Irrigation is any process other than natural precipitation, which supplies water artificially to the soil to make up the deficiency of moisture under natural conditions for the profitable growth of crops, which otherwise would not be assured.
The irrigation process involves investigation, planning, design, construction, maintenance and operation of structures and channels for the proper conveyance of water from the source to the point of application.
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Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This document discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems. It describes different types of subsurface drainage methods like tile drains, mole drains and drainage wells. It also covers investigations required for planning subsurface drainage like topographic maps and groundwater studies. The key aspects of designing a tile drainage system are discussed in detail, including layout, depth and spacing of drains, size and grade of tiles, installation methods and use of a multiple well system.
This document provides information about irrigation, including its definition, purposes, history, types, and components. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to soil, usually used to assist growing crops in dry areas or during low rainfall. Ancient Mesopotamian engineers built elaborate dam and canal systems to distribute water for agricultural and domestic needs. Modern irrigation systems include surface, center pivot, lateral move, and localized drip/sprinkler methods. Proper drainage of excess water is also important for soil health and equipment access. The document discusses drainage system design considerations based on soil, water table, and crop factors.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
1) The document discusses evapotranspiration (ET), which is the combination of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. It also discusses consumptive use (CU), which is the total water used by plants for ET and metabolic activities.
2) ET can be potential, reference, or actual, depending on vegetation and water availability. It is affected by environmental, plant, geographical, and soil factors. CU depends on climate, crop type, soil properties, and management practices.
3) Both ET and CU are important concepts in irrigation and water resource management. Measuring ET and CU helps determine crop water requirements and design efficient irrigation systems.
This document summarizes four main irrigation methods: surface irrigation (flooding), sprinkler irrigation (applying water under pressure), drip or trickle irrigation (applying water slowly to the soil), and sub-surface irrigation (flooding water underground). Surface irrigation is the most widely used method, covering 90% of irrigated land. Sprinkler irrigation is ideal for scarce water areas. Drip irrigation conserves water, controls weeds, and applies water at a slow rate matching crop needs. Sub-surface irrigation is used where soil and topography allow watering underground.
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs for surface irrigation systems. The main irrigation methods covered are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip/trickle irrigation, and sub-surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation and border irrigation are described as two common types of surface irrigation systems. The key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems include furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back furrow streams, field slope, furrow length, and field widths. Design parameters for border irrigation systems include strip width and length. Evaluation procedures for furrow irrigation systems are also outlined.
Irrigation methods are classified into four main types: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation includes gravity-fed methods like flood, basin, border, and furrow irrigation. Water is applied to the soil surface and distributed by gravity. Subsurface irrigation involves applying water below the soil surface using trenches or perforated pipes. Sprinkler irrigation simulates natural rainfall by spraying water into the air through nozzles above the crop. Drip irrigation applies water slowly to the soil surface near plants through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
For More Visit - www.civilengineeringadda.com
Irrigation Efficiency
Water conveyance Efficiency
It takes into account, conveyance or transit losses such as seepage through canal and evaporation through it.
η_c=W_f/W_r ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
Wr = water delivered from river or stream
Water Application Efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in root zone to the water delivered to the field.
η_a=W_s/W_f ×100
Where, WS = water weight stored in root zone
WS = Wf – deep percolation – runoff
Wf = water delivered to the field
This efficiency is also called as farm efficiency and it depends on the irrigation technique that has been adopted.
Water use efficiency
It is the ratio of water used beneficially or consumptively to the water delivered to the field.
η_u=W_u/W_f ×100
Where, Wf = water delivered to the field
WU = consumptively used water
Water Storage Efficiency
This is the ratio of actual water stored in the root zone to the water needed to be stored to bring the moisture content upto field capacity.
Water Distribution efficiency
This evaluate the degree to which water is uniformly distributed to the root zone throughout the field area.
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
y = Average numerical deviation in the depth of water stored from the average depth stored during irrigation
Question – the depths of penetration along the length of a border strip at points 30 m apart were proved. There observed values are 2 m, 1.9 m, 1.8 m, 1.6 m and 1.5 m. Compute the water distribution efficiency.
Solution –
Water distribution efficiency,
η_d=(1-y/d)×100
Where, d = average depth
d = (2+1.9+1.8+1.6+1.5)/5=1.76
And y = average numerical deviation
y = 1/5((2-1.76)+(1.9-1.76)+(1.8-1.76)+(1.76-1.6)+(1.76-1.5)=0.168
Therefore,
η_d=(1-0.168/1.76)×100
η_d=90.45%
Consumptive Use Efficiency
It is the ratio of water used consumptively to the net amount of water from the root zone.
This document discusses the design of subsurface drainage systems. It describes different types of subsurface drainage methods like tile drains, mole drains and drainage wells. It also covers investigations required for planning subsurface drainage like topographic maps and groundwater studies. The key aspects of designing a tile drainage system are discussed in detail, including layout, depth and spacing of drains, size and grade of tiles, installation methods and use of a multiple well system.
This document provides information about irrigation, including its definition, purposes, history, types, and components. It defines irrigation as the artificial application of water to soil, usually used to assist growing crops in dry areas or during low rainfall. Ancient Mesopotamian engineers built elaborate dam and canal systems to distribute water for agricultural and domestic needs. Modern irrigation systems include surface, center pivot, lateral move, and localized drip/sprinkler methods. Proper drainage of excess water is also important for soil health and equipment access. The document discusses drainage system design considerations based on soil, water table, and crop factors.
the present ppt describes about irrigation methods following from the ancient periods to up to now. the present ppt also describes about sprinkler and drip irrigation methods. it gives an elaborate knowledge on irrigation methods.
1) The document discusses evapotranspiration (ET), which is the combination of evaporation from soil and transpiration from plants. It also discusses consumptive use (CU), which is the total water used by plants for ET and metabolic activities.
2) ET can be potential, reference, or actual, depending on vegetation and water availability. It is affected by environmental, plant, geographical, and soil factors. CU depends on climate, crop type, soil properties, and management practices.
3) Both ET and CU are important concepts in irrigation and water resource management. Measuring ET and CU helps determine crop water requirements and design efficient irrigation systems.
This document summarizes four main irrigation methods: surface irrigation (flooding), sprinkler irrigation (applying water under pressure), drip or trickle irrigation (applying water slowly to the soil), and sub-surface irrigation (flooding water underground). Surface irrigation is the most widely used method, covering 90% of irrigated land. Sprinkler irrigation is ideal for scarce water areas. Drip irrigation conserves water, controls weeds, and applies water at a slow rate matching crop needs. Sub-surface irrigation is used where soil and topography allow watering underground.
This document discusses different irrigation methods and designs for surface irrigation systems. The main irrigation methods covered are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, drip/trickle irrigation, and sub-surface irrigation. Furrow irrigation and border irrigation are described as two common types of surface irrigation systems. The key design parameters for furrow irrigation systems include furrow shape and spacing, selection of initial and cut-back furrow streams, field slope, furrow length, and field widths. Design parameters for border irrigation systems include strip width and length. Evaluation procedures for furrow irrigation systems are also outlined.
Irrigation methods are classified into four main types: surface irrigation, subsurface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation includes gravity-fed methods like flood, basin, border, and furrow irrigation. Water is applied to the soil surface and distributed by gravity. Subsurface irrigation involves applying water below the soil surface using trenches or perforated pipes. Sprinkler irrigation simulates natural rainfall by spraying water into the air through nozzles above the crop. Drip irrigation applies water slowly to the soil surface near plants through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters.
This document discusses the importance of drainage in irrigated agricultural areas. It defines drainage as the removal of excess water from soil. Excess water can come from heavy rainfall or over-irrigation and can cause waterlogging of soils. Waterlogging deprives plant roots of oxygen and can lead to increased soil salinity. The document outlines various causes and effects of waterlogging and describes different types of drainage systems including surface drainage, subsurface drainage, vertical drainage, well drainage, controlled drainage, bio-drainage and their characteristics and advantages. Research on the impact of subsurface drainage in reclaiming waterlogged salt-affected soils in Andhra Pradesh, India is summarized which shows that drainage reduces soil salinity and increases crop yields.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
check basin , furrow and border strip methodVidhi Khokhani
This document discusses three types of surface irrigation methods: border strip irrigation, check basin irrigation, and furrow irrigation. For each method, it describes what it is, when it is used, and key design aspects. Border strip irrigation uses long, graded strips separated by bunds to guide water down a field. Check basin irrigation uses rectangular plots surrounded by levees to pond water for crops that require submergence. Furrow irrigation uses small channels between ridges to irrigate row crops. The document provides details on layout, sizing, construction, and maintenance considerations for each method.
This document discusses various irrigation efficiencies and concepts. It defines water conveyance efficiency as the efficiency of water delivery from its source to the field, which can approach 100% for closed pipelines. Application efficiency refers to the percentage of applied irrigation water stored in the crop's root zone. Other efficiencies discussed include storage, distribution, and uniformity coefficients which measure how evenly water is applied across a field. Formulas are provided to calculate net irrigation depth, gross water needs, and irrigation interval based on soil properties and crop water requirements.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
1. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops through methods like surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface by gravity in techniques like basin, border, and furrow irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation applies water similar to rainfall through pipes and sprinklers. Drip irrigation drips water slowly from pipes and emitters directly to plant roots.
3. The suitable irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, crop type, technology, costs and previous experience. Surface irrigation is common on loamy and clay soils while sprinkler and drip are more suitable for sandy soils with low water storage.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
This document contains the syllabus for the course CE8603 - Irrigation Engineering taught by A.Leema Margret, Assistant Professor at Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics like crop water requirement, irrigation methods, diversion and impounding structures, canal irrigation, and water management in irrigation. Key terms discussed in Unit 1 include duty of water, delta, base period, evapotranspiration, and factors affecting duty of water. Surface irrigation methods like flow irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are also introduced.
This document describes different methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation involves applying water over the soil surface through gravity, including basin, furrow, and border irrigation. Basin irrigation involves flooding entire fields enclosed by dykes. Furrow irrigation channels water along fields in furrows. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through sprinklers to water crops like rainfall. Drip irrigation drips water slowly onto soil near plants through emitters, wetting only the root zone unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation.
This document discusses various aspects of irrigation including the importance of water for agriculture, different irrigation methods, and microirrigation systems. It describes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to assist crop growth. Several irrigation methods are discussed in detail, including surface irrigation methods like flooding, border strip, basin, check, and furrow methods. It also describes pressurized irrigation methods like sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation which apply water at low rates directly to plant roots to improve efficiency. The document highlights factors to consider for selecting appropriate irrigation methods based on soil, topography, and other conditions.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
Drainage Engineering (Drainage and design of drainage systems)Latif Hyder Wadho
This document provides information on drainage and the design of drainage systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Land drainage and field drainage are the two main types of drainage, with field drainage focusing on removing excess water from the root zone of crops. The main goals of field drainage are to bring soil moisture below saturation to allow for optimal plant growth and to improve soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. The different methods of field drainage include horizontal drainage methods like surface drainage and sub-surface drainage, as well as vertical drainage through tube wells.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
This document discusses the importance of drainage in irrigated agricultural areas. It defines drainage as the removal of excess water from soil. Excess water can come from heavy rainfall or over-irrigation and can cause waterlogging of soils. Waterlogging deprives plant roots of oxygen and can lead to increased soil salinity. The document outlines various causes and effects of waterlogging and describes different types of drainage systems including surface drainage, subsurface drainage, vertical drainage, well drainage, controlled drainage, bio-drainage and their characteristics and advantages. Research on the impact of subsurface drainage in reclaiming waterlogged salt-affected soils in Andhra Pradesh, India is summarized which shows that drainage reduces soil salinity and increases crop yields.
Soil is the home of million of organisms. In agriculture, from seed to grain, soil is a prima factor. It also acts a medium to store water for plants and form of water in soil called soil moisture. Some parameters to check the soil moisture called soil moisture constants. So, soil and water relationship is essential in agriculture.
check basin , furrow and border strip methodVidhi Khokhani
This document discusses three types of surface irrigation methods: border strip irrigation, check basin irrigation, and furrow irrigation. For each method, it describes what it is, when it is used, and key design aspects. Border strip irrigation uses long, graded strips separated by bunds to guide water down a field. Check basin irrigation uses rectangular plots surrounded by levees to pond water for crops that require submergence. Furrow irrigation uses small channels between ridges to irrigate row crops. The document provides details on layout, sizing, construction, and maintenance considerations for each method.
This document discusses various irrigation efficiencies and concepts. It defines water conveyance efficiency as the efficiency of water delivery from its source to the field, which can approach 100% for closed pipelines. Application efficiency refers to the percentage of applied irrigation water stored in the crop's root zone. Other efficiencies discussed include storage, distribution, and uniformity coefficients which measure how evenly water is applied across a field. Formulas are provided to calculate net irrigation depth, gross water needs, and irrigation interval based on soil properties and crop water requirements.
The document discusses soil moisture characteristic curves, which describe the relationship between soil water content and water potential. It provides key details about soil moisture characteristic curves, including that they are affected by soil texture and structure, describe the amount of water retained at a given matric potential, and are important for modeling water flow in soils. The curves are nonlinear and cover a wide range of matric potentials, so they are often plotted on a logarithmic scale.
1. Irrigation is the artificial supply of water to crops through methods like surface, sprinkler, and drip irrigation. Surface irrigation involves distributing water over the soil surface by gravity in techniques like basin, border, and furrow irrigation.
2. Sprinkler irrigation applies water similar to rainfall through pipes and sprinklers. Drip irrigation drips water slowly from pipes and emitters directly to plant roots.
3. The suitable irrigation method depends on factors like soil type, crop type, technology, costs and previous experience. Surface irrigation is common on loamy and clay soils while sprinkler and drip are more suitable for sandy soils with low water storage.
This power point presentation will give a complete idea of types of irrigation, water requirement of crops, duty, delta, canal revenue etc. This presentation also contain the numerical for complete understanding the concepts.
This document discusses various irrigation methods, including uncontrolled surface flooding, controlled flooding using check basins or ring basins, border strip method, deep furrow method, traditional methods like levees and canals, drip irrigation, subsurface drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation using micro sprays or micro jets, and rain guns. It compares the advantages and disadvantages of different methods and discusses their suitability based on factors like crop type, soil type, water availability, and farming practices.
This document discusses the scheduling of irrigation for crop production. It explains that irrigation needs to supply water to crops as required at different growth stages, as rainfall and groundwater are often inconsistent with crop needs. Certain periods are critical for water requirements for each crop. Irrigation should be scheduled around these critical stages if no other water source is available. The document provides examples of critical stages for various crops and discusses factors to consider for irrigation quantity, interval, and total number based on soil, crop type, and cultural practices.
1. The document discusses soil-water-plant relationships and various concepts related to how water moves through and is stored in soil.
2. Key concepts covered include the classification of soil water, soil water constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point, and how physical properties of soil like texture and structure influence water movement and retention.
3. Diagrams and equations are provided to illustrate volume and mass relationships of water, solids, and air in soil.
There are various irrigation methods that apply water to crops in different ways. The most common methods are surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and subsurface irrigation. Surface irrigation involves flooding fields and makes up about 90% of irrigated areas. Sprinkler irrigation applies water under pressure and is used on about 5% of irrigated land. When choosing an irrigation method, factors like water supply, topography, climate, soils, crops, economics, and local traditions must be considered. Drip irrigation is the most efficient method, applying water directly to plant roots and minimizing losses, making it suitable for water-scarce areas.
This document contains the syllabus for the course CE8603 - Irrigation Engineering taught by A.Leema Margret, Assistant Professor at Ramco Institute of Technology, Rajapalayam. The syllabus is divided into 5 units that cover topics like crop water requirement, irrigation methods, diversion and impounding structures, canal irrigation, and water management in irrigation. Key terms discussed in Unit 1 include duty of water, delta, base period, evapotranspiration, and factors affecting duty of water. Surface irrigation methods like flow irrigation and sub-surface irrigation are also introduced.
This document describes different methods of irrigation. Surface irrigation involves applying water over the soil surface through gravity, including basin, furrow, and border irrigation. Basin irrigation involves flooding entire fields enclosed by dykes. Furrow irrigation channels water along fields in furrows. Sprinkler irrigation sprays water into the air through sprinklers to water crops like rainfall. Drip irrigation drips water slowly onto soil near plants through emitters, wetting only the root zone unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation.
This document discusses various aspects of irrigation including the importance of water for agriculture, different irrigation methods, and microirrigation systems. It describes that irrigation is the artificial application of water to assist crop growth. Several irrigation methods are discussed in detail, including surface irrigation methods like flooding, border strip, basin, check, and furrow methods. It also describes pressurized irrigation methods like sprinkler and drip/micro irrigation which apply water at low rates directly to plant roots to improve efficiency. The document highlights factors to consider for selecting appropriate irrigation methods based on soil, topography, and other conditions.
Crop water requirement depends on transpiration, evaporation, plant water use, and other losses like conveyance and runoff. It varies based on crop type and growth stage, soil properties, climate factors like temperature and rainfall, and agronomic management practices. Irrigation requirement refers to the water needed beyond effective rainfall and soil moisture. Net irrigation requirement is the amount needed to bring the soil to field capacity, while gross requirement includes application and distribution losses. Irrigation frequency and period depend on the crop's water uptake rate and the soil's moisture supply capacity.
This document discusses soil properties that influence soil-water relations. It covers topics like soil depth, texture, structure, porosity, and moisture constants.
Some key points:
- Soil depth affects water storage capacity and root growth. Deeper soils store more water and allow for larger root systems.
- Texture refers to the proportions of sand, silt, and clay particles. This influences water holding capacity, with finer textures like clay holding more water.
- Soil structure and porosity determine water and air movement through the soil. Both macro and micro pores are needed for optimal plant growth.
- Moisture constants like field capacity and permanent wilting point define the range of available water for plants
Drainage Engineering (Drainage and design of drainage systems)Latif Hyder Wadho
This document provides information on drainage and the design of drainage systems. It discusses the following key points in 3 sentences:
Land drainage and field drainage are the two main types of drainage, with field drainage focusing on removing excess water from the root zone of crops. The main goals of field drainage are to bring soil moisture below saturation to allow for optimal plant growth and to improve soil structure and hydraulic conductivity. The different methods of field drainage include horizontal drainage methods like surface drainage and sub-surface drainage, as well as vertical drainage through tube wells.
Irrigation involves applying water artificially to land or soil to supply moisture for plant growth. There are various methods of irrigation that depend on the available water sources and infrastructure. Surface irrigation methods include border, check basin, and furrow irrigation. Subsurface irrigation applies water below the ground surface through underground trenches. Sprinkler and drip irrigation are pressurized methods that distribute water through pipes and emitters. The choice of irrigation method impacts water usage, uniformity of application, and suitability for different soil and crop types.
Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is an irrigation practice for rice that saves water and reduces greenhouse gas emissions while maintaining yields. It involves periodically drying and re-flooding rice fields. In Bangladesh, boro rice is fully irrigated while aman rice is partly irrigated. Research shows AWD can save 15-30% of the estimated 3,000-5,000 liters of water needed to produce one kilogram of rice, without lowering yields. The practice involves irrigating until the water table is 20cm below ground, then allowing the field to partially dry before re-flooding. This technique is being validated in Bangladesh and could help conserve irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts.
Irrigation development in India, necessity, scope, benefits
and ill effects of irrigation, types of irrigation systems, methods of irrigation, physical
and chemical properties of soils, soil nutrients, classification of irrigable soils, suitability
of soils for irrigation, quality of irrigation water, soil water plant relations in irrigation,
measurement of soil moisture, field capacity, wilting point, available water , hydraulic
conductivity, water movement through soils.
Irrigation involves supplying water to plants through artificial means to supplement rainfall and soil moisture. There are several methods of irrigation used in Bangladesh depending on soil, topography, water availability, and crop type. The main methods described include flood, check basin, border strip, furrow, and basin irrigation. Drainage is the artificial removal of excess water from crop fields and is important to improve soil structure and productivity by preventing waterlogging. The hydrologic cycle describes the natural circulation of water on Earth through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and both surface water and groundwater flow. Proper soil structure and texture are also important for irrigation and drainage as they determine water and air flow in the soil.
The document discusses various types of irrigation methods including fertigation, paleo irrigation, sub-surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. It describes the key components, advantages and applications of these different irrigation techniques. Participatory irrigation management and its objectives to involve users in irrigation system management are also summarized. The principles of irrigation scheduling, distribution and organic farming are briefly covered.
This document discusses dryland agriculture, which refers to growing crops entirely through rainfall. It can be divided into dry farming (<750mm rainfall), dryland farming (750-1150mm rainfall), and rainfed farming (>1150mm rainfall). Dry farming occurs in arid regions and has frequent crop failures due to low and variable rainfall. Dryland farming occurs in semi-arid regions and has less frequent crop failures. Rainfed farming occurs in humid regions and has rare crop failures. The document also discusses various irrigation techniques like surface, localized, and subsurface irrigation that help supplement rainfall for crop growth.
The document discusses various methods of irrigation for crop production including surface, subsurface, and sprinkler irrigation. Surface irrigation methods include flooding, beds/borders, basins, and furrows. Furrow irrigation is well-suited for row crops and involves flowing water down furrows between rows. Subsurface irrigation involves placing perforated pipes underground to raise water through capillary action. Sprinkler irrigation uses sprinklers to apply water like rainfall and is suitable for uneven terrain. Drip irrigation applies small amounts of water directly to plant roots through tubing and emitters. Proper irrigation management and measuring soil moisture is important for optimizing crop yields.
This document provides an overview of dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation relying entirely on rainfall in areas receiving less than 750 mm of annual rainfall. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil-related constraints to crop production in dryland regions. It also outlines several strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting crops suited to moisture stress conditions. The document emphasizes the importance of practices like intercropping, conservation tillage, and contour cultivation to conserve soil moisture in dryland areas.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
1. Irrigation management involves scheduling irrigation appropriately based on soil type, crop water requirements, and other factors to efficiently use water resources.
2. Common methods of surface irrigation include border irrigation, check basin irrigation, and ridges and furrows irrigation which involve dividing fields into strips or basins and flooding or furrowing the land.
3. Factors considered in irrigation scheduling include soil type, crop water needs, available water supply, and allowing sufficient drying time between irrigations based on the crop's water depletion level. Monitoring soil moisture, plant conditions, and pan evaporation can help determine irrigation timing.
This document discusses water logging and its causes and effects. It defines water logging as when the productivity of agricultural land is affected by a high water table. Key points include:
- Water logging occurs when there is too much water in the root zone of plants, killing bacteria that produce nutrients and reducing crop yields.
- The depth of the water table affects different crops, such as wheat being affected at 0.9-1.2m and sugarcane at 0.3m.
- Causes of water logging include over irrigation, seepage from canals and reservoirs, inadequate drainage, obstruction of water flows, soil type, and excessive rainfall.
- Effects are difficult cultivation, growth of
Drainage and Irrigation Principle Ch-1.pptxgemadogelgalu
Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land to aid in growing crops. Early civilizations in Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and India developed irrigation around 4000-2500 BCE to support permanent settlements and increase crop yields. Irrigation expanded significantly in the 19th-20th centuries and now over 800 million acres worldwide are irrigated, with China, India, USA, Pakistan, and Iran leading. Irrigation is needed where rainfall is inadequate or inconsistent to meet crop water demands. Benefits include higher and more reliable yields, while disadvantages can include waterlogging, salinity, and disease if not properly implemented.
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Introduction to irrigation and drainage
1. 1.0 INTRODUCTION TO IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE
1.1 Irrigation defined
Irrigation is any process other than natural precipitation, which supplies water artificially to the
soil to make up the deficiency of moisture under natural conditions for the profitable growth of
crops, which otherwise would not be assured.
The irrigation process involves investigation, planning, design, construction, maintenance and
operation of structures and channels for the proper conveyance of water from the source to the
point of application.
1.2 Why Irrigation?
Factors that necessitate irrigation include;
(i) Insufficient rainfall
(ii) Non-uniform distribution of rainfall.
Total rainfall during a year may be adequate to raise a crop, however it may not be evenly
distributed over the crop growth period
(iii) Control of water supply.
Irrigation enables water to be applied to the crops as and when required thereby increasing the
yield per unit area,
(iv) Growing of cash crops.
The growth of cash crops e.g. flowers, sugarcane, rice, etc. may be preferred as they bring better
returns. Such crops may require abundant supply of water and frequent watering to maturity,
which cannot be met from natural rainfall during the crop growth period. This makes irrigation
essential.
1.3 Importance of Irrigation
Includes among others the following:
• It supplements inadequate and unreliable rainfall particularly in the ASAL areas,
2. • It can ensure all year production hence food security.
• Helps in the control of flooding and hence erosion especially where dams exist.
• Creates employment
• Could be used to reclaim more potentially productive land and hence create more
settlement opportunities.
• Specialized production targeting high value crops is made possible
• Could be used to control pests and diseases by disrupting their life cycles.
• Could be used for strategic production as dictated by market forces.
1.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Irrigation.
Advantages
The advantages of irrigated agriculture include;
- It increases the area of land brought under cultivation.
- It improves crop yield over rainfed agriculture three or four fold.
- Allows for the greater cropping intensity.
- It results in improved economic security for the farmer.
- Reduces risks associated with drought hence farmers can easily use high yield seed varieties,
increase the use of fertilizers, pesticides, pesticides and mechanization. They can also control
the timing of delivery of their products to the market and also the labour demands.
- It allows for the introduction of more valuable crops to farmers.
Disadvantages
The disadvantages of irrigated agriculture include
- Over irrigation leads to water logging of the soil and this reduces yields.
- Increased possibility of ground water pollution as a result of increased use of chemicals and
fertilizers.
- Due to the presence of water in open channels, there is an increased possibility of having
several water borne diseases e.g malaria, bilharzias, etc.
- It is complex and expensive undertaking; most of the time requiring donor funding yet most
of them are not self sustaining in the long run.
3. 1.5 Drainage of Agricultural Lands
1.5.1 Defintion
Agricultural drainage is the removal and disposal of excess water from agricultural lands. It is
necessary to provide an adequate drainage system for every irrigated area.
The crop requirements are that the root-zone does not remain in the saturated state. Poorly
drained soils deprive crops of development by, among others,
- lowering soil temperature as the water evaporates.
- Stopping adequate air circulation and preventing bacterial activities.
- Encouraging certain plant diseases
- Limiting rooting penetration due to high water table
1.5.2 Sources of excess water
The sources of excess water that necessitate drainage include;
(a) precipitation
(b) Irrigation water
(c) Overland flow or underground seepage from adjacent areas
(d) Artesian flow from deep aquifers
(e) Flood water applied for such special purposes as leaching salts from the soil or for
temperature control.
1.5.3 Importance of drainage
It is necessary to provide an adequate drainage system for every irrigated area. The important
functions of the drainage system are:
1. Removal of excess ground water and salts from the soil profile in the crops root zone:
Excessive irrigation of an area over an extended period tends to raise the ground water
level. When it rises to within the capillary lift/rise of the soil, soil moisture reaches the
surface where it evaporates and in the process salts present either in the irrigation water
or dissolved in the soil, get concentrated on the land surface, leading to salinity with
harmful effects on plant growth.
4. Thus the two fold function of drainage is;
(i) To lower the ground water levels below the maximum depth of root zone (this helps
better aeration, plant nutrition and greater root development.
(ii) To provide an outlet for the accumulated salts which are usually washed down from the
upper soil layers and leached out thro' the drainage water. This will take place during
rainy season if there is adequate precipitation. Otherwise deliberate excess application of
irrigation water does leach the soil satisfactorily if the operation is not well managed.
2. The second function of the system is to remove excess surface water due to irrigation, likely
to occur in more than one way:
(a) In flat fields, water from either border or sprinkler irrigation collects in the surface
depressions leading to ponding. This not only lowers uniformity of irrigation but also
damages plants in the ponded areas.
(b) Excess water accumulates in the fields under border or sprinkler irrigation, at the lower
ends of the runs;
(c) Water may accumulate and flow as runoff from sloping fields under sprinkler irrigation
when the rate of application exceeds the rate of infiltration of the soil; leading to erosion
on the slopes and harmful ponding on the lowlands.
(d) Surplus irrigation water may be due to unforeseen factors as break in supply ditch or
bursting of a pressure pipe.
3. The third function of the drainage system is to remove excess surface water resulting from
precipitation. This is likely to occur in the regions with a distinct dryland wet/rainy season.
Especially, a field laid out in level irrigation borders/ basin of such a region, excess precipitation
causes logging of fields and hence the need for drainage.
5. 1.6 Irrigation extent, potential and development in Kenya.
1.6.1 Extent of Irrigation
From a global perspective, irrigated agriculture accounts for 40% of the food production which
comes mainly from approximately 260million ha of irrigated lands two thirds of which are under
formal irrigation schemes. Out of the 11.6 billion hectares of land in 103 countries, only 8.67% is
cultivated land. The irrigated lands account for only 20% of the cultivated land world over. The
proportion of cultivated land under irrigation varies from country to country with some countries
reporting 100% of their cultivated land under irrigation, while others have practically no
irrigation. Table 1.1 shows the irrigated areas in some selected countries compared to areas
under irrigation.
Table 1.1: Proportions of arable land under irrigation in some selected developing
countries.
Country Total area
(Million
ha)
Cultivated
area
(Million ha)
Area
irrigated
(Million
ha)
Proportion
of cultivated
area to Total
area.
Proportion
of irrigated
area to total
area
Proportion
of irrigated
area to
cultivated area.
India 327.6 137.9 43.1 42.1% 13.2% 31.3%
Indonesia 149.2 14.0 7.6. 9.4% 5.09% 54.3%
Thailand 51.4 7.3 4.3 14.2% 8.4% 58.9%
Japan 37.0 6.0 2.8 16.2% 7.6% 46.7%
Philippines 30 8.3 1.6 27.7% 5.3% 19.3%
Kenya 58.2 1.7 0.11 2.9% 0.19% 6.5%
6. In most of the countries in developing world, the growth of agricultural production has not kept
pace with the population growth. Means must therefore be sought to increase world agricultural
production. In the arid and semi arid zones of the world, one of the principal means to achieve
this is through irrigation. The extent of arid and semi arid lands in the world is illustrated in
Table 1.2 in which agricultural production limited by drought is shown.
Table 1.2 Areas of land limited by drought.
Region % land limited by drought
North America 20
Central America 32
South America 17
Europe 8
Africa 44
South Asia 43
North East Asia 17
South East Asia 2
Australia 55
World 28
1.6.2 Overview of Kenya's agro-ecological potential
7. Kenya has 582,000km2 of land mass out of which 16% (93,000km2
) is of medium to high
potential. Agriculture is the mainstay of Kenya's economy. The sector contributes over 50% of
the country's export earning's and employs about 80% of the population. The sector accounts for
about 26% of the country's GDP.
Note: The countries population is currently estimated to be increasing at 2.6% annually thereby
exerting pressure on the available water and land resources causing migration of people from
high and medium potential agricultural land to low potential arid and semi-arid lands putting
pressure an already fragile ecosystem. Irrigation development is an option that will enable
intensification of land use in high and medium potential areas and integrated use of ASAL's.
This will promote future growth and development of the agricultural sector.
1.6.3 Irrigation potential and achievements in Kenya.
The irrigation potential in Kenya is 539,000 ha (based on available surface water) and a drainage
potential of 600,000 ha. Out of the total potential, 105,000 (19%) and 30,000 ha (5%) have been
developed for irrigation and drainage respectively. The potential and development by basins is
indicated below in Table 1.3.
Table 1.3 Irrigation potential and development in Kenya based on the major basins
Basin Potential ( ha ) Development (ha)
Tana 205,000 68,700
Athi 40,000 11,000
Lake basin 200,000 10,700
Kerio Valley 64,000 5,400
Ewaso Ngiro 30,000 10,000
TOTAL 539,000 105,800
Irrigation is practiced over a wide range of agro-ecological zones from supplementary irrigation
in the high and medium potential areas during the rainy seasons to near total irrigation in the
ASALs and during the dry seasons in the high and medium potential areas. Major irrigated
8. enterprises include; Horticulture i.e vegetables, fruits, cut flowers etc, Paddy rice, Coffee,
Food crops i.e maize, beans, sorghum etc.
The rate of irrigation development has been very low despite rising need for food and high
poverty level. Table 1.4 shows irrigated areas over the years.
Table 1.4 Progress of irrigated areas over the years.
Year 1985 1998 2005
Irrigated area 52,000 87,350 105,800
There is need for the country to increase investment to irrigation development to meet the food
requirements and improve living standards.
1.6.4 Categories of irrigation schemes in Kenya and level of development.
The categories include;
Private schemes
This category comprises schemes that are constructed, owned and managed by individual
farmers or companies. They include large estates that are run as commercial enterprises with bias
on high value crops mainly for the export market. The investment resources are privately sourced
and the schemes have their own salaried technical expertise for operation, maintenance, and
management. Main enterprises include pineapples, cut flowers, coffee etc.
Public schemes
These are irrigation schemes centrally managed by public agencies like the National Irrigation
Board and Regional Development authorities (RDA's). In the case if NIB, the investment capital
for the schemes is provided for by the government who gives the farmers tenancy rights for use
of irrigation facilities in crop production activities.
Smallholder group based schemes.
9. Small holder refers to schemes where the irrigation infrastructure is owned, operated maintained
and managed by the farmers either directly or through contractual arrangements with the water
undertakers.
The small holder irrigation schemes are implemented through a variety of ways that involve
partnerships between the communities, and other development agencies such as Government of
Kenya, NGO's and international agencies. Table 1.5 gives the contribution to irrigated areas by
the three categories.
Table 1.5 Comparative Irrigation Development Status
Sector Developed area ( ha )
1985 1998 2005
Smallholder schemes 17,500 34,650 47,000
National Schemes 11,500 12,000 16,000
Private schemes 23,000 40,700 42,800
TOTAL 52,000 87,350 105,800
10. Small holder refers to schemes where the irrigation infrastructure is owned, operated maintained
and managed by the farmers either directly or through contractual arrangements with the water
undertakers.
The small holder irrigation schemes are implemented through a variety of ways that involve
partnerships between the communities, and other development agencies such as Government of
Kenya, NGO's and international agencies. Table 1.5 gives the contribution to irrigated areas by
the three categories.
Table 1.5 Comparative Irrigation Development Status
Sector Developed area ( ha )
1985 1998 2005
Smallholder schemes 17,500 34,650 47,000
National Schemes 11,500 12,000 16,000
Private schemes 23,000 40,700 42,800
TOTAL 52,000 87,350 105,800