The document provides details about lung anatomy. It discusses the lobes and segments of the lungs, their relations to surrounding structures, blood supply, lymphatic and nerve drainage. Key points include:
- Each lung is divided into lobes and segments, with the right lung having 3 lobes and the left having 2.
- The lobes are demarcated by fissures and each segment is supplied by its own bronchus and artery.
- The lungs receive oxygenated blood from the pulmonary arteries and veins, and non-oxygenated blood from the bronchial arteries.
- Lymphatic drainage is to the broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes at the hilum. Nerve supply is from the anterior and posterior
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
Anatomy of lungs and development of lungsDrhappyachu
This document provides an overview of lung anatomy and development. It discusses the gross organization of the lungs including surfaces, borders, lobes, and root. It describes the trachea, bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins. Segmental anatomy and lymphatics are covered. Lung development progresses from embryonic to pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages. Pleura and its relations are also summarized.
As adults,we know that procrastination can be one of the
biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond! help for you...i hope its useful to you and best luck...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION: Lungs are a pair of respiratory organs
2. lungs function and landmarks
3. related diseases
4. arterial and venous supply
5. Fissures and lobes
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic.
The bronchioles eventually end in clusters of microscopic air sacs called alveoli. In the alveoli, oxygen from the air is absorbed into the blood. Carbon dioxide, a waste product of metabolism, travels from the blood to the alveoli, where it can be exhaled. Between the alveoli is a thin layer of cells called the interstitium, which contains blood vessels and cells that help support the alveoli.
The lungs are a pair of elastic organs located in the chest cavity that are responsible for respiration. Each lung has a conical shape and is divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has three lobes while the left has two. The lungs receive deoxygenated blood from the heart via the pulmonary arteries and return oxygenated blood to the heart via pulmonary veins. They also have a bronchial blood supply from the bronchial arteries. The major functions of the lungs are gas exchange and respiration.
Anatomy of lungs and development of lungsDrhappyachu
This document provides an overview of lung anatomy and development. It discusses the gross organization of the lungs including surfaces, borders, lobes, and root. It describes the trachea, bronchi, pulmonary arteries and veins. Segmental anatomy and lymphatics are covered. Lung development progresses from embryonic to pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages. Pleura and its relations are also summarized.
As adults,we know that procrastination can be one of the
biggest killers of productivity. Teachers can help their students overcome this unhelpful habit early so that they can live up to their potential in the classroom and beyond! help for you...i hope its useful to you and best luck...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION: Lungs are a pair of respiratory organs
2. lungs function and landmarks
3. related diseases
4. arterial and venous supply
5. Fissures and lobes
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. Milan Silwal, Resident, NAMS, Kathman...Milan Silwal
The document provides information on the cross sectional anatomy of the chest, including the boundaries and divisions of the thorax and mediastinum. It describes the contents and boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. It also discusses the lungs, bronchopulmonary segments, and six representative chest CT scan levels that are used to interpret mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it presents six clinical cases pertaining to conditions that may appear on chest imaging.
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the lungs. It describes the major anatomical structures and divisions of the lungs including lobes, segments, fissures, bronchi and pulmonary vessels. Key points include:
- The lungs are divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes.
- Each lobe is further divided into segments defined by the branching pattern of the bronchi. The right lung has 10 segments and the left has 8 segments.
- Other fissures such as the azygos fissure can also divide lobes in rare instances.
- CT allows visualization of the segmental bronchi and pulmonary vessels that define the boundaries of
This document provides an overview of lung anatomy, describing the four main anatomical components of the lungs: airways, lung parenchyma, suppliers (vascular, nerve, lymphatics), and pleura. It details the structures of the airways from the trachea down to the terminal bronchioles. It describes the lobes, segments, lobules, and acini that make up the lung parenchyma. It outlines the dual blood supply of pulmonary and bronchial vessels. It also summarizes the lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, and the two layers of pleura and pleural spaces. Overall, the document comprehensively reviews the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various structures of the lungs.
Introduction
Features
Fissures and Lobes
Root of the Lung
Differences b/w Right and Left Lungs
Arterial Supply of Lungs
Venous Drainage of Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of Lungs
Nerve Supply
Bronchial Tree
Bronchopulmonary Segments
The lungs are the principal organs of respiration located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is cone-shaped with an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains the bronchus, pulmonary vessels and nerves and connects to the mediastinum. The lungs receive arterial blood supply from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries and venous drainage occurs through the pulmonary and bronchial veins. Lymphatic drainage is through vessels in the lungs that drain to tracheobronchial and bronchomediastinal lymph nodes. Nerve supply is from the vagus nerve and thoracic spinal nerves.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, major blood vessels like the aorta and superior vena cava, nerves like the vagus and phrenic nerves, and the esophagus. The middle mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardium. The anterior and posterior mediastinum contain the esophagus and major blood vessels.
This document provides an overview of lung and pleural anatomy from Dr. Noura El Tahawy. It discusses the structure and layers of the pleura, noting that the pleural cavities are lined by mesothelial membranes and contain the lungs. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum at the root, which contains the airways, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. The document also reviews the surfaces and borders of the lungs, the root and hilum structures, the bronchial tree and segments, vasculature, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the trachea and bronchi. It describes the trachea as a cartilaginous tube that extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the carina where it bifurcates into the main bronchi. It then describes the structure and branches of the right and left main bronchi. Key features include the trachea's D-shape, incomplete cartilage rings, and relations to surrounding structures like the esophagus and great vessels.
The lungs are soft, spongy, elastic organs located in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum. Each lung is cone-shaped and covered by a visceral pleura. The right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes by fissures, while the left lung has two lobes. Blood supply to the lungs is provided by the pulmonary arteries and veins, while nerves are supplied by the pulmonary plexus and lymph drains through superficial and deep routes.
The document provides an overview of the functional anatomy of the respiratory and circulatory systems. It describes the major structures of the respiratory system including the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and associated blood vessels and nerves. It discusses the divisions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It also describes the structural features and functions of key components like the lungs, trachea, bronchi and associated blood supply.
Radiological anatomy of chest including lungs,mediastinum and thoracic cagePankaj Kaira
The document describes the anatomy of the thoracic cage and its components. It discusses the sternum, ribs, costal cartilage, and their joints. It also describes the lungs and their lobes, as well as the structures of the mediastinum such as the trachea, bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves. Key details are provided on the segments of the lungs and the fissures that divide the lobes.
This document provides an overview of the pleura and lung. It begins by introducing the lung and its parts, including lobes and borders. It then describes the pleural layers in detail, including the parietal pleura layers of cervical, costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura. Relations and blood supply of the pleura are discussed. Bronchopulmonary segments and clinical significance are summarized. Common pleural conditions like pleurisy, pleural effusion and pneumothorax are briefly mentioned.
ANATOMY OF TRACHEA, BRONCHI & PLEURA.pptxMohitJagga2
The document summarizes the anatomy of the trachea, bronchi, and pleura. It describes the structures and divisions of the trachea and bronchi, including their relations, blood supply, and innervation. It then discusses the two layers of pleura, the pleural cavities they form, and the clinical implications of conditions affecting these structures.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the respiratory system. It discusses the thorax and its borders, cavities, and openings. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic wall including bones, muscles, fascia, blood vessels and nerves. The document outlines the diaphragm and its parts. It discusses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and their lobes. It also summarizes the mechanics of breathing including inspiration and expiration.
The trachea and esophagus are two tubes in the neck and chest that serve different functions. The trachea is a tube that carries air to and from the lungs. It is located in front of the esophagus, which carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. The trachea branches into the two main bronchi near the heart. The esophagus passes behind the trachea through the neck and chest, piercing the diaphragm to connect to the stomach. Both structures have rings of cartilage to maintain their shape and smooth muscle layers, and receive blood supply and innervation from nearby arteries and nerves.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the trachea and lungs. It discusses the following key points:
1) The trachea is a cartilaginous tube that extends from the larynx to the carina where it divides into the two main bronchi, one for each lung.
2) The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left bronchus.
3) The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, hilum and lobes that are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments supplied by the bronchial tree.
Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree and Bronchopulmonary Segments with summary o...Jega Subramaniam
Edited version of my Presentation in College.
Hope its useful for you rather than sleeping in my desktop.
Sorry if there is any mistakes.
Thanks and god bless.
The document summarizes the gross structures and functions of the lower respiratory tract. It describes the trachea as a tubular passageway that branches into the two primary bronchi. The bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles that lead to terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also details the lungs, noting they are highly elastic and each has an apex, lobes divided by fissures, and a root containing bronchial tubes and vessels. The pleurae are membranes that line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, with a potential space between that contains lubricating fluid.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the lungs and related structures. It describes:
- The lungs have two lobes separated by an oblique fissure. The left lung is smaller due to the heart protruding further left.
- Structures pass through the hilum, including the pulmonary artery, veins, and bronchi. The right lung has three lobes separated by fissures.
- The lungs are surrounded by pleura and indented by the heart and ribs. Segments are the functional units of the lungs supplied by their own bronchus, artery and vein.
Cross sectional anatomy of chest by Dr. Milan Silwal, Resident, NAMS, Kathman...Milan Silwal
The document provides information on the cross sectional anatomy of the chest, including the boundaries and divisions of the thorax and mediastinum. It describes the contents and boundaries of the superior, anterior, middle, and posterior mediastinum. It also discusses the lungs, bronchopulmonary segments, and six representative chest CT scan levels that are used to interpret mediastinal anatomy. Finally, it presents six clinical cases pertaining to conditions that may appear on chest imaging.
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the lungs. It describes the major anatomical structures and divisions of the lungs including lobes, segments, fissures, bronchi and pulmonary vessels. Key points include:
- The lungs are divided into lobes separated by fissures. The right lung has 3 lobes and the left has 2 lobes.
- Each lobe is further divided into segments defined by the branching pattern of the bronchi. The right lung has 10 segments and the left has 8 segments.
- Other fissures such as the azygos fissure can also divide lobes in rare instances.
- CT allows visualization of the segmental bronchi and pulmonary vessels that define the boundaries of
This document provides an overview of lung anatomy, describing the four main anatomical components of the lungs: airways, lung parenchyma, suppliers (vascular, nerve, lymphatics), and pleura. It details the structures of the airways from the trachea down to the terminal bronchioles. It describes the lobes, segments, lobules, and acini that make up the lung parenchyma. It outlines the dual blood supply of pulmonary and bronchial vessels. It also summarizes the lymphatic drainage, nerve supply, and the two layers of pleura and pleural spaces. Overall, the document comprehensively reviews the gross and microscopic anatomy of the various structures of the lungs.
Introduction
Features
Fissures and Lobes
Root of the Lung
Differences b/w Right and Left Lungs
Arterial Supply of Lungs
Venous Drainage of Lungs
Lymphatic Drainage of Lungs
Nerve Supply
Bronchial Tree
Bronchopulmonary Segments
The lungs are the principal organs of respiration located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung is cone-shaped with an apex, base, and borders. The right lung has three lobes separated by two fissures, while the left lung has two lobes separated by one fissure. The root of each lung contains the bronchus, pulmonary vessels and nerves and connects to the mediastinum. The lungs receive arterial blood supply from the pulmonary and bronchial arteries and venous drainage occurs through the pulmonary and bronchial veins. Lymphatic drainage is through vessels in the lungs that drain to tracheobronchial and bronchomediastinal lymph nodes. Nerve supply is from the vagus nerve and thoracic spinal nerves.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and other structures. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle, and posterior compartments. The superior mediastinum contains the thymus gland, major blood vessels like the aorta and superior vena cava, nerves like the vagus and phrenic nerves, and the esophagus. The middle mediastinum contains the heart surrounded by the pericardium. The anterior and posterior mediastinum contain the esophagus and major blood vessels.
This document provides an overview of lung and pleural anatomy from Dr. Noura El Tahawy. It discusses the structure and layers of the pleura, noting that the pleural cavities are lined by mesothelial membranes and contain the lungs. Each lung remains attached to the mediastinum at the root, which contains the airways, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves. The document also reviews the surfaces and borders of the lungs, the root and hilum structures, the bronchial tree and segments, vasculature, innervation and lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the trachea and bronchi. It describes the trachea as a cartilaginous tube that extends from the lower border of the cricoid cartilage to the carina where it bifurcates into the main bronchi. It then describes the structure and branches of the right and left main bronchi. Key features include the trachea's D-shape, incomplete cartilage rings, and relations to surrounding structures like the esophagus and great vessels.
The lungs are soft, spongy, elastic organs located in the thoracic cavity on either side of the mediastinum. Each lung is cone-shaped and covered by a visceral pleura. The right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes by fissures, while the left lung has two lobes. Blood supply to the lungs is provided by the pulmonary arteries and veins, while nerves are supplied by the pulmonary plexus and lymph drains through superficial and deep routes.
The document provides an overview of the functional anatomy of the respiratory and circulatory systems. It describes the major structures of the respiratory system including the nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and associated blood vessels and nerves. It discusses the divisions of the upper and lower respiratory tract. It also describes the structural features and functions of key components like the lungs, trachea, bronchi and associated blood supply.
Radiological anatomy of chest including lungs,mediastinum and thoracic cagePankaj Kaira
The document describes the anatomy of the thoracic cage and its components. It discusses the sternum, ribs, costal cartilage, and their joints. It also describes the lungs and their lobes, as well as the structures of the mediastinum such as the trachea, bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves. Key details are provided on the segments of the lungs and the fissures that divide the lobes.
This document provides an overview of the pleura and lung. It begins by introducing the lung and its parts, including lobes and borders. It then describes the pleural layers in detail, including the parietal pleura layers of cervical, costal, mediastinal and diaphragmatic pleura. Relations and blood supply of the pleura are discussed. Bronchopulmonary segments and clinical significance are summarized. Common pleural conditions like pleurisy, pleural effusion and pneumothorax are briefly mentioned.
ANATOMY OF TRACHEA, BRONCHI & PLEURA.pptxMohitJagga2
The document summarizes the anatomy of the trachea, bronchi, and pleura. It describes the structures and divisions of the trachea and bronchi, including their relations, blood supply, and innervation. It then discusses the two layers of pleura, the pleural cavities they form, and the clinical implications of conditions affecting these structures.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the respiratory system. It discusses the thorax and its borders, cavities, and openings. It describes the structures that make up the thoracic wall including bones, muscles, fascia, blood vessels and nerves. The document outlines the diaphragm and its parts. It discusses the trachea, bronchi, lungs and their lobes. It also summarizes the mechanics of breathing including inspiration and expiration.
The trachea and esophagus are two tubes in the neck and chest that serve different functions. The trachea is a tube that carries air to and from the lungs. It is located in front of the esophagus, which carries food and liquid from the mouth to the stomach. The trachea branches into the two main bronchi near the heart. The esophagus passes behind the trachea through the neck and chest, piercing the diaphragm to connect to the stomach. Both structures have rings of cartilage to maintain their shape and smooth muscle layers, and receive blood supply and innervation from nearby arteries and nerves.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the trachea and lungs. It discusses the following key points:
1) The trachea is a cartilaginous tube that extends from the larynx to the carina where it divides into the two main bronchi, one for each lung.
2) The right bronchus is wider, shorter and more vertical than the left bronchus.
3) The lungs are paired organs located in the thoracic cavity. Each lung has an apex, base, hilum and lobes that are further divided into bronchopulmonary segments supplied by the bronchial tree.
Anatomy of Tracheobronchial Tree and Bronchopulmonary Segments with summary o...Jega Subramaniam
Edited version of my Presentation in College.
Hope its useful for you rather than sleeping in my desktop.
Sorry if there is any mistakes.
Thanks and god bless.
The document summarizes the gross structures and functions of the lower respiratory tract. It describes the trachea as a tubular passageway that branches into the two primary bronchi. The bronchi continue branching into smaller bronchioles that lead to terminal bronchioles and alveoli where gas exchange occurs. It also details the lungs, noting they are highly elastic and each has an apex, lobes divided by fissures, and a root containing bronchial tubes and vessels. The pleurae are membranes that line the thoracic wall and cover the lungs, with a potential space between that contains lubricating fluid.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the lungs and related structures. It describes:
- The lungs have two lobes separated by an oblique fissure. The left lung is smaller due to the heart protruding further left.
- Structures pass through the hilum, including the pulmonary artery, veins, and bronchi. The right lung has three lobes separated by fissures.
- The lungs are surrounded by pleura and indented by the heart and ribs. Segments are the functional units of the lungs supplied by their own bronchus, artery and vein.
The knee joint is a modified hinge joint that allows for flexion and extension as well as some rotation. It is formed by the articulation of the femur, tibia, and patella. The knee joint contains two joint cavities - the patellofemoral joint and tibiofemoral joint. Various ligaments such as the cruciate ligaments and menisci provide stability and cushioning to the joint. Injuries commonly involve the collateral ligaments, menisci, or anterior cruciate ligament due to their location and function. The knee is an important and complex joint that enables mobility but is also susceptible to trauma.
Development of Musculo-skeletal system - 01 and 02.pptxSundip Charmode
The document discusses the development of the musculo-skeletal system. It begins by describing how somites form from paraxial mesoderm and differentiate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome tissues. Sclerotome tissues go on to form the axial skeleton, including the vertebral column, ribs, and sternum. The development of each of these structures is then explained in detail over multiple sections. The document also discusses various congenital anomalies that can occur in the development of the axial skeleton.
The central nervous system develops from the neural plate, which forms the neural tube. The neural tube undergoes primary and secondary folding and vesicles form the brain regions. The neural tube closes at specific points forming the cranial and caudal neuropores. Within the neural tube, the neuroepithelial layer gives rise to neuroblasts and glioblasts which form the gray and white matter. Neural crest cells contribute to peripheral ganglia. As development proceeds, the spinal cord undergoes positional changes relative to the lengthening vertebral column.
This document provides instructions for performing intramuscular injections including site selection and proper technique. The key steps are: 1) prepare the injection site by cleaning with alcohol, 2) draw up the medication into the syringe, ensuring no air bubbles, 3) insert the needle at a 90 degree angle and check for blood before injecting, 4) inject the medication and withdraw the needle, 5) apply pressure to the site. Common sites are deltoid, gluteal or thigh muscles. Complications can include infection, tissue damage or nerve injury and should be reported to a doctor.
The document describes the muscles, fascia, vessels and nerves of the pelvic wall and pelvic cavity. It discusses the divisions of the pelvic wall including the anterior, lateral and posterior walls. It describes muscles like the piriformis, obturator internus and levator ani, their origins, insertions and actions. It explains the layers of pelvic fascia and pelvic diaphragm. It also summarizes the branches and distribution of the internal iliac artery and the formation and branches of the sacral plexus. Finally, it provides an overview of the autonomic innervation of the pelvic organs.
This document describes the development of the gastrointestinal system from the primitive gut tube. It discusses how the foregut, midgut, and hindgut develop and their derivatives. Key points include how the stomach rotates along both its longitudinal and transverse axes, positioning the liver and pancreas. It also describes the formation of the mesenteries, including the dorsal and ventral mesogastria, that support the gut tube and its associated organs.
This document provides information on the anatomy of the face, including:
- The peculiarities of facial skin and fascia layers.
- The various facial muscles are described, grouped into those for the eyelids, nose, and lips/cheeks. Key muscles like orbicularis oculi and buccinator are explained.
- The nerve supply of each facial region from branches of the trigeminal and facial nerves is outlined. The arterial, venous, and lymphatic drainage of the face is also summarized.
Male reproductive system - 1 &2 - Read-Only.pdfSundip Charmode
The document provides information on the male reproductive system. It discusses how the primordial germ cells migrate and influence development of the indifferent gonad into a testis in males. It describes formation of testis cords, Leydig and Sertoli cells. The genital ducts are described, including how the mesonephric ducts form parts of the male reproductive tract. External genital development is also summarized, including phallus elongation, urethral formation, and descent of the testes into the scrotum.
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities. It has three origins - sternal, costal, and vertebral. It contains several openings, including the venacaval, esophageal, and aortic openings. The diaphragm contracts during inspiration, increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity. It receives motor innervation from the phrenic nerves and sensory innervation from intercostal nerves. The diaphragm can be involved in hernias such as congenital Bochdalek's hernia or hiatal hernia through the esophageal opening.
The cervical plexus is formed by the anterior rami of cervical nerves C1-C4. It is located in the neck beneath the prevertebral fascia and supplies skin and muscles of the neck. The phrenic nerve originates from C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm. The cervical sympathetic trunk contains three ganglia - superior, middle, and inferior. The ganglia receive preganglionic fibers and provide postganglionic fibers to cervical nerves and structures in the head and neck via branches.
The fourth ventricle is a cavity located in the posterior cranial fossa behind the pons and upper medulla. It has connections superiorly to the cerebral aqueduct and inferiorly to the central canal of the medulla. The fourth ventricle is bordered laterally by the cerebellar peduncles, and has a roof and floor formed of neural and non-neural tissues with openings that allow CSF circulation. Structures located beneath the floor include cranial nerve nuclei and vital centers. Blockage of the ventricle's openings can cause internal hydrocephalus.
This document describes the anatomy of the front of the leg and dorsum of the foot. It discusses the surface landmarks, superficial fascia contents, fascial compartments and extensor retinacula of the leg. It also describes the muscles, arteries including the anterior tibial artery and dorsal pedis artery, nerves including the deep peroneal nerve, and applied anatomy of the region.
The document discusses the extraocular muscles of the eye. It describes the four rectus muscles - superior, inferior, lateral and medial rectus muscles. It also describes the two oblique muscles - superior and inferior oblique muscles. It discusses the origins, insertions and actions of each muscle. It further discusses the nerve supply, axes of movements and individual muscle movements. Factors maintaining stability of the eyeball are also summarized.
This document summarizes the embryonic period from 4-8 weeks of development. During this time, the three germ layers differentiate to form major organ systems. The ectoderm forms the central nervous system, skin, and sensory organs. The mesoderm forms muscles, skeleton, cardiovascular and lymphatic systems. The endoderm forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives. Key events include somite formation, neurulation, and the development of the neural crest cells which contribute to many tissues. The molecular regulation of blood vessel formation is also discussed.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
ABDOMINAL TRAUMA in pediatrics part one.drhasanrajab
Abdominal trauma in pediatrics refers to injuries or damage to the abdominal organs in children. It can occur due to various causes such as falls, motor vehicle accidents, sports-related injuries, and physical abuse. Children are more vulnerable to abdominal trauma due to their unique anatomical and physiological characteristics. Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, tenderness, distension, vomiting, and signs of shock. Diagnosis involves physical examination, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. Management depends on the severity and may involve conservative treatment or surgical intervention. Prevention is crucial in reducing the incidence of abdominal trauma in children.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
2. INTRODUCTION
• They are a pair of essential organs and invaginate into
the corresponding pleura.
• Each lung is invested by pulmonary pleura except at
the hilum and the attachment of the pulmonary
ligament.
3. CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES
1. Lung is porous, elastic and spongy in texture.
2. It crepitates to the touch and floats on water.
3. In newborn, it is rosy pink and in adults – dark, slaty
grey.
4. PRESENTING PARTS
• Half conical in shape
• Apex
• Base
• Surfaces: Costal and medial
• Borders: Anterior, Posterior and Inferior
7. APEX OF LUNG
Not a point but an area
above the first rib and
its cartilage.
The summit is 3-4 cm
above the first costal
cartilage and 2-5 cm
above the medial end
of clavicle.
8. ANTERIOR RELATIONS
1. Subclavian artery arches upwards and laterally
below the summit of the apex and lodges in a
groove.
2. The origin of internal thoracic artery
3. Scalenus anterior muscle close to its insertion
4. Subclavian vein lodges in a groove below and in
front of subclavian artery, and separated by scalenus
anterior.
9. POSTERIOR RELATIONS
• Apex is in contact with the neck of 1st rib and
following structures intervene between them (medial
to lateral)
1. Sympathetic trunk
2. First posterior intercostal vein
3. Superior intercostal artery
4. Ascending branch of ventral ramus of 1st thoracic
nerve
11. MEDIAL RELATIONS
RIGHT LUNG
1. Right brachio-cephalic
vein with right phrenic
nerve and peri-cardio-
phrenic vessels
2. Brachio-cephalic trunk
3. Trachea with right
vagus nerve
LEFT LUNG
1. Left brachio-cephalic
vein
2. Left subclavian artery
3. Left edge of esophagus
4. Thoracic duct
12. BASE
• Concave and semilunar in shape
• Right lung base is more concave than left lung
• Relations:
1. Upper surface of corresponding half of diaphragm
separated by the pleural sac
2. Below the diaphragm
• Right side – right lobe of liver;
• Left side – left lobe of the liver, fundus of stomach
and spleen
13. COSTAL SURFACE
• Convex, smooth and related with
lateral thoracic wall
• Separated by costal pleura and
endo-thoracic fascia.
• Presents impressions of ribs and
costal cartilages, and elevations for
intercostal spaces.
– Mid-clavicular line: Upper six
ribs
– Mid-axillary line: Upper eight
ribs
– Scapular line: Upper ten ribs
14.
15.
16.
17. ANTERIOR BORDER
• Thin, sandwiched
between anterior
thoracic wall and
pericardium.
• Occupies the Costo-
mediastinal recess of
pleura.
18. POTERIOR BORDER
• Thick, rounded as it
occupies the para-
vertebral border.
• Related with anterior
margin of heads of upper
ten ribs, sympathetic
trunk, and origins of
greater and lesser
splanchnic nerves.
19. INFERIOR BORDER
• Circumscribed border
which separates the base
of the lung from the costal
and medial surfaces.
• Posterior and lateral part
of the border is thin as it
occupies costo-
diaphragmatic recess of
pleura.
20. MEDIAL SURFACE
Posterior or Vertebral part
• Flat
• Related with the bodies and
intervertebral discs of upper
ten thoracic vertebrae
• Posterior intercostals vessels,
Greater and Lesser
splanchnic nerves in lower
part.
21. ANTERIOR OR MEDIASTINAL PART – RIGHT
LUNG
1. Hilum of lung: triangular non-pleural impression through
which structures of lung root enter and leave the organ.
• From above downwards: upper lobe bronchus, pulmonary
artery, principal bronchus, lower pulmonary vein.
• From before backwards: upper pulmonary vein, pulmonary
artery, bronchus
2. Pulmonary ligament: consists of a bilaminar fold of
mediastinal pleura and extends from esophagus to lung
below the hilum.
• Contain loose areolar tissue, some lymph vessels,
occasionally accessory bronchial artery.
• Lower margin of the ligament is free.
22.
23. ANTERIOR OR MEDIASTINAL PART – RIGHT
LUNG
3. Cardiac impression: anterior surface of right auricle,
anterior and right surface of right atrium, part of right
surface of right ventricle covered by pericardium.
4. Right phrenic and pericardiophrenic vessels – in front of
hilum
5. Terminal part of inferior venacava along with right phrenic
nerve
6. Superior venacava in lower part of groove, and right
brachio-cephalic vein in upper part.
7. Arch of azygous vein
8. Brachiocephalic trunk, before it divides into right
subclavian and common carotid arteries
9. Right side of trachea with right vagus nerve
10. Right edge of esophagus
24.
25.
26.
27. ANTERIOR OR MEDIASTINAL PART – LEFT
LUNG
1. Hilum of lung: triangular non-pleural impression through
which structures of lung root enter and leave the organ.
• From above downwards: Pulmonary artery, left principal
bronchus, lower pulmonary vein.
• From before backwards: upper pulmonary vein, pulmonary
artery, bronchus
2. Pulmonary ligament: consists of a bilaminar fold of
mediastinal pleura and extends from esophagus to lung
below the hilum.
• Contain loose areolar tissue, some lymph vessels,
occasionally accessory bronchial artery.
• Lower margin of the ligament is free.
28.
29. ANTERIOR OR MEDIASTINAL PART – LEFT LUNG
3. Cardiac impression: anterior and left surfaces of left
ventricle, and left auricle. Anterior surface of a part of right
ventricle covered by pericardium.
4. Left phrenic and pericardiophrenic vessels pass between
mediastinal pleura and pericardium.
5. Groove passing upwards from upper part of cardiac
impression lodges pulmonary trunk.
6. A well-defined groove arching backwards above the hilum
lodge arch of aorta.
7. Between arch of aorta and lung following structures
intervene:
– Nerves (before backwards): Left phrenic nerve, inferior cervical
cardiac branch of left vagus and superior cervical branch of left
sympathetic trunk, left vagus nerve
– Vein left superior intercostal vein
30.
31. ANTERIOR OR MEDIASTINAL PART – LEFT LUNG
8. Descending thoracic aorta
9. A well-defined vertical groove for left subclavian artery
10. In front of the artery, a shallow groove for left brachio-
cephalic vein.
11. Above the aortic arch and behind the left subclavian artery,
left edge of esophagus and Thoracic duct.
12. A shallow groove running down and forwards between
pulmonary ligament and DTH - left edge of esophagus.
37. LOBES AND FISSURES OF LUNG
• Right lung: three lobes – upper, middle and lower
• Left lung: two lobes – upper and lower
• Fissures:
– Oblique
– Horizontal
38.
39.
40. AZYGOUS LOBES OF LUNG
• Accessory or
supernumerary lobes
• Three types:
– Upper azygous lobe
– Lower azygous lobe
– Lobe of azygous vein
• Lobe of azygous vein:
1%
41. ROOT OF LUNG
• The root of each lung consists of a
tubular sheath of mediastinal
pleura and connects the hilum of
the lung with the heart and
trachea.
• Lies opposite 5th, 6th and 7th
thoracic vertebra
• The root contains:
– Principal bronchus
– Pulmonary vessels
– Bronchial vessels
– Lymphatics and nerves
42. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO LUNGS
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
Shorter, wider, more capacious Longer, narrower and less capacious
Weight – 625 grams/ 20 oz. Weight – 565 grams/ 18 oz.
Three lobes with two fissures Two lobes with one fissure
Base more concave Base shallow
Absence of cardiac notch Presence of cardiac notch
Arrangement of structures at hilum (above –
downwards) – bronchus, artery, bronchus
and vein
Artery, bronchus and vein
Cardiac impression shallow Deep
Lingula absent Lingula present – corresponds to middle
lobe
Supplied usually by one bronchial artery Supplied usually by two bronchial artery
43. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TWO LUNGS
RIGHT LUNG LEFT LUNG
Presents ten (10) broncho-pulmonary
segments
Three - upper lobe
Two- middle lobe
Five – lower lobe
Presents ten (10) broncho-pulmonary
segments
Five - upper lobe
Five – lower lobe
44. NUTRITION OF LUNG
• Conducting part: up to the beginning of respiratory
bronchioles – supplied by Bronchial arteries.
• Respiratory part: supplied by pulmonary arteries
via the pulmonary capillary plexus.
45. VENOUS DRAINAGE
• Two systems: Superficial and Deep
• Superficial veins: blood from pulmonary pleura,
extra-pulmonary bronchi and hilar lymph nodes –
– Right lung - Arch of azygous vein.
– Left lung – left superior intercostal vein.
• Deep veins: blood from intra-pulmonary bronchi
and bronchioles around the pulmonary vessels and
along the inter-lobular septa – pulmonary veins –
left atrium
46. LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
• Superficial set: lie beneath the pulmonary pleura
around extra-pulmonary bronchi - drain into
broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes at hilum
• Deep set: lie beneath the pulmonary pleura around
intra-pulmonary bronchi and bronchioles - drain
into broncho-pulmonary lymph nodes at hilum
52. FEATURES
1. Well defined, anatomic ,functional and
surgical sectors of lung.
2. Each segment is aerated by a tertiary or
segmental bronchus.
3. Each segment is Pyramidal in shape with
Apex directed towards the Root of the Lung.
4. Segmental venules lie in connective tissue
between adjacent units of Broncho-
pulmonary segments.
53. FEATURES
5. During Segmental Resection, the surgeon
works along the Segmental veins to isolate a
particular segment.
6. Branches of Pulmonary artery accompany the
Bronchi and lie Dorso-lateral to the
Bronchus.
7. Thus each segment has its own separate
artery.
8. Pulmonary veins run in inter-segmental
planes.
54. FEATURES
9. Pulmonary veins do not accompany the
bronchi or pulmonary arteries.
10. Each segment is having more than one vein,
or each vein drains more than one segment.
11. Broncho-pulmonary segment is not a
Broncho-vascular segment.
55. CONTENTS OF SEGMENT
Each segment consists of :
1. Segmental bronchus
2. Segmental artery
3. Autonomic nerves
4. Lymph vessels
59. APPLIED ANATOMY
1. Infection of a Broncho-pulmonary segment
remains restricted except
2. Knowledge of anatomy of segments is
required for :
– Segmental resection
– During Bronchoscopy
3. Carina
4. Paradoxical respiration
5. Tuberculosis of lung
60. APPLIED ANATOMY
6. Bronchial asthma
7. Auscultation of lung
8. Most dependent Broncho-pulmonary segment
– Superior segment of Lower lobe in supine
position. Hence ?