The document provides information on the anatomy of the respiratory system. It discusses the thorax and its borders, cavities, and openings. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic wall including bones, muscles, fascia, blood vessels and nerves. The document outlines the diaphragm and its parts. It discusses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and their lobes. It also summarizes the mechanics of breathing including inspiration and expiration.

1. ANATOMY OF
RESPIRATORY

2. THORAX
• THORAX :
THE PART OF THE BODY BETWEEN THE NECK AND ABDOMEN
• FUNCTION :
• BREATHING
• PROTECTION OF VITAL ORGANS
• CONDUIT

3. A. THE BORDER OF THORAX
• CRANIAL:
THE LINE THAT CONNECT INCISURA JUGULARIS STERNI ARTICULATIO CORACO
CLAVICULARIS PROCESSUS SPINOSUS OF VIITH VERTEBRA CERVICALIS
• CAUDAL:
THE LINE THAT CONNECT PROCECESSUS XYPHOIDEUS ARCUS COSTARUM
END PART OF X-XII TH THORACALIS VERTEBRA

4. • ANTERIORLY :
STERNUM
CARTILAGO COSTA
COSTAE (ANT.PART)
• POSTERIORLY :
VERTEBRA THORACALIS I –
XII.
COSTAE (POST.PART)
• LATERALLY :
CORPUS COSTAE.
BONY FRAME WORK OF THORACIC WALL

5. CAVUM THORACIS
• ENCLOSED BY THE THORACIC WALL & THE
DIAPHRAGM
• SUBDIVIDED INTO 3 COMPARTMENTS :
- 2 PLEURAL CAVITY
- MEDIASTINUM
• RELATIONS
CRANIALLY : COMMUNICATES WITH NECK ( COLLI ) BY
APERTURA THORACIS SUPERIOR
CAUDALLY : COMMUNICATE WITH ABDOMEN BY
APERTURA THORACIS INFERIOR

6. • APERTURA THORACIS SUPERIOR :
• POSTERIOR : THE 1ST THORACAL
VERTEBRAE
• LATERAL : THE 1ST PAIR OF RIBS
• ANTERIOR : INCISURA JUGULARIS STERNI
• APERTURA THORACIS INFERIOR :
• POSTERIOR : THE 12TH
THORACAL VERTEBRAE
• POSTEROLAT. : THE 11TH & 12TH PAIR OF
RIBS
• ANTEROLATERAL : JOINED COSTAL
CARTILAGES OF
RIBS 7-10
• ANTERIOR : ARTICULATIO
APERTURA THORACIS

7. LINES AT THE THORACIC WALL
Mid sternal line
Sternal line

8. LINES AT THE THORACIC WALL

9. LINES AT THE THORACIC WALL

10. THORACIC WALL
FASCIA :
• FASCIA PECTORALIS
SUPERFICIALIS
• FASCIA THORACICA EXTERNA
• FASCIA THORACICA INTERNA
• FASCIA ENDOTHORACICA
SKELETON :
• 12 PAIRS OF RIBS
• 12 THORACIC VERTEBRAE
• STERNUM
MUSCLES :

12. THE MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL
FUNCTION :
• ALTER THE POSITION OF THE
RIBS AND STERNUM
• CHANGE THORACIC VOLUME
DURING BREATHING

13. THE MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL
MUSCLE INNERVATION ACTION
Intercostalis
Externus
Nn. Intercostales
Inspiration
(Move Ribs Superiorly)
Intercostalis
Internus
Expiration
(Move Ribs Inferiorly)
Intercostalis
Intima
Act With Intercostalis
internus
Subcostalis Depress Ribs
Transversus
Thoracis
Depress Costal
Cartilages

14. VASCULARISATION & INNERVATION OF
THORACIC WALL
VASCULARISATION :
• A. INTERCOSTALIS
• A. SUBCOSTALIS
• A. THORACICA INTERNA
INNERVATION :
• N. INTERCOSTALIS
• N. SUBCOSTALIS

15. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF THE CHEST WALL
LYMPH DRAINAGE FROM THE:
• ANTERIOR CHEST WALL: IS TO THE ANTERIOR AXILLARY NODES.
• POSTERIOR CHEST WALL: IS TO THE POSTERIOR AXILLARY NODES.
• ANTERIOR INTERCOSTAL SPACES: IS TO THE INTERNAL THORACIC
NODES.
• POSTERIOR INTERCOSTAL SPACES: IS TO THE PARA-AORTIC
NODES.

16. DIAPHRAGM
DIAPHRAGM DIVIDED INTO
• PARS STERNALIS : HAVE ORIGIN AT POSTERIOR
SURFACE OF STERNUM.
• PARS COSTALIS : HAVE ORIGIN AT INNER
SURFACE OF CARTILAGE OF VII - X TH RIB AND
XI – XIITH RIB.
• PARS LUMBALIS : CONSIST OF :
- ARCUS LUMBO-COSTALIS LATERALIS AND
MEDIALIS

18. VASCULARISATION & INNERVATION OF
DIAPHRAGM
BLOOD SUPPLY :
• A.MUSCULOPHRENICA
• A. PERICARDIACOPHRENICA
INNERVATION : N. PHRENICUS

19. ORGANIZATION OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Upper respiratory system
• Nose
• Nasal cavity
• Paranasal sinuses
• Pharynx
• Larynx
Lower respiratory system
• Trachea
• Bronchi
• Lungs
Filters, warms & humidifies air

20. THE TRACHEA
• Trachea is a tough, flexible tube with diameter of
2.5cm & length of 11cm
• Begins anterior to C6 vertebra in a ligamentous
attachment to cricoid cartilage
• Ends in mediastinum at level of T5-6 vertebra, where
it bifurcates into the right & the left primary bronchi
• Trachealis muscle : An inelastic ligament & band of
smooth muscle connecting ends of each tracheal
cartilage

21. THE TRACHEA

22. THE TRACHEAL CARTILAGES
• Trachea contains tracheal cartilages, which is C shaped
• Each tracheal cartilage is bound to neighboring cartilages by
elastic annular ligaments
• Tracheal cartilages stiffen tracheal walls & protect airway
• Also prevent its collapse or overexpansion as pressures change
in respiratory system
• Closed portion of C protects anterior & lateral surfaces of trachea
• Open portion of C faces posteriorly toward oesophagus
• Because cartilages do not continue around trachea, posterior
tracheal wall can easily distort during swallowing permitting passage
of large masses of food

23. PRIMARY BRONCHI
• Right & left primary bronchi
• Carina marks line of separation between 2 bronchi
• Has cartilaginous C shaped supporting rings
• Right primary bronchus – larger diameter than left & descends towards lung in
steeper angle
• Hilum of lung : Access for entry of pulmonary vessels, nerves, bronchi

24. THE LUNGS
• Right & left lungs separated by
mediastinum, each lung situated in
right and left pleural cavities
• The base sits on the diaphragm
• The apex projects above costae I and
into the root of the neck
• It have 3 border : anterior, posterior,
inferior
• It have 3 surfaces :
• Facies costalis
• Facies mediastinalis
• Facies diaphragmatica

25. FISSURES & LOBES OF LUNG … RIGHT LUNG
• 3 lobes – viz. : superior, inferior, middle lobes
• Superior lobe separated from middle lobe by horizontal fissure
• Middle lobe is separated from inferior lobe by oblique fissure
• Horizontal fissure runs at level of 4th costal cartilage; meets oblique fissure in
midaxillary line

26. FISSURES & LOBES OF LUNG … LEFT LUNG
• 2 lobes viz. : superior & inferior
• Separated by oblique fissure
• Tongue shaped projection of left lung below cardiac notch is called LINGULA ;
corresponds to middle lobe of right lung
Lingula

27. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN RIGHT & LEFT LUNGS
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
• Has 2 fissures, 3 lobes 1. 1 fissure, 2 lobes
• Anterior border straight 2. Anterior border interrupted by cardiac notch
• Larger, heavier (700g) 3. Smaller, lighter (600g)
• Shorter, broader 4. Longer, narrower

28. SURFACE PROJECTION OF THE LUNGS

29. STRUCTURES RELATED TO MEDIASTINAL
SURFACE OF RIGHT LUNG
• Right atrium & auricle
• A small part of right
ventricle
• Superior vena cava
• Lower part of right
brachiocephalic vein
• Azygos vein
• Oesophagus
• Inferior vena cava
• Trachea
• Right vagus nerve
• Right phrenic nerve

30. • Left ventricle, auricle,
infundibulum & adjoining part
of right ventricle
• Pulmonary trunk
• Arch of aorta
• Descending thoracic aorta
• Left subclavian artery
• Thoracic duct
• Oesophagus
• Left brachiocephalic vein
• Left vagus nerve
• Left phrenic nerve
• Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
STRUCTURES RELATED TO MEDIASTINAL
SURFACE OF LEFT LUNG

31. THE BRONCHIAL TREE

32. THE BRONCHI
1º BRONCHI
2º BRONCHI (LOBAR BRONCHI)
3º BRONCHI (SEGMENTAL BRONCHI)
SUPPLIES AIR TO SINGLE
BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT
10 RIGHT 8/9 LEFT
RIGHT :
SUPERIOR LOBAR
MIDDLE LOBAR
INFERIOR LOBAR
LEFT :
SUPERIOR LOBAR
INFERIOR LOBAR

33. TERTIARY BRONCHI

34. BRONCHIOLES
3º BRONCHI
TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
THINNEST, MOST DELICATE
BRANCHES OF BRONCHIAL
TREE ; DELIVER AIR TO THE
EXCHANGE SURFACES OF LUNG
ALVEOLI

35. ALEVOLAR DUCTS &
ALVEOLI
Respiratory bronchioles connected to
alveoli along regions called alveolar
ducts
Passageways end at alveolar sacs
Each lung has 150 million alveoli –
gives lung spongy appearance

36. • Bronchial arteries arise from systemic circulation & supply lung & its
associated tissues with nutrients
• Left bronchial artery arises from descending thoracic aorta; right
bronchial artery arises from 3rd posterior intercostal artery
ARTERIAL SUPPLY OF LUNGS

37. VENOUS DRAINAGE OF LUNGS
• Bronchial veins drain lung tissues
• Right bronchial vein drains into azygos vein; left bronchial vein drains into
accessory hemiazygos vein or left superior intercostal vein

38. • Cavity of thorax contains right & left pleural cavities completely invaginated & occupied by
lungs
• Right & left pleural cavities separated by thick median partition called mediastinum
• Heart lies in mediastinum
THORACIC CAVITY

39. • Pleura is a serous membrane lined by mesothelium
• Two pleural sacs – one on either side of mediastinum
• Pleural sac invaginated from medial side by lung so it has outer layer
(parietal pleura) & inner layer (visceral pleura)
• Two layers continuous with each other around hilum of lung & enclose
between them a potential space (pleural cavity)
PLEURA

40. PLEURA VISCERALIS
• Covers surfaces & fissures of lung except at hilum & along attachment of
pulmonary ligament where it is continuous with parietal pleura
• Firmly adherent to lung & cannot be removed from it

41. PLEURA PARIETALIS
Thicker than pulmonary pleura
Has 4 parts
Costal pleura
Lines thoracic wall (ribs, intercostal
spaces)
Mediastinal pleura
Lines corresponding surface of
mediastinum; reflected over root of
lung & becomes continuous with
pulmonary pleura around hilum
Cervical pleura
Extends into neck about 2 inches
above 1st costal cartilage & one inch
above medial 1/3 clavicle; covers
apex of lung
Diaphragmatic pleura
Lines superior surface of diaphragm

42. RESPIRATORY MUSCLES
Contraction of diaphragm – increases volume of thoracic cavity – draws
air into lungs
Inspiration: elevate ribs
Intercostalis externus
SCM; pectoralis minor; scalenes
Serratus anterior
Expiration: depress ribs
Intercostalis internus
Transversus thoracis
Abdominal obliques
Rectus abdominis

44. MECHANICS OF BREATHING
(PULMONARY VENTILATION)
 Two phases
Inspiration – flow of air into lung
Expiration – air leaving lung

45. INSPIRATIO
N

46. EXPIRATIO
N
Figure 13.7b

47. TERIMA
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