This document summarizes a research paper that models and simulates a self-excited induction generator (SEIG) with an electronic load controller for use in wind energy systems. The paper develops a mathematical model of the SEIG and load controller. It then simulates the system in MATLAB/Simulink under different operating conditions such as start-up, application of resistive and fault loads. The simulation results show the generator's electromagnetic torque, rotor speed, voltages and currents under these conditions. The paper concludes the SEIG is well-suited for use in small-scale wind energy projects due to its low cost and maintenance requirements.
DESIGN OF THE ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER USING MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ZERO CR...elelijjournal
Small hydro power plant project (SHPP) a significant role in renewable energy sector in several countries, Especially Indonesia, among different categories, community based and estate based hydro projects use electric load control technology since it can be locally manufactured, easily to installation and the low cost. For example; constant voltage and frequency in Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). In this method, the principle of phase angle control of back to back thyristor is used. A thyristor is fired at a specific delay angle relative to the zero voltage crossing of the sine wave. A thyristor commutates at zero crossing, will be occurs a twice the frequency and generates total harmonic distortion about of 40% in current with added reactive power burden. This scheme can continuously vary the dump power over nearly the entire range from zero to full load as the delay angle varies from 0 to 180 degree.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
DESIGN OF THE ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER USING MICRO CONTROLLER BASED ZERO CR...elelijjournal
Small hydro power plant project (SHPP) a significant role in renewable energy sector in several countries, Especially Indonesia, among different categories, community based and estate based hydro projects use electric load control technology since it can be locally manufactured, easily to installation and the low cost. For example; constant voltage and frequency in Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG). In this method, the principle of phase angle control of back to back thyristor is used. A thyristor is fired at a specific delay angle relative to the zero voltage crossing of the sine wave. A thyristor commutates at zero crossing, will be occurs a twice the frequency and generates total harmonic distortion about of 40% in current with added reactive power burden. This scheme can continuously vary the dump power over nearly the entire range from zero to full load as the delay angle varies from 0 to 180 degree.
The inverter is the principal part of the photovoltaic (PV) systems that assures the direct current/alternating current (DC/AC) conversion (PV array is connected directly to an inverter that converts the DC energy produced by the PV array into AC energy that is directly connected to the electric utility). In this paper, we present a simple method for detecting faults that occurred during the operation of the inverter. These types of faults or faults affect the efficiency and cost-effectiveness of the photovoltaic system, especially the inverter, which is the main component responsible for the conversion. Hence, we have shown first the faults obtained in the case of the short circuit. Second, the open circuit failure is studied. The results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method. Good monitoring and detection of faults in the inverter can increase the system's reliability and decrease the undesirable faults that appeared in the PV system. The system behavior is tested under variable parameters and conditions using MATLAB/Simulink.
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INDUCTION GENERATORS AND CONTROLLERS FOR PICO HYDRO A...ijiert bestjournal
Operation of Induction motors as induction generato rs in grid connected and self excitation mode is well known. In many countries induction gen erators are used for electrical power generation by wind energy. Low cost,robustness and ease of maintenance are attractive features of induction generators. Even though these generators are used at some places for micro hydro power generation,very small scale gene ration known as pico hydro generation offers excellent opportunity for them. S lip ring induction motors are used for micro power generation and squirrel cage induction motors are used for pico power generation. These generators have an inherent probl em of terminal voltage variation with increase in load. Several different types of contro llers are developed and tested. This paper presents a review of literature related to the pres ent status of research work on self excited induction generators (SEIG),their terminal voltage control strategies and their applications.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The negative impacts or side effects of a damper circuit insertion in an LCL passive filter utilized to filter DC/AC inverters output voltage is presented in this paper. For comparative study, this paper discusses two damping configurations, namely series and parallel damping, as well as the LCL filter without damping element. Four criteria are used to explore the impacts of the damper circuits, i.e. their total harmonic distortions (THDs), the output voltage amplitude, the output power and the power efficiency. Theoretically and emphirically shown by previous studies, the damper can indeed reduce the peak resonance frequency of the filter in its frequency response curve. However, in any circumstance, it can potentially reduce the inverters power and efficiency, voltage output amplitude, and cannot improve its THD reduction. The analysis results have shown that the side effects depends also on the load conditions, which are different for each damping circuit configuration.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE ON INDUCTION GENERATORS AND CONTROLLERS FOR PICO HYDRO A...ijiert bestjournal
Operation of Induction motors as induction generato rs in grid connected and self excitation mode is well known. In many countries induction gen erators are used for electrical power generation by wind energy. Low cost,robustness and ease of maintenance are attractive features of induction generators. Even though these generators are used at some places for micro hydro power generation,very small scale gene ration known as pico hydro generation offers excellent opportunity for them. S lip ring induction motors are used for micro power generation and squirrel cage induction motors are used for pico power generation. These generators have an inherent probl em of terminal voltage variation with increase in load. Several different types of contro llers are developed and tested. This paper presents a review of literature related to the pres ent status of research work on self excited induction generators (SEIG),their terminal voltage control strategies and their applications.
The emerging of inductive wireless power transfer (IWPT) technology provides more opportunities for the electric vehicle (EV) battery to have a better recharging process. With the development of IWPT technology, various way of wireless charging of the EV battery is proposed in order to find the best solution. To further understand the fundamentals of the IWPT system itself, an ample review is done. There are different ways of EV charging which are static charging (wired), static wireless charging (SWC) and dynamic wireless charging (DWC). The review starts with a brief comparison of static charging, SWC and DWC. Then, in detailed discussion on the fundamental concepts, related laws and equations that govern the IWPT principle are also included. In this review, the focus is more on the DWC with a little discussion on static charging and SWC to ensure in-depth understanding before one can do further research about the EV charging process. The in-depth perception regarding the development of DWC is elaborated together with the system architecture of the IWPT and DWC system and the different track versions of DWC, which is installable to the road lane.
Direct current (DC) electronic load is a useful equipment for testing the electrical system. It can emulate various load at a high rating. The electronic load requires a power converter to operate and a linear regulator is a common option. Nonetheless, it is hard to control due to the temperature variation. This paper proposed a DC electronic load using the boost converter. The proposed electronic load operates in the continuous current mode and control using the integral controller. The electronic load using the boost converter is compared with the electronic load using the linear regulator. The results show that the boost converter able to operate as an electronic load with an error lower than 0.5% and response time lower than 13 ms.
A hybrid DC/DC/AC converter connected to the grid without a three-phase transformer is controlled. The decentralized control method is applied to the hybrid DC-DC converter such that the maximum power of PV flows to the grid side. This controller must charge and discharge the battery at the proper time. It must also regulate DC-link voltage. An additional advantage of the proposed control is that the three-phase inverter does not need a separate controller such as PWM and SPWM. A simple technique is used for creating the desired phase shift in the three-phase inverter, which makes the active and reactive power of the inverter controllable. A new configuration is also proposed to transmit and manage the generation power of PV. In this scheme, the battery and fuel cell are employed as an auxiliary source to manage the generation power of PV. Finally, a real-time simulation is performed to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller and system by considering the real characteristics of PV and FC.
DFIG control of WECS using indirect matrix converter Kuldeep Behera
The connection and operation of wind power plants produce some problems that are rising partly owing to large changeability of environment conditions, influencing the electrical energy supply from these sources. To be possible to study phenomena that are connected with wind power plants and impacts of their operation on the operation of distribution and transmission systems, it is necessary to do such as in other branches, different computer simulations. A grid connected wind power generation scheme using doubly fed induction generator is studied. The aim is modelling and simulation of DFIG operating in two quadrants (torque-speed) by a suitable control technique to control the rotor current. This method will also replace the conventional converter by Indirect Matrix Converter.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
The negative impacts or side effects of a damper circuit insertion in an LCL passive filter utilized to filter DC/AC inverters output voltage is presented in this paper. For comparative study, this paper discusses two damping configurations, namely series and parallel damping, as well as the LCL filter without damping element. Four criteria are used to explore the impacts of the damper circuits, i.e. their total harmonic distortions (THDs), the output voltage amplitude, the output power and the power efficiency. Theoretically and emphirically shown by previous studies, the damper can indeed reduce the peak resonance frequency of the filter in its frequency response curve. However, in any circumstance, it can potentially reduce the inverters power and efficiency, voltage output amplitude, and cannot improve its THD reduction. The analysis results have shown that the side effects depends also on the load conditions, which are different for each damping circuit configuration.
This paper provides a new approach to reducing high-order harmonics in 400 Hz inverter using a three-level neutral-point clamped (NPC) converter. A voltage control loop using the harmonic compensation combined with NPC clamping diode control technology. The capacitor voltage imbalance also causes harmonics in the output voltage. For 400 Hz inverter, maintain a balanced voltage between the two input (direct current) (DC) capacitors is difficult because the pulse width modulation (PWM) modulation frequency ratio is low compared to the frequency of the output voltage. A method of determining the current flowing into the capacitor to control the voltage on the two balanced capacitors to ensure fast response reversal is also given in this paper. The combination of a high-harmonic resonator controller and a neutral-point voltage controller working together on the 400 Hz NPC inverter structure is given in this paper.
Load Frequency Control of DFIG-isolated and Grid Connected ModeIJAPEJOURNAL
Wind energy is one of the extraordinary promising sources of renewable energy due to its clean character, free availability and economic viability. A Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) feeds power from both the stator and the rotor windings at speeds above synchronous speed of the machine. This paper deals the load frequency control of doubly fed induction generator in isolated mode and grid connected mode. The wind turbine model is obtained using MATLAB/ SIMULINK which consists of DFIG, rotor side rectifier, grid side inverter and grid. This model is controlled by conventional controllerand proposed Load Frequency Control (LFC) method. The results are proven that frequency control gives better results in all the aspects
Mainly the DC motors are employed in most of the application. The main objective is to Regulate the DC motor system. A motor which displays the appearances of a DC motor but there is no commutator and brushes is called as brushless DC motor. These motors are widespread to their compensations than other motors in relationships of dependability, sound, efficiency, preliminary torque and longevity. To achieve the operation more reliable and less noisy, brushless dc motors are employed. In the proposed work, dissimilar methods of speed control are analysed. In real time submission of speed control of BLDC motor, numerous strategies are executed for the speed control singularity. The modified approaches are the employment of PI controller, use of PID controller and proposed current controller.
Alternating current (AC) electrical drives mainly require smaller current (or torque) ripples and lower total harmonic distortion (THD) of voltage for excellent drive performances. Normally, in practice, to achieve these requirements, the inverter needs to be operated at high switching frequency. By operating at high switching frequency, the size of filter can be reduced. However, the inverter which oftenly employs insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) for high power applications cannot be operated at high switching frequency. This is because, the IGBT switching frequency cannot be operated above 50 kHz due to its thermal restrictions. This paper proposes an alternate switching strategy to enable the use of IGBT for operating the inverter at high switching frequency to improve THD performances. In this strategy, each IGBT in a group of switches in the modified inverter circuit will operate the switching frequency at one-fourth of the inverter switching frequency. The alternate switching is implemented using simple analog and digital integrated circuits.
Environmental factors such as air pollution and increase in global warming by using polluting fuels are the most important reasons of using renewable and clean energy that runs in global community. Wind energy is one of the most suitable and widely used kind of renewable energy which had been in consideration so well. This paper introduces an electric power generation
system of wind based on Y-source and improved Y-source inverter to deliver optimal electrical power to the network. This new converter is from impedance source converters family. This presented converter has more degrees of freedom to adjust voltage gain and modulation. Also, by limiting the range of simultaneous control (shooting through) while it maintains the
highest power of maximizer, it can operate in higher modulation range. This causes the reduce of stress in switching and thus it will improve the quality of output. Recommended system had been simulated in MATLAB/Simulink and shown results indicate accurate functionality.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
Abstract This paper deals with the operation of the separately excited dc-drive in each of the four quadrants which is fed by symmetrical multi pulse modulated signal, leads to improved power quality by using single-phase, dual AC-DC buck converter. Here the armature control of the dc drive with constant load torque is considered in both forward and reverse directions in the motoring and generating actions. When a variable load condition occur the load voltage get changed, simultaneously other parameters such as torque, speed at load side and voltage, current profiles at source side get affected. Due to which there is lot of distortion in the sending end parameters. To overcome these drawbacks the essential variables are analyzed by feeding these variables back to the converter switches, which regulates the output voltage, fed to separately excited DC-Drive, which indicates that, at the ac interface the harmonic profile of the separately excited dc drive fed by the improved power quality dual converter is achieved using closed loop system. Keywords: AC-DC Buck Converter, Power Quality, Closed Loop, PI Controller, Symmetrical Multipulse Modulation (SMM) etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and Simulation of Self Excited Induction Machine for Wind Power Gene...IDES Editor
Objective of this paper is to propose modeling and
simulation of self-excited induction machine for wind power
generation (SEIMWPG). The earlier models of such
generators capable of generating electric power are facing
huge mechanical losses due to wear and tear in the tightly
coupled mechanical gear systems. Due to this heavy
arrangement in each and every constituent mechanical
assembly, the earlier design could not provide maximum
efficiency. In this paper the proposed model focuses on the
performance of the system using the concept of variation of
mutual inductance in the generator windings. This new model
can be possible to generate maximum power with the variation
of mutual inductance of stator and rotor windings irrespective
of the variation of wind velocities. The complete system is
modeled and simulated in the MAT LAB/ SIMULINK
environment. The results of this renewable model and design
are to promote green energy systems in the future.
Similar to Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based electronic load controller (elc) (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
HEAP SORT ILLUSTRATED WITH HEAPIFY, BUILD HEAP FOR DYNAMIC ARRAYS.
Heap sort is a comparison-based sorting technique based on Binary Heap data structure. It is similar to the selection sort where we first find the minimum element and place the minimum element at the beginning. Repeat the same process for the remaining elements.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Implementation of self excited induction generator (seig) with igbt based electronic load controller (elc)
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 188
IMPLEMENTATION OF SELF EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR
(SEIG) WITH IGBT BASED ELECTRONIC LOAD CONTROLLER (ELC)
IN WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
Amit Kumar 1
, V. K. Sharma2
1 & 2
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, Bhagwant Institute of Technology,
Muzaffarnagar, U.P. India, bhargava4u.gzb@gmail.com
Abstract
In this paper, a mathematical model of the Self-Excited Induction Generator (SEIG) is developed to analyze the operation of it in wind
energy systems. In such type of wind scheme often whole generating system is isolated from the grid and supply electricity to the
remote communities. A wind energy system usually a low/medium speed projects driven by controlled/uncontrolled micro wind
turbines. The single point operation of these generators is realized; in such a manner that speeds, voltage, currents of generators
remain constant under various operating loads conditions. The Electronic Load Controller (ELC) is modeled here for the controlled
operation of WES against various load condition. Here the proposed electrical system are modeled and simulated in MATLAB using
Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes and different aspects of the proposed system are studied. On the basis this model
different characteristics of SEIG with ELC are analyzed which shows its suitability in wind energy systems.
Index Terms: SEIG, ELC, Wind Energy, and Induction generator etc
---------------------------------------------------------------------***-------------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Small scale power generation near consumer‟s premises has
received greater attention in recent years for use in remote and
rural communities due to the cost and complexity involved in
the grid extension. Thus, suitable stand-alone systems using
locally available energy sources have become a preferred
option. Alternatively, wind energy system projects may be
built in isolated areas that would be uneconomic to serve from
a network, or in areas where there is no national electrical
distribution network. Since wind energy system projects
usually have minimal reservoirs and civil construction work,
they are seen as having a relatively low environmental impact
compared to large hydro [1].
The development of low/medium speed and innovative
synchronous generators specially with Induction Generators
(IG) have received attention from numerous individuals
around the world. IGs offer several advantages to hydro and
wind power plants compare to other generators available in the
market. Its construction, self-start quality, low maintenance
and low cost draw greater attention from the last decades of
WESs developers.
2. SELF-EXCITED INDUCTION GENERATOR
Induction machine (IM) is quite popular with isolated micro-
hydro power plants. It is a singly-excited ac machine. Stator
winding of a 3-phase IM is connected to a 3-phase ac source
and rotor winding receives its energy from stator by means of
electro-magnetic induction. Based on the slip value, an IM
works in motor and generator mode as [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6]:
i. In motoring mode (0 < slip < 1), rotor rotates in the
direction of rotating field produced by the stator
currents. The slip varies from „1‟ at stand still to „0‟
at synchronous speed.
ii. In generating mode (-1 < slip < 0), stator terminals
are connected to a constant frequency voltage source
and rotor is driven at above synchronous speed by a
prime mover.
SEIG employs cage rotor construction with shunt capacitors
connected at its terminals for excitation. The shunt capacitors
may be either constant or variable. The IG has very similar
construction as induction motor with some possible
improvements in efficiency. As the speed during induction
generator operation is not synchronous, it is also called an
asynchronous generator. There are numerous advantages of a
permanent magnet synchronous generator which are enlisted
below [1, 3, 4, 6 & 7-10]
i. Brushless and rugged construction
ii. Low cost
iii. Maintenance and operational simplicity
iv. Self-protection against faults
v. Good dynamic response
vi. Capability to generate power at varying speed
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 189
3. SEIG WITH OTHER GENERATORS
Generators
Based on the requirement conventionally in WESs
synchronous generator (alternator), is commonly used and in
future the researchers focusing on Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Generator (PMSG), Doubly Fed Induction
Generator (DFIG). These generators used to convert the
mechanical energy of flowing water into the electrical energy.
As compared to the synchronous generator in a SEIG;
brushless and rugged construction and capability to generate
power at varying speed and which mean substantial increase in
the efficiency. Table 1 shows the comparison of SEIG with
other generators used in WESs on the basis various parameters
[2-11]. Table 1 clearly describe SEIG that it could be the
better option for low/medium speed applications in future and
specially in WESs by considering all the parameters.
Table 1: Comparison of SEIG with different generators used in WESs
4. MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF SEIG
The considered SEIG-ELC system consists of an induction
generator capacitor bank, consumer loads (static as well as
dynamic loads) and ELC with control circuit and is shown in
Figure 1. The dynamic models of symmetrical three-phase
induction machine are derived considering the following
assumptions [10]:
i. The change in resistance due to the change in
frequency and temperature is neglected.
ii. The MMF space and time harmonics are neglected.
iii. The core loss is neglected.
The dynamic model of the three-phase squirrel-cage induction
generator is developed by using a stationary d-q axes reference
frame [5, 6, 8, 10 & 11] and the relevant equations are for
mechanical and electrical systems given below.
S.No. Parameters SEIG Wound Rotor
Induction Generator
Synchronous
Generator with
coiled field
PMSG
1. Construction Simple and
Robust
Complex Structure Complex Structure Simple and Robust
2. Operation with Slip
ring
Reliable Slipping rings for DFIG Slipping Rings Reliable
3. Large Scale
Inverter Appl.
Small capacitor
bank
Inverters for 25% to 50%
of nominal power
Large Scale Inverter Large Scale
Inverter
4. Inverter Control
Requirement
Simple inverter
Control
Complex inverter Control Simple inverter
Control
Simple inverter
control
5. No. of Controlling
Inverter required
One controlling
inverter
Two controlling
inverter
One controlling
inverter
One controlling
inverter
6. No. of Rectifier+
Inverter
1 Rectifier+
1inverter
-- 1field controller +
1inverter
1 Rectifier + 1
inverter
7. Slip ring
Requirement
-- No Slipping Rings for
BDFG
Regular
Maintenance
No Slipping Rings
8. Maintenance Low Maintenance High Maintenance High Maintenance Low Maintenance
9. Torque Behaviour Flat Torque Wavy Torque Wide range Torque Flat Torque
10. Cost Low Cost High Cost High Cost Low Cost*
11. Weight Small Large Large Small and Light
weight
12. Efficiency Medium
efficiency
High efficiency with DFIG High efficiency in a
wide range of load
Better Efficiency
At low speed
13. Power Coefficient Low power
coefficient
Low power
coefficient
Low power
coefficient
High power
coefficient
14. Capacitor Needs Needs Capacitors Needs Capacitors Ease of Voltage
Control
No need of
Capacitors
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 190
Te = (3P/4) Lm (iqs idr – ids iqr) (1)
Fig.-1: Schematic diagram of three-phase SEIG with ELC and
Load
Tshaft = Te + J (2/P) pwg (2) (2)
The d and q axes voltages in the stationary reference frame are
as follows:
vds = (2/3) {(va – (vb/2) – (vc/2)} (3)
vqs = (2/3) {(√3vb/2) – (√3vc/2)} (4)
The derivative of the rotor speed from (4) is
p.wg= (P/2). {(Tshaft-Te)/J} (5)
Where, (all quantities in the rotor reference frame):
Te = developed electromagnetic torque of the
SEIG
Tshaft = electromechanical torque of the SEIG
P = the number of poles
Lm = the magnetizing inductance
iqs = q-axis component of stator current
idr = d-axis component of rotor current
ids = d-axis component of stator current
iqr = q-axis component of rotor current
J = moment of inertia
wg = rotor speed of SEIG
p = [d/dt]
vds = direct axis component of stator voltage
vqs = quadrature axis component of stator
voltage
va vb vb = voltages at induction generator
terminals
4.1 Modelling of ELC
The aim of an ELC is to reduce the cost of a wind energy
system installation by replacing the mechanical governor with
an electronic circuit. The basic principle of an ELC is that the
electrical load on the generator must be constant even though
the consumer load may vary in an unpredictable manner from
zero to full rated load of the system. In the event of change of
consumer load, a ballast load is adjusted so that the totals load
on the generator remains constant as [10]:
Pout = Pc + Pd (6)
Where, Pout is the generated power of the generator (which
should be constant), Pc is the consumer power and Pd is the
dump load power. This dump power (Pd) may be used for
space heating, water heating, battery charging, cooking,
baking etc. Figure 2 shows the diagram of ELC with control
circuit [9-11].
4.2 Simulink /MATLAB Model of SEIG
A simulation model is developed in MATLAB using Simulink
and SPS block set. The simulation is carried out on MATLAB
version 10 with ode23t solver. The electrical system is
simulated with different loads and modeled using resistive and
inductive elements. The unbalanced load is modeled using
breakers in individual phases as depicted in Figure 3. The
parameters of the various components of the system are given
in APPENDIX-A.
Fig.-2: Schematic diagram of ELC with Control circuit
vmax = 2Rf id + 2Lf pid +vd (7)
pvd = (id – iL) / C (8)
iL = {(vd/ RdL1) + S (vd/RdL2)} (9)
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 191
vab(V)2
-K-
rpm3
1
rpm2
3.5
rpm1
-K-
rpm
pulse
Discrete,
Ts=5e-005s.
powerguiir,is(A)
Fo=75Hz
f4
Fo=75Hz
f3
f2
Fo=75Hz
f1
Fo=75Hz
f
v+
-
Vga3
Vga,Iga1
A
B
C
+
-
UniversalBridge
A
B
C
a
b
c
Three-PhaseBreaker2
A
B
C
a
b
c
Three-PhaseBreaker1
Vabc
Iabc
A
B
C
a
b
c
Three-Phase
V-IMeasurement
A
B
C
Three-Phase
SeriesRLCLoad
In1
In2
In3
Out1
Subsystem
lightBlue
Saturation
m
A
B
C
Tm
SEIG
N(rpm)1
N(rpm)
g
1
2
IdealSwitch
i
+
-
Ica2
i
+ -
Ica1
i
+
-
Ica
IDa
[A]
Goto
[A]
From
Ve PWM
Electronicloadcontroller
Uref Pulses
Discrete
PWMGenerator
i
+
-
CurrentMeasurement2
i
+
-
CurrentMeasurement1
484
Constant1
1000
Constant
Conn1
Conn2
Conn3
Capacitorbank
<Rotorcurrent ir_a(A)>
<Statorcurrent is_a(A)>
<Rotorspeed(wm)>
<Electromagnetic torqueTe(N*m)>
Where Lf source inductance, Rf source resistance and C
filtering capacitor and S is the switching function indicating
the switching status of the IGBT switch [APPENDIX-B].
Fig.-3: Simulink/MATLAB Model of SEIG
5 SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The performance of the SEIG is studied with various operating
condition like in wind energy power plants. The performance
of PMSG is analyzed with the Resistive Load and RLC Load.
The simulated waveforms of SEIG electromagnetic torque
(Te), rotor speed (ωr), 3-Ф Stator Voltage (Vabc), and 3-Ф
current (Iabc) are shown in Figures 4-9 for different operating
conditions. Following cases are taken for study:
5.1 Self-excitation and Voltage Build up
In this case, SEIG is started at no load with excitation
capacitors of 200 µF per phase. Figures 4-5 show voltage
build up for all three lines at SEIG terminals, capacitor
currents, Electromagnetic torque and rotor speed respectively.
Fig.-4: Three line voltages & currents build up at SEIG
terminals
Fig.-5: Torque and rotor speed and Frequency of generated
voltage of SEIG
5.2 Resistive Loading of SEIG
Initially SEIG is running under no load, at t=1 sec, resistive
load of 1.5 kW (Appendix-B) is switched on. Load draws a
heavy current at starting but after 1.2 sec., it settles to a steady
state value. After that at t=1.2 sec. SEIG again switches to no
load as shown in Figures 6-7.
5.3 Three Phase Fault at SEIG
Initially SEIG is operated with a resistive load of 1500 W. A
three phase fault is considered at the load terminals at t=2 sec.
Fault is applied for the duration of 0.1 sec. The SEIG cannot
sustain the short circuit due to failure of excitation and the
voltage collapses to zero immediately without any transient as
shown in Figures 8.
Fig.-6: Three line voltages & currents at Line-A build up at
SEIG terminals
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 192
Fig.-7: Torque and rotor speed of SEIG
Fig.-8: Three line voltages, currents and Torque speed of
SEIG terminals
5.4 Line-Line Fault at SEIG
A line to line short circuit is applied between two lines A and
B at the load terminals for the duration of 0.1 sec from t = 2
sec. to t = 2.1 sec. The SEIG cannot sustain the short circuit
and the voltage collapses to zero immediately without any
transient as shown in the Figures 9.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper presented the performance analysis of a SEIG
supplying static constant torque. Steady state and transient
operations of the SEIG are studied under these loads. The
study has provided more detailed information on the
performance of the SEIG, such as steady-state and transient
waveforms, variation of basic parameters such voltage,
current, speed and torque with loads.
Fig.-9: Three line voltages, currents, torque and speed at SEIG
terminals
The dynamic behaviour of the SEIG has been demonstrated
and it reveals that SEIG can be used satisfactorily in micro-
hydro with uncontrolled turbine. It reveals from the study that
system is more efficient and reliable with Electronic Load
Controller. This study has practical significance due
availability of enormous wind energy system potential in
remote locations in several countries. Due to lower initial
costs, replacement of synchronous and other generators seems
quite logical.
REFERENCES
[1] MNRE official website: http://mnre.gov.in (also exist
http://mnes.nic.in), Feb. 2012.
[2] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_generator,
accessed on Feb. 2012.
[3] R. C. Bansal, “Three-Phase Self-Excited Induction
Generators: An Overview”, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp.292-299, Jun. 2005.
[4] G.K. Singh, “Self-Excited Induction Generator Research-
a survey”, Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 69, No.
1, pp. 107-114, Aug. 2003.
[5] G. K. Singh, “Modeling and Experimental Analysis of a
Self-excited Six-phase Induction Generator for Stand-
alone Renewable Energy Generation”, Renewable
Energy, Vol. 33, No. 7, pp. 1605-1621, Jul. 2008.
[6] S. N. Mahato, M. P. Sharma, and S. P. Singh, “Transient
Analysis of a Single-Phase self-regulated self-Excited
Induction Generator using a Three-Phase Machine”,
Electric Power Systems Research, Vol. 77, No. 7, pp.
839-850, May 2007.
[7] S. K. Jain, J. D. Sharma and S. P. Singh, “Transient
Performance of Three-phase Self-Excited Induction
Generator During Balanced and Unbalanced Faults”, IEE
Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gener., Transm. Distrib., Vol. 149,
No. 1, pp. 50-57, Jan. 2002.
[8] Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy and Sushma Gupta, “Analysis
and Design of Electronic Load Controller for Self-Excited
Induction Generators”, IEEE Transactions on Energy
Conversion, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 285-293, March 2006
[9] B. Singh, S. S. Murthy, Madhusudan, M. Goel, and A. K.
Tandon, “A Steady State Analysis on Voltage and
Frequency Control of Self-Excited Induction Generator in
Micro-Hydro System”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 1-6, Dec. 2006.
[10]Bhim Singh, S. S. Murthy and Sushma Gupta, “Transient
Analysis of Self-Excited Induction Generator with
Electronic Load Controller (ELC) Supplying Static and
Dynamic Loads”, IEEE Transactions on Industrial
Applications, Vol. 41, No. 5, pp. 1194-1204, Sep. 2005.
[11]B. Singh, S.S. Murthy and S. Gupta,“Analysis and
Implementation of an Electronic Load Controller for a
Self-Excited Induction Generator”, IEE Proc.-Gener.
Transm. Distrib., Vol. 151, No. 1, pp. 51-60, Jan. 2004.
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 08 | Aug-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 193
APPENDICES
A. Parameters of SEIG:
3.73 kW, 415 V, 50 Hz, Y-connected, 24 pole, RS = 0.6837 Ω,
Rr=0.45, Lis= 0.004152H, Lir= 0.008152H, Lm=0.011846 H,
Inertia (J) = 0.1 kg-m2
, Friction Fcator= 0.008141, F (N.m.s)
B. ELC Rating:
Power Rating=3.7kW (selected), Voltage Rating of rectifier
and chopper switch = 900 V, Current Rating of rectifier and
chopper switch = 15 A, Rating of Dump load = 15 Ω, Rating
of DC filtering capacitor = 380 µF
C. Resistive Load: 1.5kW
BIOGRAPHIES
Amit Kumar received B.Tech degree in
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
from Bhagwant Institute of Technology in
2010. He is currently pursuing Masters of
Technology in Power Electronics from
Bhagwant Institute of Technology,
Muzaffarnagar, India. His area of interest is Induction
Generator, Power Electronics.
V. K. Sharma (1961) received his bachelor
degree from KREC Surathkal in 1984, M.
Tech. in Power Electronics from IIT Delhi
in 1993, and PhD from IIT Delhi in 2000.
He is recipient of various scholarships,
Railway Board Medal and has completed a
few AICTE sponsored projects. He has
worked with College of Engineering, at
Pravaranagar, and Jamia Millia Islamia University in New
Delhi. Currently, he is a full Professor in the Department of
Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering at Maharashtra
Academy of Engineering, Alandi, under Pune University,
India. He has visited USA, Germany Malayasia, and Hong
Kong to present his research findings in IEEE conferences. He
has worked as post doc fellow during 2001-2002 at Ecole de
technologies superieure, Montreal, Canada. He is a regular
reviewer for several IEEE conferences and
national/international journals. He is a member of Institution
of Engineers (India) and Fellow of IETE, India. His research
interests include power electronics, and application of
computer communication in hybrid electric vehicle