INTRODUCTION: Lungs are a pair of respiratory organs 2. lungs function and landmarks 3. related diseases 4. arterial and venous supply 5. Fissures and lobes

1. Anatomy
• Submitted to : Dr. Tayyaba Aslam
• Submitted by : Sumayya Farooq
• Roll No : 045

2. GROSS
ANATOMY
OF LUNGS

3. FUNCTION:
• To extract oxygen from the atmosphere
• Transfer it into the bloodstream
• To release carbon dioxide from the blood stream into the atmosphere, in a
process of gas exchange.
• Respiration is driven by different muscular systems in different species.

4. STRUCTURE OF THE LUNGS:
•The lungs are the organ for respiration.
•They are paired cone shaped organs lying in the thoracic
cavity.
•They are separated from each other by the heart.
•And other structures in the mediastinum.

5. DIVISION:
• Humans have two lungs, a right lung, and a left lung.
• The right lung is shorter and wider than the left lung.
• The left lung occupies a smaller volume than the right.
• The Each lung has a base resting on the diaphragm
• An apex extending superiorly to a point approximately 2.5cm superior to the
clavicle

6. APEX:
• Blunt
• Lies above the level of anterior end
of 1st Rib.
• Reaches 1-2 cm above medial 1/3rd
of clavicle.
• Covered by cervical pleura and
supra pleural membrane.
• Grooved by subclavian artery and
subclavian vein.

7. BASE:
• Semilunar and concave.
• Rests on dome of
Diaphragm.
• Right side dome is higher
than left

8. PLEURA:
• Each lung is invested by and enclosed
in a serous pleural sac that consists of
two continuous membranes.
• The inner layer (visceral pleura)
wraps around the lungs
• It is stuck so tightly to the lungs that
it cannot be peeled off.
• The outer layer (parietal pleura) lines
the inside of the chest wall.

9. PLEURAL
CAVITY:
• The pleural cavity also known as
pleural space.
• It is the thin fluid-filled space
between the two pulmonary pleura
of each lung.

10. FISSURES AND
LOBES OF LUNGS:
• Each lung is composed of smaller
units called lobes.
• Fissures separate these lobes from
each other.
• The right lung consists of three lobes:
the superior, middle, and inferior
lobes.
• The left lung consists of two lobes:
the superior and inferior lobes.

11. OBLIQUE FISSURE:
• It begins posteriorly at the level of 5th thoracic vertebrae.
• Passes antero-inferiorly in a spiral course to meet the inferior margin
close to 6th costochondral junction.

12. HORIZONTAL FISSURE:
• It extends from anterior margin at the level of 4th costal cartilage.
• Runs horizontally backwards to meet the oblique fissure in the mid-axillary
line.
• Pulmonary pleura extends into the fissures of the lungs so that the lobes can
move on each other during respiration.

13. HILUM:
• It is a large depressed area
that lies near the center of
the medial surface.
• Various structure enter and
leave the lung via its root.

14. CARDIAC NOTCH:
• The CARDIAC NOTCH is an indentation on the
surface of the left lung
• It allows space for the heart.

15. BRONCHOPULMONARY
SEGMENTS:
• These are well defined
areas of the lungs,
each of which is
aerated by a
segmental/ tertiary
bronchus.

16. Trachea
Right and Left Principal Bronchus
Lobar bronchi(Secondary)
Segmental Bronchi(tertiary)
Terminal Bronchioles(25000 in no.)
Respiratory Bronchioles
Alveolar Ducts
Alveolar Sacs
Alveoli

17. BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENTS
RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS
• Shorter
• Wider.
• More in line with trachea.
LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS
• Longer
• Narrower.
• More oblique than right.

18. ARTERIAL AND VENOUS SUPPLY:

19. BRONCHIAL VEINS:
• The bronchial veins are small vessels.
• They return blood from the larger bronchi and structures at the root of the lungs.
• The right side drains into the azygous vein,
• While the left side drains into the left superior intercostal vein or the accessory
hemiazygos vein.
• Bronchial veins are thereby part of the bronchial circulation,
• Carrying waste products away from the cells that constitute the lungs.

20. BRONCHIAL ARTERY:
• In human anatomy , the bronchial arteries supply the lungs with
nutrition and oxygenated blood.
• Although there is much variation , there are two bronchial arteries
• That run to the left lung , and one to the right lung.
• The bronchial arteries are counterparts to the bronchial veins.