This document summarizes the use of lithium-ion battery energy storage systems in Queensland's regional electricity distribution network. It discusses how a system called GUSS (Grid Utility Support System) was developed to provide energy storage and help regulate voltages on long rural feeder lines. Near real-time monitoring of the batteries provides insights into their performance and how they impact the network. Sensor data from the batteries and surrounding infrastructure is analyzed to identify issues and optimize the systems. The data collected also helps engineers understand how the batteries age over time in different usage conditions.
Modeling and Simulation of an electrical micro-grid using MATLAB Simulink Sum...Aodhgan Gleeson
This project involves developing an accurate dynamic model of a micro-grid in MATLAB/Simulink. The micro-grid model includes multiple energy sources like a diesel generator and photovoltaic array, various loads, faults, and a connection to the main electrical grid. Students created models of grid-tied inverters, synchronous machines, and developed a human interface device to interact with the simulation. The completed micro-grid simulation provides an educational platform to study different generation scenarios and observe associated power flow phenomena.
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Energy Management SchemeIRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-connected photovoltaic system with an energy management scheme. The system includes solar panels, a boost converter, single-phase inverter, loads, and an energy management module. The energy management module monitors energy usage and controls the inverter to maintain power balance. It allows excess solar energy to be exported to the grid and draws power from the grid when solar cannot meet local load demand, enabling bidirectional power flow. The system aims to deliver stable power output regardless of solar variations through this energy management scheme.
IEEE International Conference PresentationAnmol Dwivedi
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE -
Paper Title "Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO".
Code Available on: https://github.com/anmold-07/Synchrophasor-Estimation
The document describes the design and development of a SCADA system to monitor a solar power plant. Key points:
1. The SCADA system collects data from field devices like inverters, meters and weather sensors to monitor critical parameters and provide a comprehensive real-time view of the entire solar plant.
2. Data is transmitted from sensors to local controllers via Modbus, then from local to master controller over Ethernet and fiber optic cable for long-distance transmission.
3. The master controller sends data to the SCADA interface where an operator can monitor parameters, control the plant, and set up alarm notifications for issues. This allows remote monitoring and management of the solar plant.
Local Backup Protection Algorithm For HVDC Gridsyash Natani
The document presents a local backup protection algorithm for HVDC grids that detects failures in primary protection and expedites backup actions. The algorithm uses classifiers trained on voltage and current measurements to detect uncleared faults. It consists of breaker and relay failure subsystems that monitor for primary protection malfunctions. Test results on a 4-terminal HVDC grid show the algorithm can accurately detect primary protection failures within 3 ms of fault detection and clear faults an average of 5.65 ms faster than conventional backup schemes. This allows equipment to withstand lower fault currents and reduces equipment ratings and restoration times.
This document presents a summary of previous research on electronic load controllers (ELCs) for synchronous generators. It discusses 16 previous studies that developed and analyzed ELC models and designs. The studies aimed to develop ELCs that can smoothly control voltage and frequency for small hydroelectric systems serving remote areas. Various ELC designs are summarized, including those using thyristors, IGBTs, PWM control, and rectifier and chopper circuits. The goals, methods, and results of each study are briefly described.
This document contains a question bank for energy managers and energy auditors related to energy efficient technologies in electrical systems. It includes multiple choice, true/false, and short answer questions that cover topics like maximum demand controllers, power factor correction, variable speed drives, energy efficient motors and transformers, lighting controls, and other retrofit opportunities. Long answer questions provide more detailed explanations of demand controllers, automatic power factor control methods, soft starters, variable speed applications, and recommended retrofit actions for facilities. The question bank is intended to test knowledge of key electrical system optimization strategies.
Reliability analysis of pmu using hidden markov modelamaresh1234
As modern electric power systems are transforming into smart grids, real time wide area monitoring system (WAMS) has become an essential tool for operation and control. With the increasing applications of WAMS for on-line stability analysis and control in smart grids, phasor measurement unit (PMU) is becoming a key element in wide area measurement system and the consequence of the failure of PMU is very severe and may cause a black out. Therefore reliable operation of PMU is very much essential for smooth functioning of the power system. This thesis is focused mainly on evaluating the reliability of PMU using hidden Markov model. Firstly, the probability of given observation sequence is obtained for the individual modules and PMU as a whole using forward and backward algorithm. Secondly, the optimal state sequence each module passes through is found. Thirdly, the parameters of the hidden Markov model are re-estimated using Baum-Welch algorithm.
Modeling and Simulation of an electrical micro-grid using MATLAB Simulink Sum...Aodhgan Gleeson
This project involves developing an accurate dynamic model of a micro-grid in MATLAB/Simulink. The micro-grid model includes multiple energy sources like a diesel generator and photovoltaic array, various loads, faults, and a connection to the main electrical grid. Students created models of grid-tied inverters, synchronous machines, and developed a human interface device to interact with the simulation. The completed micro-grid simulation provides an educational platform to study different generation scenarios and observe associated power flow phenomena.
Grid Connected Photovoltaic System with Energy Management SchemeIRJET Journal
This document describes a grid-connected photovoltaic system with an energy management scheme. The system includes solar panels, a boost converter, single-phase inverter, loads, and an energy management module. The energy management module monitors energy usage and controls the inverter to maintain power balance. It allows excess solar energy to be exported to the grid and draws power from the grid when solar cannot meet local load demand, enabling bidirectional power flow. The system aims to deliver stable power output regardless of solar variations through this energy management scheme.
IEEE International Conference PresentationAnmol Dwivedi
IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE -
Paper Title "Real-Time Implementation of Phasor Measurement Unit Using NI CompactRIO".
Code Available on: https://github.com/anmold-07/Synchrophasor-Estimation
The document describes the design and development of a SCADA system to monitor a solar power plant. Key points:
1. The SCADA system collects data from field devices like inverters, meters and weather sensors to monitor critical parameters and provide a comprehensive real-time view of the entire solar plant.
2. Data is transmitted from sensors to local controllers via Modbus, then from local to master controller over Ethernet and fiber optic cable for long-distance transmission.
3. The master controller sends data to the SCADA interface where an operator can monitor parameters, control the plant, and set up alarm notifications for issues. This allows remote monitoring and management of the solar plant.
Local Backup Protection Algorithm For HVDC Gridsyash Natani
The document presents a local backup protection algorithm for HVDC grids that detects failures in primary protection and expedites backup actions. The algorithm uses classifiers trained on voltage and current measurements to detect uncleared faults. It consists of breaker and relay failure subsystems that monitor for primary protection malfunctions. Test results on a 4-terminal HVDC grid show the algorithm can accurately detect primary protection failures within 3 ms of fault detection and clear faults an average of 5.65 ms faster than conventional backup schemes. This allows equipment to withstand lower fault currents and reduces equipment ratings and restoration times.
This document presents a summary of previous research on electronic load controllers (ELCs) for synchronous generators. It discusses 16 previous studies that developed and analyzed ELC models and designs. The studies aimed to develop ELCs that can smoothly control voltage and frequency for small hydroelectric systems serving remote areas. Various ELC designs are summarized, including those using thyristors, IGBTs, PWM control, and rectifier and chopper circuits. The goals, methods, and results of each study are briefly described.
This document contains a question bank for energy managers and energy auditors related to energy efficient technologies in electrical systems. It includes multiple choice, true/false, and short answer questions that cover topics like maximum demand controllers, power factor correction, variable speed drives, energy efficient motors and transformers, lighting controls, and other retrofit opportunities. Long answer questions provide more detailed explanations of demand controllers, automatic power factor control methods, soft starters, variable speed applications, and recommended retrofit actions for facilities. The question bank is intended to test knowledge of key electrical system optimization strategies.
Reliability analysis of pmu using hidden markov modelamaresh1234
As modern electric power systems are transforming into smart grids, real time wide area monitoring system (WAMS) has become an essential tool for operation and control. With the increasing applications of WAMS for on-line stability analysis and control in smart grids, phasor measurement unit (PMU) is becoming a key element in wide area measurement system and the consequence of the failure of PMU is very severe and may cause a black out. Therefore reliable operation of PMU is very much essential for smooth functioning of the power system. This thesis is focused mainly on evaluating the reliability of PMU using hidden Markov model. Firstly, the probability of given observation sequence is obtained for the individual modules and PMU as a whole using forward and backward algorithm. Secondly, the optimal state sequence each module passes through is found. Thirdly, the parameters of the hidden Markov model are re-estimated using Baum-Welch algorithm.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
These slides presents an overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons. Later of the slides the modelling and control strategies of wind generators will be discussed.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
Wireless data acquisition for photovoltaic power system copyYaseen Ahmed
This document presents a wireless system for monitoring the input and output parameters of a photovoltaic generation plant. The system includes sensors to measure temperature, irradiance, voltage and current from the solar arrays. A microcontroller acquires the analog sensor data and transmits it wirelessly via Wi-Fi to a user computer. The user can then view the acquired performance data graphically to analyze the plant's operation and output.
Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based ele...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with an electronic load controller for use in wind energy systems. The paper develops a mathematical model of the SEIG and load controller. It then simulates the system in MATLAB/Simulink under different operating conditions such as start-up, application of resistive and fault loads. The simulation results show the generator's electromagnetic torque, rotor speed, voltages and currents under these conditions. The paper concludes the SEIG is well-suited for use in small-scale wind energy projects due to its low cost and maintenance requirements.
This document provides a review of non-isolated DC-DC converters and their control techniques for renewable energy applications. It discusses various non-isolated DC-DC converter topologies including buck-boost, SEPIC, Cuk, Z-source and Zeta converters. It also examines control techniques such as PID, SMC, MPC, SSM and FLC that can be integrated with non-isolated DC-DC converters. The review aims to highlight characteristics of these converters and control techniques while analyzing their performance and suitability for renewable energy systems using MATLAB Simulink.
In this paper, an optimization of PV grid connected system is investigated. This is achieved by considering the application of artificial intelligence in the DC side to realize maximal power extraction, and using a sine-band hysteresis control in the AC side of the system, to generate a sine current/voltage suitable for grid connection IEEE929-2000 standards. The overall system has been simulated taking into account environmental effects and standards constraints in order to achieve best performance. The choice of sine band hysteresis control was selected considering its implementation simplicity. The algorithm runs fast on a low-cost microcontroller allowing to avoid any delay that can cause a phase shift in the system. An experimental setup has been realized for tests and validation purposes. Both simulation and experimental results lead to satisfactory results which are conform to the IEEE929-2000 standards.
The document provides information about the structure, operation, and control of power systems. It discusses:
1) The typical structure of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution systems organized into interconnected regional grids and pools.
2) SCADA and EMS systems which monitor power system parameters, send real-time data to control centers, and support functions like generation control, scheduling, forecasting, and contingency analysis to guide optimal system operation.
3) Key aspects of power system operation and control including load frequency control, automatic voltage control, state estimation, and flexible AC transmission systems which maintain system stability and security through monitoring and automated response.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
These slides present the maximum power point tracking (MPPT ) algorithms for solar (PV) systems. Later of the class we will discuss on MPPT control of wind generators.
Solar energy based impedance-source inverter for grid systemIJECEIAES
In this work, the fickleness of solar energy can be overcome by using Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm (MPPT). Perturb and Observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm accomplish fast the maximum power point for rapid change of environmental conditions such as irradiance intensity and temperature. The MPPT algorithm applied to solar PV system keep the boost converter output constant. Output from boost converter is taken to three phase impedance-source inverter with RL load and grid system. Impedance-source inverter performs the transformation of variable DC output of the solar PV system in to near sinusoidal AC output. This near sinusoidal AC output consecutively is served to the RL load first and then to grid system. The simulation is carried out in matlab/simulink platform both for RL load and grid system and the simulation results are experimentally validated for RL load arrangement only.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to power system operation and control including load forecasting, load curves, frequency regulation, and load frequency control.
2. Key terms defined include load factor, plant capacity factor, maximum demand, plant use factor, diversity factor, demand factor, spinning reserve, and area control error.
3. Factors affecting load forecasting are discussed including the need for long term, medium term, and short term forecasting for various power system planning and operation purposes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
Isolated Wind Hydro Hybrid Generation System with Battery StorageIJMER
In this paper, a new isolated wind- hydro hybrid generation system comprising one squirrel -cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine and another synchronous generator driven by constant power hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local loads is proposed. The system utilizes two back to back connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The main objective of the control algorithm for the VSC is to achieve control of the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed wind-hydro hybrid system has a capability of bidirectional active- and reactive-power flow, by which it controls the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed electromechanical system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink.
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual axis solar tracking system using a PIC microcontroller. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining perpendicular alignment with the sun. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors and provide input to the PIC microcontroller to determine the position of the sun and control DC motors on each axis accordingly. The system was able to increase energy generation over fixed and single axis systems according to experimental results. Dual axis tracking provided the highest output, with an additional 6% gain over single axis tracking.
Íris Baldursdóttir, EVP System Operations & ICT, Landsnet
IGC 2018 - Breaking the Barriers
The 4th Iceland Geothermal Conference will be hosted in Iceland in April 2018. The conference offers an in-depth discussion of the barriers that hinder development of the geothermal sector and how to overcome them. It also focuses on the business environment through three separate themes: vision, development, and operations. Having established itself as an important regular conference of the international community, IGC 2018 brought together more than 600 participants from 40 countries from around the world.
The 4th Iceland Geothermal Conference will be hosted in Iceland in April 2018. The conference offers an in-depth discussion of the barriers that hinder development of the geothermal sector and how to overcome them.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Slides from the June 6, 2016, webinar on Advanced WEC Dynamics and Controls, hosted by Sandia National Laboratories for the US Department of Energy. SAND2016-5473 PE
This document presents an overview of integrated protection and control strategies for microgrids. It discusses challenges in microgrid control and protection, including issues related to islanding detection. The author proposes a strategy to design a robust islanding detection method using feature selection algorithms. In Study 1, the author uses a modified multi-objective differential evolution algorithm coupled with an extreme learning machine classifier to select optimal feature subsets from offline simulation data of a modified IEEE 13-bus test system integrating different distributed generator types. The selected feature subsets are evaluated based on objectives like dependability, security, accuracy and number of features.
RT15 Berkeley | Optimized Power Flow Control in Microgrids - Sandia LaboratoryOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
The document summarizes research on designing nonlinear controllers for microgrid systems with stochastic sources and loads. Key points include:
1) A secure scalable microgrid testbed was developed to experimentally test Hamiltonian surface shaping power flow controllers (HSSPFC).
2) Models of single and multiple DC microgrids were formulated to develop optimal operating points using a dynamic optimizer.
3) An HSSPFC nonlinear distributed controller was designed and experimentally validated on a single DC microgrid testbed with variable sources and loads, demonstrating stable voltage regulation.
These slides focus on preliminary discussions about wide area monitoring, protection and control in future smart grid. Later in the class i will show its application through simulation and case study results.
These slides presents an overview of different wind generator systems and their comparisons. Later of the slides the modelling and control strategies of wind generators will be discussed.
Wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) are essentially based on the new data acquisition technology of phasor measurement and allow monitoring transmission system conditions over large areas in view of detecting and further counteracting grid instabilities.
Wireless data acquisition for photovoltaic power system copyYaseen Ahmed
This document presents a wireless system for monitoring the input and output parameters of a photovoltaic generation plant. The system includes sensors to measure temperature, irradiance, voltage and current from the solar arrays. A microcontroller acquires the analog sensor data and transmits it wirelessly via Wi-Fi to a user computer. The user can then view the acquired performance data graphically to analyze the plant's operation and output.
Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based ele...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with an electronic load controller for use in wind energy systems. The paper develops a mathematical model of the SEIG and load controller. It then simulates the system in MATLAB/Simulink under different operating conditions such as start-up, application of resistive and fault loads. The simulation results show the generator's electromagnetic torque, rotor speed, voltages and currents under these conditions. The paper concludes the SEIG is well-suited for use in small-scale wind energy projects due to its low cost and maintenance requirements.
This document provides a review of non-isolated DC-DC converters and their control techniques for renewable energy applications. It discusses various non-isolated DC-DC converter topologies including buck-boost, SEPIC, Cuk, Z-source and Zeta converters. It also examines control techniques such as PID, SMC, MPC, SSM and FLC that can be integrated with non-isolated DC-DC converters. The review aims to highlight characteristics of these converters and control techniques while analyzing their performance and suitability for renewable energy systems using MATLAB Simulink.
In this paper, an optimization of PV grid connected system is investigated. This is achieved by considering the application of artificial intelligence in the DC side to realize maximal power extraction, and using a sine-band hysteresis control in the AC side of the system, to generate a sine current/voltage suitable for grid connection IEEE929-2000 standards. The overall system has been simulated taking into account environmental effects and standards constraints in order to achieve best performance. The choice of sine band hysteresis control was selected considering its implementation simplicity. The algorithm runs fast on a low-cost microcontroller allowing to avoid any delay that can cause a phase shift in the system. An experimental setup has been realized for tests and validation purposes. Both simulation and experimental results lead to satisfactory results which are conform to the IEEE929-2000 standards.
The document provides information about the structure, operation, and control of power systems. It discusses:
1) The typical structure of power systems including generation, transmission, and distribution systems organized into interconnected regional grids and pools.
2) SCADA and EMS systems which monitor power system parameters, send real-time data to control centers, and support functions like generation control, scheduling, forecasting, and contingency analysis to guide optimal system operation.
3) Key aspects of power system operation and control including load frequency control, automatic voltage control, state estimation, and flexible AC transmission systems which maintain system stability and security through monitoring and automated response.
What is islanding ?
Consider the power network as shown in fig.1
Now if we disconnect the line AB from the infinite transmission grid there will be an isolated region . The D1, D2 are power sources (eg : inverter , solar power cells ). The power generated in this region is fed to the island only.
We see that there no longer is any control over the island voltage at the bus X . Also there is no mechanism here for control of frequency.
This state is referred to as islanding.
These slides present the maximum power point tracking (MPPT ) algorithms for solar (PV) systems. Later of the class we will discuss on MPPT control of wind generators.
Solar energy based impedance-source inverter for grid systemIJECEIAES
In this work, the fickleness of solar energy can be overcome by using Maximum Power Point Tracking algorithm (MPPT). Perturb and Observation (P&O) MPPT algorithm accomplish fast the maximum power point for rapid change of environmental conditions such as irradiance intensity and temperature. The MPPT algorithm applied to solar PV system keep the boost converter output constant. Output from boost converter is taken to three phase impedance-source inverter with RL load and grid system. Impedance-source inverter performs the transformation of variable DC output of the solar PV system in to near sinusoidal AC output. This near sinusoidal AC output consecutively is served to the RL load first and then to grid system. The simulation is carried out in matlab/simulink platform both for RL load and grid system and the simulation results are experimentally validated for RL load arrangement only.
1. The document discusses various concepts related to power system operation and control including load forecasting, load curves, frequency regulation, and load frequency control.
2. Key terms defined include load factor, plant capacity factor, maximum demand, plant use factor, diversity factor, demand factor, spinning reserve, and area control error.
3. Factors affecting load forecasting are discussed including the need for long term, medium term, and short term forecasting for various power system planning and operation purposes.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA Ajesh Jacob
AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE CONTROL OF TRANSFORMER USING MICROCONTROLLER AND SCADA
LABVIEW PROJECT FINAL YEAR EEE
ABSTRACT: A tap changer control operates to connect appropriate tap position of winding in power transformers to maintain correct voltage level in the power transmission and distribution system. Automatic tap changing can be implemented by using µC. This improved tap-changing decision and operational flexibility of this new technique make it attractive for deployment in practical power system network. This paper deals with the implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers. Two strategies are suggested for its implementation as a software module in the paper. One is to integrate it with the supervisory system in a substation control room operating in a LAN environment. In this configuration, the parallel transformers can be controlled locally. The other is to integrate it into the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system, which allows the transformers to be monitored and controlled remotely over a wide area of power-network. The implementation of µC based tap changer control needs interfacing between the power system and the control circuitry. µC s may need to interact with people for the purpose of configuration, alarm reporting or everyday control.
A human-machine interface (HMI) is employed for this purpose. An HMI is usually linked to the SCADA system’s databases and software programs, to provide trending, diagnostic data, and management information such as scheduled maintenance procedures, logistic information, detailed schematics for a particular sensor or machine, and expert-system troubleshooting guides.
OBJECTIVES: The original system can afford the following features:
- Complete information about the plant (circuit breakers status, source of feeding, and level of the consumed power).
- Information about the operating values of the voltage, operating values of the transformers, operating values of the medium voltage, load feeders, operating values of the generators. These values will assist in getting any action to return the plant to its normal operation by minimum costs.
- Information about the quality of the system (harmonics, current, voltages, power factors, flickers, etc.). These values will be very essential in case of future correction.
- Recorded information such case voltage spikes, reducing the voltage on the medium or current interruption.
- implementation of µC based tap changer control practically, using special purpose digital hardware as a built-in semiconductor chip or software simulation in conventional computers.
This paper describe the design and
implementation of an “Automatic method of protecting
transformer as an alternative to the fuse protection technique”.
The aim of this paper is to provide an alternative, effective,
efficient and more reliable method of protecting fault from
power transformer which may arose as a result of overload,
high temperature or a high input voltage. Generally, fault may
occur in transformers due to the stated reasons. To safeguard
the damage of the transformer with the aid and help of
microcontroller we monitor and control the entire circuitry.
Thereafter regarding the monitoring and control, information
about the operation of the parameters would be transmitted to a
personal computer for general monitoring and control, which
avoid the need of the lines men who had to go to the transformer
to re-fix fuses. Lastly, a working system was demonstrated to
authenticate the design and possible improvements were also
presented.
Isolated Wind Hydro Hybrid Generation System with Battery StorageIJMER
In this paper, a new isolated wind- hydro hybrid generation system comprising one squirrel -cage induction generator (SCIG) driven by a variable-speed wind turbine and another synchronous generator driven by constant power hydro turbine feeding three phase four wire local loads is proposed. The system utilizes two back to back connected voltage-source converters (VSCs) with a battery energy storage system at their dc link. The main objective of the control algorithm for the VSC is to achieve control of the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed wind-hydro hybrid system has a capability of bidirectional active- and reactive-power flow, by which it controls the magnitude and the frequency of the load voltage. The proposed electromechanical system is modelled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink.
This document describes the design and implementation of a dual axis solar tracking system using a PIC microcontroller. It aims to maximize solar panel efficiency by maintaining perpendicular alignment with the sun. Light dependent resistors are used as sensors and provide input to the PIC microcontroller to determine the position of the sun and control DC motors on each axis accordingly. The system was able to increase energy generation over fixed and single axis systems according to experimental results. Dual axis tracking provided the highest output, with an additional 6% gain over single axis tracking.
Íris Baldursdóttir, EVP System Operations & ICT, Landsnet
IGC 2018 - Breaking the Barriers
The 4th Iceland Geothermal Conference will be hosted in Iceland in April 2018. The conference offers an in-depth discussion of the barriers that hinder development of the geothermal sector and how to overcome them. It also focuses on the business environment through three separate themes: vision, development, and operations. Having established itself as an important regular conference of the international community, IGC 2018 brought together more than 600 participants from 40 countries from around the world.
The 4th Iceland Geothermal Conference will be hosted in Iceland in April 2018. The conference offers an in-depth discussion of the barriers that hinder development of the geothermal sector and how to overcome them.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
Slides from the June 6, 2016, webinar on Advanced WEC Dynamics and Controls, hosted by Sandia National Laboratories for the US Department of Energy. SAND2016-5473 PE
This document presents an overview of integrated protection and control strategies for microgrids. It discusses challenges in microgrid control and protection, including issues related to islanding detection. The author proposes a strategy to design a robust islanding detection method using feature selection algorithms. In Study 1, the author uses a modified multi-objective differential evolution algorithm coupled with an extreme learning machine classifier to select optimal feature subsets from offline simulation data of a modified IEEE 13-bus test system integrating different distributed generator types. The selected feature subsets are evaluated based on objectives like dependability, security, accuracy and number of features.
RT15 Berkeley | Optimized Power Flow Control in Microgrids - Sandia LaboratoryOPAL-RT TECHNOLOGIES
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1) A secure scalable microgrid testbed was developed to experimentally test Hamiltonian surface shaping power flow controllers (HSSPFC).
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This document discusses wide area monitoring systems (WAMS) and their components. WAMS use phasor measurement units (PMU) synchronized by GPS to measure voltage and currents across large areas of the power grid. A phasor data concentrator (PDC) collects PMU data and performs monitoring, alarming, event triggering, and quality checks. WAMS allow real-time monitoring of grid dynamics to detect and prevent instability issues, providing benefits over traditional SCADA systems with slower sampling. The document reviews several WAMS implementations at utilities in countries like Finland, Switzerland, Croatia, Austria, and Thailand.
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Con Edison's electric distribution system serves approximately 9 million people in a 604 square mile area with over 3.4 million customers. The system includes over 2,200 distribution feeders with a total transformer capacity of 29,698 MVA, most of which is underground. Con Edison is investigating challenges with integrating distributed energy resources like CHP, PV, and DR into their grid, including optimal DER utilization and location, conductor reliability with additional power flows, communication and control needs, and protection challenges from reverse power flows. Modeling tools are needed to analyze hosting capacity under different load and generation conditions throughout the year.
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This presentation reviews Schneider Electric's collaboration avec Burbank Water and Power, a cutting-edge utility company in Burbank, California, to achieve challenging renewable energy requirements and provide reliable, safe, and affordable power to its customers using advanced technology solutions.
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New York’s Reforming the Energy Vision (REV) initiative seeks to fundamentally transform the way electricity is distributed, generated and used across the State. Utilities are being challenged to adapt their business models and distribution infrastructure to meet these new goals. REV also presents an opportunity for utilities to provide their customers with a broader range of services that lead to a more diverse, innovative and resilient energy infrastructure.
A key focus of REV is the transition to local distributed energy platforms including microgrids, which can be operated in conjunction with the grid or independently in emergencies. TRC recentlypresented an educational webinar to help New York’s utilities and other decision makers take action to plan and implement successful microgrids. This presentation covers:
• Basic concepts for developing a microgrid
• Differences from operating within the conventional grid
• Preliminary engineering steps required
• Options for generation sources
The webinar recording is available at http://blog.trcsolutions.com/wp-content/uploads/2015-01-22-10.02-Planning-a-Successful-Microgrid.mp4
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2) Microgrids can overcome these issues by providing localized power generation and storage near customers to improve reliability and efficiency.
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Integrating Multiple Microgrids into an Active Network Management SystemSmarter Grid Solutions
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2) Deploying the active network management solution in a field trial at a test site to control distributed energy resources like solar, batteries and EVs across microgrids.
3) Implementing microgrid functionality in phases to allow multiple microgrids to operate autonomously yet coordinated.
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Analytics for utility-operated lithium-ion energy storage
1. Analytics for utility-operated
lithium-ion energy storage
Monitoring the performance of grid-connected
batteries in the Queensland distribution network
Dr David Ingram 7 December 2017
2. Overview
● Regional electricity supply in Queensland and the need for upgrades
● Lithium ion battery terminology
● The Grid Utility Support System (GUSS)
● Remote data collection and sensor fusion
● Examples of how access to near-real-time data solved engineering problems
● Future opportunities
● Conclusions
2
3. Acknowledgments
● Ergon Energy for permission to use
photographs and graphs
● Former colleagues/managers
Steve Richardson
Michelle Taylor
Jason Hall
● Data sources
Spatial data from qldspatial.qld.gov.au
Ergon Energy for sub-transmission and
distribution substation and feeder data
Geoscience Australia for transmission line data
3
Michelle, Jason and
Steve at the 2016
Australian Engineering
Excellence Awards
5. Regional supply in Queensland
● Ergon
728 000 customers
118 000 km of distribution
1 836 500 km2
5.2 customers/km
● Single Wire Earth Return (SWER)
25 000 customers
62 500 km of lines
500 400 km2
0.4 customer/km
5
6. SWER networks
● Characteristics
12.7 kV and 19.1 kV
Long spans with high tension
Highly resistive, R/X is 5 to 10
Long distances
Point-of-load transformers
● Issues
Increased load
Sensitive electronic devices
Voltage regulation
6
Photo by Bernard S. Jansen (Wikimedia Commons),
CC BY 2.5
7. Example of multiple SWERs on one feeder
● “Alpha” Feeder
1890 circuit km
29 000 km2
~900 connections
2.3 MVA peak
● 8× SWER Systems
7
Satellite background from ESRI Global Imagery
10. Introducing GUSS
● 25 kVA inverter
● 4 quadrant (±P, ±Q) operation
● 100 kWh of energy storage
● Skid-mounted
● Remote control and alarming
● On-board data collection
● INMARSAT/3G modem
● Now in Overhead Construction
Manual
10
Inverter Controls
Battery
Photo courtesy of Ergon
Energy
11. Commissioning
philosophy
● New approach
● Used Maryborough workshops
● Remote access tools used
● Proved communication & data
processing systems worked
● Minimised on-site time
11
Photo courtesy of Ergon
Energy
14. First
installation
● “Weir” on a Charters
Towers feeder
● 50 kVA (2× GUSS)
● 80% along the feeder
● Satellite modems
14
Satellite background from ESRI Global Imagery
GUSS
17. Building a battery system
17
StringModuleCell
System
Photos courtesy
of Ergon Energy
18. The need for balance
● Safety critical function
● Cell voltages must be similar
● Worst-case limits battery capacity
● Automatic balancing through discharging
● Intelligent monitoring
SMU monitors all cells in module
BMS monitors all modules
● Series/parallel combo of 784 cells
● Total voltage of 706 V
18
22. Reasons for monitoring
● Monitor string balance
● Provide advanced warning
● Collect engineering data in
parallel with operating data
● Fine tuning of advanced
control algorithms
● Assess effect on network
● Verify that contract technical
specification is met
22
Photo courtesy of Ergon
Energy
23. Technical constraints
● Satellite data is expensive
● Need to be selective
● Couldn’t alter BMS or PCS
software
Safety critical systems
● Pre-process of data before
transmission to reduce size
● Selection of file transfer protocols
Effect of latency
Compression
Cyber-security
23
Inmarsat BGAN M2M
coverage
Photo from WideEye
24. Sensor fusion
● Multiple intelligent devices on board
Energy meter
Power Conversion System
Battery Monitoring System
● Grid monitoring
Isolation transformer monitors
Series step regulators
Automatic circuit reclosers
Power quality meters
● Combine data for greater insights
24
Photos courtesy of Ergon
Energy
Cooper
Industries
25. Data sources and transfer method
● Report By Exception (RBE)
Alarms and events
PCS analogues beyond thresholds
DNP 3.0
● Daily batch transfer by file
String data
Module data
Cell data
SCP
● Daily batch transfer by Metering
Energy meter data
Proprietary metering protocol
25
26. Workflow
● Daily download of data in shared DB
Download each GUSS sequentially
Feed data into corporate repository
● Process the data and generate graphs
Series of charts with different focus
Provide a summary website
Reduces server workload
● Weekly and monthly processing
Examine long term trends
Data archiving
26
28. Battery monitoring
● System-level monitoring
DC bus voltage
State of Charge
Battery string currents
Range of cell voltages
Maximum/minimum cell temps
● Module-level monitoring
Voltage/temp variation from the
median
Mean/median voltages &
temperatures
● Cell-level monitoring
Voltage variation from the median
28
Photo courtesy of Ergon
Energy
29. Performance assessment
● Look at the “fleet” individually and as a whole
Watch for abnormalities
● Too much data to look at in numerical form
Visualisation is key
Catch potential faults early
● Use data from multiple sources
No one source has all the required information
● Visualise data in a variety of ways
29
37. Many ways
to visualise
● Potential module
fault in String 2
● Module 20
● Cell 9
● Outliers can be
masked by large
variation
● Expect this with
daily cycling
37
40. Modelling of battery aging
● Building a library of operation
over a range of conditions
● No two sites are the same
● Cell-level and module-level
logging creates a deep dataset
● Applicable to three phase and
isolated use too
40
41. Optimising control system parameters
● Power system models give initial estimate
● Designed for autonomous and directed operation
● Control systems do interact
● Observed response can be used to tune power models
● Use power electronics to reduce wear on switched equipment
41
42. Data-constrained environments
● “Design for data”
Make key items available
Open protocols
Enable automation
● Utility applications
Automatic circuit reclosers
Step voltage regulators
Energy & power quality meters
● End-user applications
Irrigation
Load control
● Satellite
Medium bandwidth
Very high latency
Expensive
● Internet of Things
Low bandwidth
Medium to high latency
Power is limited
42
43. For further detail
Design and commissioning detail in:
● Transmission and Distribution World
● June 2017, pages 42-48
● www.tdworld.com/distribution/storage-has-vital-role
43
44. Conclusions
● Power electronics can solve capacity and voltage problems
● Use of communications reduces risk of deploying technology
● Remote data collections gives great insight into behaviour of network
● Consider all the constraints of selected communications network
● Better situational awareness improves decision making
● Early indication of problems gives opportunity to plan for repair
● Incorporate performance/condition monitoring at the design stage
44
The grid is built in layers: Transmission (Powerlink), Sub-transmission, Distribution, SWER
Not many customers. Energex has 1.2M in the SEQ corner
SWER network is extremely remote
Voltages based on phase to phase voltages of 22kV and 33kV.
Resistive conductors, with 3 and 7 strand steel common.
19.1kV experiences Ferranti effect, increasing voltage at time of light load.
Shunt reactors used to limit rise, but not switched.
Step regulators are used too. Subject to mechanical wear and tear.
Difficulties regulating voltage.
Modern electronic devices are less tolerant of voltage swings.
“Alpha” feeder from Barcaldine substation
Equivalent to Belgium or Armenia in supply area.
Significant voltage control problems.
Expensive to install bigger conductors and limit to # of regulators that can be fitted.
Black is the 3-phase backbone, SWER branch off from sides. Yellow diamond is SWER isolation transformer.
Technical specification for tender developed by Ergon
S&C Electric integrated inverter/PCS and battery.
Ergon integrated metering and communications.
Joint commissioning and installation.
Transported fully assembled on flat bed truck, can take up to two at once.
Communication over both 3G and geostationary satellite due to remoteness
All units were commissioned and had meters and modems fitted in Maryborough by Ergon.
Data collection and analytics were refined and process verified as working before transport to site
Deliberate decision made to use 3G modem for commissioning rather than hard-wired cable.
Developed work practices suitable for long term support from the office.
Review of all work practices, including scheduling and training was performed.
Take the opportunity to identify all new ideas, and past pain-points.
Talk to everyone that will be involved.
Units roughly 50/50 split between dual and single sites
All over Queensland, in every region
WB and FNQ were used for workshop and lab work, SW, CA, MK, NQ for deployment
10x Satellite, 7x 3G modems. Red is 3G, Blue is Satellite.
Twin units have a ring around.
First GUSS installed on a complicated SWER with many regulators, reclosers and covering a large area.
Modelling indicated that optimum location 80% along one spur
Need to avoid instability of control loops having two units at the same connection point
Collected data from day 0 (commissioning).
Kinnoul GUSS, NE of Roma
New poles installed. 3G communications via Yagi antenna.
Self contained and exposed to the elements.
A good site for experimentation due to fast and cheap communications.
Pays to have somewhere to prototype things.
Terminology that is relevant to upcoming data.
14 cells in module, as 2 parallel strings of 7 cells in series
28 modules per string, 2 strings in parallel
String or system module monitoring is straight forward.
Module level monitoring takes a bit of work
Cell level monitoring is very rarely done due to number of cells in a large system.
But it all comes back to cell voltages and how “balanced” they are.
Many different chemistries
NCA and NMC have more of a slope, so easier to estimate SOC
Cyclic life improved if cells not fully discharged.
Aim for 20% or 30% minimum SoC.
Need to involve people familiar with the product/process/business need.
Communications experts provide secure, reliable and cost effective bearer and IT systems
Analytics people use the data to explore behaviour, report on observations.
Feedback to product team to change data collection or offer insight.
Many data collection systems supplied by vendors are designed for high speed Ethernet.
Design does not factor in cost, bandwidth or latency.
Cannot alter safety-critical software
Fortunately there was an embedded PC on-board that I could use to pre-process data and to act as a secure server.
Good idea to have some sort of general purpose computer, even if it’s an industrial-rated Beaglebone Black.
Time synchronisation is important.
Blend multiple devices, protocols, data stores together
Thermal performance was of great interest
An energy meter was used as an independent check of performance
Tie in observations from reclosers and regulators along the feeder.
The GUSS was installed to meet a system need, so need to assess whether that is being met
Use for model tuning, and look for reduced operation of electro-mechanical devices.
Protocol choice matters.
SCP much faster than SFTP. Does not require ACK of each packet, so not affected by high latency links.
XML might be popular for internet connected products, but CSV and serial rules the industrial world.
Formats that compress well are good.
No human intervention needed to retrieve data
GUSS is an operational system, so access to engineering tools and communication links was tightly controlled.
Common set of graphs produced each day and put on a web server for anyone in company to access.
“Self-serve” page allowed custom time ranges to be plotted
Meets the Operational Technology security architecture.
Module and cell monitoring tracks variation from the group.
Voltage and temperature is expected to cycle during the day due to climate and energy use.
Want to identify outliers or unexplained behaviour
All units are built the same, so are expected to behave similarly.
Any variation should be examined and cause determined.
Bring data together.
Until the operating model is developed human analysis through visualisation is important.
Have time to explore the data.
Visualise using different approaches. Try different software if available.
Mean of 28 modules gives smooth output, but ignore the outliers.
Median was selected as variation reference point.
Dots represent values that are beyond 2x interquartile range; the outliers.
Right-hand bank has less temperature variation.
Box plots laid out to reflect physical configuration of string.
Modules 18, 19, and 28 are cooler than the median.
Only observed in the workshops.
Suspected to be the cold concrete floor helping get heat away from the bottom modules.
Only becomes apparent due to physical representation.
Module 13 is approx. 35mV lower than median.
Both strings behave same overall.
Balancing should bring all other modules down to M13 level.
Can’t change one by itself, but can discharge individually.
Monitor over a week to see if problem persists. Most go away.
19 October to 3 November.
Line voltage with and without GUSS.
Loads not particularly high at that time of year, so inverter not working near max capability.
Don’t regulate to zero deviation, but enough to make an improvement.
Ergon developed software to poll for cell voltages of every single cell, at two minute intervals.
String 2 Module 19 has low voltage on a number of cells. Only 20mV, but something to watch for.
Graph gave enough time to make arrangements for spares to be organised.
Module replaced at next visit. Avoided unplanned outage sometime in the future.
Spotting trends in time series data can be difficult
Distribution analysis, such as histograms or box plots, can give more insight.
Need to understand what the expected behaviour is, and develop analytics to suit.
Intended GUSS behaviour was to go between 30% and 100% state of charge in a day.
Cells vary from 3.3V to 4V over 20% to 100% SOC.
Can see 30 mV variation with 80 mV range, but would be difficult with 700 mV reange.
Very clear with box plot.
Longer term trends looked at as cross-plot of parameters or distributions.
Capacity in kWh vs SOC looks at battery aging
Limits are constraints on charging or discharging put onto the inverter by the battery management system
Also look at network impacts and how hard battery is working
Thermal constraints are significant. Inverter and batteries have different limits & thermal inertia.
No documented models of calendar and cycling aging in an uncontrolled environment.
Collecting as much data as possible now, modelling is a future project.
Locations chosen through power system modelling, particularly V/P and V/Q sensitivity.
Validate this through observations.
Controller parameters need tuning, particular for load sharing of twin units.
Future analysis to optimise GUSS parameters with step regulator control loops and directed load support.
Develop guidelines for data collection and condition monitoring for constrained systems
Design needs to support automated extraction and analysis. Too many products rely on GUIs.
Would be good to have standards-based way of dealing with constrained environments.
Applicable across the energy sector, for customers and utilities.
IoT similar to satellite, but with power a constraint instead of cost.
Still face bandwidth and latency limitations.
For more details on design, selection and commission please have a read of the Transmission & Distribution World article published in June.