The document discusses the identification and classification of insects in the orders Homoptera and Hymenoptera. Homoptera include insects like aphids, whiteflies, and scales that have piercing-sucking mouthparts and uniform wing texture. Hymenoptera undergo complete metamorphosis and include bees, ants, and wasps. The best approach for controlling pests from these orders is an integrated method using cultural, biological, and chemical methods as needed.

1. 1
IDENTIFICATION OF,
HYMONOPTERA
&
HOMOPTERA
ORDERS

2. CONTENT
 Objective
 Identification of insect
 Major characteristics and their orders
 Identification of homoptera and ultimately their controlling
method
 Getting an idea about Hymenoptera and controlling method
 Summary
 References
2

3. OBJECTIVE
3
To identify insects their major characteristics and their
orders
Having a good understand about Homopterans and
Hymenopterans

4. IDENTIFICATION OF INSECTS
An insect is a very small animal with particular characteristics. Insects
are invertebrates. They have no backbones. Most insects walk, but
some can fly and jump.
Domain - Eukarya
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Arthropod
Class - Insecta
4

5. MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS
 All Insects have an exoskeleton.
 They have three main body parts: THORAX , ABDOMEN , AND HEAD.
 Insects also have a pair of antennae on the top of their heads
 Insects have compound eyes, three pairs of legs and many have two pairs of
wings,
 Abdomen – the posterior (farthest to the rear) section of an insect’s body
 Antennae – little feelers on top of the insect’s head that help them receive
messages, sound, and motion
 Thorax – the but not all Abdomen – the posterior (farthest to the rear) section of
an insect’s body middle section of an insect’s body
5

6. INSECTS’ MAJOR
CLASSIFICATION
THEIR ORDERS
6

7. LET’S HAVE A LOOK
ON HYMENOPTERA &
HOMOPTERA
7

8. HOMOPTERA
 Homoptera means"homo-" = uniform + "ptera" = wings“
 Under this category,
 Plant Bugs, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Treehoppers,
Cicadas, Aphids, Whiteflies, Scales
Leafhopper
Whiteflies Aphids
8

9. HOMOPTERA SUBORDERS
Auchenorrhyncha
Red-banded leafhopper, Graphocephala coccinea
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Auchenorrhyncha
Infraorders
•Cicadomorpha
•Fulgoromorpha
An aphid.
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hemiptera
Suborder: Sternorrhyn
ha
9

10. STERNORRHYNCHA
 The aphids and scale insects are the other well-known "Homoptera“.
 All members of this group are plant-feeders, and many are vectors of viral and
fungal diseases of plants.
Auchenorrhyncha
 Auchenorrhyncha species produce either audible sounds or substrate
vibrations as a form of communication.
 Such calls range from vibrations inaudible to humans, to the calls of many
species of cicadas that can be heard for hundreds of meters at least.
 In season, they produce the most characteristic and ubiquitous noise of the
bush. The Auchenorrhyncha (Cicadinea) cicadas, leafhoppers, treehoppers,
and spittlebugs.
10

11. ORDINAL CHARACTERISTICS
 Piercing-sucking mouthparts arising from posterior margin of the head
front wings
 Homogeneous texture Wings held roof-like over abdomen
Phytophagous.
 Gradual metamorphosis.
11

12. Leaf hoppers
 Morphological characteristics
 Leafhopper adults and nymphs are active.
 jumping insects recognized by their piercing-
sucking mouthparts and by the presence of
four rows of enlarged, spine like setae on their
hind tibiae.
 Damage
 Light colored speckling on plant leaves
sucking sap and plant juices from within the
plant tissues.
 Leaf unchecked, this gradual feeding reduces
the plant’s vigor over time, browning the
leaves.
 Control
 covering all leaves and stems with insecticidal
soap to control nymphs.
 Add 1 tablespoon of rubbing alcohol to 1
quart of soap to boost the soap’s effectiveness.
12

13. Cicadas – Homoptera
 Wings – 2 and straight if present
 Mouthparts – piercing and sucking
 Metamorphosis – incomplete
• Annual cicadas typically cause only minimal,
non-permanent damage to mature trees.
• such as tip browning and some leaf wilting
due to the laying of eggs in the branch tips.
Damage
Controlling method
Non-Chemical Cicada Control
• On small or young trees, wrap the
branches loosely with cheesecloth or other
mesh cloth.
• Knock the insects off of small trees and
shrubs with blasts of water from a garden
hose.
• Do not plant trees within a year or two
prior to the predicted emergence of
periodical cicadas in that area.
13

14. Controlling
Methods
14

15. Physical Methods
 Barriers
 Water barriers
 Fences
 Nets
 Hand picking
 Shaking plants
 Fire
 Temperature Control
 Traps
 Light traps
 Sticky traps
 Electromagnetic energy
 Use of Visible (0.38-0.78µ) and
 UV radiation (2*10^-2 – 0.38µ)
 Use of radio frequency
Advantages Disadvantages
Some methods are inexpensive High technical methods
are expensive
Less hazardous to health &
environment
Not always practical
Have immediate effect
15

16. Chemical Methods
 Neem insecticidal oil spray
 Systemic insecticides
 usually contain neonicotinoid compounds
as active ingredients
Advantages Disadvantages
High efficiency detrimental for the
environment and
produce considerable
damage to ecosystems
act very fast may be harmful for non-
target species.
pollute air, water and soil
16

17. Biological Control
 Predators
 Parasitoids
 Pathogen
 Competitors
Advantages Disadvantages
Highly specific to one pest. Only a few working examples
A long term solution if
equilibrium is established.
Expensive to research and a high
level of skills and initial set up
costs.
Inexpensive over the long term. Agent may become a pest itself.
No environmental Frequent input needed to
maintain population balance.
Can be used in a glasshouse. Needs to be large scale
17

18. Cultural Methods
• Use of resistant varieties
• Crop rotation
• Crop residues destruction
• Tilling and cultivating the soil
• Pruning and thinning
• Fertilization
• Clean culture
• Water management
• Planting of trap crops
• Use of clean seed
• Variation in time of plant and harvesting
Advantages Disadvantages
no extra cost is required. No visible results
observe
safe for application. not effective at
epidemic condition
Effective for many pests
18

19. BEST
SOLUTION…
19

20. HYMENOPTERA
20

21. Metamorphosis
 Hymenoptera are Holometabolous, their life cycle consists of four
phases egg, multiple instars, pupa, and adult.
 "Complete metamorphosis" is the common term for this life cycle.
21
BEE ANT

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24

25. 25
Examples for Hymenopterans and their major
differences…

26. 26

27. 27
Wasp Bee

28. 28 DAMAGES

29. SUMMERY
 Insects devide into more groups and among them,homoptera has uniform texture
of the front wing and hymonoptera has membranous nature of wins.
 Homoptera are sucking insects and hymonoptera are chewing insects.
 Both of them have complete life cycles .Nymph stage of homoptera and larve stage
of hymonoptera are the destructive stages.
 Examples for the homopterans are aphids and bees ,ants, true wasps, sawfly
classified under hymenopterans.
 The best method is integrated method for controlling those pests. Exept that,
can use pest cultural practices, biological methods and insecticides at the
economic injury level.

30. REFERENCES
 https://www.google.com/search?q=hemiptera+and+homoptera+major+differen
ce&sxsrf=ACYBGNRrbRGv6jU--
jt2ToDael2bQLOqCA:1581626849751&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahU
KEwifrK-
Us8_nAhU2zTgGHTu5Cj4Q_AUoAXoECBAQAw&biw=1536&bih=674#imgrc=tsAZ
6WplNxbzWM
 https://www.slideserve.com/emilie/hymenoptera-wasps-bees-ants-etc-as-well-
as-the-sawflies-and-horntails-wood-wasps
 Insect Morphology. “Ornamentals and Turf Entomology” University of
Minnesota’s Department of
Entomology. http://www.entomology.umn.edu/cues/4015/morpology/
30

31. 31