The document provides information on ancient Egyptian civilization. It discusses the geography of Egypt, noting the Nile River flowed north and divided the country into Upper and Lower Egypt. It also describes the three main periods or kingdoms of ancient Egypt: the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. Additionally, it covers Egyptian architecture including pyramids, tombs, and the Valley of the Kings. The government was led by powerful pharaohs who were seen as both rulers and representatives of the gods. Royal women and symbols of royalty are also outlined.
Ancient Egyptian Architecture and the a brief study of Rock cut grave to pyramid and there detailed analysis in terms of pyramid material and the shape with the old kingdome to new kingdome
Ancient Egyptian Architecture and the a brief study of Rock cut grave to pyramid and there detailed analysis in terms of pyramid material and the shape with the old kingdome to new kingdome
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt.
This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
Without the Nile, the rise of Egypt as one of the oldest civilization would not be possible. Travellers to Egypt would be surprise to find the desert is never very far from the Nile. The predictable cycle of flooding of the Nile was a blessing, a major factor to enable civilization to put down its roots in Egypt. This presentation can only give you a briefest of all introductions. It touches upon the deep rooted origin of the Egyptian civilization, it sketches all the important monuments and marks major turning points in their history for its 3000 years of existence. After centuries later, its people disappeared. It civilization forgotten. Though the ruins of their monument and in particular their writing, we began to rediscover their world again, their people, their culture, their religion and their history. We know a lot about their ancient Egypt, perhaps more than others civilization of the time, because they left us with a lot of records in writing. What we have found are fascinations, a human ascend in our long journey to civilization
The Egyptian civilization was full of culture and achievements.
There are many reasons for it. It is said mostly because of its location the civilization thrived so much. It was located in ancient North Africa along the river Nile around 3100 BC. There were two parts of Egypt - Upper Egypt and lower Egypt which was later unified by political powers under the rule of Menes. There were ups and downs of the power of the Egyptian empire throughout time.
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to.docxkeugene1
For almost 30 centuries—from its unification around 3100 B.C. to its conquest by Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.—ancient Egypt was the preeminent civilization in the Mediterranean world.
Egypt’s majesty has long entranced archaeologists and historians and created a vibrant field of study all its own: Egyptology.
The main sources of information about ancient Egypt are the many monuments, objects and artifacts that have been recovered from archaeological sites, covered with hieroglyphs that have only recently been deciphered. The picture that emerges is of a culture with few equals in the beauty of its art, the accomplishment of its architecture or the richness of its religious traditions.
PREDYNASTIC PERIOD (C. 5000-3100 B.C.)
Encompassed at least 2,000 years of gradual development of the Egyptian civilization. This took place in the late Stone Age/Neolithic period.
4
Neolithic (late Stone Age) communities in northeastern Africa exchanged hunting for agriculture and made early advances that paved the way for the later development of Egyptian arts and crafts, technology, politics and religion (including a great reverence for the dead and possibly a belief in life after death).
Mesopotamia also believe in this religion
5
Around 3400 B.C., two separate kingdoms were established: the Red Land to the north, based in the Nile River Delta and extending along the Nile perhaps to Atfih; and the White Land in the south, stretching from Atfih to Gebel es-Silsila.
King Menes would subdue the north and unify the country, becoming the first king of the first dynasty.
ARCHAIC (EARLY DYNASTIC) PERIOD (C. 3100-2686 B.C.)
The Archaic Period saw the development of the foundations of Egyptian society, including the all-important ideology of kingship. To the ancient Egyptians, the king was a godlike being, closely identified with the all-powerful god Horus. The earliest known hieroglyphic writing also dates to this period.
In the Archaic Period, as in all other periods, most ancient Egyptians were farmers living in small villages, and agriculture (largely wheat and barley) formed the economic base of the Egyptian state. The annual flooding of the great Nile River provided the necessary irrigation and fertilization each year; farmers sowed the wheat after the flooding receded and harvested it before the season of high temperatures and drought returned.
OLD KINGDOM: AGE OF THE PYRAMID BUILDERS (C. 2686-2181 B.C.)
The Old Kingdom began with the third dynasty of pharaohs. Around 2630 B.C., the third dynasty’s King Djoser asked Imhotep, an architect, priest and healer, to design a funerary monument for him; the result was the world’s first major stone building, the Step-Pyramid at Saqqara, near Memphis.
Pyramid-building reached its zenith with the construction of the Great Pyramid at Giza, on the outskirts of Cairo. Built for Khufu, who ruled from 2589 to 2566 B.C. Two other pyramids were built at Giza for Khufu’s successors K.
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3. EGYPT CIVILIZATION
▪ Ancient Egypt -- a land of mysteries.
▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt is known for its stupendous
achievements in a whole range of fields, including art and
architecture, engineering, medicine and statecraft.
▪ The civilization of Ancient Egypt was one of the earliest in world
history.
▪ It is usually held to have begun around 3000 BC.
4. Categories of stable kingdom
▪ The history of the ancient Egypt grew up with the series of stable
kingdoms. Historians had divided this series or periods of kingdom in
to three categories such as
▪ Old kingdom of the early bronze age.
▪ Middle kingdom of the middle bronze age
▪ New kingdom of the late bronze age.
▪ It was during these times that Ancient Egypt was at its strongest. The
times between the Kingdoms are called intermediate periods.
5. UPPER AND
LOWER EGYPT
The Nile River flows from
south to north, emptying into
the Mediterranean Sea at
the Nile Delta. The
northernmost part of the
Nile, being the end of the
river, is referred to as Lower
Egypt This was one of
Egypt's early kingdoms,
known at the time as
the Black Land
To their south, near the
origins of the Nile,
was Upper Egypt. It was
known as the Red Land
6. RED AND BLACK LAND
The ancient Egyptians thought of Egypt as being divided into two types
of land, the 'black land' and the 'red land
▪ The 'black land' was the fertile
land on the banks of the Nile.
The ancient Egyptians used this
land for growing their crops.
This was the only land in
ancient Egypt that could be
farmed because a layer of rich,
black siltwas deposited there
every year after the Nile
flooded.
▪ The 'red land' was
the barren desert that
protected Egypt on two sides.
These deserts separated
ancient Egypt from
neighbouring countries and
invading armies. They also
provided the ancient Egyptians
with a source
for precious metals and semi-
precious stones.
7. Fun Facts about Ancient Egypt
▪ Egyptian men and women wore makeup.It was thought to have healing powers, plus it
helped protect their skin from the sun.
▪ They used moldy bread to help with infections.
▪ They were one of the first civilizations to invent writing. They also used ink to write and
paper called papyrus.
▪ The Ancient Egyptians were scientists and mathematicians. They had numerous inventions
including ways to build buildings, medicine, cosmetics, the calendar, the plow for farming,
musical instruments, and even toothpaste.
▪ Ancient Egypt plays a major role in the Bible. The Israelites were held captive there as
slaves for many years. Moses helped them escape and led them to the Promised Land.
▪ The Pharaoh kept his hair covered. It was not to be seen by regular people.
▪ Cats were considered sacred in Ancient Egypt.
9. DIVISION OF KINGDOM:
The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided
into three separate periods,
▪ The Old Kingdom
▪ The Middle Kingdom
▪ The new Kingdom.
10. DIVISION OF KINGDOM
The archaeologists have realized that the ancient Egyptian history could be divided
into three separate periods,
▪ The Old Kingdom
▪ The Middle Kingdom
▪ The New Kingdom
11. Old Kingdom (2686-2181bc)
At that time, Pharaohs had enjoyed the absolute
power.
Huge number of pyramids were built.
Built at Giza of Egypt.
First step pyramid built by king Djozer.
Pyramids were built with limestone, burial
chambers built with granite and outer castings
were carved out of fine limestone.
Even today, the archaeologists and scientists are
unable to discover the actual process of building
such great pyramids.
12. Middle Kingdom
Egypt strengthened its army base to protect herself from
the enemies.
The trade along with arts, science and literature
flourished.
During this time period the pharaohs became wise rulers.
Those pharaohs came from Thebes and they brought
their local God Amenemhat with them.
People started believing him and began to worship as the
king of the Gods.
During The Middle Kingdom, the pharaohs were buried
inside the hidden tombs instead of expensive pyramids.
These intelligently hidden tombs were very hard to
discover.
13. The New Kingdom (1549–1069 BC)
Established a period of unprecedented
prosperity
Strengthening diplomatic ties with their
neighbors.
Military campaigns waged under Tuthmosis
I and his grandson Tuthmosis III
Hatshepsut generally promoted peace and
restored trade routes.
When Tuthmosis III died in 1425 BC, Egypt
extending their empire from Niya in north
west Syria to the fourth waterfall of the Nile
in Nubia
cementing loyalties and opening access to
critical imports such as bronze and wood.
16. ▪ The first royal tombs called mastabas were built at Abydos.
▪ Mastaba tombs surround the pyramids of the Old Kingdom.
▪ Courtiers and families of the monarch were buried there.
▪ Built on the west side of the Nile.
▪ The souls of kings went on to enjoy life with the Gods.
▪ The souls of the nobles continued to inhabit the tomb and needed to be nourished
by daily offerings of food and drink.
▪ A false door was carved on the interior tomb wall near the entrance to the shaft.
▪ Often an image of the deceased was carved in the false door in order to entice the
soul to enter the body.
▪ For the comfort and well-being of the deceased, the burial chamber was filled with
material goods and food offerings.
17.
18. ▪ One of the world's greatest architectural wonders.
▪ A pyramid is a tomb, a four-sided stone structure that symbolizes the sacred
mountain, humanity's universal striving to reach the heavens
▪ The ancient belief in raising the human spirit towards the gods is the quintessential
purpose behind the construction of pyramids.
▪ Approximately 80% of the building materials are found in the lower half.
▪ Since pyramids are solid, no walls or pillars were required to support the structure.
▪ The pyramid built by King Sahure (2491-2477 B.C., Old Kingdom) is the largest of
the three at Abousir and the one that is best preserved.
19.
20. ▪ The Pyramid Age began during the Old Kingdom (2650-2134 B.C.)
▪ The first pyramids were built by King Djoser in the third dynasty.
▪ The famous architect and scholar Imhotep designed the Step Pyramid, a pharaoh's
tomb at Saqqara that looks like a stairway to heaven.
▪ In the fourth dynasty, the Pharaoh Snefru built the first geometrically true pyramids
at Dahshur, south of Saqqara.
▪ He started by adding a smooth casing over the steps of two pyramids that were built
by his predecessors.
▪ He then built two pyramids of his own.
▪ The pyramids built during the fifth dynasty had a core of rubble and mud bricks, and
a limestone facing.
21.
22. ▪ Most famous pyramids are found at Giza.
▪ They were built by three pharaohs — Cheops (or Khufu*), Chephren (Khafre*) and
Mycerinus (Menkaure*) .
▪ Great Pyramid of Cheops is the largest of the three at Giza.
2.5 million limestone blocks.
Average weight estimated at 2.5 tons.
The entire structure was encased in a fine white polished limestone brought from
the hills at Tura, on the opposite side of the Nile.
When completed, the Great Pyramid stood 146.6 metres (481 feet) tall, and its base
was 230.3 metres (756 feet) square.
The capstones (pyramidions) of all the pyramids were made of solid polished
granite.
23.
24. ▪ The Great Sphinx at Giza, near Cairo, is probably the most famous sculpture in the
world.
▪ With a lion's body and a human head, it represents Ra-Horakhty, a form of the
powerful sun god, and is the incarnation of royal power.
▪ The face of the Great Sphinx is believed to be that of Chephren, the fourth-dynasty
pharaoh who built the second-largest pyramid in the Giza triad. In the image of the
Sphinx, the pharaoh was seen as a powerful god.
▪ Carved out of a natural limestone outcrop, the Sphinx is 19.8 metres (65 feet) high
and 73.2 metres (240 feet) long. It is located a short distance from the Great
Pyramid.
▪ The Sphinx differs from other deities in that it has an animal body and a human
head, whereas most other deities have human bodies and animal heads.
25.
26. ▪ The Valley of the Kings is famous for its royal tombs.
▪ The Valley of the Kings was located in the ancient necropolis of Thebes, the capital
of Egypt during the New Kingdom.
▪ These beautifully painted tombs have been designated a World Heritage Site by
UNESCO.
▪ For over a thousand years, the kings, queens and nobles of the New Kingdom (1500-
1070 B.C.) were buried in this valley, which is the world's most magnificent burial
ground.
▪ Their walls were painted and sculpted with magnificent murals depicting scenes of
daily life and the land of the gods.
28. ▪ Government and religion were inseparable in ancient Egypt.
▪ The pharaoh was the head of state and the divine representative of the gods on
earth.
▪ Religion and government brought order to society through the construction
of temples, the creation of laws, taxation, the organization of labour, trade with
neighbours and the defence of the country's interests.
29. SOCIAL HIERACHY
The pharaoh was at the top
Next to him, the most powerful
officers were the viziers, the
executive heads of the
bureaucracy.
Then were the high priests,
followed by royal overseers
(administrators)
At the bottom of the hierarchy
were the scribes, artisans,
farmers and laborers.
30. THE PHARAOH
▪ Comes from bible
▪ first used by Joseph and Moses in the "Second Book of Kings"
▪ The pharaohs began ruling Egypt in 3000 B.C., when Upper and Lower Egypt were
united.
▪ The pharaoh was assisted by a hierarchy of advisors, priests, officials and
administrators, who were responsible for the affairs of the state and the welfare of
the people.
▪ Believed to be:
▪ ruler
▪ Priest
▪ god
▪ ruled on earth (not heaven)
31. ROLES:
Old kingdom
▪ considered themselves to
be living gods who ruled
with absolute power. They
built pyramids as
testimony of their
greatness but left no
official records of their
achievements.
Middlekingdom
▪ the pharaohs no longer
considered themselves to
be living gods, but rather
the representatives of the
gods on earth. They left
records of their deeds, but
these were no more than a
string of titles and
laudatory epithets.
32.
33. ROYAL WOMEN
▪ Royal mothers, wives and daughters derived their status from their relationship with
the king. Kings had many wives and royal families were large.
▪ The most prolific was Rameses II, who had eight wives and over a hundred children.
▪ To keep the royal bloodline pure, kings often married within their family, a sister or
half sister, for example. In a few cases, they married their daughters, although it is
not clear whether or not these marriages were true conjugal unions.
35. ROYAL INSIGNIA
VULTURE HEADDRESS
▪ The vulture's wings and body were
spread over a tightly fitted cap, and
the head jutted out at the front. The
uraeus (cobra) head could be
substituted for the vulture head. Both
the vulture and the cobra served to
protect the wearer from harm. They
were the most characteristic marks of
kingship and may have also been, by
association, a symbol of divine
queenship.
PAIR OF FALCON PLUMES
▪ Royal symbol worn by women from
the thirteenth dynasty onward was a
pair of falcon plumes mounted on a
circular support. Similar double-
feather headdresses were worn by
Min, the fertility god, Amun, the
creator god, and Hathor, the powerful
goddess who controlled the cycles of
nature.
36. KING’S DAUGHTER
▪ Girls born to royal wives were given the title "king's daughters"
to distinguish them from those of non-royal wives.
▪ Royal wives were called the king's principal wives to
distinguish them from the others, although the principal wife
was not always of royal birth.
▪ An example is Queen Tiy, the wife of Amenhotep III,
Tutankhamun's grandfather.
37. ROYAL SYMBOLS
Egyptian art is rich in symbols related to royalty
and its religious beliefs.
By learning to read these symbols, one can gain a better understanding and
appreciation of Egyptian art . Below are a few of the most common symbols.
38. SOME POPULAR SYMBOLS
▪ Ankh
In the shape of a mirror or a knot, the
ankh is a symbol of life.It was often
carried by deities or people in a funeral
procession, or offered to the king as the
breath of life.
▪ Cartouche
A cartouche is an elliptical outline
representing a length of rope that
encloses the names of royal persons in
hieroglyphs. It symbolized the pharaoh's
status as ruler of all that the sun
encircled.
39. ▪ Crook and Flail
The crook and flail are two of the most
prominent items in the royal regalia. Kings
held them across their chest. The crook, in
the shape of a shepherd's staff, is a sceptre
symbolizing government and that may be
related to the concept of a good shepherd
leading his flock.
Vulture
The vulture was the symbol of Upper Egypt.
Pharaohs wore the uraeus (cobra) and the
head of a vulture on their foreheads as
symbols of royal protection. The goddess
Nekhbet was also portrayed as a vulture.
40. ▪ Menit Necklace
This heavy beaded necklace with a
crescent front piece and a
counterweight at the back is associated
with the goddess Hathor. It serves as a
medium to transfer the goddess's power
to the pharaoh.
Sistrum
A ceremonial instrument, the sistrum is
a rattle that is often shaped like the
ankh symbol. It is associated with the
goddess Hathor, and its sound is
thought to bring protection and divine
blessing through fertility and rebirth.
44. BUREAUCRACYis not a modern invention; it was
conceived by the Egyptians over 5,000 years ago. The creation of
a bureaucracy in the Old Kingdom was a key factor in the
inception of the Egyptian civilization. The king was the supreme
head of state. Next to him, the most powerful officer in the
hierarchy was the vizier, the executive head of the bureaucr.acy.
The position of vizier was filled by a prince or a person of
exceptional ability. His title is translated as "superintendent of all
works of the king"
45. ▪ As the supreme judge of the state, the vizier ruled on all petitions and
grievances brought to the court. All royal commands passed through his
hands before being transmitted to the scribes in his office. They in turn
dispatched orders to the heads of distant towns and villages, and
dictated the rules and regulations related to the collection of taxes.
46. The king was surrounded by the court, friends and
favoured people who attained higher administrative
positions. The tendency was to fill these positions on
the basis of heredity. One of the most ardent wishes
of these administrators was to climb the bureaucratic
ladder through promotions and to hand their offices to
their children.
Many concepts in modern bureaucracies can be
traced to the Egyptians. The hierarchical structure
and code of ethics of the Egyptian bureaucracy are
echoed in modern governments. Ancient Egyptian
bureaucrats, who aspired to higher positions, were
counselled to obey their superiors and keep silence in
all circumstances, in other words, not to contradict or
challenge the wisdom of those in charge. They were
expected to have tact and good manners, be faithful in
delivering messages, and display humility that verged
on subservience. It is perhaps for these reasons that
Egyptian officials were called civil servants, a
designation that governments have adopted down
through the ages.
48. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the
PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and
sculptured reliefs on temple walls. They often
DEPICTED
THEMSELVES AS WARRIORS who single-handedly killed
scores of enemies and slaughtered a whole pride of lions.
49. ▪ The military took part in warfare and trade missions, helping to
maintain Egypt's sovereignty and expand its territories. The deserts and
the Mediterranean gave the country a natural means of protection. Still,
invasions did occur. In the Old Kingdom, the small military units were
reinforced by farmers when necessary. During times of internal
instability, private armies were established, which included non-
Egyptian mercenaries. During the reign of Ramses II (New Kingdom),
vast improvements were made in military technology and tactics.
The Narmer palette is the earliest artifact
depicting an Egyptian king wearing the
crowns of both Upper and Lower Egypt. It
commemorates King Narmer's victory over
Lower Egypt and the subsequent union of
Upper and Lower Egypt in the late Pre-
dynastic Period (3000 B.C.).
Full-scale replica, Royal Ontario Museum
50. The people
▪ RICH EGYPTIAN
homes made of wood/brick
along the Nile
Servants, artisans
▪ AVERAGE EGYPTIAN
farmers
villages on estates of rich
homes made of reeds or sunbaked mud.
(built high to avoid the yearly flood)
also built monuments, roads etc.
52. MUMMIFICATION
▪ The earliest ancient Egyptians buried their dead in small pits in the desert.
▪ Sand dehydrated the bodies quickly, creating natural 'mummies'.
▪ Later, the ancient Egyptians began burying their dead in coffins to protect them
from wild animals in the desert.
▪ For example, the body had to be preserved through mummification and given a
properly furnished tomb with everything needed for life in the afterworld.
53. MATERIAL USED IN MUMMIFICATION
▪ Linen
▪ Sawdust
▪ Beeswax
▪ Resin
▪ Natron
▪ Onion
▪ Nile mud
▪ Linen pads
54. PURPOSE
▪ The purpose of mummification was to keep the body intact so it could be
transported to a spiritual afterlife.
▪ This practice reached its height during the eleventh and twelfth centuries.
55. .
THE SOUL
▪ There are three elements to the Egyptian concept of the soul: Ka, Ba
and Akh.
• The royal Ka symbolized a pharaoh's right to rule, a
universal force that passed from one pharaoh to the next.
• BA is represented as a human-headed bird that leaves the
body when a person dies. The face of Ba was the exactly
same of the deceased person.
• AKH concept of light,spirit of a person that becomes ONE
with light after death.
56. LIFE AFTER DEATH
▪ The journey to the afterworld was considered full of danger. The mummy passed
through the underworld, which have long knives, fire-spitting dragons and reptiles
with five heads.
▪ Upon arriving ,the deceased had to pass through seven gates, reciting accurately a
magic spell.
▪ If successful, they arrived at the Hall of Osiris, the place of judgement.
▪ Here the gods of the dead performed the "weighing of the heart" ceremony.
57. CONTINUE…
▪ The person's heart was then placed on a scale and balanced by a
feather that represented, the goddess of truth and justice.
▪ If the heart was equal in weight to the feather, the person reach
otherwise the person would not survive in the afterlife.
.
60. MYTH
▪ Myths are stories that become part of humanity's collective memory.
▪ It is possible to interpret them.
▪ The ancient Egyptians believed that the basic principles of life, nature and society
were determined by the gods at the creation of the world.
61. MYTH
▪ It all began with the first stirring of the High God in the primeval waters.
▪ The earth was created out of chaos by the god Atum.
▪ The earth was seen as a sacred landscape, a reflection of the sky world where the
gods resided.
62. GOD AND GODDESSES
▪ There are large number of Gods.
Ra: Ra was the sun god and the most important god to the Ancient Egyptians. Ra was
said to have created all forms of life and was the supreme ruler of the gods.
Isis: was the mother goddess. It was thought that she would protect and help people in
need.
Osiris: Osiris was ruler of the underworld and god of the dead.
63. Horus: Horus was the god of the sky.
Thoth: Thoth was the god of knowledge. He blessed the Egyptians with writing,
medicine, and mathematics.
64. kingship
▪ kings were considered divinely appointed representatives of the gods on earth.
▪ If they did not conduct the affairs of state in a wise and just manner, they would not
be admitted into the holy land when they died.
65. PRIEST
▪ Priests worked at the temples, conducting the daily rituals of clothing, feeding and
putting to bed the sculpted images that represented the deities to whom the
temples were dedicated.
▪ The higher-ranking priests were called the first servants of the god.
▪ Lower-ranking ones performed various duties, such as studying and writing
67. What did the people of Ancient Egypt
wear?
▪ Egypt is a hot country and so people wore lightweight clothes which kept them cool. We can see what they wore
from the many paintings and sculptures they left behind.
▪ The Egyptian climate with its hot summers and mild winters favored light clothing made from plant fibers,
predominantly linen
▪ The manufacture of clothes was apparently mostly women's work. It was generally done at home, but there
were workshops run by noblemen or other men of means.
▪ The most important textile was linen. It was produced from flax, the quality ranging from the finest woven
linen, the byssus for royalty, to the coarse cloth peasants wore
▪ Most young children went around completely naked. When they were six years old they began to wear clothes
that would protect them from the intense dry heat.
68. Men clothing
▪ poor
▪ Most clothes were made from linen made from flax
▪ Men wore a loincloth (a bit like a skirt).
▪ These sometimes
▪ had a belt.
▪ The design of these changed through the ages.
RICH
▪ They would sometimes wear a shirt
▪ They wore make-up, jewellery and headdresses for special occasions.
▪ The pharaoh also wore animal skins such as leopard over their shoulders as a sign of wealth
69. Women clothing
▪ Women wore linen dresses with one or two shoulder straps. These often had pleats
or folds.
▪ Rich women would wear dresses decorated with beads and feathers for special
occasions.
▪ They would also wear
jewellery, head-dresses and make-up.
70. JEWELERY
▪ Men and women wore jewellery because they thought it made them look pleasing to
the gods.
▪ In addition to iron, gold and
▪ gemstones, archaeologists believe that
▪ some jewellery was even made from
▪ fragments of meteorite!
▪ Amulets were worn for good luck.
71. MAKEUP
▪ Rich Egyptians wore make up. They would use green or blue mineral powder as eye
shadow, and would use a dye called henna to redden their lips and nails.
▪ A black eyeliner called Kohl was also worn to deflect the sun’s glare and prevent eye
infections.
▪
72. SHOES
▪ Ancient Egyptians went barefoot most of the time.
▪ For special occasions, men and women wore sandals made of plaited reeds.
75. Food
Agriculture
The ancient Egyptians cultivated
emmer and barley, and several other
cereal grains (staple food crops,
especially grains such as wheat and
barley) , all of which were used to
make the two main food staples of
bread and beer. Flax plants, uprooted
before they started flowering, were
grown for the fibers of their stems.
Livestock was important to the
Egyptian economy, supplying meat,
milk, hides, and dung for cooking
fuel.
76. •A variety of vegetables were grown and eaten by
the ancient Egyptians including
•onions,
•leeks,
•garlic,
• beans,
• lettuce,
• lentils,
• cabbages,
• radishes and turnips.
77. • They ate fruit as a dessert and they included
melons, plums, figs, grapes, raisins and dates.
•The ancient Egyptian civilization was among the
first to regard hunting and fishing as both a sport
and a source of food.
78. Shelter
•Most ancient Egyptians lived in an area concentrated
along the lower portion of Nile river in Northeastern Africa,
which is now modern day Egypt.
•The houses they live in were made of bricks and had no
foundations. The bricks were made of mud and
chopped straw, molded and dried in the hot Egyptian sun.
•Egyptian civilization - Architecture. The ancient
Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and
palaces out of stone, the most durable of all building
materials.
79. Transportation
•The Egyptians didn't build roads to travel around their empire. They didn't need to. Nature had already
built them a superhighway right through the middle of their empire called the Nile River.
•Most of the major cities in Ancient Egypt were located along the banks of the Nile River. As a result, the
Egyptians used the Nile for transportation and shipping from very early on.
80. •They became expert at building boats and navigating the river
Early boats,
Wooden boats,
Cargo ships, &
Funeral boats etc