The Nile River was essential for the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. It provided fertile land for farming through annual flooding and served as the primary transportation route. The flooding also deposited rich soil that made the land along the Nile highly productive. This productivity, along with Egypt's protected geographical position, allowed ancient Egyptian civilization to develop its own unique culture and architecture over millennia. The pharaoh was the absolute ruler, and religion and government were tightly intertwined. Egyptian society was highly stratified, but social mobility was possible through professions like scribe. Hieroglyphic writing and numerous artistic achievements demonstrate the advanced nature of ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document discusses key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization such as their dependence on the Nile River for agriculture and transportation. Egyptians developed irrigation systems and grew crops like barley and wheat. Their social hierarchy was based on wealth and occupation with the Pharaoh as the highest ruler. Religious beliefs centered around gods like Ra and Osiris and rituals like mummification of the dead to preserve bodies for the afterlife. Architectural and scientific achievements included pyramids, hieroglyphic writing, and calendar and mathematical systems.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt and how its isolation allowed it to develop with more security and stability than Mesopotamia. Egyptian society was dominated by the pharaoh, who was seen as a god, and religion, which was polytheistic. The Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms are outlined as the major eras. Key aspects covered include mummification practices, pyramid and tomb construction as indications of Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife, important pharaohs like Hatshepsut and Tutankhamen, and the invasion by Hyksos during the New Kingdom.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history, including details about important periods like the Old Kingdom when the pyramids were built and pharaohs had absolute power. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization are explained such as the importance of the Nile River, polytheistic religious beliefs, and the practice of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife. A timeline outlines the major periods of ancient Egypt from unification under King Narmer to later domination by the Romans.
Ancient Egypt relied heavily on the predictable flooding of the Nile River, which deposited rich soil and enabled agriculture. The pharaohs ruled as absolute leaders and were thought divine. They oversaw the building of massive pyramids and other structures. Egyptians also developed an intricate system of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife, removing organs and wrapping the bodies in linen with amulets. This careful process allowed them to believe the person could use their body again in the next life.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River from around 5000 BCE. The annual flooding of the Nile provided rich soil for agriculture and allowed Egyptians to develop irrigation canals to increase farmland. By 3000 BCE, towns and cities had emerged along the Nile, with Egypt becoming a core civilization in the Mediterranean region. The Old Kingdom period from 2660-2160 BCE saw the rise of a strong central government and construction of pyramids. The Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom periods saw further cultural and artistic advances as well as military expansion. Egyptian society was organized into a rigid class structure with some rights and roles for women. Egypt had a polytheistic religion and positive views of the afterlife
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history from 3100 BC to 671 BC. It describes key periods including the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. It discusses important pharaohs and aspects of Egyptian civilization such as religion, pyramids, mummification, and hieroglyphic writing. The document also notes factors that contributed to the decline and fall of ancient Egypt.
The document discusses key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization such as their dependence on the Nile River for agriculture and transportation. Egyptians developed irrigation systems and grew crops like barley and wheat. Their social hierarchy was based on wealth and occupation with the Pharaoh as the highest ruler. Religious beliefs centered around gods like Ra and Osiris and rituals like mummification of the dead to preserve bodies for the afterlife. Architectural and scientific achievements included pyramids, hieroglyphic writing, and calendar and mathematical systems.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes the geography of Egypt and how its isolation allowed it to develop with more security and stability than Mesopotamia. Egyptian society was dominated by the pharaoh, who was seen as a god, and religion, which was polytheistic. The Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms are outlined as the major eras. Key aspects covered include mummification practices, pyramid and tomb construction as indications of Egyptian beliefs in the afterlife, important pharaohs like Hatshepsut and Tutankhamen, and the invasion by Hyksos during the New Kingdom.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history, including details about important periods like the Old Kingdom when the pyramids were built and pharaohs had absolute power. Key aspects of Egyptian civilization are explained such as the importance of the Nile River, polytheistic religious beliefs, and the practice of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife. A timeline outlines the major periods of ancient Egypt from unification under King Narmer to later domination by the Romans.
Ancient Egypt relied heavily on the predictable flooding of the Nile River, which deposited rich soil and enabled agriculture. The pharaohs ruled as absolute leaders and were thought divine. They oversaw the building of massive pyramids and other structures. Egyptians also developed an intricate system of mummification to preserve bodies for the afterlife, removing organs and wrapping the bodies in linen with amulets. This careful process allowed them to believe the person could use their body again in the next life.
This document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history and geography. It discusses the nine periods of ancient Egyptian history from 3200 BCE to 332 BCE. It also describes Egypt's geography, including the Nile River valley, deserts, climate regions, and natural resources. Finally, it covers Egyptian cultural practices like mummification, hieroglyphic writing systems, and important gods and goddesses.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River from around 5000 BCE. The annual flooding of the Nile provided rich soil for agriculture and allowed Egyptians to develop irrigation canals to increase farmland. By 3000 BCE, towns and cities had emerged along the Nile, with Egypt becoming a core civilization in the Mediterranean region. The Old Kingdom period from 2660-2160 BCE saw the rise of a strong central government and construction of pyramids. The Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom periods saw further cultural and artistic advances as well as military expansion. Egyptian society was organized into a rigid class structure with some rights and roles for women. Egypt had a polytheistic religion and positive views of the afterlife
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian history from 3100 BC to 671 BC. It describes key periods including the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. It discusses important pharaohs and aspects of Egyptian civilization such as religion, pyramids, mummification, and hieroglyphic writing. The document also notes factors that contributed to the decline and fall of ancient Egypt.
Early civilization: Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Persia Michael Granado
1) Mesopotamia was the site of early civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and saw the development of complex societies, cities, writing, and empires like Akkad and Babylon.
2) Sumerian cities like Uruk and Ur developed systems of irrigation canals, surplus agriculture, and specialized occupations, laying the foundations for civilization.
3) Kings like Sargon of Akkad and Hammurabi of Babylon built large empires through military conquest and established some of the world's first legal codes to govern their populations.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the lower Nile River that lasted from around 3150 BC to 30 BC. It began as independent kingdoms that eventually were united and experienced stable periods under powerful rulers, such as the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. The civilization was able to thrive due to stable agriculture supported by annual Nile River floods. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured post and lintel construction with columns decorated to resemble plants. The major religion was polytheistic and centered around gods controlling nature and important myths like that of Osiris and Isis. Egyptians had an elaborate concept of the afterlife involving mummification and tombs to preserve the soul.
The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley over 6,000 years. Key periods included the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period. Egyptian society was governed by pharaohs and centered around agriculture along the Nile. They made advances in tools, timekeeping, and developed hieroglyphic writing to preserve their history, religion, and ideas. Egyptian art and architecture included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Their golden ages occurred during the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization, including its surroundings, history, culture, art, and daily life. It describes Egypt's fertile geography along the Nile River which allowed for early settlements. Around 3000 BC, Egypt was unified under its first pharaoh. Egyptian culture was characterized by religious art depicting gods and pharaohs in a highly stylized and symbolic style, using simple lines, shapes, and colors. Materials like stone, copper, gold, and papyrus were widely used.
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley from around 3150 BC. It was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler and farmers comprising most of the population. The geography of the Nile valley supported the growth of agriculture and trade, which the Egyptians used to build large cities and construct monumental architecture and temples. Egyptian culture had a lasting influence in the areas of art, architecture, religion, and language.
Ancient Egypt developed one of the earliest civilizations along the Nile River valley due to the river's predictable flooding and irrigation. The pharaoh ruled as both political and religious leader, overseeing the construction of temples, laws, taxation, and organized labor. Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh and nobility at the top and farmers, artisans, and laborers at the bottom. Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, built massive pyramids and temples, and practiced mummification as part of their belief in an afterlife. Mathematics and astronomy were also important to ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes Egypt's geography along the Nile River, which provided fertile soil and was important for transportation and irrigation. Early structures for the dead evolved from mastabas to pyramids. Egyptian social classes were based on wealth, occupation, and education. Hieroglyphics was their written language. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and were mummified after death. Egyptians made contributions like calendars, papyrus, irrigation systems, and mathematics. The major gods were Ra, Osiris, Horus, and Anubis.
The document discusses the origins and development of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It began as pictograms carved into clay around 3000 BC to record economic transactions in Sumeria. Over time, the pictograms evolved into wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets using a stylus, which became known as cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was further developed and used by later Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Akkadians and Babylonians to record literature, astronomy, and daily events for about 3000 years until its use declined in the 1st century AD. Knowledge of how to read cuneiform was lost until 1835 when British officer Henry Rawlinson deciphered cuneiform
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan that existed from around 2000 BC to 350 AD. The Nubians established a powerful kingdom and traded extensively with neighboring civilizations like Egypt. They had advanced cultures with artistic styles influenced by Egypt featuring depictions of rulers, religious scenes, and daily life. Religion played an important role in Nubian society, incorporating Egyptian gods while also worshipping their own like Apedemak. Over time, outside influences like Christianity and Islam were adopted by the Nubian people.
Ancient Egypt was a highly advanced civilization that developed along the Nile River valley starting around 3150 BC. It achieved success through organized agriculture, irrigation, dense populations, and social/cultural development. The pharaoh was the absolute ruler, relying on bureaucrats and officials to manage administration, the military, construction projects, trade, and more. The Egyptians made many achievements in construction, mathematics, medicine, ships, and more. Society was stratified but both men and women could own property and had legal rights. Their culture, religion, and highly developed hieroglyphic writing system left enduring legacies.
Ancient Egypt was defined by three main kingdoms - the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of powerful pharaohs and construction of enormous pyramids. The Middle Kingdom was based in Thebes and saw invasions by Hyksos people. The powerful New Kingdom created a large empire but experienced declines as Nubians and others invaded. Egyptian civilization was able to last for thousands of years due to factors like the predictable flooding of the Nile, centralized government and social structure organized around the pharaoh, and natural barriers protecting the country.
Ancient Egypt was centered around the Nile River, which provided fertile land for agriculture. The civilization was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt, which were united under King Menes around 3100 BC. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with powerful pharaohs at the top who were considered divine rulers. Specialized workers such as scribes, artisans, and builders supported the pharaohs and helped construct grand monuments and cities. Religion also played a central role, with polytheistic beliefs influencing how pharaohs governed and the afterlife being an important concept.
The document discusses four early river valley civilizations: the Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, and ancient Chinese civilizations. It focuses on details about the Sumerian civilization, which arose around 3000 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as Mesopotamia. The Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing called cuneiform, and invented tools like the wheel, sail, and plow. They established independent city-states with their own governments, cultures, and religions that worshipped many gods. Over time, empires like those of Sargon of Akkad and the Babylonians united the city-states through conquest.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt, including:
1) The origin and meaning of the name "Egypt" which comes from the ancient capital Memphis meaning "Castle of the soul of Ptah."
2) Key details about Egyptian civilization and its beginnings along the Nile River around 5500 BCE.
3) Important aspects of Egyptian culture like hieroglyphic writing, astronomy, architectural wonders like the pyramids of Giza, and the Great Library of Alexandria.
4) Features of Egyptian religion such as their polytheistic beliefs and some of the most prominent gods like Amun-Ra, Osiris, Anubis, Ra, and Horus.
During the Middle Kingdom (2175-1541 BCE):
- Thebes became the new capital and Egypt was reunited under its rule. Egypt expanded its territory by annexing Nubia and established trade routes.
- Pharaohs like Amenemhat I and the 12th dynasty built large temples and public works projects. They conquered Nubia and established a golden age of literature and craftsmanship.
- Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife changed - common people were now believed to have an afterlife alongside the pharaoh, which influenced Judaism and Christianity. This period marked the peak of Egypt's power before its decline.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
- Sumer was an ancient civilization located in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from around 4500 BC to 2000 BC. It is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
- The Sumerians developed new techniques in agriculture such as irrigation, which allowed cities and states to form along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This led to the development of writing, specialized labor, trade, and greater population densities.
- Sumerian city-states rose to power between 2900 BC to 2334 BC until it was conquered by the Akkadian Empire. After a brief resurgence, Sumerian dominance ended as the region became dominated by Semitic
The document describes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization and its relationship to the Nile River. It explains that the Nile provided stability, unity, and isolation that allowed Egypt to develop as a prosperous kingdom. The river served as a highway for travel and transportation, and also provided irrigation for agriculture. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and contributed to Egypt's power and lasting civilization.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization that developed along the Nile River in northeast Africa around 3400 years ago. It consisted of two kingdoms, upper and lower Egypt, which were referred to as the "black earth." The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and that the Pharaoh was chosen by the gods. They would honor the gods through prayers and rituals conducted in temples that housed statues of the gods. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from around 3100 BC to 330 BC over a series of 30 dynasties, giving rise to the field of Egyptology.
Ancient Egyptians had a stratified society led by a pharaoh. Commoners worked as farmers, craftspeople, soldiers, or scribes. Religion was central to daily life; Egyptians worshipped many gods and built temples in their honor. When people died, their bodies were meticulously mummified and buried with supplies for the afterlife. Egyptian culture had a profound impact and still fascinates people worldwide today.
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization located in North Africa along the Nile River that began around 3150 BCE. It was one of the most important early civilizations and was led by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Ancient Egyptians developed advanced architecture like the Great Pyramids of Giza and had a complex social hierarchy and religion centered around gods like Re. They also had established systems of education, music, clothing and enjoyed leisure activities.
The ancient Egyptian civilization lasted approximately 3000 years and was divided into nine distinct time periods. Daily life was structured around a social hierarchy with the pharaoh at the top. Most Egyptians lived in mud brick houses and ate a diet of bread and beer and some meat and fruits. Children started helping with work around age 5, and wealthy boys could attend school to learn reading, writing, and mathematics. Religion was the most important part of Egyptian life and centered around many gods. Art forms included painting, sculpture, architecture, and pottery.
Early civilization: Mesopotamia, Assyria, and Persia Michael Granado
1) Mesopotamia was the site of early civilization between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers and saw the development of complex societies, cities, writing, and empires like Akkad and Babylon.
2) Sumerian cities like Uruk and Ur developed systems of irrigation canals, surplus agriculture, and specialized occupations, laying the foundations for civilization.
3) Kings like Sargon of Akkad and Hammurabi of Babylon built large empires through military conquest and established some of the world's first legal codes to govern their populations.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization along the lower Nile River that lasted from around 3150 BC to 30 BC. It began as independent kingdoms that eventually were united and experienced stable periods under powerful rulers, such as the Old Kingdom and New Kingdom. The civilization was able to thrive due to stable agriculture supported by annual Nile River floods. Ancient Egyptian architecture featured post and lintel construction with columns decorated to resemble plants. The major religion was polytheistic and centered around gods controlling nature and important myths like that of Osiris and Isis. Egyptians had an elaborate concept of the afterlife involving mummification and tombs to preserve the soul.
The Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley over 6,000 years. Key periods included the Early Dynastic Period, Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Late Period. Egyptian society was governed by pharaohs and centered around agriculture along the Nile. They made advances in tools, timekeeping, and developed hieroglyphic writing to preserve their history, religion, and ideas. Egyptian art and architecture included temples, tombs, and pyramids. Their golden ages occurred during the Old and Middle Kingdoms.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egyptian civilization, including its surroundings, history, culture, art, and daily life. It describes Egypt's fertile geography along the Nile River which allowed for early settlements. Around 3000 BC, Egypt was unified under its first pharaoh. Egyptian culture was characterized by religious art depicting gods and pharaohs in a highly stylized and symbolic style, using simple lines, shapes, and colors. Materials like stone, copper, gold, and papyrus were widely used.
Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River valley from around 3150 BC. It was highly stratified, with the pharaoh as absolute ruler and farmers comprising most of the population. The geography of the Nile valley supported the growth of agriculture and trade, which the Egyptians used to build large cities and construct monumental architecture and temples. Egyptian culture had a lasting influence in the areas of art, architecture, religion, and language.
Ancient Egypt developed one of the earliest civilizations along the Nile River valley due to the river's predictable flooding and irrigation. The pharaoh ruled as both political and religious leader, overseeing the construction of temples, laws, taxation, and organized labor. Egyptian society was highly stratified with the pharaoh and nobility at the top and farmers, artisans, and laborers at the bottom. Egyptians developed hieroglyphic writing, built massive pyramids and temples, and practiced mummification as part of their belief in an afterlife. Mathematics and astronomy were also important to ancient Egyptian civilization.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization. It describes Egypt's geography along the Nile River, which provided fertile soil and was important for transportation and irrigation. Early structures for the dead evolved from mastabas to pyramids. Egyptian social classes were based on wealth, occupation, and education. Hieroglyphics was their written language. Pharaohs ruled as divine kings and were mummified after death. Egyptians made contributions like calendars, papyrus, irrigation systems, and mathematics. The major gods were Ra, Osiris, Horus, and Anubis.
The document discusses the origins and development of cuneiform writing in ancient Mesopotamia. It began as pictograms carved into clay around 3000 BC to record economic transactions in Sumeria. Over time, the pictograms evolved into wedge-shaped symbols pressed into clay tablets using a stylus, which became known as cuneiform. Cuneiform writing was further developed and used by later Mesopotamian civilizations such as the Akkadians and Babylonians to record literature, astronomy, and daily events for about 3000 years until its use declined in the 1st century AD. Knowledge of how to read cuneiform was lost until 1835 when British officer Henry Rawlinson deciphered cuneiform
Nubia was an ancient civilization located along the Nile River in present-day Sudan that existed from around 2000 BC to 350 AD. The Nubians established a powerful kingdom and traded extensively with neighboring civilizations like Egypt. They had advanced cultures with artistic styles influenced by Egypt featuring depictions of rulers, religious scenes, and daily life. Religion played an important role in Nubian society, incorporating Egyptian gods while also worshipping their own like Apedemak. Over time, outside influences like Christianity and Islam were adopted by the Nubian people.
Ancient Egypt was a highly advanced civilization that developed along the Nile River valley starting around 3150 BC. It achieved success through organized agriculture, irrigation, dense populations, and social/cultural development. The pharaoh was the absolute ruler, relying on bureaucrats and officials to manage administration, the military, construction projects, trade, and more. The Egyptians made many achievements in construction, mathematics, medicine, ships, and more. Society was stratified but both men and women could own property and had legal rights. Their culture, religion, and highly developed hieroglyphic writing system left enduring legacies.
Ancient Egypt was defined by three main kingdoms - the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. The Old Kingdom saw the rise of powerful pharaohs and construction of enormous pyramids. The Middle Kingdom was based in Thebes and saw invasions by Hyksos people. The powerful New Kingdom created a large empire but experienced declines as Nubians and others invaded. Egyptian civilization was able to last for thousands of years due to factors like the predictable flooding of the Nile, centralized government and social structure organized around the pharaoh, and natural barriers protecting the country.
Ancient Egypt was centered around the Nile River, which provided fertile land for agriculture. The civilization was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt, which were united under King Menes around 3100 BC. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with powerful pharaohs at the top who were considered divine rulers. Specialized workers such as scribes, artisans, and builders supported the pharaohs and helped construct grand monuments and cities. Religion also played a central role, with polytheistic beliefs influencing how pharaohs governed and the afterlife being an important concept.
The document discusses four early river valley civilizations: the Sumerian, Egyptian, Harappan, and ancient Chinese civilizations. It focuses on details about the Sumerian civilization, which arose around 3000 BCE in the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers known as Mesopotamia. The Sumerians developed one of the earliest systems of writing called cuneiform, and invented tools like the wheel, sail, and plow. They established independent city-states with their own governments, cultures, and religions that worshipped many gods. Over time, empires like those of Sargon of Akkad and the Babylonians united the city-states through conquest.
The document provides information about ancient Egypt, including:
1) The origin and meaning of the name "Egypt" which comes from the ancient capital Memphis meaning "Castle of the soul of Ptah."
2) Key details about Egyptian civilization and its beginnings along the Nile River around 5500 BCE.
3) Important aspects of Egyptian culture like hieroglyphic writing, astronomy, architectural wonders like the pyramids of Giza, and the Great Library of Alexandria.
4) Features of Egyptian religion such as their polytheistic beliefs and some of the most prominent gods like Amun-Ra, Osiris, Anubis, Ra, and Horus.
During the Middle Kingdom (2175-1541 BCE):
- Thebes became the new capital and Egypt was reunited under its rule. Egypt expanded its territory by annexing Nubia and established trade routes.
- Pharaohs like Amenemhat I and the 12th dynasty built large temples and public works projects. They conquered Nubia and established a golden age of literature and craftsmanship.
- Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife changed - common people were now believed to have an afterlife alongside the pharaoh, which influenced Judaism and Christianity. This period marked the peak of Egypt's power before its decline.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
- Sumer was an ancient civilization located in southern Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) from around 4500 BC to 2000 BC. It is considered one of the earliest civilizations in the world.
- The Sumerians developed new techniques in agriculture such as irrigation, which allowed cities and states to form along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This led to the development of writing, specialized labor, trade, and greater population densities.
- Sumerian city-states rose to power between 2900 BC to 2334 BC until it was conquered by the Akkadian Empire. After a brief resurgence, Sumerian dominance ended as the region became dominated by Semitic
The document describes key aspects of ancient Egyptian civilization and its relationship to the Nile River. It explains that the Nile provided stability, unity, and isolation that allowed Egypt to develop as a prosperous kingdom. The river served as a highway for travel and transportation, and also provided irrigation for agriculture. The annual flooding of the Nile enriched the soil and contributed to Egypt's power and lasting civilization.
Ancient Egypt was a civilization that developed along the Nile River in northeast Africa around 3400 years ago. It consisted of two kingdoms, upper and lower Egypt, which were referred to as the "black earth." The Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and that the Pharaoh was chosen by the gods. They would honor the gods through prayers and rituals conducted in temples that housed statues of the gods. Ancient Egyptian civilization lasted from around 3100 BC to 330 BC over a series of 30 dynasties, giving rise to the field of Egyptology.
Ancient Egyptians had a stratified society led by a pharaoh. Commoners worked as farmers, craftspeople, soldiers, or scribes. Religion was central to daily life; Egyptians worshipped many gods and built temples in their honor. When people died, their bodies were meticulously mummified and buried with supplies for the afterlife. Egyptian culture had a profound impact and still fascinates people worldwide today.
Ancient Egypt was an ancient civilization located in North Africa along the Nile River that began around 3150 BCE. It was one of the most important early civilizations and was led by powerful pharaohs who were believed to be gods. Ancient Egyptians developed advanced architecture like the Great Pyramids of Giza and had a complex social hierarchy and religion centered around gods like Re. They also had established systems of education, music, clothing and enjoyed leisure activities.
The ancient Egyptian civilization lasted approximately 3000 years and was divided into nine distinct time periods. Daily life was structured around a social hierarchy with the pharaoh at the top. Most Egyptians lived in mud brick houses and ate a diet of bread and beer and some meat and fruits. Children started helping with work around age 5, and wealthy boys could attend school to learn reading, writing, and mathematics. Religion was the most important part of Egyptian life and centered around many gods. Art forms included painting, sculpture, architecture, and pottery.
River civilizations such as Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ancient China, and Ancient India developed along major rivers like the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and Indus Rivers respectively. Mesopotamia, located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was home to several influential empires like the Sumerians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians, Hittites, Phoenicians, and Hebrews. Many innovations originated in Mesopotamian civilizations, including the first writing system of cuneiform, advanced mathematics, astronomy, law codes, and iron manufacturing.
Ancient Egypt existed along the Nile River from 2800 BC to 1300 AD. The Egyptians made many discoveries and innovations, including a 365 day calendar, hieroglyphic writing, ships and sailing, irrigation techniques like the shaduf, and grand architecture like pyramids and the Sphinx. They also developed an intricate belief system involving gods like Osiris and Isis and the important role of the pharaoh. Trade was important between Egypt and other civilizations, and agriculture near the Nile provided a foundation for food like wheat, barley and grapes.
This document provides an overview of Egyptian civilization from pre-dynastic times through the Roman period. It outlines the major dynasties that ruled ancient Egypt, including the Old Kingdom, New Kingdom, and Ptolemaic Dynasty. Key figures like Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun, and Ramesses II are mentioned. The document also briefly discusses aspects of daily life, religion, architecture, art, and achievements in fields like medicine, technology, and mathematics.
This document outlines resources for teaching students about Ancient Egypt. It provides rationales for focusing on this topic and using technology. Websites, videos, podcasts, and apps are suggested for learning about Egyptian artifacts, history, and daily life. Graphic organizers, puzzles, and timelines are recommended teaching materials. Guidelines are given for evaluating reliable sources online. A collaborative blog is proposed for students to discuss their research.
2013 History of Civilization - Chapter IIDimitry Bubis
Ancient Egypt was a highly advanced civilization that lasted over 3000 years, from around 3100 BCE to 332 BCE. Some key aspects included:
- The Egyptians developed one of the earliest written languages, hieroglyphics, which was used for religious texts and literature.
- Society was highly stratified but stable, centered around the ruler (the pharaoh) and religion, with an emphasis on the afterlife.
- Major dynasties included the Old Kingdom, which saw the building of the iconic pyramids; the New Kingdom, during which the Egyptian empire reached its greatest extent; and the later periods including the Amarna period under Akhenaten.
- Egyptian culture left behind many architectural and
The document discusses several key pharaohs who contributed to Egypt's New Kingdom period of power and expansion. Ahmose rid Egypt of the Hyksos and established trade, expanding Egypt's borders. Amenhotep expanded further into Nubia and built a new capital. Thutmose fully established the warrior pharaoh concept and took control of Nubian resources. Hatshepsut encouraged trade instead of warfare and sent trading expeditions. Tuthmosis III organized soldiers to defeat enemies and created Egypt's largest empire. Religion greatly influenced Egyptian society and culture.
Ancient Egypt lasted over 3,000 years due to natural barriers protecting it. It was located along the middle and lower Nile River, surrounded by deserts to the east and west and the Mediterranean Sea to the north. Major cities included those along the Nile like Memphis, which became the early capital. Egyptian society was stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top and slaves at the bottom. Families, marriage, and childrearing were important cultural institutions.
Ancient Egypt had a thriving civilization along the Nile River from around 3000-2500 BC. The Egyptians built massive pyramids, including the Great Pyramids of Giza, to serve as tombs for pharaohs. Everyday life was organized around religion, with gods like Ra and rituals like mummification of the dead. The absolute monarchy was ruled by pharaohs considered divine beings, while hieroglyphics and art provided insights into Egyptian culture, mythology, and way of life.
Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest and most influential civilizations. The document provides background information on Ancient Egypt, including that the name 'Egypt' comes from the Greek name for the country. It discusses some of Egypt's major river valley civilizations and highlights the importance of the predictable flooding of the Nile River in the development of Egyptian settlements and agriculture. Key sites from Ancient Egypt are described, such as the pyramids at Giza and structures built during the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Ancient Egyptian cities, tomb types (such as mastabas and rock-cut tombs), and religious sites (like Karnak and Luxor Temple) are also outlined.
The document discusses key features of ancient Egyptian civilization, including its geography centered around the Nile River, polytheistic religion focused on death and the afterlife, and division of history into the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It notes Egypt's early unification and stable political conditions allowed its culture to remain largely unchanged for thousands of years, unlike Mesopotamia. Key figures mentioned include King Menes, who united Upper and Lower Egypt, and King Tutankhamun, whose intact tomb was a major archaeological discovery.
The ancient Egyptians developed a great civilization along the fertile banks of the Nile River around 3200 BC. The Nile provided water for irrigation and its annual flooding deposited rich silt on the land. Egypt was divided into Upper and Lower Egypt, and was unified under King Menes around 3100 BC. Egyptian society was stratified, with kings, nobles, priests, skilled workers, peasants, and slaves. The Egyptians built large pyramids and temples and also achieved advancements in art, architecture, mathematics, and writing in hieroglyphics. Egyptian religion was closely tied to the pharaoh and centered around beliefs about the afterlife.
Ancient Egypt was located along the fertile banks of the Nile River in northeast Africa. The Nile provided water for crops and was considered Egypt's "lifeline". Egyptian history is divided into the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom periods. Hieroglyphs were the written language of ancient Egypt and were used for over 3,500 years. Papyrus, made from reeds along the Nile, was invented by the Egyptians and was used to write important stories and documents. Religion played a major role in Egyptian society, and elaborate funeral practices like mummification were used to prepare people for the afterlife.
Ancient Egypt prospered due to its stable government structure and interaction with other cultures. The Egyptian empire was first formed along the fertile Nile River valley. A unified kingdom was established around 3100 BC under King Menes, beginning the Old Kingdom period of pyramid building. Subsequent kingdoms including the Middle Kingdom and New Kingdom expanded Egypt's territories and established trade networks, while maintaining political and religious rule centered on the pharaoh.
What do you know about EGYPT ? (Dec.05,2012)Ahmad Usama
This document provides information about Egypt. It begins with the origin of Egypt's name and discusses the meaning of names like Kemet and Misr. It then covers Egypt's flag and its evolution over time. The document locates Egypt in Africa and provides a political map. Additional sections discuss Egypt's geography, climate, economy, and key features like the Nile River.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Egyptian culture such as geography, society, and artifacts found in King Tut's intact tomb. The Nile River was the lifeblood of Egypt, providing fertile soil and access to trade. Egyptian society was divided into classes like the royal family, nobles, and slaves. King Tut's tomb, discovered in 1922, contained hieroglyphs providing insight into Egyptian language and culture, as well as well-preserved artifacts like jewelry, decorative arts, and mummified remains.
The document provides an overview of ancient Egypt from 3100 BCE to 30 BCE. It describes the importance of the Nile river to Egyptian civilization, noting that it was the sole water source and provided fertile soil during predictable annual floods. Key historical highlights included the unification of Egypt under King Menes in 3100 BCE, the construction of pyramids such as the Great Pyramids of Giza, and the Exodus of Hebrew slaves under Ramses II in the 13th century BCE. The document poses the research question of whether ancient Egypt was truly a stable civilization.
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
The ancient Egyptians developed one of the earliest and most influential civilizations due to the reliable flooding of the Nile River. The Nile provided fertile soil and transportation, allowing the Egyptians to develop a stable agricultural society. Religion and the pharaoh played a central role in Egyptian culture and helped organize society. The Egyptians also made advances in architecture, art, science, and writing with their development of hieroglyphics. They had a strong belief in the afterlife which was evident through their practices of mummification and construction of pyramids and tombs.
The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, providing fertile land for agriculture. Its predictable annual flooding enriched the soil and allowed Egyptians to develop permanent settlements along its banks. The river also served as the primary transportation route, connecting all parts of Egypt. Cut off from outside influences by deserts, Egyptian culture evolved uniquely with a focus on religion, the pharaoh's divine rule, and grand architecture like the pyramids and temples built from stone. While the exact methods are unknown, it is believed the pyramids were constructed using ramps and lever systems requiring a large workforce of laborers and artisans. Egyptian society was highly stratified but opportunities existed for social mobility through professions like scribe.
The ancient Egyptians developed one of the earliest and most influential civilizations due to the rich soil along the Nile River valley. The flooding of the Nile provided irrigation for crops and allowed the Egyptians to establish permanent settlements. Over thousands of years, the Egyptians built an advanced society with powerful rulers, an elaborate religion, skilled artisans and architects, and a system of hieroglyphic writing. Some of their most impressive architectural achievements were the pyramids and other structures constructed out of stone, though how exactly they were able to move and position such massive blocks remains a mystery.
- The Nile River was essential to the development of ancient Egyptian civilization, flooding the valley annually and depositing rich soil that allowed for agriculture. Egypt was protected on most sides by desert, allowing its culture to develop uniquely.
- The Egyptians built massive stone structures like the pyramids and temples using architectural skills and large workforces, and decorated them with paintings, carvings, and statues that depicted religious stories and pharaonic history.
- Egyptian society was stratified with the pharaoh as divine ruler at the top and peasants, scribes, and other workers below, and the country was governed through a bureaucracy headed by viziers that also organized large construction projects.
The foundations of all science and art were laid on the banks of the River Nile before Christ, according to the statement. The Nile River was vital for the development of ancient Egyptian civilization. It provided fertile land for farming and transportation routes, allowing Egypt to develop independent of outside influences. Key developments that emerged in ancient Egypt included mathematics, astronomy, architecture, art, medicine, and a writing system of hieroglyphs. Religion and the monarchy were tightly intertwined and helped organize society through construction projects, laws, taxation, and trade.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River from around 3900 BCE. Key periods included the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Egyptian civilization was unified by the river for transportation and enriched by annual flooding. The Egyptians built monumental structures like the pyramids and temples from stone using skilled labor. Their highly organized society was led by pharaohs who ruled as divine kings and heads of state and religion. Agriculture, trade, and a rigid social hierarchy supported the population.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River from around 3900 BCE. Key periods included the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Egyptian civilization was unified by the river for transportation and enriched by annual flooding. The Egyptians built monumental structures like the pyramids and temples from stone using skilled labor. Their highly organized society was led by pharaohs who ruled as divine kings and heads of state and religion. Agriculture, trade, and a rigid social hierarchy supported the population.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River from around 3900 BCE. Key periods included the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Egyptian civilization was unified by the river for transportation and enriched by annual flooding. The Egyptians built monumental structures like the pyramids and temples from stone using skilled labor. Their highly organized society was led by pharaohs who ruled as divine kings and heads of state and religion. Agriculture, trade, and a rigid social hierarchy supported the population.
The document provides information about ancient Egyptian architecture. It discusses the geography and fertile land along the Nile River that allowed civilization to develop. It describes the government system with the pharaoh at the top. Major architectural structures included tombs like mastabas and pyramids, as well as temples and palaces. The largest and most famous structures were the pyramids located at Giza, including the Great Pyramid of Khufu. The pyramid complexes included mortuary temples, causeways, and subsidiary pyramids. The document provides details about the interior chambers and construction of the largest pyramids.
The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization between 1450-1100 BC. It describes the geography of Egypt centered around the Nile River, which was essential for agriculture and trade. It then outlines the three main periods of Egyptian rule: the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. Key developments included the Old Kingdom organizing a strong central state and building pyramids, the Middle Kingdom experiencing invasions and rebellions, and the New Kingdom expanding Egyptian rule. The document also summarizes Egyptian religious beliefs, architecture, and aspects of daily life like the class system.
Ancient Egyptians made many contributions to modern society. They developed hieroglyphics, one of the earliest writing systems, as well as early forms of mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. Egyptian society was highly stratified, with pharaohs and nobles at the top, followed by priests, scribes, artisans, and peasants and slaves at the bottom. Religion and the afterlife were extremely important in Egyptian culture, shown through practices like mummification and building pyramids and temples.
THIS PRESENTATION SHOWS THE EXISTENCE OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE IN EGYPT.
MODERN BUILDINGS SHOWS THE CLEAR REFLECTION OF ISLAMIC AND EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE.
SOME FAMOUS THINGS OR PLACES WAS MENTION IN THIS PPT SUCH AS THE GREAT PYRAMID OF GIZA.
I HOPE YOU SHOULD LIKE THE PPT AND KNOWS MORE ABOUT TECHNICAL AS WELL AS WONDERING INFORMATION ABOUT EGYPT.
THANK YOU
ER.SHAHA ZIM
AMU ALIGARH.
The document provides information on Egyptian tomb architecture and decoration over different periods from the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It discusses the evolution from early mastabas for kings and nobles to later pyramid structures. Mastabas were rectangular above-ground tombs with offering chapels and hidden rooms for statues. Later, pyramids housed royal burial chambers. Nobles had less elaborate decorated mastabas. Workers in the New Kingdom had modest privately-built tombs. The document also gives details on the Great Sphinx at Giza and sphinxes as emblems of Egypt.
Ancient Egypt developed along the fertile banks of the Nile River in an otherwise hot and dry desert region. The Nile flooded regularly, leaving behind nutrient-rich silt to support agriculture. Egypt was originally divided into Upper and Lower Egypt, which were united under the first pharaoh Menes around 3100 BC. Egyptian civilization was highly organized with powerful pharaohs at the top of a stratified society that included priests, scribes, artisans, and other specialized workers who constructed pyramids, hieroglyphs, and advanced cities. The Egyptians also made technological advances in tools, calendars, and other innovations supported by the stable agricultural surplus along the Nile.
The document provides an overview of the history and features of ancient Egyptian civilization from 3000 BC to 395 AD. It describes the major historical periods and dynasties, including the Old, Middle, and New Kingdoms. It also summarizes key aspects of Egyptian society such as religion, architecture, economy, and burial practices. Major sites mentioned include Memphis, Thebes, and the Giza pyramids. The evolution of burial techniques from pit graves to mastabas to step pyramids is outlined.
By 5000 BC, hunter-gatherers had settled in the fertile Nile River valley in Egypt. They farmed the land and built villages, becoming the earliest Egyptians. The Nile provided water for drinking, fishing, farming, and transportation, and its regular flooding deposited rich soil. The geography of Egypt, with deserts and cataracts, protected it from invaders. Egyptian civilization grew prosperous due to fertile land and relative isolation.
The document provides an introduction to ancient Egyptian civilization, which thrived along the Nile River from 3300 BC to 30 BC. Key aspects summarized include: the geography of Egypt centered around the Nile River valley; the religion being based around many gods and rituals; and architectural achievements including pyramids, temples, and tombs that provide information on their culture and way of life. The civilization had a sophisticated understanding of mathematics, architecture, language and writing in hieroglyphics, and produced vast written works despite lacking formal schools. The Nile River was integral to the rise of this long-lasting civilization, providing water, transportation and fertile soil.
Erikson's psychosocial development theory describes growth through 8 stages focusing on social interactions and conflicts. Behavioral theories view development as shaped by environmental influences and learning through reinforcement. The 4 main domains of child development are communication, physical, social/emotional, and cognitive, and development progresses through milestones and characteristics in each stage.
Children may misbehave when feeling inadequate or not good enough about themselves. They may withdraw from tasks or activities to cope with these uncomfortable feelings. When children feel inadequate, they may feel unworthy or inferior to others. As a result, children sometimes act out by withdrawing, having a pessimistic attitude, or putting themselves down, as they lack the tools to properly communicate these feelings. Parents can help by being responsive to their children's emotional needs, spending quality time focusing on them, expressing love through words and actions, and reminding children that they are special and loved.
The SAMR model created by Dr. Ruben Puentedura categorizes ways that technology can be used in education into four levels: substitution, augmentation, modification, and redefinition. Substitution involves using technology for similar tasks as traditional approaches without functional change, such as writing essays in WordPress instead of by hand. Augmentation includes some functional improvement, such as adding interactive comments to an e-book. At higher levels, modification and redefinition use technology to allow new tasks like collaborating or communicating in new ways that were not possible without technology. The SAMR model helps educators evaluate how technology integrates with pedagogy.
Passive learning is a method where the learner receives information without direct interaction with an instructor, such as through reading textbooks, watching videos, or attending seminars. It improves writing, listening, organizational, and analytical skills. In contrast, active learning involves more engagement with the material, such as writing blogs or essays analyzing information, explaining videos, or preparing presentations on lectures.
Scaffolding is a teaching method where students learn with the help of teachers or more advanced peers to achieve learning goals beyond what they could do independently. The theory behind scaffolding is that students learn more through collaboration with others who have a wider range of skills and knowledge. Scaffolding helps students expand their learning within their Zone of Proximal Development, which is the set of skills they can perform with assistance that are just above their current ability level.
The Peter Principle document discusses the work and ideas of Laurence J. Peter, a Canadian teacher and author best known for his 1969 book The Peter Principle. The central thesis of Peter's book is that "in a hierarchy, every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." Specifically, the Peter Principle observes that employees are promoted up through an organization's hierarchy until they reach a level at which they are no longer competent to perform the duties of their new role. As a result, each position in the hierarchy will eventually be filled by an employee who is incompetent for that job.
Peer observation involves two teachers observing each other's teaching practices to provide feedback and help each other improve. It is a two-way process where both the observer and observed teacher can benefit. Benefits include focusing on individual needs, learning from peers, building a professional community, and continuing to improve teaching practices to better promote student learning.
There are several types of assessments: pre-assessment evaluates students' skills and knowledge before instruction, formative assessment monitors learning progress during instruction, and summative assessment evaluates learning outcomes at the end of instruction. Other types include confirmative assessment which evaluates long-term impacts after instruction, norm-referenced assessment which compares students to average peers, and criterion-referenced assessment which measures students against predetermined learning standards. Ipsative assessment measures individual student performance against their own past performances.
Children may misbehave as a way to seek power and control when they feel like they don't have any. Misbehaviors like screaming "no", refusing to comply, or throwing tantrums are ways for children to exert the control they desire. Rather than fighting with children over control, it is better to give them appropriate ways to feel powerful by allowing choices over small decisions and activities. Giving children a sense of power and control in constructive ways can help avoid power struggles and misbehaviors.
The document discusses why children seek revenge and how adults should respond. Children may feel a need for revenge when they lose a power struggle or feel hurt, in order to get even. They may express this through hurtful words, actions, or stares. Adults should avoid feeling hurt themselves or seeking retaliation, and instead focus on building trust and showing the child unconditional love.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist who developed the theory of operant conditioning, which holds that behavior is determined by its consequences. Through reinforcement or punishment, operant conditioning modifies the probability that a behavior will occur again in the future. Skinner believed that psychology should focus on observable behaviors rather than internal mental processes. He developed the Skinner box to efficiently study how animals learn behaviors through consequences like rewards or punishments delivered in a controlled environment.
Laird was an American pioneer in training and human resources development born in 1921. He developed a sensory theory of learning that states learning occurs best when the five senses are stimulated, with seeing accounting for 75% of learning, hearing 13%, and the remaining senses of touch, taste, and smell making up 12%. Laird's theory, outlined in his book "The Approaches to Training and Development", recommends using examples, practical experiments, and lectures to stimulate different senses and maximize learning.
Cognitive flexibility or intellectual flexibility refers to thinking in multiple directions from different points of view and perspectives rather than a rigid or narrow approach. Someone with cognitive flexibility is independent, creative, innovative, and able to change and adapt their thinking according to the current situation by merging and mixing diverse perspectives. They do not restrict themselves to thinking in just one direction or silo like a rigid structure used to store grain.
TPACK is a framework that describes the set of knowledge teachers need to effectively integrate technology into their teaching. It includes:
1) Content knowledge - knowledge of the subject matter;
2) Pedagogical knowledge - knowledge of teaching methods; and
3) Technological knowledge - knowledge of digital tools and platforms.
The goal of TPACK is to understand how to use technology to enhance student learning by teaching concepts in interactive and engaging ways using tools like videos, discussions, and games within a learning management system. Common elements include combining content knowledge with technological knowledge or pedagogical knowledge. For example, using videos instead of just text in an online course demonstrates greater technological content knowledge.
Carl Rogers was an American psychologist who founded the humanistic approach in psychology. He believed that people have an innate tendency to self-actualize and fulfill their potential. According to Rogers, self-actualization occurs when people are in a state of congruence, where their self-concept matches their experiences. Like Maslow, Rogers thought self-actualization involved becoming the best version of oneself. He also believed people will thrive if they are in an environment that allows them to reach their full potential, similar to how flowers will grow in optimal conditions.
Lee Canter was a renowned expert in classroom management and former teacher who developed Assertive Discipline. Assertive Discipline emphasizes the teacher taking full control of the classroom by establishing clear behavior rules and consequences that students understand. This allows teachers to address discipline issues without disrupting learning. Canter discovered the approach from a teacher who maintained a near-perfect attitude that she would not tolerate students stopping lessons and that all would succeed because she would not let them fail.
This document outlines the requirements for obtaining a teaching license, including professional practices related to planning, instruction, assessment, interaction, and professional development. Candidates must demonstrate competency in classroom instruction, teaching strategies, and using various assessment practices and tools to analyze student performance and identify gaps compared to international benchmarks.
Rudolf Dreikurs developed Alfred Adler's theory of individual psychology into a method for understanding misbehavior in children. Dreikurs' classroom management theory views misbehavior as a child's way of communicating and seeking to fit in. The theory classifies four goals of misbehavior: attention-getting, power and control, revenge, and feelings of inadequacy. For attention-seeking behaviors specifically, the document recommends giving children positive attention to meet their need for feeling significant, rather than just reacting negatively to their misbehaviors.
Thorndike proposed three major laws of learning: 1) The law of effect states that behaviors followed by pleasant consequences will be repeated while unpleasant consequences will be avoided, meaning teaching must be interesting to encourage learning. 2) The law of exercise, also known as the law of use and disuse, suggests that connections are strengthened with practice but weakened without practice. 3) The law of readiness proposes that learning cannot occur unless the student is prepared and ready, requiring an aroused action tendency through preparatory adjustment or attitude.
A positive school culture helps both teachers and students grow through minimizing communication gaps between teachers, parents, and students; ensuring the school supports boosting new skills among their team; and providing professional development to fill or reduce gaps. The expected areas of growth for teachers include planning, teaching methodology, integrations, use of ICT, extra-curricular activities, external assessment, Bloom's taxonomy, class management, differentiated instructions, student engagement, and assessment.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
How to Make a Field Mandatory in Odoo 17Celine George
In Odoo, making a field required can be done through both Python code and XML views. When you set the required attribute to True in Python code, it makes the field required across all views where it's used. Conversely, when you set the required attribute in XML views, it makes the field required only in the context of that particular view.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
How to Setup Warehouse & Location in Odoo 17 InventoryCeline George
In this slide, we'll explore how to set up warehouses and locations in Odoo 17 Inventory. This will help us manage our stock effectively, track inventory levels, and streamline warehouse operations.
Beyond Degrees - Empowering the Workforce in the Context of Skills-First.pptxEduSkills OECD
Iván Bornacelly, Policy Analyst at the OECD Centre for Skills, OECD, presents at the webinar 'Tackling job market gaps with a skills-first approach' on 12 June 2024
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
3. The NILE RIVER , the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from
the heart of Africa to the Mediterranean Sea. Its flood plain was a magnet for life --
human, plant and animal. Humans were drawn there because they could grow crops
and settle into permanent villages.
4. Bounded on the south,
east and west by an
impenetrable desert, and
on the north by the sea,
ANCIENT EGYPT was
protected from outside
influences, which allowed
it to evolve in its own
unique way.
5. For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a
thick layer of alluvial soil. Flooding occurred from July to September as the result of
the tropical rains in the Ethiopian tableland. The river attained its highest level in
October, then began to recede to its lowest point sometime between April and June.
6. TRANSPORTATION: The Nile River was the highway that joined the country
together. Up until the nineteenth century, travel by land was virtually unknown.
7. DUALITIES, such as
desert and river valley,
Upper and Lower Egypt,
life and death, were an
important organizing
principle of the
Egyptian’s world view.
8.
9. ARCHITECTURE: The
ancient Egyptians built their
pyramids, tombs, temples
and palaces out of STONE,
the most durable of all
building materials.
These building projects
took a high degree of
architectural and
engineering SKILL, and the
organization of a LARGE
WORKFORCE consisting
of highly trained craftsmen
and laborers.
10. Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were decorated with PAINTINGS,
CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL
STATUES. The art tells the story of the pharaohs, the gods, the common people
and the natural world of plants, birds and animals.
11.
12.
13.
14. One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the
PYRAMIDS. How did humans move such massive blocks of stone using only Stone
Age tools? The Egyptians left thousands of illustrations depicting daily life in the Old
Kingdom. Curiously enough, none of them show how pyramids were built.
SEVERAL THEORIES attempt to explain how pyramids were constructed, but for
now, the mystery has yet to be solved.
15. One theory suggests that RAMPS were used to haul the stone
blocks on wooden sleds up the side of the pyramids. The ramps
were lubricated with water to reduce friction when hauling the blocks.
As few as 10 men were needed to drag a stone block up a ramp.
may have been several ramps on each side of the pyramid at
different levels, and a ramp may have been coiled around the
pyramid as it grew in height. Once a stone block reached its desired
level, wooden rockers may have been used to maneuver it into
position.
The Ramp Theory
20. THE WOODEN CRANE THEORY suggests that a wooden crane with a
counterweight on one end may have been used to lift the blocks from one
level to the next.
This theory has been DISPUTED, since the Egyptians did not have access to
trees that were strong enough for this type of work.
The average weight of the STONE BLOCKS used to build the Great Pyramid
at Giza has been estimated at 2.5 TONS. Such an enormous weight would
undoubtedly break a wooden crane before the block could be lifted.
THE PULLEY AND FULCRUM THEORY: Another possibility involves the
use of pulleys to hoist the blocks up the ramps and fulcrums to manipulate
the blocks into place. Pulleys were used on ships at the time.
Other Pyramid-Construction Theories
21. The pyramids were probably NOT BUILT BY SLAVES because slave labor was
not widely used in Egypt at the time. PEASANT FARMERS, however, were
required to spend a number of weeks working on construction projects. This
provided the paid labor needed to build these gigantic structures. Since the fields
were under water during the summer, wages earned in building the gigantic
pyramids SUPPLEMENTED THE FAMILY'S INCOME.
22. Pyramids did not stand alone; they were part of a FUNERARY COMPLEX. The
complex includes a PROCESSIONAL CAUSEWAY that links a FUNERARY
TEMPLE to the pyramid, SOLAR BARQUES buried on the four sides of the
pyramid, and MASTABAS and smaller pyramids where the family of the king
and nobles were buried
23.
24. • GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The
PHARAOH was the head of State and the divine representative of the
gods on earth.
• Religion and government brought order to society through:
– The construction of TEMPLES
– The creation of LAWS
– TAXATION
– The ORGANIZATION OF LABOR
– TRADE with neighbors
– The DEFENCE of the country’s interests.
25. • The PHAROAH was at the top of the social
hierarchy.
Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the co-
operation of all levels of the population.
• Under them were the HIGH PRIESTS,
followed by ROYAL OVERSEERS
(administrators) who ensured that the
42 DISTRICT GOVERNORS carried out
the pharaoh's orders.
• Next to him, the most powerful officers
were the VIZIERS, the executive heads of
the bureaucracy.
• At the bottom of the hierarchy
were the SCRIBES, ARTISANS,
FARMERS, and LABORERS.
26. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS
represented themselves in writings and sculptured reliefs on temple walls.
They often DEPICTED THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-
handedly killed scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.
27. Not all the pharaohs were
men. Before the Graeco-
Roman period, at least
three WOMEN ascended
the throne, the most
important being Queen
HATSHEPSUT.
28. ROYAL WOMEN: Royal mothers,
wives, and daughters derived their
status from their relationship with
the king.
Kings had MANY WIVES and royal
families were large.
The most prolific was Rameses II,
who had eight wives and over a
hundred children.
To keep the royal bloodline pure,
kings often MARRIED within their
family, a SISTER or half sister, for
example.
In a few cases, they married their
DAUGHTERS, although it is not
clear whether or not these
marriages were true conjugal
unions.
29. Next to pharaoh, the most powerful
officer in the hierarchy was the VIZIER,
the EXECUTIVE HEAD of the
bureaucracy.
The position of vizier was filled by a
prince or a person of exceptional ability.
His title is translated as
"superintendent of all works of the king.“
As the SUPREME JUDGE of the state,
the vizier ruled on all petitions and
grievances brought to the court.
All ROYAL COMMANDS passed
through his hands before being
transmitted to the scribes in his office.
They in turn dispatched orders to the
heads of distant towns and villages, and
dictated the rules and regulations
related to the collection of taxes.
30. The ancient Egyptians remained very conscious of SOCIAL
STRATIFICATION, and barriers between the classes were quite rigid.
Climbing the social ladder was difficult, but it could be achieved through
outstanding accomplishments in professions such as that of the scribes
and the MILITARY.
The military took part in WARFARE and TRADE missions, helping to
maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories.
31.
32. The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE was one of the earliest languages to be written
down, perhaps only the Sumerian language is older.
First appearing on stone and pottery dating from 3100 B.C. to 3000 B.C., it
remained in use for almost 3,000 years.
The last inscription was written in A.D. 394.
33. The word HIEROGLYPH literally
means "sacred carvings". The
Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for
inscriptions carved or painted on
temple walls.
This form of PICTORIAL WRITING
was also used on:
• Tombs
• Sheets of papyrus
• Wooden boards covered with a
stucco wash
• Potsherds
• Fragments of limestone.
34. The ancient language was written by SCRIBES who, from a young age, went
through a long apprenticeship before they mastered the skill of writing.
The ability to write guaranteed a SUPERIOR RANK IN SOCIETY and the
possibility of career advancement.
CLIMBING THE SOCIAL LADDER was difficult, but it could be achieved
through outstanding accomplishments in professions such as that of the
scribes and the military.
35. Be a scribe. It will save youBe a scribe. It will save you
from toil and protect you fromfrom toil and protect you from
every kind of work. It willevery kind of work. It will
spare you from bearing hoespare you from bearing hoe
and mattock, so that you willand mattock, so that you will
not have to carry a basket. Itnot have to carry a basket. It
will keep you from plying thewill keep you from plying the
oar and spare you all manneroar and spare you all manner
of hardships.of hardships.
-- Excerpt from a text used in the New
Kingdom for the instruction of scribes.
36. Papyrus Plant
Papyrus Sheet
Animation of paper-making process
To make the paper-like writing material, the exterior of
the PAPYRUS stem was discarded and the interior was
cut into thin strips.
The strips were soaked in water and beaten to break
down and flatten the fibers.
They were then layered crosswise and lengthwise to
produce a sheet, which was beaten again to mesh the
strips together.
Weights were placed on the sheets while they dried.
Once dry, the sheets were rolled up and stored until
needed.
37. DRAFTSMEN were scribes who
specialized in drawing.
They followed a formula that
makes standing and sitting
figures look stiff.
Using a traditional grid of 18
squares, they sketched figures
according to a predetermined
pattern, making no attempt to
show perspective.
The eyes and shoulders are
drawn from the front and the
face, torso, arms and legs
38. Sacred texts, known as the PYRAMID TEXTS, were written on the inner passages
and the walls of the burial chamber.
They were intended to help the pharaohs travel through the afterworld, to secure
regeneration and eternal life.
The Pyramid Texts are considered the oldest body of religious writings in the world.
39. COFFIN TEXTS
emphasized the afterlife
and helped the
deceased find their way
in the afterworld.
Inscribed inside the
coffins of Middle
Kingdom high officials,
they consist of over
1,000 spells (prayers for
protection and
empowerment).
I was the one who beganI was the one who began
(everything), the dweller in the(everything), the dweller in the
Primeval Waters.Primeval Waters.
First Hahu* emerged from meFirst Hahu* emerged from me
and then I began to move.and then I began to move.
I created my limbs in my 'glory'I created my limbs in my 'glory'
I was the maker of myself,I was the maker of myself,
in that I formed myselfin that I formed myself
according to my desire andaccording to my desire and
in accord with my heart.in accord with my heart.
-- Egyptian High God-- Egyptian High God
*The wind*The wind which began the separationwhich began the separation
of the waters and raised the skyof the waters and raised the sky
40. The JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD was a way of attaining new life. The deceased
were taken before OSIRIS and their hearts were weighed on a scale, against a
feather representing MAAT, the goddess of truth and justice.
Those who were good passed through to the new life as transfigured spirits.
Those who were judged as wicked, were tossed to the goddess AMEMET, "the
swallower." who was portrayed as having the rear of a hippopotamus, the fore of a
lion, and the head of a crocodile.
Osiris Maat Amemet
41. The BOOK OF THE DEAD
contains approximately 190
chapters of spells to assist
the deceased on their
voyage to eternity.
Texts were originally
written on papyrus and
placed near the dead.
One spell was inscribed on
a heart scarab –an amulet
placed over the heart either
within the mummy's
bandages or inside the
body.
Later, the spells were
written on strips of linen
that were wrapped around
the mummies.
42.
43. RELIGION is the glue that binds local communities together and transforms them
into nations. It creates common understandings and shared values that are
essential to the growth of a civilization.
44. By looking at ancient Egypt, one
can see how belief systems
evolved.
In the early stages of human
thought, the concept of God did
not exist.
Our early ancestors were
concerned about natural
phenomena and the powers that
controlled these phenomena.
They did not worship a
personalized form of God.
This stage of religious
development is referred to as
MAGICAL.
Before the concept
of God existed,
magical power was
encapsulated in the
hieroglyph of a
SCEPTER (or rod
or staff).
45. As human society evolved,
people gradually gained a degree
of personal identity.
With a higher sense of
individuality, humans began to
conceive the gods in a
personalized form.
This stage in development is
called MYTHICAL.
In Egypt, this process began
during the late prehistoric period,
when writing was being invented
and myths were being
formulated.
46. At that stage, every Egyptian town had its own particular deity represented by
an ANIMAL (such as a cat-goddess, cobra-goddess, ibis-god or jackal-god).
Eventually, these gods and goddesses were given HUMAN BODIES and
credited with human attributes and activities.
The temples in the major cities throughout the land were constructed to
venerate LOCAL GODS.
During the New Kingdom, these temples honored a TRIAD OF GODS based
on the pattern established by the mythical family of OSIRIS, ISIS and
HORUS.
Osiris Isis Horus
47. Like all religions, that of ancient
Egypt was COMPLEX. It evolved
over the centuries from one that
emphasized local deities into a
national religion with a smaller
number of principal deities.
Some theologians think that Egypt
was moving towards a monotheistic
faith in a single creator, symbolized
by the SUN GOD.
There was no single belief system,
but the Egyptians shared a common
understanding about the
CREATION OF THE WORLD and
the possibility of REVERTING TO
CHAOS if the destructive forces of
the universe were unleashed.
48. PRIESTS worked at the
temples, conducting the
daily rituals of clothing,
feeding and putting to bed
the sculpted images that
represented the gods.
In mortuary temples,
priests conducted similar
ceremonies to nourish the
KA (soul-spirit) of a
deceased pharaoh or
noble.
The priests shaved their
heads and body hair, and
washed their bodies twice
daily as a ritual act of
purification. They wore
gowns or kilts of pure white
linen.
52. The ancient Egyptians believed in the RESURRECTION OF THE BODY and life
everlasting. This belief was rooted in what they observed each day.
The sun fell into the western horizon each evening and was reborn the next
morning in the east.
New life sprouted from grains planted in the earth, and the moon waxed and
waned.
As long as order was maintained, everything was highly dependable and life
after death could be achieved. But there were certain conditions.
For example, the body had to be preserved through MUMMIFICATION and
given a properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the afterworld.
53. Around 450 B.C., the Greek historian HERODOTUS documented the art of
MUMMIFICATION.
As much of the brain as it is possible is extracted throughAs much of the brain as it is possible is extracted through
the nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannotthe nostrils with an iron hook, and what the hook cannot
reach is dissolved with drugs. Next, the flank is slit open . . .reach is dissolved with drugs. Next, the flank is slit open . . .
and the entire contents of the abdomen removed. Theand the entire contents of the abdomen removed. The
cavity is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out . . . Thencavity is then thoroughly cleansed and washed out . . . Then
it is filled with pure crushed myrrh, cassia, and all otherit is filled with pure crushed myrrh, cassia, and all other
aromatic substances, except frankincense. [The incision] isaromatic substances, except frankincense. [The incision] is
sewn up, and then the body is placed in natron, coveredsewn up, and then the body is placed in natron, covered
entirely for 70 days, never longer. When this period . . . isentirely for 70 days, never longer. When this period . . . is
ended, the body is washed and then wrapped from the headended, the body is washed and then wrapped from the head
to the feet in linen which has been cut into strips andto the feet in linen which has been cut into strips and
smeared on the underside with gum which is commonlysmeared on the underside with gum which is commonly
used by the Egyptians in the place of glueused by the Egyptians in the place of glue.. -- Herodotus
54. NATRON, a disinfectant and dehydration agent,
was the main ingredient used in the
mummification process. A compound of sodium
carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (salt and
baking soda), natron essentially dried out the
corpse.
The body was filled with Nile mud, sawdust,
lichen and cloth scraps to make it more flexible.
Small COOKING ONIONS or linen pads were
sometimes used to replace the eyes.
Beginning in the third dynasty, the internal
organs (lungs, stomach, liver and intestines)
were removed, washed with palm wine and
spices, and stored in four separate CANOPIC
JARS made of limestone, calcite or clay.
However, the HEART was left in the body
because it was considered the center of
intelligence
55. MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION:
1. Linen
2. Sawdust
3. Lichen
4. Beeswax
5. Resin 10. Frankincense
6. Natron
7. Onion
8. Nile mud
9. Linen pads
56. MUMMIFICATION TOOLS:
The ancient embalmers used very
few tools. The basic tool kit
included a KNIFE to make the
abdominal incision, hooked bronze
RODS to extract brain matter, a
wooden ADZE-like tool to remove
internal organs, and a FUNNEL to
pour resins into the cranial cavity
through the nose.
57. There are three elements to the
Egyptian CONCEPT OF SOUL:
• KA is the life force or spiritual
double of the person.
• BA is represented as a human-
headed bird that leaves the body
when a person dies. The face of
Ba was the exact likeness of that
of the deceased person.
• AKH is the spirit of Re (represent-
ing light), the transfigured spirit of
a person that becomes one with
light after death.
58. The journey to the afterworld was considered full of danger. Traveling on a
SOLAR BARK, the mummy passed through the underworld, which was inhabited
by serpents armed with long knives, fire-spitting dragons and reptiles with five
ravenous heads. Upon arriving in the realm of the LAND OF THE GODS, the
deceased had to pass through seven gates, reciting accurately a magic spell at
each stop. If successful, they arrived at the HALL OF OSIRIS, the place of
judgment.
59. Here the gods of the dead performed the WEIGHING OF THE HEART
ceremony to judge whether the person's earthly deeds were virtuous.
The person’s heart was placed on a scale, counterbalanced by a feather that
represented Maat, the goddess of truth and justice.
If the heart was equal in weight to the feather, the person was justified and
achieved immortality. If not, it was devoured by the goddess Amemet. This
meant that the person would not survive in the afterlife.
60. When a pharaoh passed the test, he became one with the god Osiris. He then
traveled through the underworld on a solar bark, accompanied by the gods, to
reach PARADISE and attain EVERLASTING LIFE.
61.
62. The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the river
extremely fertile. INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE was practiced by the majority of the
peasant population. who played a vital role within the country's STRICT
HIERARHICAL SOCIETY. As the flood waters receded, SOWING and PLOWING
began, using primitive wooden plows.
In addition to such GRAINS as barley and emmer (a coarse wheat), a large variety
of VEGETABLES were grown, including onions, garlic, leeks, beans, lentils, peas,
radishes, cabbage, cucumbers, and lettuce. There were also FRUITS such as
dates, figs, pomegranates, melons and grapes,
The abundance of flowers provided nectar for the bees to produce HONEY, which
the Egyptians processed. FLAX was grown for making linen, and PAPYRUS was
harvested to be converted into paper, ropes, mats, sandals and light skiffs.
63. Breaking the ground
with plow and hoe
Reaping and
scattering the seed
Separating the grain
from the chaff
Although the land was worked by the PEASANTS, it was owned by the
king, his officials and the temples. Farmers had to meet GRAIN
QUOTAS, which were handed over to the owners as a form of taxation.
They were allowed to keep a portion of the crops for their own benefit. If
they did not produce the quantity expected, however, they were severely
punished.
64. In mid-September, farmers
blocked canals to retain the
water for IRRIGATION.
Still used today, the SHADUF
is a mechanical irrigation
device used to conduct water
from the canals to the fields.
One person can operate it by
swinging the bucket of water
from the canal to the field
65. LIVESTOCK was important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk,
hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
A variety of DOMESTICATED ANIMALS were raised, including cattle, oxen,
sheep, goats, pigs, ducks and geese. Peasants probably enjoyed meat on
special occasions..
DRAFT ANIMALS such as oxen increased agricultural productivity.
HERDSMEN and SHEPHERDS lived a semi-nomadic life, pasturing their animals
in the marshes of the Nile.
66. Barley and emmer, were used to make BEER and BREAD, the main staples
of the Egyptian diet. Grains were harvested and stored in GRANARIES until
ready to be processed.
The quantities harvested each season far exceeded the needs of the
country, so much was exported to neighbouring countries, providing a rich
source of INCOME for the Egyptian treasury
67. Grapes were processed into WINE for the noble class, but beer was the
favorite drink of the common people.
Food was served in POTTERY BOWLS, but NO UTENSILS were used for
eating.
68. Pharaohs and nobles participated in HUNTING, FISHING and FOWLING
expeditions, a means of recreation that had ritualistic and religious
significance.
HUNTING SCENES often depicted on temple walls and tombs reinforce the
prowess of kings and nobles. Rabbits, deer, gazelles, bulls, oryx, antelopes,
hippopotamuses, elephants and lions were among the wild animals hunted for
their meat and skins.
69. FISHING allowed the working class to add variety to its diet. The poor
substituted fish for meat, which they could not afford. The Nile, the marshes
of the delta and the Mediterranean Sea offered them a rich variety of
species.
FISHING METHODS included the use of a hook and line, harpoons, traps
and nets.
BIRDS, including geese and ducks, were also HUNTED in the marshes and
papyrus thickets along the Nile.
Small fishing boats called SKIFFS were made from PAPYRUS REEDS,
which are naturally filled with air pockets, making them particularly buoyant.
Skiffs were also used for hunting game in the Nile marshes.
70. Most HOUSES were made of BRICK. The banks of the Nile provided the mud
used to make bricks.
Brick makers collected MUD, added STRAW and WATER to it as needed, and
stomped it with their feet until it reached the right consistency. The mixture was
then placed in a MOLD. Once shaped, the bricks were removed from the mould
and left on the ground to dry in the sun.
Egyptian PEASANTS would have lived in SIMPLE MUD-BRICK HOMES
containing only a few pieces of furniture: BEDS, STOOLS, BOXES and LOW
TABLES.
71. CRAFTWORKERS lived in one- or two-storey FLAT-ROOFED
DWELLINGS made of mud bricks. The walls and roof would have been
covered with plaster and painted.
Inside, there was a RECEPTION ROOM, a LIVING ROOM, BEDROOMS
and a CELLAR in which food and beverages were stored. Food was
prepared in an OUTDOOR KITCHEN equipped with a mud-brick oven.
Stairs on the exterior of the house led to a ROOF-TOP TERRACE.
72. The HOMES OF THE WEALTHY were larger and more luxurious.
SPACIOUS reception and living rooms opened onto a CENTRAL GARDEN
COURTYARD with a fish pond and flowering plants.
Each bedroom had a PRIVATE BATHROOM, and the walls, columns and
ceilings were painted with BEAUTIFUL DESIGNS inspired by nature.
Elaborate and highly DECORATED FURNITURE included beds, chairs,
boxes and tables.
PAINTED CLAY POTS and vessels, as well as ALABASTER BOWLS AND
JARS, were also found in the homes of the nobles.
74. ROYAL PALACES, frequently CITIES IN THEMSELVES, included separate
residences, a temple and a workers’ village.
75. SKILLED ARTISANS were considered SOCIALLY SUPERIOR to common
laborers. They learned their art from a master who ensured stylistic continuity
in the beautiful objects they created for the living and the dead.
Skilled CARPENTERS manufactured a wide range of products, from roofing
beams to furniture and statues. Their tools included saws, axes, chisels,
adzes, wooden mallets, stone polishers and bow drills.
Other artisans included STONE MAKERS and SCULPTORS, BEAD
MAKERS, BRICK LAYERS, and POTTERS.
76. WOMEN engaged in WEAVING, PERFUME MAKING, BAKING and
NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and exceptional
ability was rewarded through increased social status.
Women of all classes COULD EARN WAGES, OWN PROPERTY and
EMPLOY WORKERS, but their main role was within the family. The title
most women had was "MISTRESS OF THE HOUSE". They were
considered EQUAL WITH MEN BEFORE THE LAW, and could sue for
damages and divorce.
77. FLAX grown by farmers was woven
into fine linen for clothing.
WORKING-CLASS MEN wore
loincloths or short kilts, as well as
long shirt-like garments tied with a
sash at the waist.
WEALTHY MEN wore knee-length
shirts, loincloths or kilts and adorned
themselves with jewellery – a string
of beads, armlets and bracelets.
WORKING-CLASS WOMEN wore
full-length wraparound gowns and
close-fitting sheaths.
ELITE WOMEN enhanced their
appearance with make-up, earrings,
bracelets and necklaces.
Both men and women wore
SANDALS made of papyrus or went
barefoot.
78. The Egyptian ELITE HIRED HAIRDRESSERS and took great care of
their hair. Hair was WASHED and SCENTED, and sometimes
LIGHTENED WITH HENNA.
CHILDREN had their HEADS SHAVED, except for one or two tresses at
the side of the head, called a SIDELOCK.
Both men and women sometimes wore HAIRPIECES or WIGS made of
human hair,.
79. Elite men and women enhanced their appearance with various
COSMETICS: OILS, PERFUMES, and eye and facial paints. putting
on make-up, they used a MIRROR, as we do today.
JEWELLERY was worn by the elite for self-adornment and as an
indication of social status.
80.
81. MATHEMATICS: Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they
calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL and the repetitive (numbers
based on the POWER OF 10). The following signs were used to represent
numbers in the decimal system
1 10 100 1000 10,000 100,000 1,000,000
Numbers were usually written LEFT TO RIGHT, starting with the highest
denominator. For example, in the number 2,525 the first number to appear
on the left would be 2000, then 500, 20 and 5, as follows:
The Egyptians did not develop abstract mathematical formulas. They used
the simple arithmetic of ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION
82. ASTRONOMY: Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the night
sky, taking measurements from the stars to accurately align their pyramids and
sun temples with the earth’s four cardinal points. Using an instrument called a
MERKHET (similar to an astrolabe), astronomer-priests marked out the
foundations of buildings with astonishing accuracy.
The GREAT PYRAMID AT GIZA provides an example. This remarkable
building has a footprint of over 13 acres and consists of approximately 6.5
million limestone blocks. Its four sides are accurately aligned to face north,
east, south, and west, with an error of less than half a degree. They are also
virtually identical in length, with less than a 20 cm (8 inch) variance between
one side and another.
83. MEDICINE: The doctors of ancient Egypt combined MAGIC SPELLS with
REMEDIES. If a person fell sick, the illness was thought to be caused by the
wrath of the gods or by an evil spirit that had entered the body.
Both PRIESTS AND DOCTORS were called upon to heal the sick,
combining their powers and skills to fix the problem.
Doctors found cures for many diseases and some of their concepts are still
used today. They used CASTOR OIL as laxatives, TANNIC ACID from the
acadia tree to heal burns, CORIANDER in a tea for stomach illnesses, and
CUMMIN SEEDS on aching or arthritic joints and to calm a cough.
They also made and used TOOLS FOR SURGICAL USE that are similar to
the ones that we use today.