Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, is derived from the penicillium mold. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist alexander fleming in a contaminated green mold penicillium notatum. He isolated the mold, grew it in a fluid medium, and found that it produced a substance capable of killing many of the common bacteria that infect humans. Australian pathologist howard florey and British biochemist ernst Boris chain isolated and purified penicillin in the late 1930s, and by 1941 an injectable form of the drug was available for therapeutic use.
Penicillin's are beta lactam antibiotics and characterized by three fundamental structural requirements
The fused beta-lactam and thiazolidine ring structure.
free carboxylic acid group.
And one or more substituted acylamino side chain.
Penam nucleus: 7-oxo-l-thia-4-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane
Absolute configuration: 3-S, 5-R, 6-R.
Instrumental methods of characterization:
FTIR
MASS
C13-NMR
1H-NMR
FTIR: -
Penicillin G molecule and its IR spectra in D2 O and in DMSO. Spectra are characterized by the presence of three intense bands.
β- lactam CO stretching observe at 1761 cm-1 in D2O and 1762 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Amide group is observe at 1640 cm-1 in D2O and 1674 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Asymmetric stretching of carboxylate group is observe at 1601 cm-1 in D20 and 1615 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
A large red shift of amide , out of the frequency window, is observed upon proton exchange in DMSO.
Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) technique
MASS:-
A high-resolution, hybrid tandem mass spectrometer was used to obtain CID spectra. The CID spectra were acquired by:
Mass selecting the precursor ions using the first mass spectrometer.
Injecting the ions into the first quadrupole (collision cell) where they undergo CID.
Mass-analyzing the fragment ions produced using the second quadrupole.
Argon was used as the collision gas, and the pressure in the collision cell was adjusted to attenuate the precursor ion intensity to 20-50% of the original intensity. The collision energy of the ions ranged from 160 to 180 eV. The mass spectra shown abundant fragmentations at m/z 160 and m/z 176 that were reported to arise from cleavage of the β-lactam ring.
protonated benzyl penicillin exhibits abundant fragment ions at m/z 160, m/z 176, m/z 217, m/z 128, and m/z 289. The most abundant CID fragment at m/z 160 and the molecular ion peak was observed at m/z 334.
C13-NMR: -
The four sp3 ring carbons give rise to resonances in the decreasing chemical shift order C-3, C-5, C-2 and C-6.
Chemical shift for C-2 is 64.9 ppm and the substituents attached with it are α-methyl 27.0 ppm and β-methyl 31.4 ppm. Chemical shift for C-3 is 73.6 ppm and 174.5 ppm for carboxylate functions (reflecting the smaller de-shielding influence of COOH over that of COO-). The chemic shift for C-5 is 67.2 ppm. The chemic shift for C-6 is 58.4 ppm.
The lactam group shows its chemical shift at 175.0 ppm
Amino group
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound
Introduction
Classification
Therapeutic values of peptidomimetics
Design of peptidomimetics by manipulation of amino acids
Modification of peptide backbone
Chemistry of prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes
Penicillin, one of the first and still one of the most widely used antibiotic agents, is derived from the penicillium mold. In 1928 Scottish bacteriologist alexander fleming in a contaminated green mold penicillium notatum. He isolated the mold, grew it in a fluid medium, and found that it produced a substance capable of killing many of the common bacteria that infect humans. Australian pathologist howard florey and British biochemist ernst Boris chain isolated and purified penicillin in the late 1930s, and by 1941 an injectable form of the drug was available for therapeutic use.
Penicillin's are beta lactam antibiotics and characterized by three fundamental structural requirements
The fused beta-lactam and thiazolidine ring structure.
free carboxylic acid group.
And one or more substituted acylamino side chain.
Penam nucleus: 7-oxo-l-thia-4-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane
Absolute configuration: 3-S, 5-R, 6-R.
Instrumental methods of characterization:
FTIR
MASS
C13-NMR
1H-NMR
FTIR: -
Penicillin G molecule and its IR spectra in D2 O and in DMSO. Spectra are characterized by the presence of three intense bands.
β- lactam CO stretching observe at 1761 cm-1 in D2O and 1762 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Amide group is observe at 1640 cm-1 in D2O and 1674 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
Asymmetric stretching of carboxylate group is observe at 1601 cm-1 in D20 and 1615 cm-1 in DMSO solution.
A large red shift of amide , out of the frequency window, is observed upon proton exchange in DMSO.
Collision-Induced Dissociation (CID) technique
MASS:-
A high-resolution, hybrid tandem mass spectrometer was used to obtain CID spectra. The CID spectra were acquired by:
Mass selecting the precursor ions using the first mass spectrometer.
Injecting the ions into the first quadrupole (collision cell) where they undergo CID.
Mass-analyzing the fragment ions produced using the second quadrupole.
Argon was used as the collision gas, and the pressure in the collision cell was adjusted to attenuate the precursor ion intensity to 20-50% of the original intensity. The collision energy of the ions ranged from 160 to 180 eV. The mass spectra shown abundant fragmentations at m/z 160 and m/z 176 that were reported to arise from cleavage of the β-lactam ring.
protonated benzyl penicillin exhibits abundant fragment ions at m/z 160, m/z 176, m/z 217, m/z 128, and m/z 289. The most abundant CID fragment at m/z 160 and the molecular ion peak was observed at m/z 334.
C13-NMR: -
The four sp3 ring carbons give rise to resonances in the decreasing chemical shift order C-3, C-5, C-2 and C-6.
Chemical shift for C-2 is 64.9 ppm and the substituents attached with it are α-methyl 27.0 ppm and β-methyl 31.4 ppm. Chemical shift for C-3 is 73.6 ppm and 174.5 ppm for carboxylate functions (reflecting the smaller de-shielding influence of COOH over that of COO-). The chemic shift for C-5 is 67.2 ppm. The chemic shift for C-6 is 58.4 ppm.
The lactam group shows its chemical shift at 175.0 ppm
Amino group
Peptidomimetics are compounds whose essential elements (pharmacophore) mimic a natural peptide or protein in 3D space and which retain the ability to interact with the biological target and produce the same biological effect.
Peptidomimetics are designed to circumvent some of the problems associated with a natural peptide for example
Stability against proteolysis (duration of activity)
Poor bioavailability.
Receptor selectivity or potency (often can be substantially improved).
There are many ways that drug-resistant infections can be prevented: immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary. In addition, preventing infections also prevents the spread of resistant bacteria.The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
Stereochemistry is the ‘chemistry of space’ , that is stereochemistry deals with the spatial arrangements of atoms and groups in a molecule.
Stereochemistry can trace its roots to the year 1842 when the French chemist Louis Pasteur made an observation that the salts of tartaric acid collected from a wine production vessel have the ability to rotate plane-polarized light, whereas the same salts from different sources did not have this ability.
Isomers are compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms, i.e., they have exactly the same empirical formula, but differ from each other by the way in which the atoms are arranged.
Constitutional isomers, also known as structural isomers, are specific types of isomers that share the same molecular formula but have different bonding atomic organization and bonding patterns.
Stereoisomers are molecules having the same molecular formula and the atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial arrangement.
Geometric isomers are two or more coordination compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms, and bonds (i.e., the connectivity between atoms is the same), but which have different spatial arrangements of the atoms.
There are 2 types of geometric isomers, ‘cis’ and ‘trans’.-cis isomers: when similar groups are present on the same side of the double bonds, then they are termed as cis.- trans isomers: when similar groups are present on the opposite sides of the double bonds then they are called trans isomers.
cis-diethylstilbestrol has only 7% of the estrogenic activity of trans-diethylstilbesterol.
Cisplatin have anticancer activity where ae trans platin is an inactive compound.
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes.
Chirality is the property of being non identical to ones mirror image.
Chiral center is defined as the atom bearing 4 different atoms or group of atoms.
Molecules that form nonsuperimposable mirror images, and thus exist as enantiomers, are said to be chiral molecules.
For a molecule to be chiral, it cannot contain a plane of symmetry.
The term enantioselectivity refers to the efficiency with which the reaction produces one enantiomer.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images.
Have identical properties.
Similar shapes
Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are non superimposable and are not mirror images.
Have distinct physical properties.
Have different molecular shapes.
Enantiomers consist of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable.
When a molecule contains only one chiral centre , the two stereoisomers are known as enantiomers.
These may be referred to or labelled using the configurational descriptors as either:
R(rectus meaning right handed) or S(sinister meaning left handed),
D(dextrorotatory)or L (laevorotatory)
E-Entgegen or Z- Zusamen
THE PRODRUG DESIGNING FOR NEW SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF DRUG COMPATIBLE WITH API I.E. ACTIVE PHARMACUTICAL INGREDIENT, AND ITS EFFECT WHICH SHOULD BE 0. THE DRUG COMBINED WITH API AND AVILABLE IN MARKET AND DRUGS NEED TO BE COMBINE ARE ALSO DISCUSSED WITH ITS STRUCTURE AND SAR, AND COVERED AS PER THE SYLLABUS OF PCI.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
In this slide I covered the detailed about hansch analysis, Free-Wilson analysis, and Mixed approach. I also gave a detailed application for each points.
What is QSAR?, introduction to 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, Case Study on CoMFA contour maps analysis and CoMSIA interactive forces between ligand and receptor, various Statistical techniques involved in QSAR
The relationship between bioisosteres, substituents or group with physical or chemical properties that impart similar biological properties to a chemical structure
There are many ways that drug-resistant infections can be prevented: immunization, safe food preparation, handwashing, and using antibiotics as directed and only when necessary. In addition, preventing infections also prevents the spread of resistant bacteria.The main cause of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. When we use antibiotics, some bacteria die but resistant bacteria can survive and even multiply. The overuse of antibiotics makes resistant bacteria more common. The more we use antibiotics, the more chances bacteria have to become resistant to them.
Stereochemistry is the ‘chemistry of space’ , that is stereochemistry deals with the spatial arrangements of atoms and groups in a molecule.
Stereochemistry can trace its roots to the year 1842 when the French chemist Louis Pasteur made an observation that the salts of tartaric acid collected from a wine production vessel have the ability to rotate plane-polarized light, whereas the same salts from different sources did not have this ability.
Isomers are compounds that contain exactly the same number of atoms, i.e., they have exactly the same empirical formula, but differ from each other by the way in which the atoms are arranged.
Constitutional isomers, also known as structural isomers, are specific types of isomers that share the same molecular formula but have different bonding atomic organization and bonding patterns.
Stereoisomers are molecules having the same molecular formula and the atomic arrangement, but differ in their spatial arrangement.
Geometric isomers are two or more coordination compounds which contain the same number and types of atoms, and bonds (i.e., the connectivity between atoms is the same), but which have different spatial arrangements of the atoms.
There are 2 types of geometric isomers, ‘cis’ and ‘trans’.-cis isomers: when similar groups are present on the same side of the double bonds, then they are termed as cis.- trans isomers: when similar groups are present on the opposite sides of the double bonds then they are called trans isomers.
cis-diethylstilbestrol has only 7% of the estrogenic activity of trans-diethylstilbesterol.
Cisplatin have anticancer activity where ae trans platin is an inactive compound.
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes.
Chirality is the property of being non identical to ones mirror image.
Chiral center is defined as the atom bearing 4 different atoms or group of atoms.
Molecules that form nonsuperimposable mirror images, and thus exist as enantiomers, are said to be chiral molecules.
For a molecule to be chiral, it cannot contain a plane of symmetry.
The term enantioselectivity refers to the efficiency with which the reaction produces one enantiomer.
Enantiomers are stereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images.
Have identical properties.
Similar shapes
Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are non superimposable and are not mirror images.
Have distinct physical properties.
Have different molecular shapes.
Enantiomers consist of a pair of molecules that are mirror images of each other and are not superimposable.
When a molecule contains only one chiral centre , the two stereoisomers are known as enantiomers.
These may be referred to or labelled using the configurational descriptors as either:
R(rectus meaning right handed) or S(sinister meaning left handed),
D(dextrorotatory)or L (laevorotatory)
E-Entgegen or Z- Zusamen
THE PRODRUG DESIGNING FOR NEW SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF DRUG COMPATIBLE WITH API I.E. ACTIVE PHARMACUTICAL INGREDIENT, AND ITS EFFECT WHICH SHOULD BE 0. THE DRUG COMBINED WITH API AND AVILABLE IN MARKET AND DRUGS NEED TO BE COMBINE ARE ALSO DISCUSSED WITH ITS STRUCTURE AND SAR, AND COVERED AS PER THE SYLLABUS OF PCI.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS , HERE WE HAVE INCLUDED THE INTRODUCTION, CLASSIFICATION, ADVANTAGES , DISADVANTAGES, ITS METHODS PREPARATION, PRINCIPLES OD DRUG DESIGN, ITS CHEMISTRY. STEREOCHEMISTRY, SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS
In this slide I covered the detailed about hansch analysis, Free-Wilson analysis, and Mixed approach. I also gave a detailed application for each points.
What is QSAR?, introduction to 3D QSAR, CoMFA, CoMSIA, Case Study on CoMFA contour maps analysis and CoMSIA interactive forces between ligand and receptor, various Statistical techniques involved in QSAR
The relationship between bioisosteres, substituents or group with physical or chemical properties that impart similar biological properties to a chemical structure
FUNCTIONAL GROUP MODIFICATION : Medicinal ChemistryPRUTHVIRAJ K
Once a lead compound or a pharmacophore structure with the desired pharmacological effect has been identified, organic chemists can introduce modifications in the chemical structure of the lead compound with the goal of improving the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics of a drug candidate. These evolved structures are known as analogs.
3
This powerpoint presentation will help to know about introduction of bioisosterism by Biotechnology point of view. Hope this powerpoint presentation will your reference.
PEPTIDOMIMETICS/SAGAR SHARMA/DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCESSagarMudgil1
Peptidomimetics are compounds that mimic natural peptides and proteins in 3D space. They are created by modifying the side chain or backbone of peptides. Peptidomimetics are designed to be highly selective, bioavailable, and metabolically stable.
A seminar on the pharmacodynamic effects of drugs on enzymes along with their applications. Presented on 07/08/2019
Handout:
1) Introduction & history of enzymes
2) Nomenclature & classification of Enzymes (NC-IUBMB)
3) Structure of enzymes - Shape, active & allosteric sites
4) Mechanism of action of enzymes- Substrate binding, catalysis, dynamics, allosteric modulation
5) Role of enzymes
6) Enzymes as drug targets
7) Enzyme inhibition by drugs:
A) Targeted clinical effects by enzyme Inhibition
B) Enzyme kinetics
C) Types of enzyme inhibition - Competitive, Non competitive & uncompetitive inhibition
D) Adverse drug reactions due to enzyme inhibition
8) Enzyme activation by drugs
9) Microsomal enzymes as drug targets
10)Transmembrane receptors linked to enzymes:
A) Tyrosine Kinase pathway
B) JAK-STAT pathway
C) Serine Threonine Pathway
D) Toll like Receptors
E) TNF-α Receptors
11) Summary with system-wise drugs acting on enzymes
12) Newly Approved Drugs
13) Conclusion
14) References
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
2. Definition :
• Analog design is usuallydefined as the modification of a drug
molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new
molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the
original model compound
• Finally,it hasto be noticed that analog design deals with the
production of new chemical entities while drug repositioning
targets new uses for old drugs
3. • To modify the chemical structure of the lead compound to retain
or to reinforce the desirable pharmacologic effect while minimizing
un-wanted pharmacological , physical and chemical properties,
which may result in a superior therapeuticagent.
• To use target analogs aspharmacological probes to gainbetter
insight into the pharmacology of the lead molecule and perhaps to
reveal new knowledge of basic biology
4. (1) Analogs possessing chemical andpharmacological similarities,
(2) Analogs possessing only chemical
similarities,
(3) Compounds chemically different, but
displaying similarpharmacological
properties.
5.
6. • Bioisosterism is a unique strategy of molecular modification of lead
compound to improve its pharmacodynamic & pharmacokinetic
properties.
• The aim of bioisosterism is to boost the physical, biological &
pharmacological properties aswell as rectify the toxicity of lead
molecule.
7. • In 1970, Alfred Burgerclassified and subdivided bioisosteres into two broad
categories: Classic and Non-Classic
• Classical Bioisosteres are those which have similarstericandelectronic
featuresand have the samenumberofatomsasthesubstituentmoiety for
which they areused as a replacement.
• Classical bioisosteres havebeentraditionally divided into several distinct
categories:
monovalent atoms orgroups
divalent atoms or groups
Trivalent atoms orgroups
tetrasubstituted atoms; and
Ring equivalents
8.
9. Nonclassical isosteres do notobey the steric and electronic definition of
classical isosteres. A second notable characteristic of nonclassical bioisosteres
is that they do not havethe same number of atoms as the substituent or
moiety for which they areused as a replacement.
Nonclassical bioisosteres can befurther divided into groups:
(A) rings vs noncyclic structure
(B) exchangeablegroups.
10. • FluorinevsHydrogenReplacements
Bioisosteric replacement of H in uracilby F gives 5-fluorouracil
(anti-cancer drug).
StericallyH and F are quite similar with their vander wallsradii
being 1.2 and 1.35A° respectively.
F is most electronegative. H replacement with F alter the biological
activity as fluorine exerts strong field and inductive effects.
The strong inductive effect of F results in covalent linkagewith
thymidylate synthetase, an enzyme involved in DNA synthesis.
11.
12. • Divalent ReplacementsInvolvingDoubleBonds
• This subclass includes replacements such asC=S, C=O, C=NH, and
C=C.
• Thereplacement of C=Swith C=Oin Tolrestat an aldose reductaseinhibitor
currentlyunder study in human subjects for the treatment of diabetic
neuropathy, resulted in oxo-Tolrestat which retained activity both invitro
andinvivo
13. • A classical trivalent bioisosteric replacement is
-CH= with –N=.
This replacement when applied to cholesterol (c) resulted in 20,25-
diazacholesterol (d ) which is a potent inhibitor of cholesterol
biosynthesis.The greater electronegativity of the nitrogen atom could be
responsible for the biological activity of this bioisostere.
14. • A classical illustration of tetrasubstituted isosteres involves replacement of
the quaternary ammonium group in case of cholinergic agonists with the
phosphonium and arsonium analogues.
• In this study, it was observedthat suchreplacements resulted in less potent
analogues with greater toxicity.
• Activity was found to decrease as size of the onium ion increased.
• Thedecreased potency and greater toxicity of these
higherelements has diminished interest in
replacements of this type for the development of
direct-acting cholinergic agonists.
15. • Thesubstitution of —CH= by —N= or—CH=CH— by —S—in aromatic
rings has beenoneof the most successful applications of classical isosterism .
• Theuse of the classical bioisosteres benzene, thiophene, and pyridine resulted in
analogues with retention of biological activity within different series of
pharmacological agents. One of the successful uses of this replacement resulted in
the potent antihistamine mepyramine (47) which evolved by the replacement of
the phenyl moiety in antegran (46) by a pyridyl group.
16. • Cyclic vs NoncyclicNonclassical Bioisosteric Replacements:
This subclass includes all those nonclassical replacements wherein a
noncyclic functional moiety mimics a cyclic group sterically orelectronically
resulting in retention ofbiological activity.
Diethylstilboestrol has about same potency as that of naturally occuring
oestradiol.
Thecentral double bond of diethylstilboestrol is highly important for the
correctorientation ofthe phenolic and ethyl groups at the receptor site.
17. 1. Hydroxyl Group Bioisosteres
2. Carbonyl Group Bioisosteres
3. Carboxylate Group Bioisosteres
4. Amide Group Bioisosteres
5. Thiourea Bioisosteres
6. Halogen Bioisosteres
18. • Attempts to increase the duration of action of β-adrenergic antagonists by
preventing the metabolism has resulted potent and selective agents.
19. • Replacement of the carbonyl with a variety of polar and non polar bioisosteres
led to marginal changes in binding affinity
20. Derivatives possessing a hydroxamic acid instead of a carboxylic acid function
have beendeveloped as carboxylate bioisosteres. Among otherexamples,
compounds with anti-allergic properties presenting this function have been
synthesized. Hydroxamic derivative designed by modification in
indomethacin, has proved to bemetabolically stable.
21. • Bio-isosteric replacement of amide group with 1,2,3-triazole in
phenacetin improves the toxicology and efficacy of phenacetin-
triazole conjugates (PhTCs)
22. • Isosteric replacement of thiourea with the cyanoquanidine moiety
gave cimetidine, a potent H2 receptor antagonist that lacksthe
toxicity of metiamide.
cimetidine
23. • Replacements of this type were observed in a series of 1-[(2- hydroxyethoxy)
methyl]-5- benzyluracils that were tested for inhibition of liver uridine
phosphorylase (UrdPase) 35.
• This hypothesis was supported by the observation that replacement of the
chloro atom with stronger electronwithdrawing groups such as the cyano or
the trifluromethyl resulted in less potent analogues
24. • Retroisosterism is based on the inversion of a determined
functional group present in the lead compound structure,
producing an isostere with the same function.
25. • Thesynthesis of bioisosteres is the most fruitful and can be considered as the
main provider for analog design.
• Bioisosteres modulate biological activity by virtue of subtle differences in their
physicochemical properties.
• Systematic correlation of physicochemical parameters with observed
biological activity has beenvery effective in highlighting subtle differences
within bioisosteric groups which often increase activity.
• Of significance is the ability of these bioisosteric groups to define some of the
essential requirements of the pharmacophore.
26. 1. Burger, A. A Guide to the Chemical Basis of
Drug Design, NY, EUA,.Wiley, 1983; p. 24-29.
2. Gaikwad PL et al., The Use of Bioisosterism in
Drug Design and Molecular Modification.
American Journal of PharmTech Research 2012
3. Patani GA, LaVoie EJ. Bioisosterism: a rational
approach in drug design. Chem Rev 1996;
96(8):3147 – 76.