Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
The subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the aortic arch on the left. They arch laterally over the pleura and divide into branches before becoming the axillary arteries. The branches of the subclavian arteries include the vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk arteries. The thyrocervical trunk further divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and superficial cervical arteries.
1. The document describes the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck, including its boundaries, contents, and structures.
2. It is divided into 4 triangles - submental, digastric, carotid, and muscular. Each triangle contains important muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.
3. The document focuses on the muscles and blood vessels found in each triangle, including the digastric, omohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles as well as branches of the external carotid artery like the lingual and facial arteries.
The document describes the common carotid artery and its branches. It discusses the course and relations of the common carotid artery as it divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It then focuses on the internal carotid artery, describing its course through the neck and skull. It outlines the branches and distributions of the external carotid artery.
This document describes the anatomy of the axilla, including its boundaries, contents, and structures that pass through it. It details the walls that form the axilla, as well as the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes contained within. The axillary artery and its branches in the axilla are also outlined.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the scalp, including its layers, blood supply, drainage and innervation. It discusses several clinical conditions that can affect the scalp, such as sebaceous cysts and Pott's puffy tumor. It also describes treatments for scalp wounds and defects, including various local flaps and free tissue transfers. Coronal and hemi-coronal incisions are presented as approaches commonly used for scalp surgery.
This document discusses the blood vessels of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the classification and structure of arteries and veins. It then describes the major arteries, including the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and its branches, and subclavian artery. It also discusses some of the major veins draining the head and neck, including the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein. Finally, it covers some clinical considerations regarding these blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, varicose veins, lusoria, brain hemorrhage, carotid artery bruits, and carotid endarterectomy.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
The subclavian arteries arise from the brachiocephalic trunk on the right and the aortic arch on the left. They arch laterally over the pleura and divide into branches before becoming the axillary arteries. The branches of the subclavian arteries include the vertebral, internal thoracic, and thyrocervical trunk arteries. The thyrocervical trunk further divides into the inferior thyroid, suprascapular, and superficial cervical arteries.
1. The document describes the anatomy of the anterior triangle of the neck, including its boundaries, contents, and structures.
2. It is divided into 4 triangles - submental, digastric, carotid, and muscular. Each triangle contains important muscles, blood vessels, and nerves.
3. The document focuses on the muscles and blood vessels found in each triangle, including the digastric, omohyoid, and infrahyoid muscles as well as branches of the external carotid artery like the lingual and facial arteries.
The document describes the common carotid artery and its branches. It discusses the course and relations of the common carotid artery as it divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It then focuses on the internal carotid artery, describing its course through the neck and skull. It outlines the branches and distributions of the external carotid artery.
This document describes the anatomy of the axilla, including its boundaries, contents, and structures that pass through it. It details the walls that form the axilla, as well as the muscles, blood vessels, nerves, and lymph nodes contained within. The axillary artery and its branches in the axilla are also outlined.
The document provides information on the anatomy of the scalp, including its layers, blood supply, drainage and innervation. It discusses several clinical conditions that can affect the scalp, such as sebaceous cysts and Pott's puffy tumor. It also describes treatments for scalp wounds and defects, including various local flaps and free tissue transfers. Coronal and hemi-coronal incisions are presented as approaches commonly used for scalp surgery.
This document discusses the blood vessels of the head and neck. It begins with an overview of the classification and structure of arteries and veins. It then describes the major arteries, including the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, external carotid artery and its branches, and subclavian artery. It also discusses some of the major veins draining the head and neck, including the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein. Finally, it covers some clinical considerations regarding these blood vessels, such as atherosclerosis, varicose veins, lusoria, brain hemorrhage, carotid artery bruits, and carotid endarterectomy.
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAINDrVishal2
THIS SEMINAR ON VENOUS DRAINAGE OF HEAD, FACE, NECK AND BRAIN ENCOMPASSES ALL THE POSSIBLE DETAILED EXPLANATION ALONG WITH DIAGRAMMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE SAME. APPLIED AND SURGICAL ANATOMY ALONG WITH RECENT MODALITIES HAS BEEN ADDED HEREIN..
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The serous layer further divides into the parietal layer lining the fibrous sac and visceral layer adhered to the heart. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity containing fluid. The pericardium functions to support and protect the heart while allowing movement. Conditions like pericarditis or excess fluid accumulation can lead to cardiac tamponade.
The axillary artery continues as the subclavian artery and extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. It has three parts separated by the pectoralis minor muscle and gives off several important branches that supply structures in the axilla and upper limb. These branches include the superior thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery. The axillary vein runs medially and accompanies the artery, draining blood from the upper limb into the subclavian vein.
The document summarizes the major arteries in the head and neck region, including the common carotid artery and its branches. It describes the internal and external carotid arteries and their branches like the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. It provides details on arteries like their course, branches, and anatomical relations.
The scalp has five layers - skin, deep connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum. It is innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid and ophthalmic arteries. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement and raising of the eyebrows. Lymph drains from the scalp to occipital, cervical, mastoid, parotid, preauricular, and submandibular lymph nodes.
This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy and clinical conditions. It discusses the neck triangles, lymph node distribution, blood supply, and neurology. It also covers how to examine the thyroid and parotid glands. Specific topics include the sinuses, facial nerve, skull anatomy, neck layers, and emergency airway management. Clinical pearls are provided about spread of infections, sinusitis, and evaluating lumps in the neck. Diagrams illustrate key anatomical structures like the neck triangles, carotid sheath, and lymph nodes.
This document describes the anatomy of several muscles and structures in the submandibular region. It includes descriptions and images of the digastric muscle, myelohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle, geniohyoid muscle, genioglossus muscle, stylohyoid muscle, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and the submandibular ganglion. Relations and functions of each structure are provided, with an emphasis on their location and connections to surrounding muscles and nerves in the neck.
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
The document describes the anatomy of the temporal region and muscles of mastication. It discusses the boundaries and contents of the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa. It then describes the four muscles of mastication - the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. Finally, it details the temporomandibular joint, including its movements, ligaments, and important relations.
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
The document summarizes the blood vessels and lymphatics of the thoracic wall. It describes the arteries, veins and lymphatic drainage of the intercostal spaces and chest wall. The posterior intercostal arteries arise from the subclavian artery or descending thoracic aorta and supply the thoracic wall and parietal pleura. The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos or hemiazygos veins. Lymph from the chest wall drains to the anterior and posterior axillary nodes or internally to the thoracic nodes along the internal thoracic artery.
This document describes the branches and anatomy of the external carotid artery. It notes that the external carotid artery has two main branches: the external carotid artery and subclavian artery. It then provides details on several key branches of the external carotid artery and their course and blood supply, including the ascending pharyngeal artery, superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, posterior auricular artery, occipital artery, superficial temporal artery, and maxillary artery. It also briefly describes the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein.
The posterior triangle of the neck contains several important structures:
1) It is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, clavicle, and upper border of the scapula.
2) It contains the accessory nerve, branches of the cervical plexus, and components of the brachial plexus like the dorsal scapular nerve.
3) Important arteries like the subclavian artery and veins like the external jugular vein pass through it.
This document summarizes the temporomandibular joint, mandibular nerve and branches, and otic ganglion. It describes the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint, including its ligaments, articular disc, blood supply, nerve supply, and movements. It then discusses the mandibular nerve and its branches, including the anterior and posterior divisions and branches such as the masseteric nerve and inferior alveolar nerve. Finally, it provides details on the otic ganglion, including its connections to the lesser petrosal nerve and role in parasympathetic innervation of glands.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thorax located between the two lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus and other structures. On a chest x-ray, the subdivisions of the mediastinum are visible with the cardiac shadow marking the middle mediastinum. Conditions like mediastinitis, widening of the mediastinum and mediastinal shift can occur when the mediastinum is affected.
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart. It has two layers - an outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium. The serous pericardium further divides into parietal and visceral layers. The parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium while the visceral layer is applied to the heart forming the epicardium. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity. The pericardium restricts heart movement and provides lubrication for smooth contraction.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The internal surface of the cranial base has three large depressions called cranial fossae: the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. The anterior fossa is the highest and lodges parts of the frontal lobes. The middle fossa is butterfly-shaped and contains the sella turcica. The posterior fossa is the largest and deepest, lodging the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Various foramina and sinuses penetrate the cranial fossae to allow passage of nerves, vessels and CSF. Dural folds such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli further subdivide the cranial cavity.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that surrounds the heart and roots of the great vessels. It has two layers - an outer fibrous layer and inner serous layer. The serous layer further divides into the parietal layer lining the fibrous sac and visceral layer adhered to the heart. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity containing fluid. The pericardium functions to support and protect the heart while allowing movement. Conditions like pericarditis or excess fluid accumulation can lead to cardiac tamponade.
The axillary artery continues as the subclavian artery and extends from the outer border of the first rib to the lower border of teres major muscle. It has three parts separated by the pectoralis minor muscle and gives off several important branches that supply structures in the axilla and upper limb. These branches include the superior thoracic artery, thoracoacromial artery, lateral thoracic artery, subscapular artery, anterior circumflex humeral artery, and posterior circumflex humeral artery. The axillary vein runs medially and accompanies the artery, draining blood from the upper limb into the subclavian vein.
The document summarizes the major arteries in the head and neck region, including the common carotid artery and its branches. It describes the internal and external carotid arteries and their branches like the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. It provides details on arteries like their course, branches, and anatomical relations.
The scalp has five layers - skin, deep connective tissue, aponeurosis, loose connective tissue, and periosteum. It is innervated by branches of the trigeminal nerve and cervical nerves and supplied by branches of the external carotid and ophthalmic arteries. The occipitofrontalis muscle allows movement and raising of the eyebrows. Lymph drains from the scalp to occipital, cervical, mastoid, parotid, preauricular, and submandibular lymph nodes.
This document provides an overview of head and neck anatomy and clinical conditions. It discusses the neck triangles, lymph node distribution, blood supply, and neurology. It also covers how to examine the thyroid and parotid glands. Specific topics include the sinuses, facial nerve, skull anatomy, neck layers, and emergency airway management. Clinical pearls are provided about spread of infections, sinusitis, and evaluating lumps in the neck. Diagrams illustrate key anatomical structures like the neck triangles, carotid sheath, and lymph nodes.
This document describes the anatomy of several muscles and structures in the submandibular region. It includes descriptions and images of the digastric muscle, myelohyoid muscle, hyoglossus muscle, geniohyoid muscle, genioglossus muscle, stylohyoid muscle, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, and the submandibular ganglion. Relations and functions of each structure are provided, with an emphasis on their location and connections to surrounding muscles and nerves in the neck.
This document discusses the normal anatomy and development of the superior and inferior vena cavae as well as common congenital anomalies that can occur. It begins with a description of the typical anatomy of the superior and inferior vena cavae and their tributaries. It then explains the embryonic development of the major veins, including how the cardinal veins form and remodel into the adult venous structures. Finally, it outlines several important congenital anomalies including bilateral superior vena cavae, left-sided superior vena cava, retroaortic innominate vein, left inferior vena cava, azygos continuation of the inferior vena cava, and circumcaval anomalies. Recognition of these anomalies is important to
The document describes the anatomy of the temporal region and muscles of mastication. It discusses the boundaries and contents of the temporal fossa and infratemporal fossa. It then describes the four muscles of mastication - the temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid muscles. Finally, it details the temporomandibular joint, including its movements, ligaments, and important relations.
venous drainage of the upper limb, median vein of forearm, deep veins, basilic vein, cephalic vein, median cubital vein, superficial vein, dorsal venous arch,
The document summarizes the major arteries of the head and neck, including their embryological development, course, branches, and clinical significance. It describes the carotid system, internal carotid artery, and external carotid artery in detail. Key branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries. Variations in artery origins are also noted.
The document summarizes the blood vessels and lymphatics of the thoracic wall. It describes the arteries, veins and lymphatic drainage of the intercostal spaces and chest wall. The posterior intercostal arteries arise from the subclavian artery or descending thoracic aorta and supply the thoracic wall and parietal pleura. The posterior intercostal veins drain into the azygos or hemiazygos veins. Lymph from the chest wall drains to the anterior and posterior axillary nodes or internally to the thoracic nodes along the internal thoracic artery.
This document describes the branches and anatomy of the external carotid artery. It notes that the external carotid artery has two main branches: the external carotid artery and subclavian artery. It then provides details on several key branches of the external carotid artery and their course and blood supply, including the ascending pharyngeal artery, superior thyroid artery, lingual artery, facial artery, posterior auricular artery, occipital artery, superficial temporal artery, and maxillary artery. It also briefly describes the internal jugular vein and external jugular vein.
The posterior triangle of the neck contains several important structures:
1) It is bounded by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, clavicle, and upper border of the scapula.
2) It contains the accessory nerve, branches of the cervical plexus, and components of the brachial plexus like the dorsal scapular nerve.
3) Important arteries like the subclavian artery and veins like the external jugular vein pass through it.
This document summarizes the temporomandibular joint, mandibular nerve and branches, and otic ganglion. It describes the anatomy of the temporomandibular joint, including its ligaments, articular disc, blood supply, nerve supply, and movements. It then discusses the mandibular nerve and its branches, including the anterior and posterior divisions and branches such as the masseteric nerve and inferior alveolar nerve. Finally, it provides details on the otic ganglion, including its connections to the lesser petrosal nerve and role in parasympathetic innervation of glands.
The mediastinum is the central compartment of the thorax located between the two lungs. It is divided into superior, anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum. The mediastinum contains the heart, great vessels, trachea, esophagus and other structures. On a chest x-ray, the subdivisions of the mediastinum are visible with the cardiac shadow marking the middle mediastinum. Conditions like mediastinitis, widening of the mediastinum and mediastinal shift can occur when the mediastinum is affected.
The common carotid artery arises from the brachiocephalic artery and divides into the external and internal carotid arteries. It travels up the neck and bifurcates at the thyroid cartilage. The internal carotid supplies the brain while the external carotid supplies the head and neck. Key branches of the external carotid include the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The internal carotid gives off ophthalmic and anterior cerebral arteries in the skull. These vessels anastomose to form the circle of Willis at the brain's base.
The pericardium is a fibroserous sac that encloses the heart. It has two layers - an outer fibrous pericardium and inner serous pericardium. The serous pericardium further divides into parietal and visceral layers. The parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium while the visceral layer is applied to the heart forming the epicardium. Between these layers is the pericardial cavity. The pericardium restricts heart movement and provides lubrication for smooth contraction.
The document describes the anatomy of the posterior abdominal wall. It contains the following key points:
1) The posterior abdominal wall is formed by muscles, fascia, and bones between the rib cage and pelvic brim. It forms the posterior boundary of the abdominal cavity.
2) Major muscles include the psoas major, which flexes the hip and spine, and quadratus lumborum, which fixes the 12th rib and lumbar vertebrae.
3) Fascia include the psoas fascia, iliac fascia, and lumbar part of the thoracolumbar fascia.
4) Retroperitoneal structures in the posterior wall include the duod
The internal surface of the cranial base has three large depressions called cranial fossae: the anterior, middle, and posterior cranial fossae. The anterior fossa is the highest and lodges parts of the frontal lobes. The middle fossa is butterfly-shaped and contains the sella turcica. The posterior fossa is the largest and deepest, lodging the cerebellum, pons, and medulla oblongata. Various foramina and sinuses penetrate the cranial fossae to allow passage of nerves, vessels and CSF. Dural folds such as the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli further subdivide the cranial cavity.
The subclavian artery and vein originate in the neck and provide blood supply to the upper limbs. The right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk, while the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch. Key branches of the subclavian artery include the vertebral artery, internal thoracic artery, and thyrocervical trunk. The internal thoracic artery supplies the anterior chest wall, while the vertebral artery supplies the brain. The thyrocervical trunk gives rise to branches including the inferior thyroid artery, which supplies the thyroid gland.
The document discusses the external carotid artery, its branches, and ligation. It begins with an introduction and overview of the embryological development of the external carotid artery. It then describes the common carotid arteries and their course in the neck. It discusses the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and structures located there - the carotid sinus and carotid body. The external carotid artery is then described in detail, including its course, branches, and relations. The branches discussed include the superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, ascending pharyngeal, maxillary, and superficial temporal arteries. Indications for ligation and surgical approaches are provided at the end.
The brachial artery is the continuation of the axillary artery in the arm. It begins at the lower border of the teres major muscle and ends in the cubital fossa by dividing into the radial and ulnar arteries. It passes down the anterior compartment of the arm and gives off branches including the profunda brachii artery. The brachial artery has important clinical significance as the brachial pulse is used to measure blood pressure and compressing it can help control hemorrhaging in the arm.
1. The posterior triangle is the triangular space behind the sternocleidomastoid muscle in the neck. It contains nerves, arteries, veins and lymph nodes.
2. The spinal accessory nerve and occipital artery pass through the upper part, while the subclavian artery and brachial plexus pass through the lower part.
3. The posterior triangle is divided into an upper occipital triangle and lower subclavian triangle by the omohyoid muscle. Structures in each triangle and potential spaces are described.
The external carotid artery arises from the common carotid artery and supplies structures in the head and neck. It gives off several branches in the neck including the superior thyroid artery and lingual artery. The lingual artery travels deep to the hyoglossus muscle in three parts before terminating on the undersurface of the tongue. The facial artery arises from the external carotid and has both cervical and facial parts to its course where it supplies structures in the face such as the lips and nose. It gives off branches like the ascending palatine and tonsillar arteries in the neck.
The document describes the anatomy of the axilla, subclavian artery, axillary artery, brachial artery, radial artery, ulnar artery, and intermuscular spaces in the arm. Key points include:
- The axilla is a pyramidal space between the upper arm and chest wall containing lymph nodes, blood vessels and nerves.
- The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery in the axilla and then the brachial artery in the arm, with named branches along its course.
- The radial and ulnar arteries are terminal branches of the brachial artery, running in the forearm and hand.
- There are three intermuscular spaces in the arm that contain named
This document describes the boundaries, contents, and structures of the anterior triangle of the neck. It is divided into four triangles based on boundaries: muscular, carotid, digastric, and submental. The carotid triangle contains the common carotid artery and its branches, the internal and external carotid arteries. It also contains the internal jugular vein and nerves like the vagus nerve. The main arteries discussed are the common, internal, and external carotid arteries and their branches. Veins and nerves of the region are also outlined.
This document describes the anatomy of the pectoral region, including the pectoralis major muscle, pectoralis minor muscle, serratus anterior muscle, and subclavius muscle. It discusses the origin, insertion, nerve supply, blood supply, actions, and clinical considerations of injuries or surgical flaps involving the pectoralis major muscle. The document also reviews the brachial plexus anatomy and branches of the axillary artery in the region.
The document provides an overview of the major arteries of the head and neck, including their origins, courses, branches, and clinical significance. It discusses the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and their branches such as the lingual, facial, occipital, and maxillary arteries. The summary highlights the arterial supply of the head and neck originating from branches of the aortic arch and their roles in supplying surrounding structures.
The thorax contains the lungs, heart, and mediastinum. It is bounded superiorly by the thoracic inlet and inferiorly by the thoracic outlet. The thoracic wall consists of vertebrae posteriorly, ribs laterally, and the sternum anteriorly. Within the thoracic cavity are two pleural cavities lined with parietal and visceral pleura that contain the lungs. Important structures passing between the neck, thorax and abdomen do so through openings like the thoracic inlet and thoracic outlet or by penetrating the diaphragm.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the axilla. It discusses the boundaries and contents of the axilla, including the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, brachial plexus cords, lymph nodes, and other structures. Specifically, it describes the courses and relations of the three parts of the axillary artery, lists the branches arising from each part, and details the tributaries, drainage patterns, and groups of the axillary lymph nodes. In addition, it notes some relevant clinical correlations regarding the axilla.
1) The document describes the major arteries of the head and neck, including the common carotid artery, external carotid artery, and their branches which supply structures in the neck and face.
2) It provides details on landmarks, branches, and anatomical relationships of arteries like the lingual, facial, and thyroid arteries.
3) Additionally, it outlines structures like the carotid sinus and body that are located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery and have important functions in pressure and chemical sensing.
Arteria venous and lymphatic drinage of head and neck basicsManoj Kumar
This document discusses the arterial system, specifically the development of the aortic arches and the arterial supply to the head and neck region. It begins with an overview of the development of the six pairs of aortic arches and how they give rise to various arteries. It then describes the major arteries of the head and neck including the external and internal carotid arteries, their branches, course and distribution. It compares the differences between arteries and veins.
Posterior triangle (1) Dental student / general anatomy .pdfsanjeevani34
The occipital triangle is bounded anteriorly by the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid, posteriorly by the anterior border of trapezius, and inferiorly by the inferior belly of omohyoid. It contains the spinal accessory nerve, branches of the brachial plexus, and blood vessels like the superficial cervical artery and occipital artery. Injury to structures like the upper trunk of the brachial plexus can lead to Erb's palsy. The supraclavicular triangle contains the third part of the subclavian artery and branches, as well as the subclavian vein. It is important clinically as structures here can be involved in conditions like subclavian steal syndrome
The common carotid artery divides into the external and internal carotid arteries at level of the upper border of the thyroid cartilage. The external carotid artery gives off 8 branches including the superior thyroid, lingual, and facial arteries. It terminates by dividing into the maxillary and superficial temporal arteries. The carotid sinus located at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery acts as a baroreceptor to regulate blood pressure. The carotid body situated posterior to the bifurcation acts as a chemoreceptor in response to changes in blood gases.
The document provides detailed information about the anatomy of the axillary fossa. It describes the walls, base, apex, contents and borders of the axillary fossa. It discusses the axillary artery and its branches, axillary vein, brachial plexus, lymph nodes and clinical implications. Key structures in the axilla include the axillary artery, axillary vein, brachial plexus cords and branches, lymph nodes organized into anterior, posterior, lateral, central and apical groups, and the long thoracic nerve. Knowledge of axillary anatomy is important for clinicians and surgeons.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
3. ARTERY-STRUCTURE & FUNCTION
• Arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body
• Artery means ‘air tube’
• When rigor mortis passes over, liquid blood collects in dilated veins & arteries become empty*
Types:
• Conducting vessels : Large arteries (elastic)
• Distributing vessels : small arteries (muscular)
• Resistance vessels : arterioles
Terminal arterioles Meta arterioles
4. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF ARTERY
Made of 3 layers:
1. Tunica intima : made of endothelium, consisting of flattened cells & basal lamina, supported by internal
elastic lamina
2. Tunica media : thickest layer & made of alternate layers of circularly arranged smooth muscle fibers &
elastic fibers, supported by external elastic lamina
3. Tunica adventitia/externa : thin & strongest, made of longitudinally arranged connective tissue fibers &
cells
5.
6. CLINICAL CORRELATION
• Arteriosclerosis: age related progressive degeneration of walls seen in middle age causing loss of elasticity &
thickening of tunica intima due to increase in collagen and lipid
• Atherosclerosis: plaques of lipid, fibrous tissue, macrophages called atheroma accumulate in tunica intima,
initiating clot formation (thrombus)
• Embolus is a thrombus which is dislodged from the wall of vessel and moves in the bloodstream
• Blood supply to arteries is by vasa vasorum & luminal blood thru diffusion
• Syphilitic aneurysm: vasa vasorum is involved in tertiary syphilis, leading to poor blood supply of wall of artery
leading to ischemic degeneration. Therefore, weakness leads to aneurysm.
7. • Arterial pulse: pulse is a palpable impulse of pressure wave of blood flow
initiated by ventricular systole.
8. AORTA
• Aorta-main & largest artery originating from left ventricle that carries blood away from heart to body.
• Blood leaves heart through aortic valve & travels through aorta, making a cane-shaped curve, allows
other major arteries to deliver oxygen-rich blood to brain, muscles & other cells.
• Segments of aorta:
1. Ascending aorta (supply the heart)
2. Aortic arch (supply arms, head & neck)
3. Descending aorta (supply chest)
4. Abdominal aorta (supply abdomen)
9. AORTIC ARCH
• 3 major branches:
1. Brachiocephalic trunk – supplies right side of head & neck, right arm & chest wall
a. Right subclavian b. Right common carotid
2. Left common carotid
3. Left subclavian artery
Supply left side of head & neck, arm & chest wall
10. SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
• Found below the clavicle therefore named so
• Right subclavian: branch of brachiocephalic artery
• Left subclavian: direct branch of aorta
Course:
Arises posterior to sternoclavicular joint, travels lateral to trachea into root of neck.
Scalenus anterior muscles crosses the artery and divides it into 3 parts:
PARTS COMMENTS
1st Part • Extends from beginning of subclavian to medial border of anterior
scalene.
• Anteriorly related to CCA, vagus nerve, IJV, SCM, sternohyoid &
sternothyroid muscles.
• All branches arise from 1st part except left costocervical trunk.
2nd Part • Located posterior to anterior scalene & SCM
• Posterioinferiorly related to suprapleural memb. , cervical pleura & apex
of lung.
3rd Part • Located on lateral margin of anterior scalene m. to lateral border of 1st
rib where it gives of axillary a.
11.
12. • BRANCHES OF FIRST PART OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
BRANCH OF PART 1 COMMENTS
Vertebral • 1st and largest branch
• Ascends to enter foramen transversarium of C6
• Passes around atlas and foramen magnum to enter skull, unites with opposite vertebral
a. to form basilar a. supplying brain
Thyrocervical • Short & wide vessel
• Divides into 3 branches:
1. Inferior thyroid a. – travels along medial aspect of anterior scalene m. & posterior to
carotid sheath. Gives rise to inferior laryngeal a. to larynx & ascending cervical
supplying muscles in the area.
2. Suprascapular a. – travels inferior & laterally across anterior scalene m. & deep to
SCM m. , crosses posterior triangle to reach scapula.
3. Transverse cervical a. – travels across posterior triangle to reach anterior border of
trapezius m.
Right costocervical • Divides into 2 branches:
1. Deep cervical a. – travels superiorly along posterior of neck to supply muscles
2. Supreme intercostal a. – travles to supply 1st & 2nd intercostal spaces
Internal thoracic • Arises from inferior aspect of the artery
• Runs downwards & medially in front of cervical pleura & enters thorax by passing
behind 1st intercostal space
13.
14. • BRANCHES OF SECOND & THIRD PART OF SUBCLAVIAN ARTERY
BRANCH COMMENTS
Left costocervical Branch of 2nd part of left subclavian a.
Dorsal scapular Branch of 2nd or 3rd part
Arises occasionally from subclavian a.
15. COMMON CAROTID ARTERY
COURSE:
• Rt common carotid – branch of brachiocephalic a. , begins in neck behind rt sternoclavicular joint.
• Lt common carotid – branch of arch of aorta, begins in the thorax in front of trachea. It ascends back to left
sternoclavicular joint & enters neck.
• Each artery runs upwards within carotid sheath under anterior border of SCM m.
• Bifurcates at superior border of thyroid cartilage of C3 into:
1. External carotid a.
2. Internal carotid a.
16. RELATIONS:
ANTERIOR:
Superior belly of omohyoid at level of cricoid cartilage
Below omohyoid it is covered by:
SCM, ant. Jugular vein, sternohyoid, sternothyroid, middle
thyroid v.
POSTERIOR:
Transverse process of vertebrae C4-8 & muscles (longus colli,
longus capitis, scalenus anterior)
Inferior thyroid a.
Vertebral a.
Thoracic duct
MEDIAL:
Thyroid gland
Larynx & pharynx, trachea, oesophagus, recurrent laryngeal n.
LATERAL:
IJV
17. • CAROTID SINUS
Termination of CCA shows a slight dilatation k/a carotid sinus. This region receives rich innervation from
glossopharyngeal (Hering’s n.) & sympathetic nerves.
Carotid sinus acts as a baroreceptor or pressure receptor & regulates blood pressure.
Carotid sinus syndrome (syncopal episodes due to inadvertant triggering of the carotid sinus) is a
pathology of the carotid sinus, in addition, carotid massage triggers the carotid sinus pathway
(increased pressure on carotid sinus due to massage → sends signal to decrease systemic BP)
• CAROTID BODY
Small, oval reddish brown structure situated behind the bifurcation of CCA. It receives rich nerve supply from
glossopharyngeal, vagus & sympathetic nerves
Carotid body acts as a chemoreceptor & responds to changes in Oxygen, Carbon dioxide & Ph of blood
18. CAROTID SHEATH
• Condensation of fibroaerolar tissue around main vessels of neck
• Formed on anterior aspect by pretracheal fascia & on posterior aspect by prevertebral fascia
• Contents: IJV, ICA, vagus n.
• Upper part of sheath has IX, XI, XII nerves. These nerves pierce along ECA
Relations:
1. Ansa cervicalis in anterior wall
2. Cervical sympathetic chain behind sheath
3. Sheath overlapped by anterior border of SCM & fused to layers of deep cervical fascia
19. EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
• Gives rise to majority of branches in neck
• Arises from superior border of thyroid cartilage at C3
• Located anterior to carotid sheath & travels anteriorly &
superiorly in neck posterior to mandible & deep to posterior belly of
digastric & stylohyoid m. to enter parotid gland.
• In the carotid triangle, it is superficial, lies under anterior border
of SCM m., crossed by facial and hypoglossal nerves & facial,
lingual, superior thyroid veins. Deep to ECA lies wall of pharynx,
superior laryngeal nerve & ascending pharyngeal artery.
• Above the carotid triangle, it lies deep in substance of parotid gland.
Within gland it is related to retromandibular vein, facial nerve.
Deep to ECA lies, internal carotid a., styloglossus, stylopharyngeus,
9th nerve, styloid process. Others being, sup. laryngeal nerve &
sup. cervical sympathetic ganglia.
21. BRANCHES COMMENTS
ANTERIOR SUPERIOR THYROID • First branch
• Arises in carotid triangle below level of greater
cornua of hyoid
• Passes deep to infrahyoid m. to reach upper pole of
lateral lobe of thyroid
• Of importance in thyroid gland surgery as it runs
parallel to external laryngeal n. therefore to be
ligated.
• BRANCHES: superior laryngeal a.
sternocleidomastoid a.
cricothyroid a.
22. LINGUAL • Passes superiorly & medially towards greater
cornua of hyoid
• Course divided into 3 parts by hyoglossus m.
1. First: in carotid triangle, forms loop, helps in
free movement of hyoid bone
2. Second: deep to hyoglossus
3. Third: arteria profunda linguae, runs
upwards along anterior border of hyoglossus
& horizontally on undersurface of tongue.
Lies b/w geniglossus and inferior
longitudinal m.
• During surgical removal of tongue, it is
ligated
23. FACIAL • Arises above tip of greater cornua of hyoid
• Runs upwards in neck (cervical part) on superior
constrictor of pharynx deep to posterior belly of
digastric with stylohyoid to ramus
• Grooves along the posterior border of submandibular
salivary gland , makes S-bend
winding down over gland & then up over
base of mandible
• Facial part begins as it enters at anteroinferior angle
of masseter, runs upwards close to angle of mouth,
side of nose till medial angle of eye.
• BRANCHES: ascending palatine
superior & inferior labial
lateral nasal
angular
tonsillar
submental (supplies submental
triangle & sublingual gland)
branch to submandibular gland & lymph node
• Tortuous course – allows free movements of pharynx
during deglutition
on face allows free movement of mandible,
lips, cheeks for expressions
24. OCCIPITAL • Arises opposite to origin of facial a.
• Crossed by hypoglossal n.
• Runs backward & upward deep to lower border of
posterior belly of digastric , crossing carotid sheath
• Runs deep to mastoid process and muscles attached
to it
• BRANCHES: upper sternocleidomastoid
lower sternocleidomastoid
mastoid
meningeal
25. POSTERIOR AURICULAR • Arises from posterior aspect
• Runs upwards & backwards deep to parotid gland
but superficial to styloid process.
• Crosses base of mastoid process, ascends behind
auricle.
• Supplies back of auricle, skin over mastoid
process, back of scalp.
• Cut in incisions for mastoid operations.
• BRANCH: stylomastoid (enters stylomastoid
foramen & supplies middle ear & mastoid antrum,
air cells, semicircular canals and facial n.)
26. ASCENDING PHARYNGEAL
SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL
• Arises from medial aspect of ECA
• Runs vertically upwards b/w side wall
of pharynx, tonsil, medial wall of
middle ear & auditory tube
• BRANCH: meningeal
• Begins behind neck of mandible
under cover of parotid gland
• Runs vertically upwards crossing root
of zygoma or preauricular point
where pulsation is felt
• About 5cm above zygoma it divides
into branches ton supply scalp and
temple
• BRANCHES: transverse facial
middle temporal artery
27. MAXILLARY ARTERY • Arises behind of neck of mandible
• Supplies: external & middle ear, auditory tube
dura mater
upper & lower jaws & teeth
muscles of temporal & infratemporal region
nose & paranasal air sinuses
palate
root of pharynx
COURSE & RELATIONS:
1st part: Mandibular, runs horizontally forward b/w neck
of mandible & sphenomandibular ligament below
auriculotemporal n. and then along lower border of
lateral pterygoid
2nd part: Pterygoid, runs upward and forward superficial
to lower head of lateral pterygoid
3rd part: Pterygopalatine, passes b/w two heads of
lateral pterygoid and thru pterygomaxillary fissure to
enter pterygopalatine fossa.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32. INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY
• No branches of ICA in neck
• Passes superiorly in neck within carotid sheath along with IJV, & vagus n. anterior to
transverse processes of upper cervical vertebrae
• Principal artery of brain and eye, also supplies relates bones & meninges
• Carotid sinus located at the beginning of ICA
• Course divided into 4 parts:
1. Cervical part in neck
2. Petrous part in petrous temporal bone
3. Cavernous part in cavernous sinus
4. Cerebral part irt. base of skull
33. RELATIONS:
ANTERIOR:
• In carotid triangle, present at anterior border of SCM ,ECA lies anteromedially.
• Above carotid triangle, relates to posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stylopharyngeus,
styloid process, parotid gland
POSTERIOR:
• Superior cervical ganglia
• Carotid sheath
• Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory & hypoglossal n.
MEDIAL:
• Pharynx
• ECA below parotid
LATERAL:
• IJV
• TMJ
35. BRANCHES OF ICA:
PETROUS PART:
• Caroticotympanic a.
• Pterygoid a.
CAVERNOUS PART:
• Hypophyseal a.
• Meningeal a.
• Ganglionic a.
CEREBRAL PART:
• Ophthalmic a.
• Anterior choroidal a.
• Posterior communicating a.
• Anterior cerebral a.
• Middle cerebral a.
• Anterior choroidal a.
36. • ICA enters cranial cavity after
traversing carotid canal &
superior aspect of foramen
lacerum
• It then courses thru cavernous
sinus, pierces dural roof of sinus
& ends immediately lateral to
optic chiasma & divides into
middle & anterior cerebral
arteries.
37. BRANCH COURSE SUB-BRANCHES
CAROTICOTYMPANIC Enters middle ear & anastomoses with ant. & post.
Tympanic a.
PTERYGOID Enters pterygoid canal with nerve of canal &
anastomoses with greater palatine n.
OPHTHALMIC Emerges from cavernous sinus on medial side of
anterior clinoid process close to optic canal.
Central a. of retina, post.
ciliary a., lacrimal, small
muscular branches etc.
ANTERIOR CHOROIDAL Passes posterolaterally, supplies crus cerebri. Turns to
medial aspect of temporal lobe to supply choroid
plexus of lateral ventricle
POSTERIOR COMMUNICATING Passes posterior to crus cerebri to join post. cerebral
a. & completes arterial circle
Crus cerebri, optic tract,
hypophysis, hypothalamus
ANTERIOR CEREBRAL Terminal branch. Runs above optic n., joined by
anterior communicating a.
Orbital, frontal, parietal
MIDDLE CEREBRAL Terminal branch. Lies in line with ICA. Frontal, parietal. Temporal,
deep branches
38. OPHTHALMIC ARTERY
• Emerges from cavernous sinus on medial side of anterior clinoid process close to optic canal.
• Artery enters orbit thru optic canal, lying inferolateral to otic n.
both artery & nerve lie in same dural sheath
• In orbit artery pierces dura mater, ascends over lateral side
of optic n. & crosses above nerve lateral to medial side along nasociliary n.
• It runs forward along medial wall of orbit b/w superior
oblique & medial rectus muscles.
• Terminates near medial angle of eye by dividing.
39. BRANCHES COMMENTS
Central artery of retina • First branch
• End artery
• Lies below optic n.
• Pierces dural sheath of nerve & runs forward for a short distance & enters substance of
n. to reach optic disc and divides into branches
• Obstruction can cause blindness
Lacrimal artery • Arises near optic foramen
• Follow lacrimal n. along superior border of lateral rectus m. of eye to reach & supply
lacrimal gland
• BRANCHES: zygomaticotemporal & zygomaticofacial (supplies respective region)
lateral palpebral (supplies eyelids)
recurrent meningeal
muscular branches
Supratrochlear • Exits orbit at medial angle accompanied by spratrochlear n.
• Supplies skin of forehead
Supraorbital • Passes medially to levator palpebrae superioris & superior rectus m.
• Passes thru supraorbital foramen and ascends towards scalp
• Supplies skin of forehead
40. BRANCHES COMMENTS
Posterior long & short • Supplies choroid & iris
Anterior ciliary • Supplies eyeball
Anterior ethmoidal • Travels thru ant. Ethmoidal canal
• Supplies anterior & middle ethmoidal air sinuses
• BRANCHES: meningeal
external nasal (supplies lateral nasal cartilage &
septum of nose)
Posterior ethmoidal • Travels thru post. Ethmoidal canal
• Supplies posterior ethmoidal sinuses
Medial palpebral • Arises near trochlea & exits orbit to pass along upper & lower eyelids
• Supplies face in the region
Dorsal nasal (infratrochlear) • Supplies upper part of nose
41.
42. CIRCLE OF WILLIS
• Arterial circle situated at base of brain in the
interpeduncular fossa
• Comprises of :
Internal carotid artery
Anterior cerebral artery
Anterior communicating artery
Posterior communicating artery
Posterior cerebral artery
Vertebral artery
Basilar artery
The circle of Willis acts to provide collateral blood flow
between the anterior and posterior circulations of the
brain, protecting against ischemia in the event of vessel
disease or damage in one or more areas.
43. LIGATION OF ARTERIES
LIGATION OF FACIAL ARTERY
• exposed at point where it crosses lower border of mandible to pass from submandibular region into face
• Situated anterior to attachment of masseter, pulse can be felt.
• Runs irt. facial vein and marginal mandibular n., covered by platysma, subcutaneous tissue & skin.
44. LIGATION OF LINGUAL ARTERY
• Exposed in submandibular triangle, bounded by lower border of mandible & 2 bellies of
digastric m.
• Posterior corner of triangle is behind angle of mandible in communication with
retromandibular fossa.
45. LIGATION OF ECA
2 points where artery can be exposed and tied
1. Exposure of artery at its origin from common carotid a., ligature being placed
above origin of superior thyroid a
2. Ligation of ECA in carotid triangle , exposed behind angle of mandible
46. PROCEDURE
• With a blood vessel the surgeon will clamp the vessel perpendicular to the axis of the artery or vein
with a hemostat, then secure it by ligating it; i.e. using a piece of suture around it before dividing the
structure and releasing the hemostat.
47. REFERENCES
• Netter’s head and neck anatomy
• Oral anatomy by Sicher
• BD Chaurasia’s Human Anatomy
• Vishram singh – General Anatomy