution, requiring ongoing maintenance.
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting in India. It notes that India has experienced some climate changes in recent decades, including a warming trend along parts of the coast and inland areas and a cooling trend in northwest India. Regional monsoon patterns have also varied, with some areas receiving more rainfall and others less. The document then provides details on rainwater harvesting techniques in India such as collection from rooftops and storage in ponds, tanks, and underground reservoirs. It discusses factors to consider for rainwater harvesting such as collection area, runoff characteristics, and water quality. Design and operational procedures are also outlined.
This document discusses watershed management in Nepal. It begins with definitions of watershed and watershed management. It then provides context about Nepal's population, geography, forests, rivers, and agriculture. It outlines Nepal's legal and institutional framework for watershed management. It describes the history and stages of watershed management approaches in Nepal. It provides examples of specific watershed management initiatives and challenges faced. These include issues around participation, coordination between agencies, poverty, urbanization, and transboundary water management. The document emphasizes an integrated approach to watershed management and its relevance to spatial planning.
Water Resources Survey, Resources in India and TamilNadu, WaterResources Planning, Estimation of Water for Irrigation and Drinking, Reservoirs, Strategies for reservoir operation, Design Flood and Levees and Flood walls
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
This document describes Arc SWAT, an ArcGIS extension tool for watershed modeling using SWAT. It can be used for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, and quantifying impacts of land use change. The document provides details on how Arc SWAT works, including delineating watersheds and subbasins, defining land use/soil/slope data, determining hydrologic response units, and running SWAT simulations. It then presents a case study applying ArcSWAT to model the Poondi sub-watershed in India.
This document summarizes the concept of river basin management on a global scale and in India. It discusses how several countries have established River Basin Organizations to facilitate integrated planning and management of water resources within hydrological boundaries. In the US, the Tennessee Valley Authority pioneered this approach. In the UK, regional water authorities successfully manage resources across multiple uses in each river basin. Similar basin-scale management models exist in other countries like Australia, France and India. The document advocates adopting a holistic basin approach in India to address water-related issues in a sustainable manner.
This document provides an overview of watershed management and development. It defines a watershed and explains their importance for sustaining life. Watershed management aims to manipulate natural, agricultural, and human resources within a watershed to provide desired resources suitably. The objectives are to protect and improve land and water resources. Key perspectives include hydrological, environmental, socio-economic, financial, and administrative aspects. Approaches involve people's participation and a hierarchical organizational structure. Geological aspects that influence watersheds like soil, water, natural hazards are also described.
Lesson Four - Indigenous Village Irrigation Systems, traditional small scale ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is the Guest Lecture 4 delivered for Agriculture students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
It explains:
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System
Ancient water resources management planning in Sri Lanka
Tank Cascade Systems of Sri Lanka
Tank-village Ecosystem
Traditional Vision of Water Management
Restoration of Village Irrigation Systems
Probing Unresolved Mysteries of Ancient Water TechnologyDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at History & Heritage Forum, the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka on 15th September 2022.
Present crisis of water
Ancient master plan of water resources management
Water based city planning - Anuradhapura
Rainwater harvesting – Pidurangala
Tank cascade systems: The first agricultural heritage in Sri Lanka
Traditional tank-village ecosystem- Lessons for future ‘evergreen agro-ecosystems’ concept
This document discusses the sustainable management of water resources. It notes that river basins integrate economic, social, and environmental systems across political boundaries, so water management decisions should reflect this integrative nature. When systems are not managed sustainably, such as in the Aral Sea region where unsustainable irrigation practices depleted the sea, severe environmental, health, and economic problems can result. Achieving sustainable water resources management requires taking a basin-scale, multidisciplinary approach that considers impacts across different levels and balances current and future needs.
LECTURE 3-HYDROLOGICAL DATA FOR WATERSHED PLANNING.pptxCHU DICKSON
The document provides an overview of watershed planning and the importance of hydrological data in watershed planning. It discusses key concepts such as watershed delineation, topographic maps, and contour lines. The document also outlines the steps in the watershed planning process and describes the types of hydrological, meteorological, physiographical, and land use data required for effective watershed planning.
The lecture contains aspects such as Ancient Water Resources Planning, Water shortage, or water wastage in Sri Lanka?, Network of tanks and streams in the form of cascades, Tank-village Ecosystem, Patial desilting concept
APPLICATIONS OF ARC SWAT MODEL FOR HYDROLOGICAL MODELLINGAbhiram Kanigolla
SWAT is a watershed-scale model used to predict the impacts of management on water resources. It divides watersheds into subwatersheds and hydrologic response units. Model setup involves watershed delineation, HRU definition, weather data input, editing SWAT inputs, and running the model. Several case studies demonstrate applications of SWAT for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, quantifying land use change impacts, and modeling best management practices.
This document discusses key properties and concepts related to aquifers and groundwater flow. It defines terms like porosity, permeability, hydraulic conductivity, specific yield, and water table. It describes different types of aquifers such as unconfined, confined, and perched aquifers. Pumping from confined aquifers can create a cone of depression. Storativity describes how much water an aquifer can gain or lose from storage. Aquifer units can be homogeneous, heterogeneous, isotropic, or anisotropic depending on their properties.
This document discusses watershed management and development in Karnataka, India. It begins with introducing watersheds and their importance. It then covers principles of watershed management, factors affecting it, common practices used, and different types of approaches. The document also discusses the need for watershed management in Karnataka due to issues like drought and soil erosion. It provides examples of specific watershed development programs and case studies in Karnataka. In conclusion, it emphasizes that watershed management is essential for sustainable land and water resource management.
This document discusses various topics related to water conservation including rainwater harvesting, watershed management, and the national water policy of India. It provides information on defining and implementing rainwater harvesting techniques to recharge groundwater. It outlines the key objectives of watershed management such as conserving soil and water resources through community participation. The national water policy prioritizes drinking water and aims to establish a national information system to regulate water usage and exploitation of groundwater resources.
Rainwater harvesting is the process of collecting, conveying, and storing rainwater for beneficial uses like irrigation, production, washing, and drinking water. It involves capturing rainwater primarily from rooftops and surface runoff and storing it for direct use or recharging into groundwater. RWH helps conserve and supplement existing water resources and can potentially provide an improved quality water source at a low cost. However, performance depends on climate and collected rainwater quality may be impacted by external factors like pollution, requiring ongoing maintenance.
Concept and approach of springshed development and management 22 jan 2020India Water Portal
Over the last decade, demand for spring management has increased as traditional spring sources have started drying up or becoming contaminated. In response, communities, NGOs and state agencies began dedicated spring protection programmes. In the Himalayas, the State of Sikkim and organizations such as Central Himalayan Action and Research Group (CHIRAG) and People Science Institute (PSI) started identifying and protecting spring recharge areas around 2007. The difference between these programmes and many other previous efforts is that they went beyond supply-side improvements to focus on the use of hydrogeology to map springsheds for targeted interventions.
The Advanced Centre for Water Resources Development and Management (ACWADAM), a research and capacity-building organization comprised of hydrogeologists and other experts began lending their expertise and building capacity of stakeholders. ACWADAM provides technical support, training and materials in hydrogeology to all network partners as well as others in India and the region. Similar programmes began independently in most of the mountain regions of India. Arghyam, a funding organization that was supporting many of these programmes, noticed that these disparate initiatives shared commonalities despite geographic diversity. They thus organized and funded a meeting of these various organizations in June 2014, and the Springs Initiative was born.
The springs initiative aims to tackle the current water crisis and to ensure safe and sustainable access to water for all, by promoting responsible and appropriate management of aquifers, springsheds, and watersheds and conserving ecosystems in partnership with communities, governments and other stakeholders.
This presentation has been developed as a part of the springs initiative to promote an understanding of springs and their role in mountainous areas.
This document discusses rainwater harvesting in India. It notes that India has experienced some climate changes in recent decades, including a warming trend along parts of the coast and inland areas and a cooling trend in northwest India. Regional monsoon patterns have also varied, with some areas receiving more rainfall and others less. The document then provides details on rainwater harvesting techniques in India such as collection from rooftops and storage in ponds, tanks, and underground reservoirs. It discusses factors to consider for rainwater harvesting such as collection area, runoff characteristics, and water quality. Design and operational procedures are also outlined.
This document discusses watershed management in Nepal. It begins with definitions of watershed and watershed management. It then provides context about Nepal's population, geography, forests, rivers, and agriculture. It outlines Nepal's legal and institutional framework for watershed management. It describes the history and stages of watershed management approaches in Nepal. It provides examples of specific watershed management initiatives and challenges faced. These include issues around participation, coordination between agencies, poverty, urbanization, and transboundary water management. The document emphasizes an integrated approach to watershed management and its relevance to spatial planning.
Water Resources Survey, Resources in India and TamilNadu, WaterResources Planning, Estimation of Water for Irrigation and Drinking, Reservoirs, Strategies for reservoir operation, Design Flood and Levees and Flood walls
This document provides information about the hydrological cycle and water budget. It begins with the objectives of understanding water sources and the hydrological cycle components of evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, runoff and subsurface flow. It then discusses the global water resources and usage, including increasing population growth. The bulk of the document defines and explains the various components of the hydrological cycle, including evaporation, condensation, precipitation types, interception, infiltration, subsurface flow, runoff and storage. It provides an example water balance equation and long-term water balance calculation. Finally, it briefly discusses the global water cycle and a typical hydrological cycle for the UAE.
This document describes Arc SWAT, an ArcGIS extension tool for watershed modeling using SWAT. It can be used for developing inflow-outflow models, estimating water resources, managing check dams, and quantifying impacts of land use change. The document provides details on how Arc SWAT works, including delineating watersheds and subbasins, defining land use/soil/slope data, determining hydrologic response units, and running SWAT simulations. It then presents a case study applying ArcSWAT to model the Poondi sub-watershed in India.
This document summarizes the concept of river basin management on a global scale and in India. It discusses how several countries have established River Basin Organizations to facilitate integrated planning and management of water resources within hydrological boundaries. In the US, the Tennessee Valley Authority pioneered this approach. In the UK, regional water authorities successfully manage resources across multiple uses in each river basin. Similar basin-scale management models exist in other countries like Australia, France and India. The document advocates adopting a holistic basin approach in India to address water-related issues in a sustainable manner.
This document provides an overview of watershed management and development. It defines a watershed and explains their importance for sustaining life. Watershed management aims to manipulate natural, agricultural, and human resources within a watershed to provide desired resources suitably. The objectives are to protect and improve land and water resources. Key perspectives include hydrological, environmental, socio-economic, financial, and administrative aspects. Approaches involve people's participation and a hierarchical organizational structure. Geological aspects that influence watersheds like soil, water, natural hazards are also described.
Lesson Four - Indigenous Village Irrigation Systems, traditional small scale ...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This is the Guest Lecture 4 delivered for Agriculture students of the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka.
It explains:
Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System
Ancient water resources management planning in Sri Lanka
Tank Cascade Systems of Sri Lanka
Tank-village Ecosystem
Traditional Vision of Water Management
Restoration of Village Irrigation Systems
Probing Unresolved Mysteries of Ancient Water TechnologyDr. P.B.Dharmasena
Presentation made at History & Heritage Forum, the Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka on 15th September 2022.
Present crisis of water
Ancient master plan of water resources management
Water based city planning - Anuradhapura
Rainwater harvesting – Pidurangala
Tank cascade systems: The first agricultural heritage in Sri Lanka
Traditional tank-village ecosystem- Lessons for future ‘evergreen agro-ecosystems’ concept
This is lesson 6 of IKS taught to Master level students on Indigenous Irrigation Systems at the Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
Multi-purpose river projects and integrated water resources management have commonly used building hydraulic structures like dams as a solution for water conservation dating back to the 1st century BCE in India. Some key historical examples include a complex water harvesting system from the 1st century BCE in Andhra Pradesh comprising percolation tanks fed by canals, and dams and irrigation systems built during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya in the 4th-3rd century BCE. However, dams have also faced opposition due to negative environmental and social impacts such as displacing large numbers of local people, degrading soils and habitats, disrupting river connectivity, and failing to control floods as intended in some cases.
This document outlines the objectives and content of a 3-day training workshop on cascade water resource development and management. The training will explain:
- The landscape and evolution of tank cascade systems in Sri Lanka and their important features.
- The present status and contemporary issues faced by village communities.
- Why integrated water resource planning and management is needed for cascades and how to prepare management plans with community participation.
- The roles of implementing partners in cascade development and management.
The content will cover topics such as the types of tank cascades; macro and micro land uses; water sharing and recycling; integrated water management for food and water security; mitigating natural disasters; and a field visit. Lessons will
Sustainable Water Management in Cascade System: A model in Environmentally Se...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
This document summarizes a presentation given at the International Water Conference in Sri Lanka on sustainable water management in tank cascade systems. Some key points:
- Tank cascade systems are a traditional Sri Lankan method of water resources management that store, convey, and utilize water across interconnected tanks and streams. This helps mitigate droughts and floods.
- The Village Tank Cascade System was declared a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System by the UN's FAO for its sustainable practices.
- Challenges include high amounts of water lost to the sea each year, lack of coordination between water agencies, and ignoring traditional management systems.
- Tank cascades provide multiple benefits like food/water security, biodiversity,
This document discusses water resources in India and water conservation efforts. It explains that while three-fourths of the earth is covered in water, only a small portion is freshwater that can be used. It then outlines various causes of water scarcity in India like population growth, overexploitation for irrigation and industries, urbanization, and pollution. It discusses various traditional and current water harvesting systems used in India as well as multi-purpose dam projects and their advantages and criticisms. Conservation efforts like rooftop rainwater harvesting and revival of traditional systems are seen as viable alternatives.
This document discusses water resources in India and water conservation efforts. It explains that while three-fourths of the earth is covered in water, only a small portion is freshwater that can be used. It then outlines various causes of water scarcity in India like population growth, overexploitation for irrigation and industries, urbanization, and pollution. It discusses various traditional and current water harvesting systems used in India like rooftop rainwater harvesting, diversion channels, and tanks. It also explains the benefits and criticisms of multi-purpose dam projects, and emphasizes the need for improved water management and conservation.
Rainwater harvesting is the collection and storage of rainwater runoff from roofs or landscapes, rather than allowing it to flow as surface runoff. It has been practiced for thousands of years around the world, with some of the earliest cisterns dating back to Neolithic times in the Levant. Rainwater harvesting provides several benefits like an independent water source, groundwater recharge, and reduction of flooding and is used for purposes like agriculture, livestock, domestic use, and irrigation. It has traditionally been an important water source in many arid areas and is still widely practiced today.
India has a long historical tradition of water harvesting that dates back thousands of years. Early human settlements collected and stored water from nearby rivers and streams. Over time, techniques were developed to augment water sources, such as collecting rainwater, tapping springs, and managing snow/glacier melt. Rulers built large reservoirs, ponds, lakes and canals to provide reliable water sources and encourage agriculture. Communities and individuals also built local water collection devices. This widespread water management ensured adequate availability for all and formed the basis for development. Lessons can be learned from this glorious historical tradition.
Cascade Tank Village System and identification of novel post graduate researc...Dr. P.B.Dharmasena
Seminar on Research collaboration opportunities with School of Environment and Rural Science, University of New England, Australia - 14th September 2018, NRMC, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
This document provides information about irrigation engineering including:
1. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to soil and discusses the need for irrigation due to insufficient or poorly timed rainfall. Irrigation provides benefits like increased food production and economic development.
2. Irrigation methods are classified as natural or artificial, and artificial methods include flow irrigation using canals, tanks, or wells, as well as lift irrigation. Crop water requirements, duty, delta, crop seasons, and factors affecting duty are also covered.
3. Consumptive water use, evapotranspiration, crop rotation, and how duty can be improved are summarized. The document provides an overview of key concepts in irrigation engineering.
1) Water scarcity is a growing problem, with nearly 2 billion people facing water shortages by 2025 due to factors like population growth, overexploitation, pollution, and climate change.
2) Dams have both benefits like irrigation, electricity, and flood control, and costs like displacing communities, restricting river flows, and increased risk of flooding due to sedimentation.
3) Rainwater harvesting techniques like rooftop collection, underground tanks, and floodplain harvesting are effective traditional water management methods that enhance groundwater availability and promote sustainable development.
The document discusses water harvesting techniques. It defines water harvesting as collecting and storing surface runoff for later use, which is important in arid regions where water is scarce. Traditional methods include collecting rainwater from rooftops and storing it in tanks, harvesting floodwaters, and harvesting from rivers. Modern techniques include recharging groundwater through absorption pits, trenches, and bore wells to replenish aquifers. Water harvesting provides many benefits like drought-proofing, reducing runoff and flooding, improving water quality, and conserving energy for pumping groundwater.
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in various parts of India.
Water is essential but scarce due to unequal distribution and increased demand from population growth, agriculture, and industry. To manage water resources and ensure supply, various techniques have been used in ancient and modern India, including dams, rainwater harvesting, and other structures. While dams provide electricity, irrigation, and other benefits, they can negatively impact the environment and local communities. More sustainable methods of conserving water involve harvesting rainwater, floodwater, and groundwater through traditional techniques still used in parts of India today.
History and development of irrigation in indiaIIM Ahmedabad
This document discusses the history and development of irrigation in India. It notes that irrigation has been used in India for thousands of years, with references found in ancient scriptures and the Indus Valley Civilization utilizing wells and canals. A major early irrigation work was the Grand Anicut constructed in the 2nd century CE in South India. During the medieval period, irrigation expanded through construction of canals, dams, and bunds. Under British rule, major irrigation systems were built including the Upper Ganga and Godavari Delta canals. Since independence, the government has undertaken programs and projects to expand irrigation coverage and modernize systems using techniques like drip irrigation.
Traditional water harvesting in Central Highlands of India.The presentation shows various methods employed for water conservation and recharging in Central India (Rajasthan, MadhyaPradesh,Chhattisgadh)
This is a presentation made to IESL members on 29th December 2019 at The Sigiriya Air Force premises.
Water resources management master plan in Sri Lanka includes not only irrigation but many more purposes.
This document provides an overview of water supply engineering. It discusses various sources of water including surface sources like lakes, ponds, streams, rivers and storage reservoirs as well as groundwater sources like infiltration wells, infiltration galleries, springs, and tube wells. It describes these sources and explains selection criteria. The document also outlines the key components of a water supply scheme including collection, transmission, purification and distribution works. Public health engineering duties are listed as well as a flow chart of a typical water supply scheme.
In statistics, the two-way analysis of variance is an extension of the one-way ANOVA that examines the influence of two different categorical independent variables on one continuous dependent variable.
Weed biology is the study of the establishment, growth, reproduction, and life cycles of weed species and weed societies/vegetation. Weed biology is an integrated science with the aim of minimizing the negative effects, as well as using and developing the positive effects, of weeds.
Primary salinity is caused by natural processes such the accumulation of salt from rainfall over many thousands of years or from the weathering of rocks.
The study revealed that the range for the pH values was recorded between 6.8 and 8.5 mg/L. Average Electrical Conductivity (EC) was recorded between 103 µS/cm – 33016 µS/cm and average Salinity was recorded between recorded 0.1ppt-31.40ppt during the sampling period.
The current nitrate levels in drinking water in Jaffna peninsula are much higher than the WHO and SLS levels. The nitrate-N content of groundwater in the Jaffna Peninsula ranges from 0.1 to 45 mg/L as per the literature though the permissible nitrate-N level in drinking water is 10 mg/L.
Phosphorus (P), next to nitrogen, is often the most limiting nutrient for crop and forage production. Phosphorus' primary role in a plant is to store and transfer energy produced by photosynthesis for use in growth and reproductive processes. Soil P cycles in a variety forms in the soil
Paddy fields account for around 20% of human-related emissions of methane — a potent greenhouse gas. Farmers normally flood rice fields throughout the growing season, meaning that methane is produced by microbes underwater as they help to decay any flooded organic matter
Routine maintenance involves complete replacement of equipment based on time intervals without any inspections. This is also a common maintenance strategy applied to industrial equipment, for example, for the replacement of filters and wearing components
A rose is a woody perennial flowering plant of the genus Rosa, in the family Rosaceae, or the flower it bears. There are over three hundred species and tens of thousands of cultivars. They form a group of plants that can be erect shrubs, climbing, or trailing, with stems that are often armed with sharp prickles.
There are two main types of hydraulic power transmission systems: hydrokinetic, such as the hydraulic coupling and the hydraulic torque converter, which use the kinetic energy of the liquid; and hydrostatic, which use the pressure energy of the liquid. The hydraulic coupling is a device that links two rotatable shafts.
Nursery management may be defined as the sum of the activities performed for the successful production, care, and marketing of different planting materials (seeds, seedlings, cuttings, etc.) in a different nursery section. Conducting employees properly, maintenance care and protection of properties, etc
The document discusses the identification and classification of insects in the orders Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Homoptera include insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scales that have piercing-sucking mouthparts and uniform wing texture. Hymenoptera undergo complete metamorphosis and include bees, ants, and wasps. The best approach for controlling pests from these orders is an integrated method using cultural, biological, and chemical methods as needed.
Current estimates of soil C storage potential are based on models or factors that assume linearity between C input levels and C stocks at steady-state, implying that SOC stocks could increase without limit as C input levels increase. However, some soils show little or no increase in steady-state SOC stock with increasing C input levels suggesting that SOC can become saturated with respect to C input.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
Artificial insemination is the deliberate introduction of sperm into a female's cervix or uterine cavity for the purpose of achieving a pregnancy through in vivo fertilization by means other than sexual intercourse or in vitro fertilisation.
Chemical Industries (Colombo) Limited was incorporated in 1964 as a supplier of high-quality chemical products for the local market.
CIC acquired the Pelwehera Farm in the year 2000 under the prevailing government’s privatization programme.
symbiotic N fixation & challenges to extension to NSupun Madushanka
Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria have symbiotic relationships with [[plant groups, especially legumes. Looser non-symbiotic relationships between diazotrophs and plants are often referred to as associative, as seen in nitrogen fixation on rice roots. Nitrogen fixation occurs between some termites and fungi.
The diesel engine was invented during the industrial revolution by a German engineer. Rudolf Diesel grew up in France but then left for England during the Franco-German war. ... By studying thermodynamics, Diesel found he could make a smaller, internal combustion engine that would convert all heat into work.
A combination of biotechnology and nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize agricultural systems and provide solutions for current and future problems. These include the development and use of smart fertilizers with controlled nutrient release, together with bioformulations based on bacteria or enzymes.
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
3. Objectives
• Having a clear about what is the ancient irrigation
systems and the purpose of having that systems.
• Getting a clear idea about the techniques and
methodologies that they have used to build up
irrigation systems.
• Identify the types of irrigation systems.
• Identify present condition of these irrigation
systems.
3
4. Introduction
• Irrigation can be refer as, the application of controlled
amounts of water to plants at needed intervals.
• In the early settlements of the dry zone in Sri Lanka
irrigation played a vital role to Aryan Sinhalese
civilization.
• Specially without having artificial storage of water
human existence in North Central province would have
been impossible.
5. History
• Sri Lanka was excellent for agriculture, but enough
water to their cultivation was the main problem.
• According factors the irrigation method were born.
(Reservoirs ,tanks ,canals and lakes )
• As the result in the dry zone raised 2 main complex
irrigation systems. As,
- Tank based systems
- Cannel based system
5
6. • The native people starting primary level agriculture.
• Indigenous people use small of tanks
• Construction of tanks under Royal Patronage.
• Starting the development of small scale irrigation systems.
• The development of an interconnected system.
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Evolution of the local irrigation
system.
6
7. • The ancient kings in Sri Lanka build a sophisticated network of
small tanks connected by canals to large reservoirs to collect and
redistribute every single drop of rain the land received.
• The tanks were build in cascading system, using natural
inclination and topography of the, full of small watersheds.
• They kept the natural cycle of water through soil, vegetation and
atmosphere.
• The main goal of the system was to save and re – use water.
Irrigation water supply system
7
9. Construction Materials
Ex -
The wew bema is made up of soil that is pressed and pounded
to ensure strength. in the past animals such as goats, oxen were
driven over heaps of soil several times to compact it.
*
Bricks Stone wood Clay& mortar
9
11. Major Parts of a wewa
• Tank Bund(Veaw Bamma)
Holds water inside the tank.
• Sluice Gates (Sorowwa)
constructed to release water into paddy fields
• Surplus Weir (Pitavana)
protect the tank bund from damage during heavy
rainfall by discharging excess water
• Stone Liner (Ralapanava)
granite stone liner constructed on the inside of the
tank bund to prevent it from being eroded by the water
current
• Diyakata Pahana
measured water level of the Vewa
11
12. Cascade systems
A cascade system is a connected series of tanks organized
within a micro-catchment of the dry zone in Sri Lanka.
12
13. Village tank (Maha Wewa/Pahala Wewa)
• Main component of the tank cascade system. Water from all other tanks in the
system drain into the village tank. This tank is used for agriculture, as well as
other community activities.
Kulu Wewa (Forest tank)
• Constructed in the upper catchment of the village in order to provide water for
wild animals, filter debris and silt, and capture the rainwater that will enter
into the village tank through seepage.
Kayan Wewa
• Built where the upper catchment has been cleared or degraded. It is used to
trap sediment and controls salinity.
Olagam Wewa
• Lies close to the village, but is not associated with a permanent settlement or
cultivation. It is used as a source of water for seasonal cultivation.
Different components in a
cascade system
13
16. Kala Wewa
• Kala Wewa, built by the King Datusena in 307 B.C, is
a twin reservoir complex (Kala Wewa & Balalu
Wewa) which has a capacity of 123 million cubic
meters.
16
17. Tissa Wewa
• Tissa Wewa was built by king Devanampiya Tissa
• Tissa Wewa is 2 miles (3.2 km) long and 25 feet
(7.6 m) high.
17
18. Nuwara Wewa
• Nuwara Wewa is the largest of the three man made
reservoirs in Anuradhapura.
• Nuwara Wewa is believed to be built by King
Valagamba in the first century BC.
18
19. Minneriya Wawa
• King Mahasena ordered a dam build across the
Minneriya River, which made the lake.
• The tank covered 4,670 acres (18.9 km2).
19
20. Yoda Ela
• Yoda Ela (Giant Canal) or Jaya Ganga, an 87 km (54
mi)
• carrying excess water from Kala Wewa reservoir to
Thissa Wewa reservoir in Anuradhapura.
• . The gradient is about 10 centimetres per
kilometre or 6 inches per mile
20
21. • Ancient rulers ruled the country by controlling the supply
of water, which was essentially the life blood of all life
sustaining agricultural activities.
• The local irrigation system, which took thousands of years
to evolve into the advanced state it was at its peak, is now
falling apart.
Recommendation
21