This document summarizes a research paper that analyzed the design and implementation of a 4×10 Gb/s WDM-TDM passive optical network (PON) with different receiver photodiodes. The PON was tested over varying link distances from 40km to 100km using 4 wavelengths to support a maximum of 32 users. Bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor were analyzed and found to decrease with increased distance. BER values were lower for an avalanche photodiode (APD) receiver compared to a PIN receiver. The optimal BER was obtained at 97km for APD and 96km for PIN receivers. Graphs showed BER decreased and Q-factor decreased with increased distance for
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
MIMO-OFDM (Multi Input Multi Output- Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) system is very popular technique for mobile communication. We found that Ergodic channel capacity has some limitation in MIMO-OFDM system. So Ergodic channel capacity optimization is necessary to improve the performance of MIMO-OFDM System.
PERFORMANCES OF ORTHOGONAL WAVELET DIVISION MULTIPLEX (OWDM) SYSTEM UNDER AWG...IJCNCJournal
Orthogonal Wavelet Division Multiplexing (OWDM) has been considered as an alternative of Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) in the recent years. OWDM has lower computational complexity
and higher flexibility compared to its OFDM counterpart. The core component of OWDM is wavelet.
Wavelet has been a much investigated and applied topic in digital image processing for a long time.
Recently, it has drawn considerable attention of the researchers working in communication field. In this
work we investigate the performances of OWDM under different channel conditions. We consider three
channel conditions namely Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), Rayleigh, Ricean, and frequency
selective. We consider a number of wavelets namely Haar, Daubechies, Biorthogonal, Reverse
Biorthogonal, Coiflets, and Symlets in OWDM design. For system model we choose Digital Video
Broadcasting-Terrestrial (DVB-T). Originally DVB-T system was designed based on OFDM. In this work
we use OWDM instead. The simulation results show OWDM outperforms OFDM in terms of bit error rate
(BER), noise resiliency, and peak-to-average ration. The results also show that the Haar wavelet based
OWDM outperforms other wavelets based OWDM system under all three considered three channel
conditions.
Performance Evaluation and Simulation of OFDM in Optical Communication SystemsIJERA Editor
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is of prime importance nowadays in long haul
communication networks because of its higher spectral efficiency, immunity to multipath fading and its
resilience to interference. Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing is considered as a promising
technology to satisfy the increased demand for bandwidth in broadband services. It is of two types based on the
detection techniques employed. They are direct detection and coherent detection. In direct detection OFDM, a
photodiode is used while in the latter the principle of optical mixing is utilized. This paper investigates the
architecture of single channel and four channel direct detection and coherent detection optical OFDM systems
and carries out performance analysis based on bit error rate and Q-factor. In the case of single channels, a date
rate of 10 Gbps is achieved while in 4 channel systems a data rate of 40 Gbps is achieved. Coherent Optical
OFDM (CO-OFDM) is the next generation technology for the optical communications, since it integrates the
advantages of both coherent systems and OFDM systems.
Achieving repeatable wireless throughput measurements under realistic conditions has been a monumental challenge for the wireless industry. The reason? Throughput of wireless links is a function of many variables, all of which must be controlled to get repeatable measurements. For benchmark testing, throughput has to be maximized in a manner that is repeatable and reproducible at multiple labs around the world. The challenges and methods of achieving maximum possible throughput and repeatable measurements are the subject of this talk.
DYNAMIC OPTIMIZATION OF OVERLAP-AND-ADD LENGTH OVER MIMO MBOFDM SYSTEM BASED ...ijwmn
An important role performed by Zero Padding (ZP) in multi-band OFDM (MB-OFDM) System. This role
show for low-complexity in résistance against multipath interference by reducing inter-carrier interference
(ICI) and eliminating the inter-symbol interference (ISI) Also, zero-padded suffix can be used to eliminate
ripples in the power spectral density in order to conform to FCC requirements. At the receiver of MB-OFDM system needs to use of a technique called as overlap-and-add (OLA). Which maintain the circular convolution property and take the multipath energy of the channel.In this paper, we proposed a method of performing overlap-and-add length for zero padded suffixes. Then,we studied the effect of this method, dynamic optimization of overlap-and-add (OLA) equalization, on the performance of MIMO MBOFDM system on Bit Error Rate (BER) with AWGN channel and SalehValenzuela (S-V) Multipath channel Model.In the dynamic optimization OLA, the Length of ZP depends on length of channel impulse response (CIR).
These measures, based on SNR, insert the ZP according to the measurement.Dynamic optimization of length of ZP improves the Performance of MIMO MBOFDM system. In fact wedeveloped a technique to select the length of ZP as function of SNR and CIR estimate. In our simulation
this technique improve to 0.6 dB at BER=10-2 with a multipath channels CM4
Design of 4x4 optical MIMO using spatial ModulationSachin Talakeri
Utilizing illuminating LED arrays for visible light communication (VLC) in an indoor environment, an optical multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system has intrigued great interest. In order to increase the potential VLC data rates, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems have been proposed. MIMO schemes show the spectral efficiency improvement using spatial modulation
SYNERGY Induction to Pedagogy Programme - Evaluation of the Environment (ITAL...Sarah Land
The SYNERGY Induction to Pedagogy programme was created by project partners, with the aim of helping micro-enterprise owners using the SYNERGY Exchange platform, to engage in peer-to-peer learning opportunities. This training programme comprises six modules and is delivered over 5 hours through a series of video lectures and PowerPoints which have been written, developed and recorded by project partners.
These modules provide micro-enterprise owners with a sound understanding of the basics in relation to e-didactics, quality criteria of peer-learning, evaluation of online learning resources and online learning environments, producing quality learning resources for peers and other knowledge that has helped them to become competent and confident online peer-educators. This module is entitled ‘Evaluation of the Environment’ and provides content which relates to self and peer assessments, some challenges of peer-learning in online environments and quality criteria in peer learning.
These slides are available in English, Finnish, German, Greek, Italian and Romanian.
El alumnado de 6ºA ha realizado este trabajo en equipo en clase de Plástica haciendole un homenaje a Barranco Blanco un bellísimo paraje natural de nuestro pueblo Coín después del incendio sufrido en esta zona en Agosto de 2012.
Empirical analysis of polarization division multiplexing-dense wavelength di...IJECEIAES
This paper exemplifies dense wavelength division multiplexing combined with polarization division multiplexing with C-band frequency range-based single-mode fiber. In the proposed link, 32 independent channels with 16 individual wavelengths are multiplexed with two different angles of polarization. Each carrying 130 Gbps dual-polarization data with 200 GHz channel spacing claiming a net transmission rate of 4.16 Tbits/s with spectral efficiency of 69% with 20% side-mode-suppression-ratio (SMSR) and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) 40.7. The performance of the proposed techniques has been analyzed using optimized system parameters securing a minimum bit error rate (BER) 10-9 at a transmission distance up to 50 km.
In this work, high-speed transmission over the long-haul optical channel using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) was investigated. Furthermore, we recommend mixing polarization division multiplexing (PDM) with coherent OFDM (CO-OFDM) and quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) to improve spectral efficiency (SE) while transmitting over a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system.
An 800 Gb/s WDM PDM-CO-OFDM-16QAM transmission system with various channel spacing of 100 GHz, 50 GHz, and 25 GHz is examined utilizing the OptiSystem (2021) version 18.0 software package over ten spans of 60 km standard single-mode fiber (SSMF). Different channel spacing WDM systems have been compared in terms of performance and SE. The results reveal that the WDM system with 100 GHz channel spacing has a longer transmission range and needs minimal optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) at the reception. The 25 GHz channel spacing WDM system exceeds the others in terms of SE. Further, the effect of ultra-low loss and large effective area fiber in lowering span loss and nonlinear effects for
25 GHz channel spacing WDM system is investigated. The findings show that the system performance with the new fiber outperforms the SSMF.
The acceptable bit error rate (BER) for this study is 0.033 (20% concatenated forward error correction (FEC) threshold).
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Analysis of System Capacity and Spectral Efficiency of Fixed-Grid NetworkIJCNCJournal
In this article, the performance of a fixed grid network is examined for various modulation formats to estimate the system's capacity and spectral efficiency. The optical In-phase Quadrature Modulator (IQM) structure is used to build a fixed grid network modulation, and the homodyne detection approach is used for the receiver. Data multiplexing is accomplished using the Polarization Division Multiplexed (PDM) technology. 100 Gbps, 150 Gbps, and 200 Gbps data rates are transmitted under these circumstances utilizing various modulation formats. Various pre-processing and signal recovery steps are explained by using modern digital signal processing systems. The achieved spectrum efficiencies for PM-QPSK, PM-8 QAM, and PM-16 QAM, respectively, were 2, 3, and 4 (bits/s)/Hz. Different modulation like PM-QPSK, PM-8-QAM, and PM-16-QAM each has system capacities of 8-9, 12-13.5, and 16-18 Tbps and it reaches transmission distances of 3000, 1300, and 700 kilometers with acceptable Bit Error Rate (BER≤ 2× 10-3) respectively. Peak optical power for received signal detection and full width at half maximum is noted for the different modulations under a fixed grind network.
Integrated DWDM and MIMO-OFDM System for 4G High Capacity Mobile Communicatio...CSCJournals
Dense wavelength-division multiplexing (DWDM) technique is a very promising data transmission technology for utilizing the capacity of the fiber. By DWDM, multiple signals (video, audio, data etc) staggered in wavelength domain can be multiplexed and transmitted down the same fiber. The Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless technology in combination with orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) is an attractive air-interface solution for next-generation wireless local area networks (WLANs) and fourth-generation mobile cellular wireless systems. This article provides an overview of the integrated DWDM MIMO-OFDM technology and focuses on DWDM transmitter design with adequate dispersion compensation for high data rate of 10Gbps ,MIMO-OFDM system design, space-time coded signaling, receiver design and performance analysis in terms of bit error rate for Integrated system. The simulation is carried out using powerful software tools Optisystem and MATLAB . In this paper a 64 channel DWDM system is simulated for transmission of baseband NRZ signal over fiber. Each of the transmission is at bit rate of 10 Gbps leading to high data rate transmission of 640 Gbps.The resultant Bit Error Rate(BER) is in the range 10-12 for DWDM system which is given as input to MIMO-OFDM system..This system performance is analyzed in terms of BER with SNR for Rayleigh, and AWGN channels and BER of 10-4 is achieved at SNR of 10dbs
Spatial optical transmitter based on on/off keying line coding modulation sch...nooriasukmaningtyas
This study has presented a spatial optical transmitter based on on off keying line coding modulation scheme for the optimum performance of telecommunication systems. The encircled flux versus fiber core radius, the 3D graph for fiber mode versus core radius, and the signal power level in dBm versus wavelength through coarse wavelength division multiplexing with a fiber length of 20 km are presented and discussed in detail. The total power measured in W and dBm as well as the signal power amplitude level obtained through the infinite impulse response (IIR) filter based on both Z domain and pole/zero coefficient filter types are illustrated clearly. Signal gain, noise figure, maximum Q factor, and received power are also clarified against bit rates for various modulation line coding schemes.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF ULTRAWIDEBAND WDM-ROF TECHNIQUEIAEME Publication
The demand for high capacity and wideband telecommunication channels for longdistance communication increases exponentially. The standard C and L bands have limited bandwidth and capacity. That promotes intensive research and development in wideband wavelength division multiplexing, intending to achieve low BER and highquality factors. We used four channels from various bands in the proposed wideband WDM method: O (1355 nm), E (1427 nm), L (1595 nm), and U (1595 nm) (1665 nm). We adjusted the laser intensity from -10 to 10 dBm and the optical fiber length from 20 to 80 km for the wideband WDM performance analysis. Raman preamplifiers and FBG have been incorporated into the receiver to improve the quality factor and BER of the received signal. This study established 40 Gbps data transmission over a unique ultrawideband of 310 nm. The Q factor and BER for the four channels are 7.345; 19.949; 7.831; 5.486 and 1.006e-13; 7.281e-89; 2.395e-15; 2.038e-08 at a laser power of -5 dBm/80km, respectively. The proposed technique is simulated and analyzed using optical simulation software Optisystem 13.
Design and Performance Study of MMDWDM Systemselelijjournal
The rising need for bandwidth created innumerable efforts from academic and industry group towards development of most efficient optical communication networks. In order to compete it numerous investigators have designed their own novel schemes. In this view the paper presents multiple modulation dense wavelength division multiplexed transmission designed links each with a total capacity of 640Gbps and with channel to channel to spacing of 100Ghz, employing multiple modulation schemes such as non return to zero rectangular, non return to zero raised cosine, return to zero rectangular, non return to zero raised cosine, return to zero soliton, return to zero Super Gaussian. The optical transmission performance characteristics like bit error rate, Q parameter at the output have been investigated by simulating different systems for a fixed transmission length of 260kilometers. Results show that transmission performance of DWDM system with non return to zero raised cosine scheme has been better with quality factor ranging from 16 to 23dB and bit error rate ranging from 10-11 to 10-40 for detected channels at selected transmission reach (260KM) and other schemes with good performance were RZ Super Guassian DWDM and RZ Soliton DWDM systems for the same transmission reach. The transmission parameter jitter have been also investigated for each system which depict that jitter effect is more severe for return to zero systems as compared to non return to zero DWDM systems. From the performance analysis for different optical links involving different modulation schemes it can be articulated that novel modulation scheme generally improves the transmission performance and must for modern optical communication systems operating at high bit rate and longer reach.
Raman Pumping as an Energy Efficient Solution for NyWDM Flexible-grid Elastic ...IJECEIAES
This paper investigates transparent wavelength routed optical networks using three dif- ferent fiber types NZDSF, SMF and PSCF - and validates the effectiveness of Hybrid Raman/EDFA Fiber Amplification (HFA) with different pumping levels, up to the moderate 60% pumping regime. Nodes operate on the basis of flexible-grid elastic NyWDM transponders able to adapt the modulation format to the quality-of-transmission of the available lightpath, exploiting up to five 12.5 GHz spectral slots. Results consider a 37node Pan-European network for variable Raman pumping level, span length and average traffic per node. We show that HFA in moderate pumping regime reduces the power consumption and enhances spectral efficiency for all three fiber types with particular evidence in NZDSF. In essence to that, introduction of HFA is also beneficial to avoid blocking for higher traffic loads.
Switchable dual-band bandpass filter based on stepped impedance resonator wit...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a new technique in designing the switchable dual-band bandpass filter at
2.4 GHz and 3.5 GHz for WLAN and WiMAX applications. Wideband bandpass filter designed based on
stepped impedance resonator at frequency of 3 GHz. To eliminate the interference from existing system
that operates in the same frequency band, a defected microstrip structure applied and implemented to
produce the notch response. In order to generate the switchable characteristic, the PIN diode was
introduced at the dual-band filter. It exhibits that the measured results for switchable attributes when the
diode is at OFF state, the wide passband is produced with the fractional bandwidth of 62.1 % centered at
2.9 GHz. Meanwhile, for the diode in ON state, the dual-passband has produced which centered at
2.5 GHz and 3.45 GHz. The experimental results showed good agreement with the simulation results. This
structure is very useful for wireless communication systems and its applications.
Performance enhancement of maximum ratio transmission in 5G system with multi...IJECEIAES
The downlink multi-user precoding of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) method includes optimal channel state information at the base station and a variety of linear precoding (LP) schemes. Maximum ratio transmission (MRT) is among the common precoding schemes but does not provide good performance with massive MIMO, such as high bit error rate (BER) and low throughput. The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and precoding schemes used in 5G have a flaw in high-speed environments. Given that the Doppler effect induces frequency changes, orthogonality between OFDM subcarriers is disrupted and their throughput output is decreased and BER is decreased. This study focuses on solving this problem by improving the performance of a 5G system with MRT, specifically by using a new design that includes weighted overlap and add (WOLA) with MRT. The current research also compares the standard system MRT with OFDM with the proposed design (WOLA-MRT) to find the best performance on throughput and BER. Improved system results show outstanding performance enhancement over a standard system, and numerous improvements with massive MIMO, such as best BER and throughput. Its approximately 60% more throughput than the traditional systems. Lastly, the proposed system improves BER by approximately 2% compared with the traditional system.
An Efficient Data Communication Using Conventional CodesIJERA Editor
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analysis on design and implementation of 4×10 gb s wdm tdm pon with disparate receivers
1. International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS) [Vol-2, Issue-11, Nov- 2016]
Infogain Publication (Infogainpublication.com) ISSN : 2454-1311
www.ijaems.com Page | 1874
Analysis on Design and Implementation of 4×10
Gb/s WDM-TDM PON with Disparate Receivers
Sreekar Chintalapati, Praveen Samudrala, P.Karthik Reddy, Prof. Rajalakshmi S
Department of ECE, VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
Abstract— This article presents a design of wavelength
division multiplexing/ Time division Multiplexing (WDM-
TDM) in passive optical network with a data rate of 10
Gbps. The implementation has been carried out for varying
link distance from 40km to 100km for 4 different
wavelengths with a maximum of 32 supporting users with
two different receiver photodiodes. The parameters such as
BER and the Q-factor for PON network is being analyzed
with the link distance. The BER is decreased as the
distance of the network is increased when using the APD
receivers than PIN receiver. Optimal value of BER is
obtained for a distance of 97 Km in APD and 96 Km in pin
receiver.
Keywords—Passive Optical Network (PON), Wavelength
division multiplexing (WDM), Time division multiplexing
(TDM).
I. INTRODUCTION
As observed from the past few decades the requirement for
the higher Bandwidth from the end users is increasing
drastically. For providing higher bandwidth and also to be
cost efficient with less maintenance requirement one has
chosen PON to be a solution. This is due to the absence of
electronic switches, routers etc.
WDM is considered as a key solution for the next
generation as in such systems different wavelengths are
used for each user, thus meeting high bandwidth demand of
end users [2], [3]. So many researchers have observed the
WDM, TDM and also the hybrid WDM-TDM PON. As to
meet the requirement of higher bandwidth WDM is
considered as a key solution as they provide different
wavelengths for each user. TDM is not widely used now-a-
days because it limits the number of users and also the
bandwidth. Hence forth combining them the hybrid WDM-
TDM PON has been deployed as they provide time division
multiplexing when sharing the wavelength among the end
users. Thus, such systems seems to be cost effective and
also offer high bandwidth. In recent times, researchers have
been showing interest in WDM-TDM PON. In such
systems a number of wavelengths are deployed in the
network and each wavelength is shared among end user
using Time Division Multiplexing [3]. Raman and S.Singh
[4] investigated the performance of the hybrid WDM-TDM
system in the presence of the optical amplifier to increase
the maximum number of users. This system was able to
support 320 users up to 160km with a 1.25Gbps data rate.
G.Talli and D.Paul [5] designed a 100km bi-directional
PON with 10Gbps data rate in both directions and
supporting 1:256 split with 17 TDM PONs each operating
at different wavelengths.
In this paper we have proposed single-directional WDM-
TDM PON with downstream part executed for maximum
number of users and with minimum cost. This paper is
organized as follows. Section 2 consisting of the System
Architecture of WDM-TDM PON. In the next section the
working of simulated architecture is described along with
the details of the parameters used in the architecture.
Followed by Section 4 wherein we have reported the
simulation results and in section 5 conclusions are made.
II. SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of the proposed WDM-TDM PON is as
shown in Fig.1. The downstream transmitters consist of a
series of laser diodes which offer various wavelengths for
the downstream data. The output signal of all the
modulators is multiplexed and transmitted over a
distribution link. The standard distribution link consists of a
Single Mode Fiber (SMF) and also 2 EDFA (Erbium
Doped Fiber Amplifier) Amplifiers which on a whole acts
as an In-Line Amplifier case.
At the downstream receiver, signal is de-multiplexed and
then transmitted to different ONU (Optical Network Unit)
of 1km distribution SMF. At each ONU 2 stages of power
splitters are used to distribute signal among all the 32 users.
III. SIMULATION ARCHITECTURE
Simulated Model of proposed WDM-TDM PON with an
optical frequency of 191.4 THz is as shown in Fig.2. Four
separate output binary sequences are generated by the
PRBS block generator each of a data rate 10Gb/s. In the
entire system there are four lasers being used each with
1550.91 nm, 1551.31 nm, 1551.72 nm, 1552.12 nm
wavelengths respectively. The electrical signal generator is
used to in converting binary sequence into electric signal.
The output of each transmitter is applied to MUX
(Multiplexer) block which multiplexes all the four signals
into a single output optical signal.
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Fig.1: Architecture of PON
The initial frequency of the four optical channels are set
according to the initial frequency of the filter inside the
MUX. Henceforth after multiplexing the signal is
transmitted over a distances of 40 Km, 60 Km, 80 Km, 100
Km SMF with loss followed by EDFA which generally acts
as In-Line amplifier with gain of 30dB.
At the downstream receiver block the signal would be de-
multiplexed and also transmitted to different ONU (s)
present. The signal is further broadcasted for 16 users using
a 1:16 splitter as shown from each of the two fibers present.
The parameters used for simulation are tabulated as shown
below.
TABLE I: PARAMETERS USED IN SIMULATED MODEL
Parameter Value
OLT
Bitrate 10 Gbps
Laser Peak Power 0 dB
Frequency Grid Spacing 50 GHz
Laser Wavelengths 1550.91 nm to 1552.12
nm
Modulation type NRZ
MUX initial frequency 193.1 THz
EDFA Gain 30 dB
Distribution
Link
EDFA gain on downstream path 30 dB
Fiber dispersion Constant 0 ps/nm/Km
Fiber Loss 0.2 dB/Km
Fiber length 40 Km to 100 Km
ONU
DEMUX initial frequency 193.1 THz
Distributed Fiber Length 10 Km
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The data here is transmitted at 4 different wavelengths
namely 1550.91 nm, 1551.31 nm, 1551.72 nm, 1552.12 nm
with a frequency spacing of 50GHz. The results tabulated
below are simulated with a pre-amplifier in the downstream
distribution link.
TABLE II: BER FOR VARIOUS USERS (PIN)
Distance
(km)
Downstream
Users
BER BER
(dB)
Max
Q-
factor
40 32 1.24×10-36
-359.06 12.5655
60 32 9.926×10-32
-310.03 11.6393
80 32 9.49×10-20
-190.22 8.9958
96 32 1.07×10-13
-129.70 7.3201
100 32 0.00638 -21.95 2.3865
From Table II it is observed that as the link distance
increases from 40 Km to 100 Km the BER values are
seeing an increase and the proposed architecture can
support up to 32 users with satisfactory values of BER till
96 Km beyond which they are not satisfactory. Also there
is a gradual decrease in the maximum Q-factor values with
increase in link distance.
TABLE III: BER FOR VARIOUS USERS (APD)
Distance
(Km)
Downstream
Users
BER BER
(dB)
Max
Q-
factor
40 32 4.22×10-41
-403.74 13.3551
60 32 4.028×10-37
-363.95 12.6560
80 32 7.374×10-17
-161.32 8.2280
97 32 3.15×10-14
-135.01 7.4653
100 32 0.00235 -26.29 2.8228
From Table III it is understood that BER values decrease
and maximum Q-factor values decrease with increase in
link distance. With APD in the receiver block the
architecture gives satisfying BER values up to a maximum
of 93 Km of link distance. Hence we can conclude that
there exists a tradeoff between the link distance and the
BER values and Q-factor values for a fixed number of
supporting users.
Various analyses has been carried out namely Distance vs.
BER, Distance vs. Q-factor and Q-factor vs. BER and the
eye diagrams for two cases, using PIN and APD as the
receiver diodes. Here the BER is plotted in its dB values.
These analyses has been plotted using MATLAB software
and are as follows:
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Distance vs. BER:
Receiver as APD:
Fig.2: Dist. vs. BER
Receiver as PIN:
Fig.3: Dist. vs. BER
Distance vs. Q-factor:
APD:
Fig. 4
PIN:
Fig. 5
Q-factor vs. BER:
APD:
Fig. 6
PIN:
Fig. 7
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Eye Diagrams for various fiber lengths and recei
PIN (40 Km)
Fig. 8
PIN (60 Km)
Fig. 9
PIN (80 Km)
Fig. 10
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various fiber lengths and receivers: PIN (100 Km)
Fig. 11
APD (40 Km)
Fig. 12
APD (60Km)
Fig. 13
[Vol-2, Issue-11, Nov- 2016]
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Page | 1877
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
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APD (80 Km)
Fig. 14
APD (100 Km)
Fig. 15
V. CONCLUSION
In this paper we have proposed and demonstrated a cost
effective WDM-TDM PON with downstream part
implemented for 32 users at the end. From
graphical analysis, as the distance increases the BER value
decreases and values are satisfactory till 97 Km for APD
and 96 Km for PIN, while the APD receiver
performance over PIN. From the Distances
analyses, we can conclude that the distance is inversely
proportional to Q-factor. From the analyses of Q
BER we can say that Q-factor is inversely proportional to
BER. We have also performed the analyses on eye
diagrams for various distances. As we know that the eye’s
vertical opening in the diagram says about the intersymb
interference, as we can observe as the distance is gradually
increasing the vertical opening of the eye is decreasing
which clearly understands that the intersymbol interference
is low for less distance and it increases with increase in
distance. This is the case for both PIN and APD receivers.
International Journal of Advanced Engineering, Management and Science (IJAEMS)
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d demonstrated a cost
TDM PON with downstream part
rom observing the
graphical analysis, as the distance increases the BER value
values are satisfactory till 97 Km for APD
m for PIN, while the APD receiver has better
PIN. From the Distances vs. Q-factor
analyses, we can conclude that the distance is inversely
. From the analyses of Q-factor and
factor is inversely proportional to
BER. We have also performed the analyses on eye
diagrams for various distances. As we know that the eye’s
opening in the diagram says about the intersymbol
interference, as we can observe as the distance is gradually
opening of the eye is decreasing
clearly understands that the intersymbol interference
is low for less distance and it increases with increase in
for both PIN and APD receivers.
REFERENCES
[1] Radim, Petr, Ondrej, Miloslav, “Simulation of
Bidirectioanl traffic in WDM
Przelad elektrotechniczny, issn 033
2010.
[2] S.Yadav, M. Shrivastava, “Simulation analysis of
WDM”, An international Journal of advanced
computer technology, September, 2014.
[3] A. Sawasakade, M. Tiwari, J. Singh, S. Rathor,
“Design and analysis of FWM and XPM effects in 2 ×
10GB/s bidirectional WDM PON,” IJATER, vol.2,
issue 5, November, 2014.
[4] Raman and S. Singh,“Investigation of Hybrid
WDM/TDM PON in the Presence of Optical
Amplifiers to enhance the System Capacity,”
International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Softwar
issue 9, September, 2013.
[5] G. Talli, Paul D. Townsend,“Hybrid DWDMTDM
Long-Reach PON for Next
Access,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol.24,
No.7, July, 2006.
[Vol-2, Issue-11, Nov- 2016]
) ISSN : 2454-1311
Page | 1878
REFERENCES
Radim, Petr, Ondrej, Miloslav, “Simulation of
Bidirectioanl traffic in WDM-PON networks”,
Przelad elektrotechniczny, issn 033-2097,January,
S.Yadav, M. Shrivastava, “Simulation analysis of
WDM”, An international Journal of advanced
computer technology, September, 2014.
A. Sawasakade, M. Tiwari, J. Singh, S. Rathor,
“Design and analysis of FWM and XPM effects in 2 ×
WDM PON,” IJATER, vol.2,
issue 5, November, 2014.
Raman and S. Singh,“Investigation of Hybrid
WDM/TDM PON in the Presence of Optical
Amplifiers to enhance the System Capacity,”
International Journal of Advanced Research in
Computer Science and Software Engineering, vol.3,
issue 9, September, 2013.
G. Talli, Paul D. Townsend,“Hybrid DWDMTDM
Reach PON for Next-Generation Optical
Access,” Journal of lightwave technology, vol.24,