The document discusses cell transportation through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive processes where particles or water move down their concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy to move particles against their gradients, such as through the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes facilitated diffusion, ion channels, and endocytosis and exocytosis as additional mechanisms for substances to cross the cell membrane.
Here are the answers to the review questions:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. James Watson and Francis Crick
3. A nucleotide is the basic subunit or building block of DNA.
4. 1. Phosphate group 2. Five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen containing base
5. Purines, Pyrimidines
6. Purines, Pyrimidines
7. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
8. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
9. TTAACGGCT
Anatomy and Physiology Cell Transport and The Cell Cyclemrhunterspage
Here are the answers to your questions:
- The independent variable is the type of treatment received (new drug, sugar pill, new drug + additional treatments).
- The dependent variable is the number of cancer cells.
- Group B is the control group since they received a sugar pill (placebo).
- Possible control factors for Group C could be ensuring the additional cancer treatments were the same/standardized for each patient to reduce variability in their effects. Maintaining other treatment factors like dosage amounts, time intervals, etc. could also help control for errors.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
This document discusses four types of membrane transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles down concentration gradients without ATP. Osmosis involves the movement of water down its concentration gradient. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP. The document also notes that vesicles are small sacs that move materials within cells and that endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to enter and exit cells.
This document summarizes key cellular structures and processes. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membranes. It then explains different types of membrane transport including diffusion, osmosis, and various passive and active transport mechanisms.
Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
1. The document provides an introduction to cells, covering the history of cell discovery, the cell theory, microscopy techniques used to study cells, general cell characteristics, the two main types of cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes), cell membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, major eukaryotic cell organelles, and examples of plant and animal cells.
2. Key concepts covered include the three principles of the cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, types of passive and active transport, structures and functions of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more.
3. Microscopy tools
Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
Here are the answers to the review questions:
1. Deoxyribonucleic acid
2. James Watson and Francis Crick
3. A nucleotide is the basic subunit or building block of DNA.
4. 1. Phosphate group 2. Five carbon sugar (deoxyribose) 3. Nitrogen containing base
5. Purines, Pyrimidines
6. Purines, Pyrimidines
7. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
8. Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine
9. TTAACGGCT
Anatomy and Physiology Cell Transport and The Cell Cyclemrhunterspage
Here are the answers to your questions:
- The independent variable is the type of treatment received (new drug, sugar pill, new drug + additional treatments).
- The dependent variable is the number of cancer cells.
- Group B is the control group since they received a sugar pill (placebo).
- Possible control factors for Group C could be ensuring the additional cancer treatments were the same/standardized for each patient to reduce variability in their effects. Maintaining other treatment factors like dosage amounts, time intervals, etc. could also help control for errors.
This document provides an overview of cell division, specifically mitosis and meiosis. It begins with definitions of the key types of cell division - amitosis, mitosis, and meiosis. It then covers the stages and processes of mitosis, including interphase and the four stages of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase). The document also discusses the cell cycle and DNA content during cell division. Meiosis is then introduced, focusing on its production of gametes and halving of chromosome number compared to mitosis.
This document discusses four types of membrane transport: simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion move particles down concentration gradients without ATP. Osmosis involves the movement of water down its concentration gradient. Active transport moves substances against concentration gradients using ATP. The document also notes that vesicles are small sacs that move materials within cells and that endocytosis and exocytosis allow materials to enter and exit cells.
This document summarizes key cellular structures and processes. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts, the cytoskeleton, and plasma membranes. It then explains different types of membrane transport including diffusion, osmosis, and various passive and active transport mechanisms.
Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
1. The document provides an introduction to cells, covering the history of cell discovery, the cell theory, microscopy techniques used to study cells, general cell characteristics, the two main types of cells (prokaryotes and eukaryotes), cell membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, major eukaryotic cell organelles, and examples of plant and animal cells.
2. Key concepts covered include the three principles of the cell theory, differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane, types of passive and active transport, structures and functions of organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, and more.
3. Microscopy tools
Cells are the fundamental units of life and were first observed using microscopes in the 1600s. The cell theory states that organisms are composed of cells, cells come from preexisting cells, and cells are the basic units of life. Cells come in two main types - prokaryotic cells like bacteria that lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells like human cells that have internal membranes, organelles, and a nucleus. Eukaryotic cells contain organelles such as the nucleus, which holds DNA, and the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complex, and lysosomes, which are involved in protein transport and waste digestion.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. During cell division, the DNA is copied and organized into chromosomes. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells. Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, increasing genetic variation in offspring.
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that cells can only arise through the division of pre-existing cells, as there is no natural mechanism for cells to form from simpler subunits. The first cells must have originated from non-living material. The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living protists that were taken in by larger protists, establishing a mutualistic relationship where the smaller cell supplied food/resources and the larger cell supplied energy.
here in this presentation you will be studying about cell cycle , cell checkpoints , cell cycle regulators etc .
very informative slides by anshika singh
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The document discusses the cell cycle and mitosis. It begins by defining the cell cycle as the series of events in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic (M) phase, where the cell splits into two daughter cells. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis is then described in detail, including the five stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
1) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid region containing DNA but no nucleus, and 70S ribosomes.
2) Eukaryotic cells have a compartmentalized structure, with organelles that each have specialized functions contained within the cell, including a nucleus that houses the DNA.
3) Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, where the single circular chromosome replicates and a copy moves to each end of the cell before the cell divides.
B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 3 Cell CycleRai University
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by explaining that all cells come from pre-existing cells and that cells divide through mitosis or binary fission to grow, repair damage, or replace old cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells rather than two identical diploid cells as in mitosis. The key stages and purposes of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis are summarized.
This document summarizes key components and transport mechanisms of the cell. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts as organelles that perform energy production and photosynthesis, respectively. The cytoskeleton is made of protein filaments that provide structure and enable movement within the cell. The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Diffusion and osmosis allow passage of substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP to move substances against gradients.
Chapter 5 cell division SPM Biology Form 4Yee Sing Ong
Mitosis and meiosis both involve cell division, but have key differences:
Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells through one nuclear division, while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions. Meiosis involves homologous chromosome pairing and crossing over during prophase I, which introduces genetic variation. The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells, and the second division separates sister chromatids. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction to generate egg and sperm cells.
The cell cycle is the process of cell growth and division in eukaryotes. It is divided into phases including G1 for growth, S for DNA replication, G2 for more growth and preparation for division, and M for mitosis and cytokinesis to divide the cell into two daughter cells. During interphase the cell grows and its DNA is replicated. The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes through two cell divisions. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that produce energy and carry out photosynthesis respectively through specialized processes.
Chromosomes contain DNA and RNA and hold the cell's genetic material. During cell division, the chromosomes condense and duplicate, then separate into each new cell. Mitosis produces new body cells while meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic diversity among offspring. Experiments in the early 20th century established that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material contained in chromosomes.
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion, which is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell as water enters, hypertonic solutions cause water to leave and cells to shrink. Passive transport uses channel or carrier proteins and requires no energy, while active transport moves substances against gradients using energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large particles in and out of cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle includes interphase and the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
This document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that houses DNA and various membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions. The cell membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that allows materials to enter and exit the cell through diffusion, osmosis, protein channels, and active or passive transport processes. Large particles can be transported via endocytosis or exocytosis.
This document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, and the cell cycle. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the membrane and discusses different types of transport like passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also explains endocytosis and exocytosis. Regarding the cell cycle, it outlines the phases of interphase when the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis when the cell divides. Control mechanisms ensure the cell cycle proceeds at the proper times.
The document defines various terms related to cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It provides definitions for terms like chromatin, chromosomes, centromere, centrioles, spindle fibers, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, mitosis, cytokinesis, stem cells, cyclins, and apoptosis. It describes stages of the cell cycle like interphase, when cells grow, and mitosis, when the cell nucleus and materials divide.
During mitosis and cytokinesis, DNA is duplicated and condensed. Mitosis then divides the nucleus into four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - to separate the sister chromatids. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, forming two daughter cells that each have the same genetic material as the original parent cell.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in growth and repair. It produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parent cell. Meiosis results in gamete cells for sexual reproduction and produces cells with half the number of chromosomes. There are two main phases of the cell cycle - interphase and M phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while M phase is when mitosis and cytokinesis occur to physically separate the daughter cells. Cancer occurs when the mechanisms controlling the cell cycle are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It outlines the history of cell discovery from Hooke's observation of cork cells in the 1600s to the development of the cell theory by Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow stating that all living things are made of cells. The key characteristics of cells are described including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. The functions of these organelles and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized. Mechanisms of molecule movement across membranes like passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis are also briefly explained.
The document describes the cell cycle and its various phases. It begins by defining the cell cycle as the sequence of events a cell undergoes from formation after division of a parent cell until its own division into daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase encompasses mitosis and cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Meiosis is also discussed, which produces gametes through two cell divisions and a reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four gametes with half the original chromosome number. Meiosis occurs in the sex organs and is essential for sexual reproduction as it produces gametes like sperm and eggs.
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell while hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink or lose water. Transport across the cell membrane includes passive transport using channel/carrier proteins and active transport requiring energy. The cell cycle includes interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis and cytokinesis to form two daughter cells. Cancer results from changes in genes controlling the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division.
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Chromosomes contain DNA and proteins. During cell division, the DNA is copied and organized into chromosomes. Mitosis produces identical daughter cells while meiosis reduces the chromosome number by half to produce gametes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions, resulting in four haploid cells. Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis, increasing genetic variation in offspring.
The document discusses the origin of cells. It states that cells can only arise through the division of pre-existing cells, as there is no natural mechanism for cells to form from simpler subunits. The first cells must have originated from non-living material. The origin of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory, where mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living protists that were taken in by larger protists, establishing a mutualistic relationship where the smaller cell supplied food/resources and the larger cell supplied energy.
here in this presentation you will be studying about cell cycle , cell checkpoints , cell cycle regulators etc .
very informative slides by anshika singh
This document defines key terms related to cell division and DNA, describes the main stages of the cell cycle and mitosis, and explains the significance of mitosis. It states that mitosis results in two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell, ensuring genetic stability. It occurs in two phases: nuclear division and cytoplasm division. The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm through cleavage or cell plate formation in animal and plant cells respectively.
The document discusses the cell cycle and mitosis. It begins by defining the cell cycle as the series of events in a eukaryotic cell leading to its replication. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the mitotic (M) phase, where the cell splits into two daughter cells. Interphase includes G1, S, and G2 phases. Mitosis is then described in detail, including the five stages of prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis.
1) Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartments, containing a cell membrane, cell wall, nucleoid region containing DNA but no nucleus, and 70S ribosomes.
2) Eukaryotic cells have a compartmentalized structure, with organelles that each have specialized functions contained within the cell, including a nucleus that houses the DNA.
3) Prokaryotes reproduce asexually through binary fission, where the single circular chromosome replicates and a copy moves to each end of the cell before the cell divides.
B.Sc. Biochemistry II Cellular Biochemistry Unit 3 Cell CycleRai University
The document discusses the cell cycle and cell division. It begins by explaining that all cells come from pre-existing cells and that cells divide through mitosis or binary fission to grow, repair damage, or replace old cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase, where the cell grows and DNA replicates, and mitosis, where the cell divides. Meiosis produces gametes through two cell divisions and results in four haploid cells rather than two identical diploid cells as in mitosis. The key stages and purposes of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis are summarized.
This document summarizes key components and transport mechanisms of the cell. It describes mitochondria and chloroplasts as organelles that perform energy production and photosynthesis, respectively. The cytoskeleton is made of protein filaments that provide structure and enable movement within the cell. The plasma membrane is a fluid mosaic of lipids and proteins that regulates what enters and exits the cell. Diffusion and osmosis allow passage of substances down concentration gradients without energy, while active transport uses carrier proteins and ATP to move substances against gradients.
Chapter 5 cell division SPM Biology Form 4Yee Sing Ong
Mitosis and meiosis both involve cell division, but have key differences:
Mitosis produces two identical diploid daughter cells through one nuclear division, while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid gametes through two nuclear divisions. Meiosis involves homologous chromosome pairing and crossing over during prophase I, which introduces genetic variation. The first meiotic division reduces the chromosome number by half to produce haploid cells, and the second division separates sister chromatids. Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction to generate egg and sperm cells.
The cell cycle is the process of cell growth and division in eukaryotes. It is divided into phases including G1 for growth, S for DNA replication, G2 for more growth and preparation for division, and M for mitosis and cytokinesis to divide the cell into two daughter cells. During interphase the cell grows and its DNA is replicated. The phases of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase where the chromosomes align and separate. Meiosis produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes through two cell divisions. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are organelles that produce energy and carry out photosynthesis respectively through specialized processes.
Chromosomes contain DNA and RNA and hold the cell's genetic material. During cell division, the chromosomes condense and duplicate, then separate into each new cell. Mitosis produces new body cells while meiosis produces gametes like eggs and sperm, which have half the normal number of chromosomes. Meiosis involves two cell divisions and genetic recombination between homologous chromosomes, resulting in genetic diversity among offspring. Experiments in the early 20th century established that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material contained in chromosomes.
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion, which is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell as water enters, hypertonic solutions cause water to leave and cells to shrink. Passive transport uses channel or carrier proteins and requires no energy, while active transport moves substances against gradients using energy. Endocytosis and exocytosis transport large particles in and out of cells. The eukaryotic cell cycle includes interphase and the phases of mitosis (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
This document discusses the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles, while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that houses DNA and various membrane-bound organelles that carry out specific functions. The cell membrane acts as a selectively permeable barrier that allows materials to enter and exit the cell through diffusion, osmosis, protein channels, and active or passive transport processes. Large particles can be transported via endocytosis or exocytosis.
This document summarizes key concepts about membrane structure and function, transport mechanisms, and the cell cycle. It describes the fluid mosaic model of the membrane and discusses different types of transport like passive diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It also explains endocytosis and exocytosis. Regarding the cell cycle, it outlines the phases of interphase when the cell grows and duplicates its DNA, and the stages of mitosis and cytokinesis when the cell divides. Control mechanisms ensure the cell cycle proceeds at the proper times.
The document defines various terms related to cellular reproduction and the cell cycle. It provides definitions for terms like chromatin, chromosomes, centromere, centrioles, spindle fibers, interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, mitosis, cytokinesis, stem cells, cyclins, and apoptosis. It describes stages of the cell cycle like interphase, when cells grow, and mitosis, when the cell nucleus and materials divide.
During mitosis and cytokinesis, DNA is duplicated and condensed. Mitosis then divides the nucleus into four phases - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase - to separate the sister chromatids. Cytokinesis then divides the cytoplasm and cell membrane, forming two daughter cells that each have the same genetic material as the original parent cell.
Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in growth and repair. It produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the original parent cell. Meiosis results in gamete cells for sexual reproduction and produces cells with half the number of chromosomes. There are two main phases of the cell cycle - interphase and M phase. Interphase involves cell growth and DNA replication while M phase is when mitosis and cytokinesis occur to physically separate the daughter cells. Cancer occurs when the mechanisms controlling the cell cycle are disrupted, leading to uncontrolled cell division and tumor growth.
The document discusses cell structure and function. It outlines the history of cell discovery from Hooke's observation of cork cells in the 1600s to the development of the cell theory by Schwann, Schleiden and Virchow stating that all living things are made of cells. The key characteristics of cells are described including a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts. The functions of these organelles and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are summarized. Mechanisms of molecule movement across membranes like passive transport, active transport, endocytosis and exocytosis are also briefly explained.
The document describes the cell cycle and its various phases. It begins by defining the cell cycle as the sequence of events a cell undergoes from formation after division of a parent cell until its own division into daughter cells. The cell cycle consists of interphase and the M phase. Interphase includes the G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and duplicates its DNA. The M phase encompasses mitosis and cytokinesis where the cell divides into two daughter cells. Meiosis is also discussed, which produces gametes through two cell divisions and a reduction in chromosome number from diploid to haploid.
Meiosis is a type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. It involves two rounds of division called Meiosis I and Meiosis II. In Meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and separate, reducing the chromosome number by half. Meiosis II separates the sister chromatids, resulting in four gametes with half the original chromosome number. Meiosis occurs in the sex organs and is essential for sexual reproduction as it produces gametes like sperm and eggs.
Three key factors - concentration, temperature, and pressure - affect the rate of diffusion. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane and regulates water flow to maintain homeostasis. Cells in hypotonic solutions swell while hypertonic solutions cause cells to shrink or lose water. Transport across the cell membrane includes passive transport using channel/carrier proteins and active transport requiring energy. The cell cycle includes interphase of growth and DNA replication followed by mitosis and cytokinesis to form two daughter cells. Cancer results from changes in genes controlling the cell cycle leading to uncontrolled cell division.
There are approximately 75 trillion cells in the human body that are derived from a single fertilized egg. The cell membrane maintains the integrity of the cell and is selectively permeable, controlling what moves in and out. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins, and cholesterol. Transport across the membrane can occur through passive diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and filtration. Active transport uses cellular energy and includes processes like endocytosis, exocytosis, and transcytosis. The basic stages of the cell cycle are interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. There are two main types of cells - prokaryotic cells, which lack organelles and a nucleus, and eukaryotic cells, which have organelles and a nucleus bounded by a nuclear envelope. The cell membrane controls what enters and exits the cell. Cells reproduce through mitosis, where the genetic material is duplicated and the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cancer occurs when cell division is uncontrolled, forming tumors.
The document provides information about cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It defines that cell membranes are made of a lipid bilayer and contain embedded proteins. The key functions of the cell membrane are to regulate what enters and leaves the cell. There are two main types of transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and active transport, which requires energy and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and pumps. Passive transport moves molecules down a concentration gradient, while active transport moves molecules against a concentration gradient using cellular energy.
The document provides information about cell membranes and transport across cell membranes. It defines that cell membranes are made of a lipid bilayer and contain embedded proteins. The key functions of the cell membrane are to regulate what enters and leaves the cell. There are two main types of transport - passive transport, which doesn't require energy and includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion, and active transport, which requires energy and includes endocytosis, exocytosis, and molecular transport via pumps. Osmosis is the diffusion of water across the membrane, and can result in cells becoming turgid, plasmolyzed, or bursting depending on the solution concentration.
The document summarizes key aspects of cell structure and function. It describes cells as the basic unit of life and outlines several organelles and their functions, including the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and lysosomes. It also explains the process of cell division through mitosis, where a parent cell replicates its DNA and other components before dividing into two identical daughter cells through the phases of interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.
Here are potential responses to the critical thinking questions:
1. Yes, I'm familiar with ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder). It's one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in children.
2. Some signs of ADHD include having trouble paying attention, difficulty concentrating, being easily distracted, fidgeting or squirming excessively, talking excessively, having trouble taking turns in conversations or games, and acting impulsively without considering consequences.
3. Five genetic disorders are: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, Huntington's disease, and fragile X syndrome.
Cystic fibrosis causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs
Cells are the fundamental units of life. They can be visualized under light microscopes and electron microscopes, revealing internal structures like the nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and organelles. The development of the cell theory established that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and that all cells come from preexisting cells. Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles that carry out specialized functions, while prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles.
The document discusses cellular transport and the cell membrane. It explains that the cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing small uncharged molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide to pass freely through diffusion and osmosis. Larger molecules and ions require energy-requiring mechanisms like active transport or facilitated diffusion. The document contrasts passive transport mechanisms like diffusion and osmosis, which move molecules down concentration gradients without energy, with active transport which moves molecules against gradients by using cellular energy. It also briefly discusses endocytosis and exocytosis for transporting larger particles and molecules in and out of cells.
This document provides an overview of the structure and functions of human cells. It begins with an introduction to cell theory and the basic components of the cell, including the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. It then discusses cell membrane structure and transport of substances across the membrane via passive and active transport. The document concludes with explanations of the cell's functions and the process of cell division through mitosis and cytokinesis.
2.2.1.2 functions of the cell membrane UEC Senior 1 Biology 独中高一生物 Yee Sing Ong
The document discusses different methods of transport across the cell membrane, including passive transport mechanisms like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis that do not require energy, as well as active transport mechanisms like endocytosis, exocytosis, and phagocytosis that use energy. It also describes the differences between isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solutions and their effects on cell volume. Key examples of transport across the cell membrane are given.
This document provides information about the structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key organelles found in cells like the nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria, and cytoskeleton. It explains their roles and comparative differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Additionally, it covers the plasma membrane structure and fluid mosaic model. Finally, it summarizes different cell transport mechanisms including passive transport processes like diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis as well as active transport mechanisms like protein pumps, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
The cell membrane regulates what enters and exits the cell through selective permeability. It is composed of a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophobic tails facing inward and hydrophilic heads outward. Membrane proteins perform various functions like identification, signaling, catalysis, and transport. Substances move across the membrane through passive diffusion down a concentration gradient or active transport against a gradient using ATP. Water moves through osmosis, entering cells in hypotonic solutions and leaving in hypertonic solutions. Cells specialize and communicate to maintain homeostasis in multicellular organisms.
This document provides information on the structural organization of life at the cellular level. It defines the cell and outlines the three main points of the cell theory. It compares prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and describes the basic animal and plant cell structures including the cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and various organelles. It also discusses microscopy techniques, cell division through mitosis and meiosis, and provides details on the stages of mitosis.
This document provides information about cells and cell structure. It begins by defining a cell as the basic unit of life and describes some key aspects of cell theory. It then details the structures and functions of major cell organelles in both plant and animal cells. The rest of the document discusses cell processes like transport, division and the cell cycle. It explains that cells divide through mitosis to produce two identical daughter cells and outlines the main phases of mitosis.
The document provides information about the basic structures and functions of plant and animal cells. It describes the key components of the cell and their roles, including the cell membrane, cell wall, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, plastids, vacuoles, and centrioles. It also compares the structures of plant and animal cells and explains various processes involved in cell transport, such as diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.
Unit I, chapter-2 Cellular level of organization.Audumbar Mali
The document provides an overview of the structure and function of eukaryotic cells. It discusses the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles like the nucleus, mitochondria and Golgi apparatus. It also describes cellular transport mechanisms like passive diffusion and active transport. The summary is as follows:
The document discusses the basic structure and functions of eukaryotic cells. It describes the key parts of the cell including the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and organelles. It also explains cellular transport mechanisms such as passive and active transport that allow movement of substances into and out of cells.
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2. Mr. Hunter
Biology
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Distinguish between diffusion and osmosis
• Explain how substances cross the cell membrane.
• Explain the function of ion channels.
3. Diffusion
A. The movement of
particles from a
high concentration
to a low
concentration.
B. The process is
passive. It does
not require
energy.
C. Diffusion will
continue until an
equilibrium point
has been reached.
4. OSMOSIS A. Osmosis can be described as the
diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane.
B. Water will flow from a region of low
solute (particles that are dissolved
in a solution – ex. salt or sugar ) to a
region of high solute concentration.
C. Water will always move in a
direction to dissolve the higher
concentration of particles.
• Remember – A solute is what is
being dissolved.
• A solvent – dissolves the solute.
• A solution – contains both the
solute and solvent.
5.
6. Facilitated Diffusion
• This process is used for
molecules that cannot
easily diffuse through
the cell membrane
• These molecules may
be insoluble in lipids or
they may be too large
to pass through the
pores of the membrane.
7. Facilitated Diffusion
• The movement of the
molecules are assisted by
carrier proteins –Specific
• These are specific proteins
within the cell membrane.
• Facilitated diffusion is a
passive process. It does not
require energy – moving
molecules down the
concentration gradient.
• Glucose has to be
transported by facilitated
diffusion – molecule is
large.
8. Ion Channels
• Ion channels transport ions
from high to low
concentration. Examples:
Na+, K+ and Cl-.
• Some ion channels are
always open others may
have gates which may open
or close in response to
stretching of the
membrane, electrical or
chemical signals.
9. Active Transport
• Active transport
requires energy
because you are going
against the
concentration gradient.
• The molecules are
moving from a low to
high concentration.
10. Na+ and K+ pump
• The Sodium-Potassium
pump is required for
moving Na+ and K+ up
their concentration
gradients.
• To function normally
some animals must
have a higher
concentration of Na+
outside the cell and K+
inside of the cell.
11. Na+ and K+ pump
• The exchange of
three Na+ ions for
two K+ ions creates
an electrical gradient
across the cell
membrane. The
outside of the cell is
+ relative to the
inside which is -.
12. Endocytosis and Exocytosis
• Endocytosis means
in which cells ingest
external molecules.
• Pinocytosis: cell will
ingest liquids
• Phagocytosis: Cell
will ingest solids /
large particles.
• Exocytosis is the
opposite.
13. Review Questions –Cornell
No Talking During Review / Question Assignment!
1. What type of molecules are carried by facilitated
diffusion?
2. What are the name of the structures that carry
molecules across the membrane in facilitated
diffusion?
3. Will these structures carry all molecules?
4. What is the function of an ion channel?
5. Why does active transport require energy?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. Describe endocytosis and exocytosis.
14. Mr. Hunter
Biology 12/12/2011
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Describe the structure of a chromosome
• Identify differences in chromosome structure
• Describe the events in cell division.
15. Bell Ringer 12/12/2011
1. What is the
independent and
dependent variable?
2. Approximately how
many cells are
produced in 20
minutes?
3. 22 cells are produced
in approximately how
many minutes?
16. Chromosome Structure
• Chromosomes: rod
Chromosomes
shaped structures made
of DNA and protein.
• The DNA in eukaryotic
cells wrap around
proteins called histones.
These proteins help to
maintain chromosome
shape and DNA packing.
17. Chromosome Structure
• Each half of the
chromosome is called a
chromatid. Chromatids
form as the DNA makes
a copy of itself before
cell division.
• When the cell divides,
each of the new cells
will receive one
chromatid from each
chromosome.
18. Chromosome Structure
• The two chromatids of a
chromosome are attached
at the centomere region.
The centomere holds the
two together until they
separate during cell
division.
• When a cell is not dividing,
DNA is uncoiled in the form
of chromatin.
• Prokaryotic DNA consists of
one chromosome which is
circular.
19. Chromosome Type and Number
• Each species has a
characteristic number of
chromosomes in each cell.
(Table 8-1)
• Human and animal
chromosomes are
characterized as either sex
chromosomes or
autosomes.
• Sex chromosomes: X and Y.
Females XX, Males XY
20. Chromosome Type and Number
• 2 sex chromosomes and the
remaining 44 are
autosomes. Total = 46
chromosomes.
• Homologous chromosomes
are of the same size and
shape and carry genes for
the same traits. A
homologue is received from
each parent. 22 pairs of
homologous chromosomes
and 2 sex chromosomes.
21. Chromosome Type and Number
• Karyotype: picture of
chromosomes in a
normally dividing cell.
• Diploid chromosome #
is 46 chromosomes
total.
• Haploid chromosome #
is 23 chromosomes
total.
22. Mr. Hunter
Biology 12/20/2011
• Objective(s)
• SWBAT
• Compare the stages of mitosis with meiosis.
• Explain the concept of crossing over between
homologous chromosomes.
• Determine the function of cell cycle
checkpoints.
• Above via Chapter Study Guide Review A / B
23. Bell Ringer 12/13/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. At approximately 2 hours
of use, what was the
highest voltage of the
Panasonic battery?
3. Which battery had the
value 0.800 volts at
approximately 9 hours of
use?
24. Bell Ringer 12/19/2011
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In what month was the
value of product X approx.
3. $15,000?
4. In what month was the
value of product Y the
highest?
5. In Which month did
product X have the
highest value?
25. Bell Ringer 01/20/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. In which month were sales
approx. $350?
3. In which month were sales
reported to be the
lowest?
4. What was the lowest
recorded approximate
value for profits?
26. Bell Ringer 01/19/2012
1. What are the dependent
and independent
variables?
2. When the pressure is 300,
the approximate
temperature for the blue
liquid is ____
3. When the red liquid’s
pressure is 400, the
temperature is
approximately
__________
28. Biology Assignment 01/09/2012
pg. 164 (new edition) pg. 155-156 (old edition)
Due @ end of Class!!
• Compare and Contrast Sperm formation and Ovum
formation.
• Where does each occur?
• When does each process take place?
• What is the duration of each process?
• How many cells and types (haploid or diploid) are
produced by each process?
• * Information should be presented in a
• T-chart or table format *
29. PROKARYOTIC CELL DIVISION
• Prokaryotic cells lack
nuclei and membrane
bound organelles.
• Prokaryotic DNA is not
associated with
proteins. It is a single
circle attached to the
inner surface of the
plasma membrane.
• Prokaryotic cells
reproduce by binary
fission.
30. Cell Division
• In eukaryotic cell
division , the cytoplasm
and the nucleus will
divide.
• Two types of cell
division for eukaryotic
cells: Mitosis and
Meiosis
• What structures divide
in eukaryotic cell
division?
31. Cell Division
• Mitosis results in new cells that
has identical genetic material
as the original cell.
• Mitosis occurs in organisms
undergoing growth,
development, repair or asexual
reproduction.
• What type of organisms will
mitosis occur in?
• What type of genetic material
do the cells of mitosis have?
32. Cell Division
• Meiosis occurs during the
formation of gametes.
• Gametes are haploid
reproductive cells, the egg
and sperm cells.
• Meiosis reduces the
chromosome number by
½. Ex. 23 + 23 = 46
• 2n = diploid, 1n = haploid
33. The Cell Cycle
• A repeating set of
events in the life of a
cell.
• Cell division is one
phase of the cell cycle.
• The time between cell
divisions is called
interphase. The cell
spends 90% of time
here.
34. The Cell Cycle
• The chromosomes and
cytoplasm are equally
divided between two
offspring cells.
• Cell divisions consists of
mitosis and cytokinesis
• During mitosis, the nucleus
of the cell divides.
• During cytokinesis, the
cytoplasm divides.
• What structures divide in
mitosis and cytokinesis?
36. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Checkpoints are
proteins that act as
traffic signals for the
cell cycle.
• G1 checkpoint: Proteins
check has the cell
grown enough to start
cell division. G1
proteins will allow DNA
replication to occur.
37. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• DNA synthesis (G2)
checkpoint: DNA repair
checkpoint
enzymes check the
results of DNA
replication. If this
checkpoint is passed
the cell will divide by
mitosis.
38. Cell Cycle Checkpoints
• Mitosis Checkpoint: If
the cell passes this
checkpoint, then the
proteins signal the cell
to exit mitosis.
• The cell then enters the
G1 phase of the cycle.
• Cancer may result from
a malfunction of the
proteins that control
the cell cycle.
40. Homologous Chromosomes and Crossing Over
• During Prophase I of
Meiosis portions of
homologous
-chromosomes
exchange genetic
information with each
other.
• This leads to increased
genetic variability
(genetic recombination)
among the offspring.
42. Meiosis I and Meiosis II
Meiosis: An Interactive Animation
43. Class Assignment
• Pg. 166 Understanding Key Concepts # 15-20
Cornell Note Format Due @ end of
Class!!!
• Critical Thinking: # 23-25 Answer in complete
sentences. Due @ end of class!!!
• Complete Study Guide Review Questions !!
44. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Construct Cornell Notes for the following
pages: 155-157. Due @ end of class!!
• Notes should be made for the topics of :
• The Cell Cycle
• Interphase
• Stages of Mitosis: prophase,
metaphse,anaphase and telophase)
• Cytokinesis
45. Assignment
Mr. Hunter Biology
• Answer Review Questions in Cornell Note
Format. Pg. 159 # 1-9
• Sketch and color fig 8-4, fig 8-5 & fig.8-6
Explain what is occurring in each figure and
each stage of the cell cycle and each stage of
Mitosis. PMAT in detail.
• Due @ end of class!!!
46. Mr. Hunter
Biology Assignment 12/14/2011
• Cell Cycle and Mitosis Worksheets.
• Pg. 166 # 1-2, 5-14 – Cornell Note Format for
#s 5-14!!
• Due @ end of Class!
47. Active and Passive Transport Quiz
12/08/2011
1. Describe the process of diffusion in terms of movement of
molecules within a concentration gradient.
2. What is the function of a carrier protein?
3. What are the differences / similarities between facilitated
diffusion and simple diffusion?
4. What determines if a molecule will go through the process
of facilitated diffusion.
5. Why does active transport require energy and facilitated
diffusion does not? What provides the energy for active
transport?
6. Explain how the sodium-potassium pump works.
7. What are the concentrations of Na+ and K+ .
48. Bell Ringer 09/28/2011
• A scientist performed an experiment testing
the acidity of a new compound. He added
drops of the new compound to 3 different
beakers containing water. He then measured
the acidity of the solutions (compound mixed
with water) with a pH meter and graphed the
results.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• What is a possible control group?
• What is the experimental group?
49. Bell Ringer 9/29/2011
• You are the manager of a large pharmaceutical
research team. You have just developed a new drug
(Dioxitropine) that attacks cancer cells in young adults.
You are approved to test your drug on the following
groups: A – received new drug, B: -received a sugar pill,
C: received new drug and additional cancer treatments.
The number of cancer cells in Group C decreased the
most. The number for A was unchanged.
• What is the independent variable?
• What is the dependent variable?
• Which group is the control group?
• What possible control factor(s) could you think of for
Group C that could decrease errors in the experiment?
• What is a possible hypothesis for the experiment?
50. Bell Ringer 09/30/2011
As a scientist you are presented with an
experiment with three plants and a new
fertilizer. Fertilizer X was added to plant A.
Fertilizer X was added to plant B. and
Fertilizer X was not added to plant C. Plants
A and B showed the most measured growth.
1. What is the independent variable?
2. What is the dependent variable / control ?
3. What is the hypothesis of the experiment?
51. BELL RINGER 10/05/2011
• CREATE A GRAPH SKETCH OF THE
FOLLOWING DATA. - TURN IN ON NOTEBOOK PAPER
RATE (Sec) TEMPERATURE (CELSIUS)
40 20
30 30
20 40
10 50
What is the independent variable/ dependent?
What axis does the independent / dependent
belong?
What does the line of the graph look like?
53. A. In an SEM, the electron beam is focused
Scanning electron
on a specimen coated with a thin layer of
microscope
metal. The electrons that bounce off the
specimen form an image on a fluorescent
screen.
B. An SEM shows three-dimensional images
of cell surfaces.
C. As in the TEM, the specimens are not living
when viewed under SEM.
D. The scanning tunneling microscope, STM
uses a needle-like probe to measure
differences in voltage caused by electrons
that leak, or tunnel from the surface of the
object being viewed.
E. A computer tracks the movement of the
probe across the object and generates a
three-dimensional image of the specimen’s
surface – STM used on living organisms.
54. A. In 1838, the German botanist Mattias
Schleiden concluded that cells compose
The Cell – Theory and
every part of the plant.
Features
B. A year later, the German zoologist
Theodore Schwann claimed that animals
are also made of cells.
C. In 1858, Rudoloph Virchow, a German
physician, determined that cells come
from other cells.
D. The works of these three scientist form the
Cell Theory
1. All living things are made of one or more
cells.
2. Cells are the basic units of structure and
function in organisms.
3. All cells arise from existing cells.