MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
Hybrid Power System is the integration of number of generating plants those are working together serve a particular region. They may be off grid or may not be.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
Hybrid Power System is the integration of number of generating plants those are working together serve a particular region. They may be off grid or may not be.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
here dc-dc boost converter designed in MATLAB Simulink and MPPT controller designed in 2 methods(P&O and incremental conductance).
finally, I connect it to Ac grid via the Dc-Ac converter.
this entire system called grid-connected PV system.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
An Investigation into Even Harmonic Injection in Pole Voltages of a Single Phase Inverter: Presented at National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC) 2010 at Roorkee, India.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
WIND POWER GENERATION SCHEMES are Constant speed - Constant frequency systems (CSCF)
Variable speed - Constant frequency systems (VSCF)
Variable speed - Variable frequency systems (VSVF)
Functions and Performance Requirements
Elements of an Excitation System
Types of Excitation Systems
Control and Protection Functions
Modeling of Excitation Systems
The functions of an excitation system are
to provide direct current to the synchronous generator field winding, and
to perform control and protective functions essential to the satisfactory operation of the power system
The performance requirements of the excitation system are determined by
Generator considerations:
supply and adjust field current as the generator output varies within its continuous capability
respond to transient disturbances with field forcing consistent with the generator short term capabilities:
rotor insulation failure due to high field voltage
rotor heating due to high field current
stator heating due to high VAR loading
heating due to excess flux (volts/Hz)
Power system considerations:
contribute to effective control of system voltage and improvement of system stability
Exponential growth in the energy demand on account of rising population and economic growth,
increasing apprehensions of energy security coupled with climate change and global warming concerns are some
of the major drivers for pushing the renewable energy (RE) to the top of the energy portfolio. Among various
renewable energy resources, wind and solar PV systems are experiencing rapid growth since 2010. By the end of
2016, the world total capacity of wind power generation was 487 GW and that of solar PV was 303 GW,
aggregating to a penetration level of 4.0% and 1.5% respectively. Global renewable energy penetration till Dec.
2016, excluding conventional hydro share (of 16.6%) was only around 8.0%. However, many countries have set
target of 30% RE based electricity generation by 2030. India has an ambitious target of achieving 175 GW of RE
power by 2022, with 100 GW from solar, 60 GW from wind, 10 GW from biomass and 5 GW from small hydro.
Power generation from renewables often takes place through distributed generation (DG). These units, mostly
located in remote locations, are not centrally planned or dispatched, and are usually connected to distribution grids
at LV or MV levels. In few cases, large capacity RE generation are also connected to transmission networks. As a
result, the power generation structure is moving from the large, centralized plants to a mixed generation pool
consisting of traditional large plants and many smaller DG units. Most of the RE generators have electrical
characteristics that are different from the synchronous machines. Since a large group of DG technologies use
power electronics converters for grid connectivity, they introduce many technical issues related to the operation,
control and protection of the power system, impacting generators, transmission system and consumer devices.
This paper presents some of the technical issues and challenges that need to be addressed for the effective
grid integration of RE based power generators so that eventually, our reliance on polluting and expensive fossilbased
hydro-carbon driven power generation can be reduced substantially.
GRID INTERCONNECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AT DISTRIBUTION LEVEL WITH P...Pradeep Avanigadda
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This project presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/ Simulink simulation studies and validated through digital signal processor-based laboratory experimental results.
here dc-dc boost converter designed in MATLAB Simulink and MPPT controller designed in 2 methods(P&O and incremental conductance).
finally, I connect it to Ac grid via the Dc-Ac converter.
this entire system called grid-connected PV system.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
An Investigation into Even Harmonic Injection in Pole Voltages of a Single Phase Inverter: Presented at National Power Electronics Conference (NPEC) 2010 at Roorkee, India.
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
As the fifth in a series of tutorials on the power system, Leonardo ENERGY introduces its minute lecture on voltage and frequency control, using the analogy of a metal/rubber plate to demonstrate the centralised nature of frequency control, whereas voltage control is more a local matter.
Micro-Grid Power: Working Intelligently and Working TogetherBrian Lucke
From Army AL&T Magazine, this article written by Marnie de Jong, Research Project Manager for the Renewable Energy for Distributed Undersupplied Command Environments program in CERDEC CPI Army Power, discusses the concept, challenges, and potential solutions to using the "Micro-Grid" to provide a more economical and available source of power for soldiers in austere environments.
Mitigating The Power Fluctuation Of PMSG Wind Turbine In A Microgrid By Optim...IJTET Journal
Abstract— The major problem of PMSG wind turbine are power fluctuation. And this problem is overcome by new optimization technique and circuit model of the Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) with Fault Current Limiter (FCL) in a micro grid. Normally, SMES-FCL circuit which contain superconducting coil. In case of without fault condition, SMES-FCL act as the SMES unit to mitigate the power fluctuation of PMSG. Under fault condition, the SC is automatically connected to the system and it can be used as FCL to reduce the fault current. Then, the voltage drop of PMSG and fault current unit will be mitigated. By the energy function method is used to determine the optimal problem. Finally, this MATLAB result shows the superior control effect compare to the conventional method.
Dynamic modeling of microgrid for grid connected intentional islanding operat...Asoka Technologies
Microgrid is defined as the cluster of multiple distributed generators (DGs) such as renewable energy sources that supply electrical energy. The connection of microgrid is in parallel with the main grid. When microgrid is isolated from remainder of the utility system, it is said to be in intentional islanding mode. In this mode, DG inverter system operates in voltage control mode to provide constant voltage to the local load. During grid connected mode, the Microgrid operates in constant current control mode to supply preset power to the main grid. The main contribution of this paper is summarized as
1) Design of a network based control scheme for inverter based sources, which provides proper current control during grid connected mode and voltage control during islanding mode.
2) Development of an algorithm for intentional islanding detection and synchronization controller required during grid reconnection.
3) Dynamic modeling and simulation are conducted to show system behavior under proposed method using SIMULINK.
From the simulation results using Simulink dynamic models, it can be shown that these controllers provide the microgrid with a deterministic and reliable connection to the grid.
Challenges at project level for microgrid solutions lisbon 2016Trevor De Vries
There is a significant gap in the electricity sector to retrofit high penetration renewable energy resources into existing diesel power systems while maintaining the performance and reliability of the system. Remote communities and mining applications are prime candidates to utilize renewable energy resources e.g. solar and wind, integrating them into the existing diesel fired generation system due to significant cost of diesel fuel. Although, microgrid applications in these remote communities and mining sites are attractive, there are various challenges which should be taken into account at project level. In this presentation, various technical, financial and logistic challenges for the application of microgrid systems with some case studies which have been deployed by Canadian Solar, will be discussed. Technical solutions, at the project level, will be presented and the Canadian Solar Microgrid Test Centre and their holistic approach to address various technical challenges will be introduced. MTC is a scaled-down hardware implementation of prospective microgrid system design equipped with a various renewable energy resources, including diesel generators, wind turbine,PV system, PV and wind resource simulators, grid simulator, and power storage devices to facilitate design and testing of even the most demanding microgrid solutions.
Technical challenges
Financial challenges
Logistical challenges
Case studies ( Two remote off-grid systems)
• How did it start?
• What will we do?
• What did we do?
• What did we learn?
Canadian Solar Microgrid Test Centre
• Hardware implementation
• Software simulation
Simulation Modelling: Costa Coffee (London, UK)Alejandro Duke
Simulation Modelling: development of a Monte Carlo simulation model for evaluating the constraints of the system identifying bottlenecks, forecasting loss of customers and revenue and providing possible solutions through alternative simulated scenarios.
Distributed energy resources (DER) based micro grid and Nano-grid framework is most technically viable bottom-top approach to sustainably meet ever-increasing demand of rural and urban communities. Recently the growth of DC operative home appliances like mobile and lap top chargers, ovens and hair dryer’s etc. are increasing and therefore a DC/DC converter is an efficient way to meet the electricity need from the local DER and helps in improving the system efficiency. This paper presents simulation results of a buck boost converter, MPPT algorithm (P & O method) for solar PV module and closed loop PI control system for obtaining constant 12 V and 24 V DC output voltage at DC bus. The proposed methodology is to extract maximum DC power from solar PV system and it is directly fed to DC load or DC Nano grid.
Power flow control of hybrid micro grids using modified uipcAsoka Technologies
Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controlled modified Unified Inter-Phase Power Controller (UIPC). For study, a classic hybrid micro-grid connected to grid comprising of a AC micro-grid and a DC micro-grid is taken into account. These micro-grids are interconnected employing a modified UIPC, rather than using the power converters connected in parallel. As the first input of this paper is the standard structure of UIPC, which used three power converters in every phase. It was then modified such as number of power converters is used less and implemented for the control of the exchange of power between AC-DC microgrids. In every phase there is one power electronic converter in the improved structure. It is called as Line Power Converter (LPC). Also there is Bus Power Converter (BPC) to regulate the voltage of the DC bus. The Line Power Converters links the AC micro-grid to the main grid. The DC buses are also linked with them. It can be operated in Inductance Mode (IM) as well as Capacitance Mode (CM). The control structure of LPCs has an Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller in it. For hybrid micro-grids, the capability of the suggested power flow control strategy is confirmed by the MATLAB simulation results.
Power Flow Control of Interconnected AC-DC Microgrids in Grid-Connected Hybri...Asoka Technologies
This paper introduces a new approach for power flow control of interconnected AC-DC microgrids in grid-connected hybrid microgrids based on implementing a modified unified interphase power controller (UIPC). A typical grid-connected hybrid microgrid including one AC microgrid and one DC microgrid is considered as studied system. Instead of using the parallel-connected power converters, these microgrids are interconnected using a modified UIPC. As the first contribution of this paper, the conventional structure of UIPC, which uses three power converters in each phase, is modified so that a reduced number of power converters is implemented for power exchange control between AC-DC microgrids. The modified structure includes one power converter in each phase, named as line power converter (LPC), and a power converter which regulates the DC bus voltage, named as bus power converter (BPC) here. The AC microgrid is connected to the main grid through the LPCs which their DC buses are linked and can operate in capacitance mode (CM) or inductance mode (IM). A fuzzy logic controller is used in the control structure of the LPCs. The fuzzy inference system is optimized based on H∞ filtering method to reduce the errors in membership functions design. Through the BPC, the DC voltage of LPCs is supplied by the DC microgrid. However, since the DC microgrid voltage is provided here by a PV system, the DC link voltage of the LPCs is fluctuating. Thus, as the second contribution, to stabilize the DC link fluctuations, a new nonlinear disturbance observer based robust multiple-surface sliding mode control (NDO-MS-SMC) strategy is presented for DC side control of the BPC. The simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed power flow control strategy of the improved UIPC for hybrid microgrids.
The microgrid concept introduces the reduction of multiple conversions in an individual AC or DC grid and also facilitates connections to variable renewable AC and DC sources and loads to power system.
Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Gen...ijtsrd
As the demand for more reliable and secure power system with greater power quality increases, the concept of distributed generation DG have become more popular. This popularity of DG concept has developed simultaneously with the decrease in manufacturing costs associated with clean and alternative technologies like fuel cells, biomass, micro turbine and solar cell systems. Intentional islanding is the purposeful sectionalisation of the utility system during widespread disturbances to create power “islandâ€. This island can be designed to maintain a continuous supply of power during disturbances of the main distribution system. Ruchali Borkute | Nikita Malwar ""Control for Grid Connected and Intentional Islanding of Distributed Power Generation"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23679.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/23679/control-for-grid-connected-and-intentional-islanding-of-distributed-power-generation/ruchali-borkute
Power Quality Improvement with Multilevel Inverter Based IPQC for MicrogridIJMTST Journal
A micro grid is a hybrid power system consists of several distributed resources and local loads .Now a
days with increasing on a day to day life micro grid plays a vital role in power generation using Renewable
Energy Sources. Usage of power electronic devices in a micro grid results in harmonic generation and leads to
various power quality issues. Inorder to overcome voltage fluctuations and over current a magnetic flux
control based variable reactor is proposed. The performance of IPQC can be verified by using
MATLAB/SIMULINK`
Overview: Simulation Analysis of low voltage DC micro grid - An investigation...IJSRD
The micro grid concept has the potential to solve major problems arising from large penetration of distributed generation in distribution systems. The micro grid was designed to operate connected to the main network. The micro grid operated appropriately for different steady state operating conditions. A proper control strategy should be implemented for a successful operation of a micro grid. This paper presents a performance study of a dc micro-grid when it is used a voltage droop technique to regulated the grid voltage and to control the load sharing between different sources like Photovoltaic cell , Fuel Cell, Batteries, etc. Some aspects about centralized (master-slave) and decentralized (voltage droop) control strategies are presented. In this paper, the work done in the field of Micro Grid has been reviewed.
Implementation of modular MPPT algorithm for energy harvesting embedded and I...IJECEIAES
The establishment of the latest IoT systems available today such as smart cities, smart buildings, and smart homes and wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are let the main design restriction on the inadequate supply of battery power. Hence proposing a solar-based photovoltaic (PV) system which is designed DC-DC buck-boost converter with an improved modular maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. The output voltage depends on the inductor, capacitor values, metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) switching frequency, and duty cycle. This paper focuses on the design and simulation of min ripple current/voltage and improved efficiency at PV array output, to store DC power. The stored DC power will be used for smart IoT systems. From the simulation results, the current ripples are observed to be minimized from 0.062 A to 0.02 A maintaining the duty cycle at 61.09 for switching frequencies ranges from 300 kHz to 10 MHz at the input voltage 48 V and the output voltage in buck mode 24 V, boost mode 100 V by maintaining constant 99.7 efficiencies. The improvised approach is compared to various existed techniques. It is noticed that the results are more useful for the self-powered Embedded & Internet of Things systems.
Mppt with single dc–dc converter and inverter for grid connected hybrid wind-...Asoka Technologies
A new topology of a hybrid distributed generator based on photovoltaic and wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator is proposed. In this generator, the sources are connected together to the grid with the help of only a single boost converter followed by an inverter. Thus, compared to earlier schemes, the proposed scheme has fewer power converters. A model of the proposed scheme in the d − q-axis reference frame is developed. Two low-cost controllers are also proposed for the new hybrid scheme to separately trigger the dc–dc converter and the inverter for tracking the maximum power from both sources. The integrated operations of both proposed controllers for different conditions are demonstrated through simulation and experimentation. The steady-state performance of the system and the transient response of the controllers are also presented to demonstrate the successful operation of the new hybrid system. Comparisons of experimental and simulation results are given to validate the simulation model.
Using Parallel Diesel Generator and Fuel Cell as an Islanded MicrogridDr. Amarjeet Singh
By improving technology for extracting higher produced power from Renewable Energy Resources (RES), and reducing CO2 emission, a new concept called Microgrid has been introduced in the electrical systems. The microgrid is an integration of loads and RES which can work independently and interconnected to the grid. In this paper, a microgrid with two different sources Diesel Generator and Fuel Cell is presented. Conventional droop control is responsible to deliver power to the load. The detailed design and simulated systems for Diesel Generator and Fuel Cell are given and extracting the droop controller is shown. The effectiveness of the presented system is validated in the MATLAB/Simulink environment.
IRJET- DC Micro Grid for Wind and Solar Electric System Power Integration
Modeling and Simulation of an electrical micro-grid using MATLAB Simulink Summary For LinkedIn
1. Project Title
Modelling and simulation of an electrical micro-grid using the MATLAB/Simulink platform
Project Team Members
Aodhgan Gleeson, Ben Hudson
Executive Summary
The structure of the electrical grid has traditionally been based on large centralised power stations
generating electrical power for; transmission over long distances at voltages of the order of 100's of
kV, distribution at voltages of 10's of kV, before ultimately being supplied to the consumer in the
familiar form of 400 V/230 V three-phase and neutral. With the advent of small-scale renewable
energy sources and the increased capability of power electronic converters and associated controls,
the possibility for operating small-scale, isolated electrical grids, independently of this centralised
national grid structure, has become a reality. The design and development of these micro-grids
requires careful consideration and hence the use of simulation tools to gain an insight into detailed
system operation is essential.
The purpose of this project is to develop an accurate, dynamic model of a micro-grid comprising
several different energy sources, various loads, faults and circuit breakers as well as a connection to
the main electrical grid. An appropriate grounding in the relevant theory of three-phase power and
its control was essential. This demanded a comprehensive understanding of dq0 Reference Frame
Theory, synchronous machine theory, electrical power systems and small signal modelling. The
micro-grid model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform in conjunction with the
SimPowerSystems toolbox. This additional toolbox provides component libraries and analysis tools
for modelling and simulating electrical power systems.
Work commenced on creating the micro-grid after studying the relevant literature. Initially, a model
was created that familiarised the students with the dq0 Reference Frame Theory. An adaptation of
this model led to the creation of the main electrical grid model.
The SimPowerSystems toolbox in Simulink allowed for precise models of complex electromagnetic
machines to be implemented into the micro-grid model. Several simulations and calculations were
performed to ensure the students fully understood the workings of both the Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine and the Synchronous Machine models.
A model of a three-phase inverter with an LCL filter was adopted from Figueres et al. [1]. This was
developed using small signal modelling techniques. This model acted as a constant voltage source
and was subsequently put forward as a model of a fully charged battery bank. Further adaptations to
this inverter model allowed the students to incorporate any renewable electricity resource that
could be modelled as a current source. 1
A Human Interface Device that enabled the user to interact with the micro-grid model was designed
and constructed. The HID allowed dynamic changes to be made to the micro-grid. Significant work
1
G. G. J. S. F. G.-E. a. J. C. R. Emilio Figueres, “Sensitivity Study of the Dynamics of Three-Phase Photovoltaic
Inverters with an LCL Filter,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 706, March 2009.
2. was required for both the construction of the physical device and the infrastructure that allowed the
controlled adjustments in the Simulink environment.
The final micro-grid included a diesel generator, a Photovoltaic array, a battery bank, fixed loads,
variable dynamic load and a connection to the national grid. Simulations were carried out on an
instantaneous solver basis, the implication of which is that transients and their associated effects
can be observed and quantified. The interactive, dynamic micro-grid model created in this project
allows the user to simulate any number of generation scenarios and observe the associated power
flow phenomena. Results from sample scenarios are presented in this report but it is important to
note the versatility of the micro-grid model. The interface device, combined with the simulation
model provides an invaluable platform for educational and demonstrative purposes.
Figure 1 Completed HID Device
Figure 2 Renewable Resource Simulink Schematic
2
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230.9
230.9
230.9
RMS Voltage Grid
Vabc
Iabc
PQ
Power to Grid1
Power to Grid
Real Power
Reactiv e Power
Id
Iq
0.4182
Power angle
PQ
Angle
Power Factor
Power Factor Angle Measurement
1
Power Factor
s
-
+
PhotoVoltaic Array
PV Power
Memory1
Memory
0
0
Load Bank
Vcap_abc
Vga
Vgb
Vgc
Via
Vib
Vic
LCL Filter2
Vcap_abc
Vga
Vgb
Vgc
Via
Vib
Vic
LCL Filter
SM Power
Cloud Cov er
Dy namic Load P
Dy namic load Q
Axis 5
Axis 6
Axis 7
Axis 8
Inv erter 1 P
Inv erter 1 Q
Inv erter 2 P
Inv erter 2 Q
Circ On/Of f 1
Circ On/Of f 2
Circ On/Of f 3
Circ On/Of f 4
Circ On/Of f 5
Circ On/Of f 6
ToggOn/Of f 1
ToggOn/Of f 2
ToggOn/Of f 3
ToggOn/Of f 4
ToggOn/Of f 5
Togg On/Of f 6
Mom. On/Of f 1
Mom. On/Of f 2
Mom. On/Of f 3
Mom. On/Of f 4
Joystick
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Iq_set
0
Io_set
0
Inverter 2 Q Setpoint
3e+004
Inverter 2 P Setpoint
59.98
-0.4378
4.102e-015
Idq0_Grid
Idc Photovoltaic
19.92
Idc
[V_abc_r_out]
[Idq0_set]
Goto8
[V_inv]
Goto7
[Vdc_renew_star]
Goto5
-T-
Goto48-T-
Goto47-T-
Goto46-T-
Goto45-T-
Goto44-T-
Goto43-T-
Goto42-T-
Goto41-T-
Goto40
[V_grid]
-T-
Goto39-T-
Goto38-T-
Goto37-T-
Goto36-T-
Goto35-T-
Goto34-T-
Goto33-T-
Goto32-T-
Goto31-T-
Goto30
[gate]
Goto3
-T-
Goto29-T-
Goto28-T-
Goto27-T-
Goto26-T-
Goto25-T-
Goto24-T-
Goto23-T-
Goto22-T-
Goto21
[I_inv]
Goto2
[I_abc_1_out]
[V_abc_1_out]
[I_abc_1]
[I_grid_out]
[V_grid_out]
[Ism]
Goto13
[Vsm]
Goto12
[vsc1]
Goto11
[I_abc_r_out]
[sin_cos]
-K-
Gain
[Vdc_renew_star]
From9
[I_abc_1_out]
From8
[V_abc_1_out]
From7
[I_abc_1]
From6
[V_grid]
[sin_cos]
[Circ_4]
[Circ_3
[Circ_
[Circ_2]
[Inverter1
[Inverter1
[Togg_5]
From32
[Togg_4]
From31
[SM_Power]
[sin_cos]
From3
[Circ_2]
[Circ_1]
[Togg_3]
From27
[Togg_2]
From26
[Togg_1]
From25
[Mom_1]
[Circ_4]
[Circ_3]
[Circ_2]
[Circ_1]
[I_inv]
From2
[vsc1]
[Dynamic_Load_Q]
[Dynamic_Load_P]
[I_grid_out]
From16
[Ism]
From15
[Vsm]
From14
[V_grid_out]
From13
[sin_cos]
From12
[sin_cos]
From11
[Cloud_Cover]
[gate]
From1
[I_grid_out]
From
20kWon/off
10kWon/off1
10kWon/off
-10kVAron/off
1kW+5kVAron/off
PowerofLoad
PhaseA
PhaseB
PhaseC
Fixed Load Bank
1
3.904e+004
1.978e+004
Dynamic P and Q
i +
-
I Inv
sin cos
Id set
Iq set
Vgrid
Vi_abc_SP
Vi_dd_dq
Control Loops1
I Inv
sin cos
Vdc*
Vdc
Iq set
Vi_abc_SP
Vi_dd_dq
Idset
Control Loops
50
0
Vg_phase_max
Vdc_sp
Constant
Clock
600
Battery Bank Voltage
Battery Bank Power
Vabc
Iabc
PQ
Vabc
Iabc
PQ
<Load angle delta (deg)>
<Output reactiv e power Qeo (W)>
<Output activ e power Peo (W)>
<Rotor speed wm (rad/s)>
![Project Title
Modelling and simulation of an electrical micro-grid using the MATLAB/Simulink platform
Project Team Members
Aodhgan Gleeson, Ben Hudson
Executive Summary
The structure of the electrical grid has traditionally been based on large centralised power stations
generating electrical power for; transmission over long distances at voltages of the order of 100's of
kV, distribution at voltages of 10's of kV, before ultimately being supplied to the consumer in the
familiar form of 400 V/230 V three-phase and neutral. With the advent of small-scale renewable
energy sources and the increased capability of power electronic converters and associated controls,
the possibility for operating small-scale, isolated electrical grids, independently of this centralised
national grid structure, has become a reality. The design and development of these micro-grids
requires careful consideration and hence the use of simulation tools to gain an insight into detailed
system operation is essential.
The purpose of this project is to develop an accurate, dynamic model of a micro-grid comprising
several different energy sources, various loads, faults and circuit breakers as well as a connection to
the main electrical grid. An appropriate grounding in the relevant theory of three-phase power and
its control was essential. This demanded a comprehensive understanding of dq0 Reference Frame
Theory, synchronous machine theory, electrical power systems and small signal modelling. The
micro-grid model was developed using the MATLAB/Simulink platform in conjunction with the
SimPowerSystems toolbox. This additional toolbox provides component libraries and analysis tools
for modelling and simulating electrical power systems.
Work commenced on creating the micro-grid after studying the relevant literature. Initially, a model
was created that familiarised the students with the dq0 Reference Frame Theory. An adaptation of
this model led to the creation of the main electrical grid model.
The SimPowerSystems toolbox in Simulink allowed for precise models of complex electromagnetic
machines to be implemented into the micro-grid model. Several simulations and calculations were
performed to ensure the students fully understood the workings of both the Permanent Magnet
Synchronous Machine and the Synchronous Machine models.
A model of a three-phase inverter with an LCL filter was adopted from Figueres et al. [1]. This was
developed using small signal modelling techniques. This model acted as a constant voltage source
and was subsequently put forward as a model of a fully charged battery bank. Further adaptations to
this inverter model allowed the students to incorporate any renewable electricity resource that
could be modelled as a current source. 1
A Human Interface Device that enabled the user to interact with the micro-grid model was designed
and constructed. The HID allowed dynamic changes to be made to the micro-grid. Significant work
1
G. G. J. S. F. G.-E. a. J. C. R. Emilio Figueres, “Sensitivity Study of the Dynamics of Three-Phase Photovoltaic
Inverters with an LCL Filter,” IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 56, no. 3, p. 706, March 2009.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ccf9a9f8-9180-42ea-b7fe-397a2aedb78a-150805102135-lva1-app6891/85/Modeling-and-Simulation-of-an-electrical-micro-grid-using-MATLAB-Simulink-Summary-For-LinkedIn-1-320.jpg)
![was required for both the construction of the physical device and the infrastructure that allowed the
controlled adjustments in the Simulink environment.
The final micro-grid included a diesel generator, a Photovoltaic array, a battery bank, fixed loads,
variable dynamic load and a connection to the national grid. Simulations were carried out on an
instantaneous solver basis, the implication of which is that transients and their associated effects
can be observed and quantified. The interactive, dynamic micro-grid model created in this project
allows the user to simulate any number of generation scenarios and observe the associated power
flow phenomena. Results from sample scenarios are presented in this report but it is important to
note the versatility of the micro-grid model. The interface device, combined with the simulation
model provides an invaluable platform for educational and demonstrative purposes.
Figure 1 Completed HID Device
Figure 2 Renewable Resource Simulink Schematic
2
Idset
1
Vi_abc_SP
dq0
sin_cos
abc
abc
sin_cos
dq0
In1 Out1
Vdc Limited PI
In1 Out1
Iq Limited PI
In1 Out1
Id Limited PI
[dq]
Goto3
[dd]
[I_invq]
[I_invd]
2
Gain4
1
Gain3
1
Gain2
-K-
-K-
Gain
[dq]
[dd]
[I_invq][I_invd]
[I_invd]
From1
[I_invq]
From
5
Iq set
4
Vdc
3
Vdc*
2
sin cos
1
I Inv](data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7)