Ths anatomy unit 1 introduction rat notes (2015-2016)
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This document provides information about the internal organs of a rat that will be dissected, including their locations and basic functions. The main internal organs to be identified are the heart, lungs, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, kidneys, and spleen. The heart is located under the ribs between the lungs, while the lungs are below the ribs on either side of the heart. The document also notes that rats do not have a gallbladder but instead use stomach and small intestine chemicals to digest fats.
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This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the abdomen, including surface anatomy, abdominal quadrants, muscles of the anterior and posterior abdominal walls, the abdominopelvic cavity, peritoneum, divisions of the peritoneal cavity, and blood supply. Key points include: the abdomen is divided into 9 regions within 4 quadrants; the anterior abdominal wall muscles include the rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, and transversus abdominis; the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity and organs; and the peritoneal cavity is divided into supracolic, infracolic, and pelvic compartments.
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Anatomy-Bad Fish Unit: Digestion Notes
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Anatomy-Bad Fish Unit: Cardiovascular Notes
The heart has four chambers separated by a septum, with two atria that receive blood and two ventricles that pump blood out. It is surrounded by membranes and layers. Veins carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium while pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium. The pulmonary artery carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs and the aorta carries it from the left ventricle throughout the body. Valves ensure blood flows in one direction. The cardiac cycle involves the heart relaxing to fill with blood then contracting to pump it out in two phases controlled by the conduction system.
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Ths general biology unit 4 heredity non mendelian genetics notes_v1516
This document discusses different types of non-Mendelian genetics including polygenic traits which are influenced by multiple genes, codominant traits where both alleles are expressed together, incomplete dominance where the heterozygote exhibits a blending of traits, and sex-linked traits located on the sex chromosomes. Examples are provided for each type to demonstrate inheritance patterns that differ from simple Mendelian genetics.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity mendelian genetics notes_v1516
This document summarizes key concepts in Mendelian genetics. It explains that Gregor Mendel studied trait inheritance in pea plants and discovered that traits can be dominant or recessive. Dominant traits always appear if present, while recessive traits only appear if an organism inherits two recessive alleles. An organism's genotype describes its genetic makeup, while its phenotype describes its physical traits. Punnett squares are used to predict the probability that offspring will inherit different combinations of alleles from their parents.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity karyotyping notes_v1516
Karyotyping is used to identify chromosomal disorders by staining and organizing chromosomes from longest to shortest based on banding pattern. Abnormalities include an extra chromosome like Trisomy 21 which causes Down Syndrome characteristics such as cognitive impairment and heart defects, or a missing sex chromosome as in Turner's Syndrome where females are sterile with short stature.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity reproduction and meiosis notes_v1516
Meiosis is the process of cell division that produces gametes (sperm and egg cells) for sexual reproduction. It involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell. This ensures that offspring have a full set of chromosomes when fertilization occurs. The main features of meiosis include homologous chromosome pairing, crossing over to increase genetic variation, and independent assortment of chromosomes into daughter cells through the first and second meiotic divisions. Errors in meiosis can result in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes, causing genetic disorders.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity protein synthesis notes_v1516
Protein synthesis involves two main steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, the DNA code is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) in the cell nucleus. This mRNA then leaves the nucleus and the code is translated during translation when transfer RNA (tRNA) matches mRNA codons and brings corresponding amino acids to form a protein, guided by ribosomal RNA (rRNA). Mutations occur when the DNA code changes, leading to errors in protein synthesis when the wrong tRNA and amino acids are matched to the altered mRNA codons.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity cell cycle notes
Cell division allows cells to grow, repair, replace damaged cells, and reproduce. There are two main types of cell division: mitosis and meiosis. The cell cycle is the process cells use to prepare for cell division. It includes interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the M phase where the cell divides. Errors in the cell cycle checkpoints during interphase can allow defective cells to divide uncontrollably and cause cancer.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity dna replication notes
DNA replication is necessary for cell division to create a copy of the DNA for each new cell. Messelson and Stahl discovered that DNA replication is a semi-conservative process where the original DNA molecule splits into two new molecules, each with one original strand and one newly synthesized complimentary strand. The basic steps of replication are to unwind the DNA strands, separate the strands, and then make complimentary copies of each single strand to result in two new DNA molecules with one old and one new strand each.
Ths general biology unit 4 heredity dna structure and function notes
DNA stores genetic instructions in the form of a code made up of four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G), and cytosine (C). DNA has a double-stranded helical structure, with the strands bonded together via complementary base pairing between A and T and between G and C. According to Chargaff's rule, the percentage of A bases is always equal to the percentage of T bases, and the percentage of G bases is always equal to the percentage of C bases within a DNA sample. The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions of each other (anti-parallel) and form a double helix.
Ths general biology unit 3 cell processes homeostasis and feedback mechanisms...
Homeostasis refers to maintaining internal balance, and feedback mechanisms are the involuntary chemical processes that bring the body back to its normal state when something causes internal changes. There are two main types of feedback mechanisms: negative feedback mechanisms return the body to its normal state, like shivering and sweating to regulate temperature and insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. Positive feedback mechanisms cause more change to happen, though few homeostatic responses use this type, such as oxytocin causing stronger contractions during childbirth to help deliver the baby.
Ths general biology unit 3 cell processes cell membrane transport notes_v1516
Cell membranes allow transport of molecules into and out of cells through diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles from high to low concentration without energy, while osmosis moves water molecules and active transport moves particles against concentration gradients, requiring ATP energy. Cells regulate transport to take in useful nutrients and remove waste.
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies living organization notes_v1516
All living things are made of cells and molecules that are organized into different levels. Cells are the basic units of life that make up tissues, organs, organ systems, and the overall organism. All cellular processes require energy and involve the movement and reactions of molecules like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Homeostasis is maintained involuntarily within cells and organisms through processes that keep internal stability and balance. Cells become specialized by taking on unique shapes and functions to complete specific roles that together support homeostasis at the organism level. The main human organs include the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys, each of which performs crucial functions for keeping humans alive and healthy.
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies cells and organelles notes_v1516
(1) Cells are the basic unit of life and can be either unicellular (single-celled) or multicellular (many cells). Cells contain organelles that help them complete important processes.
(2) Key organelles include the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi body, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell membrane, and cell wall.
(3) Organelles are found inside cells to help them carry out specialized functions like protein production, cellular respiration, and photosynthesis. The endosymbiotic theory explains how organelles may have originally been independent organisms that lived inside host cells and eventually became permanent cell structures.
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies cell reactions and enzymes notes_v1516
Cellular reactions use enzymes to break down molecules, form larger molecules, and facilitate energy storage and release using ATP and ADP. Enzymes are proteins that catalyze chemical reactions by lowering their activation energy through a specific lock-and-key structure that allows substrates to bind at the enzyme's active site. Denaturing enzymes through extreme heat or chemicals causes their structure to unravel and disrupt their active site, preventing them from catalyzing reactions.
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies living organization notes_v1516
All living things are made of cells and molecules that are organized into different levels. Cells are the basic units of life that make up tissues, organs, organ systems, and the overall organism. All cellular processes require energy and involve the movement and reactions of molecules like carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Homeostasis refers to the internal stability and balance maintained by involuntary processes within cells and between organ systems. Organs like the brain, heart, lungs, liver, stomach, intestines, and kidneys work together as specialized systems with unique shapes and functions to keep the human body living and healthy.
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies biomolecule notes_v1516
The document discusses the four main types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Carbohydrates and lipids are used for energy storage. Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA contain the genetic instructions for cells, while proteins perform a variety of functions including structure, catalysis, and transport. The basic units or monomers that make up each biomolecule polymer are also described.
Ths general biology unit 1 our environment part 2_succession and biodiversity...
This document discusses key concepts around biodiversity, ecosystem stability, and succession. It defines biodiversity as the variety of living organisms in an ecosystem, and notes that greater biodiversity leads to greater ecosystem stability. Succession is introduced as the process by which the structure of a community changes over time due to events like fires, storms, or human activity. There are two types of succession: primary succession, which occurs in a new area without soil or life, and secondary succession, which follows a disruption to an already established habitat.
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This document discusses climate change and human impacts on the environment. It defines key terms like climate, weather, and greenhouse gases. It explains how the greenhouse effect traps heat in the atmosphere and is impacted by carbon dioxide, methane and water vapor. It also discusses how climate naturally changes over time but that human activities like fossil fuel use, pollution, and ecosystem damage are exacerbating climate change. It provides examples of evidence for climate change through changing ice caps, storms, and plant/animal distributions. Finally, it briefly covers the concepts of biomagnification and invasive species introduction.
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MSTA 2018: "Starting From Scratch" (Katelyn Rozema)
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Ths general biology unit 4 heredity mendelian genetics notes_v1516
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Ths general biology unit 4 heredity cell cycle notes
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Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies cells and organelles notes_v1516
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Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies cell reactions and enzymes notes_v1516
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies cell reactions and enzymes notes_v1516
Ths general biology unit 2 our bodies living organization notes_v1516
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Ths anatomy unit 1 introduction rat notes (2015-2016)
- 2. (1) Internal Organs • Rats will be dissected to observe main internal organs. • You need to identify, and know the function of: – Heart – Lungs – Ribs – Diaphragm – Liver – Gallbladder – Stomach - Small Intestine - Large Intestine - Kidneys - Spleen
- 3. (2) Internal Organ Locations • Heart: – Under ribs, in between lungs. – Small, red-brown. • Lungs: – Below ribs, sides of heart. – Soft brown-gray flaps. • Ribs: – Hard bone in chest. • Diaphragm: – Directly below chest, on top of digestive organs. – Thin, but tough muscle.
- 4. (2) Internal Organ Locations • Liver: – Rat’s right side, below ribs. – Largest internal organ. – Dense, red-brown/gray. • Stomach: – Rat’s left side, below ribs. – Soft, flesh-colored, sac. • Small Intestine: – Skinny tube directly connected to stomach. • Large Intestine: – Thicker tube connected to sm.intestine and anus. • Spleen: – Lays over top of stomach + intestines. – Red-brown, tongue shaped. – Rat’s left side.
- 5. (3) Special Internal Organs • Kidneys: – Located along the back (under all digestive organs). – 2 of them. – Red-brown, one on right and one on left. • Gallbladder: – Rats do not contain one, but humans do. – Rats simply use stomach + small intestine chemicals to digest fats. – Function Secrete bile for lipid (fat) metabolism.
- 7. Yes you need to draw this!!
- 8. (4) Basic Organ Function • Heart: Pump blood + circulate nutrients. • Lungs: Bring in oxygen + expel carbon dioxide. • Ribs: Protect soft tissues/organs. • Diaphragm: Help lungs fill with air. • Stomach: Metabolize food.
- 9. • Small Intestines: Absorb nutrients from food. • Large Intestine: Expel food waste. • Liver: Break down bad blood cells + toxins. • Kidneys: Filter blood. • Spleen: Help monitor red-blood cell function and immune system. (4) Basic Organ Function