The document is a set of exam questions for an Analog Communications course. It contains 8 questions related to topics like AM, FM, SSB, PPM modulation and demodulation techniques. The questions involve deriving expressions, explaining concepts with diagrams, calculating power ratios and bandwidth requirements, and comparing different modulation schemes.
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
Deterministic MIMO Channel Capacity
• CSI is Known to the Transmitter Side
• CSI is Not Available at the Transmitter Side
Channel Capacity of Random MIMO Channels
Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
Dynamic Spectrum Derived Mfcc and Hfcc Parameters and Human Robot Speech Inte...IDES Editor
Using the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients
(MFCC), Human Factor cepstral coefficients (HFCC) and
their new parameters derived from log dynamic spectrum and
dynamic log spectrum, these features are widely used for
speech recognition in various applications. But, speech
recognition systems based on these features do not perform
efficiently in the noisy conditions, mobile environment and
for speech variation between users of different genders and
ages. To maximize the recognition rate of speaker independent
isolated word recognition system, we combine both of the above
features and proposed a hybrid feature set of them. We tested
the system for this hybrid feature vector and we gained results
with accuracy of 86.17% in clean condition (closed window),
82.33% in class room open window environment, and 73.67%
in outdoor with noisy environment.
AM-RF partially overlapped channels separation by Volterra integral equationsIDES Editor
Sources - Separation methods allows the
possibility to transmit many signals through a given channel
without multiplexing them. These signals may be frequency
overlapped. As an extension, the paper presents a method to
reconstruct the transmitted signals from amplitudemodulation
radio frequency (AM-RF) channels that are
partially overlapped in frequency. The cross talks due to the
overlapping procedure leads to a lost of information but
increase the number of channels in the RF band. The signals
reconstruction implies the use of Volterra-integral
equations. Data transmissions imply also the improvement
of the receiver equalizer. Simulations are presented. The
presented method lead then to a diminishing of the
equivalent frequency bandwidth of the transmitting signals.
Overview about MIMO
Contents:
Diversity Definition
Why Diversity
Types of Diversity
Types of combining
MIMO Definition
Why MIMO ?
MIMO Advantages and disadvantages
Applications of MIMO
Dynamic Spectrum Derived Mfcc and Hfcc Parameters and Human Robot Speech Inte...IDES Editor
Using the Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients
(MFCC), Human Factor cepstral coefficients (HFCC) and
their new parameters derived from log dynamic spectrum and
dynamic log spectrum, these features are widely used for
speech recognition in various applications. But, speech
recognition systems based on these features do not perform
efficiently in the noisy conditions, mobile environment and
for speech variation between users of different genders and
ages. To maximize the recognition rate of speaker independent
isolated word recognition system, we combine both of the above
features and proposed a hybrid feature set of them. We tested
the system for this hybrid feature vector and we gained results
with accuracy of 86.17% in clean condition (closed window),
82.33% in class room open window environment, and 73.67%
in outdoor with noisy environment.
AM-RF partially overlapped channels separation by Volterra integral equationsIDES Editor
Sources - Separation methods allows the
possibility to transmit many signals through a given channel
without multiplexing them. These signals may be frequency
overlapped. As an extension, the paper presents a method to
reconstruct the transmitted signals from amplitudemodulation
radio frequency (AM-RF) channels that are
partially overlapped in frequency. The cross talks due to the
overlapping procedure leads to a lost of information but
increase the number of channels in the RF band. The signals
reconstruction implies the use of Volterra-integral
equations. Data transmissions imply also the improvement
of the receiver equalizer. Simulations are presented. The
presented method lead then to a diminishing of the
equivalent frequency bandwidth of the transmitting signals.
EE402B Radio Systems and Personal Communication Networks notesHaris Hassan
Programmes in which available:
Masters of Engineering - Electrical and Electronic
Engineering. Masters of Engineering - Electronic
Engineering and Computer Science. Master of Science -
Communication Systems and Wireless Networking.
Master of Science - Smart Telecom and Sensing
Networks. Master of Science - Photonic Integrated
Circuits, Sensors and Networks.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
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During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
- What are the benefits of integrating InfluxDB and Grafana into the load testing stack?
- Which features are provided by Grafana?
- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Elevating Tactical DDD Patterns Through Object CalisthenicsDorra BARTAGUIZ
After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
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Have you ever wanted a Ruby client API to communicate with your web service? Smithy is a protocol-agnostic language for defining services and SDKs. Smithy Ruby is an implementation of Smithy that generates a Ruby SDK using a Smithy model. In this talk, we will explore Smithy and Smithy Ruby to learn how to generate custom feature-rich SDKs that can communicate with any web service, such as a Rails JSON API.
Generating a custom Ruby SDK for your web service or Rails API using Smithy
Analog Communications
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 1
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
1. (a) With necessary expressions, waveforms and spectrums, Explain AM for an
arbitrary baseband signal m(t).
(b) The output power of an AM transmitter is 1KW when sinusoidally modu-
lated to a depth of 100%. Calculate the power in each side band when the
modulation depth is reduced to 50%. [10+6]
2. (a) Draw the circuit diagram for balanced ring modulator and explain its operation
indicating all the waveforms and spectrums.
(b) In an AM-SC system, modulating signal is a single tone sinusoid 4 cos 2 103t,
which modulates a carrier signal 6 cos 2 106t. Write the equation of modu-
lated wave. Plot the two sided spectrum of the mo dulated wave. Calculate
the amount of power transmitted. [8+8]
3. (a) Describe the time domain band-pass representation of SSB with necessary
sketches.
(b) Find the percentage of power saved in SSB when compared with AM system.
[12+4]
4. (a) Explain the operation of the balanced slope detector using a circuit diagram
and draw its response characteristics. Discuss in particular the method of
combining the outputs of the individual dio des. In what way is this circuit an
improvement on the slope detector and in turn what are the advantages?
(b) Compute the bandwidth requirement for the transmission of FM signal having
a frequency deviation 75 KHz and an audio bandwidth of 10KHz. [12+4]
5. Explain how S/N ratio is a gure of merit incase of performance of a communication
channel. [16]
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of an SSB - SC transmitter employing sideband sup-
pression lter and explain.
(b) Why are limiters and preemphasis lters used in FM radio. [16]
7. (a) With the aid of the block diagram explain TRF receiver. Also explain the
basic superheterodyne principle.
(b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF receiver. [16]
8. (a) Describe the synchronization procedure for PAM, PWM and PPM signals.
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 1
(b) Discuss about the spectra of PWM and PDM signals. [16]
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 2
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
1. (a) What are the main objectives of a communication system design? What are
the primary resources of any communication system.
(b) The RC load for a diode envelope detector consists of a 1000 pF capacitor
in parallel with a 10-K resistor. Calculate the maximum modulation depth
that can be handled for sinusoidal modulation at a frequency of 10 KHz if
diagonal peak clipping is to be avoided.
(c) A broadcast AM transmitter radiates 50 KW of carrier power. What will be
the radiated power at 85 % of modulation and what is the side band power?
[6+6+4]
2. Considering the modulating and carrier waves as sinusoids, Explain the single tone
modulation and demodulation of DSB-SC wave with necessary expressions, wave-
forms and spectrums and explain how only one side band is necessary for transmis-
sion of information. [16]
3. A synchronous detection of SSB signal shows phase and frequency discrepancy.
Consider ( ) = N cos [( c ) cos( i + Fi) - sin( c ) sin( i + Fi)]is an SSB signal.
i=1
The signal is multiplied by the lo cally generated carrier cos ct and then passed
through a low-pass lter.
(a) Prove that the modulating signal can be completely recovered if the cut-o
frequency of the lter is N o 2 c.
(b) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cos[ c + F].
(c) Determine the recovered signal when the multiplying signal is cos[( ct+ )t].
Give F Fi where c = 2 fc, = 2 f. [16]
4. Explain demodulation of FM signal with the help of PLL. [16]
5. Compare noise performance of PM and FM system. [16]
6. (a) Draw the block diagram of an SSB - SC transmitter employing sideband sup-
pression lter and explain.
(b) Why are limiters and preemphasis lters used in FM radio. [16]
7. (a) Explain the working of TRF receiver with its blo ck diagram.
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 2
(b) A TRF receiver is turned to 1000 KHz AM radio broadcast signal by a variable
tuned circuit with 1 KHz bandwidth. Find the bandwidth when receiver is
returned to 1550 KHz and 550 KHz. Determined the recovered baseband. [16]
8. (a) Describe the generation and demodulation of PPM with the help of block
diagram and hence discuss its spectral characteristics.
(b) De ne and distinguish between PTM and PAM schemes. Sketch and explain
their waveform for a single tone sinusoidal input signal. [16]
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 3
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in
terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.
(b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate
a carrier of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio
of the side lengths L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
(c) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and
12 A when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index. [6+6+4]
2. (a) Explain about the quadrature null e ect of coherent detector.
(b) In DSB-SC, suppression of carrier so as to save transmitter power results in
receiver complexity - Justify this statement. [8+8]
3. (a) Why SSB transmission is the preferred than DSB-SC?
(b) i. Prove that the signal ( ) = N cos [( c ) cos ( i + Fi ) - sin ( c ) sin ( i + Fi)]
i=1
is an SSB signal ( c N ), where c = 2 c, carrier angular frequency
and i = 2 i is modulating angular frequency. Identify the side band.
ii. Obtain an expression for missing side band.
iii. Obtain an expression of the total DSB-SC signal. [4+12]
4. (a) Describe generation of FM carrier by Transistor reactance modulator with
necessary diagrams.
(b) Compare the phasor diagram of narrow band FM signal and AM signal and
discuss about the similarities and di erences of the two signals. [8+8]
5. (a) Derive the expression for gure of merit of AM system for large case.
(b) Given an analog base band communication system with additive white noise
having power spectral density 2 and a distorting channel having the frequency
response. The distortion is equalized by a receiver lter having the frequency
response
c()=1
1+J w/w
Hc (w) 0 = | | = Obtain an expression for the output SNR.
eq ( ) = 1 0
[16]
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 3
6. (a) Classify radio transmitters based on the type of modulation and Service in-
volved.
(b) Explain AM transmitters with modulation at high carrier power level with the
help of its block diagram. [16]
7. (a) With the aid of the block diagram explain TRF receiver. Also explain the
basic superheterodyne principle.
(b) List out the advantages and disadvantages of TRF receiver. [16]
8. (a) How is PDM wave converted into PPM system.
(b) Explain why a single channel PPM of system requires the transmission of
synchronization signal, where as a single channel PAM or PDM system does
not it. [16]
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 4
II B.Tech II Semester Regular Examinations, Apr/May 2008
ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS
( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering and Electronics &
Telematics)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
1. (a) Draw the one cycle of AM wave and calculate the modulation index of it in
terms of Vmax and Vmin voltages.
(b) A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc
component and peak to peak voltage of 12V. It is used to amplitude modulate
a carrier of peak voltage 10V. Calculate the modulation index and the ratio
of the side lengths L1/L2 of the corresponding trapezoidal pattern.
(c) The rms antenna current of an AM transmitter is 10 A when un-modulated and
12 A when sinusoidally modulated. Calculate the modulation index. [6+6+4]
2. (a) Explain the DSB-SC generation by balanced modulator using diodes.
(b) The mo dulating signal in an AM-SC system is a multiple-tone signal given by
m(t) = A1 cos 1t + A2 cos 2t + A3 cos 3t. The signal m(t) mo dulates a
carrier Ac cos ct. Plot the single-sided spectrum and nd the bandwidth of
the modulated signal. Assume that 3 2 1 and A1 2 3 . [8+8]
3. (a) Why VSB system is widely used for TV broadcasting - Explain?
(b) An AM transmitter of 1KW power is fully modulated. Calculate the power
transmitted if it is transmitted as SSB.
(c) Calculate the lter requirement to convert DSB signal to SSB Signal, given
that the two side bands are separated by 200HZ. The suppressed carrier is 29
MHZ. [6+4+6]
4. (a) Give the procedure to determine the e ective bandwidth of an FM signal.
(b) Which method of FM signal generation is the preferred choice, when the sta-
bility of the carrier frequency is of major concern? Discuss about the metho d
in detail. [8+8]
5. (a) Find the output SNR in a PM system for tone modulation.
(b) A phase modulation (PM) system, with the modulated wave de ned by ( ) =
c [2 c + p ( )]
where p is a constant and m(t) is the message signal. The additive noise n(t)
at the phase detector input is
( ) = I ( ) cos (2 c ) - Q ( ) sin 2 c Assuming that the carrier-to-noise
ratio at the detector input is high compared with unity, determine
i. the output signal-to-noise ratio and
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Code No: R05220405
Set No. 4
ii. the gure of merit of the system. [16]
6. (a) Classify radio transmitters in detail.
(b) Compare low level modulation and high level modulation of radio transmitters.
[16]
7. (a) Describe the circuit of an FET amplitude limiter, and with the aid of the
transfer characteristic explain the operation of the circuit.
(b) What can be done to improve the overall limiting performance of an FM
receiver ? Explain the operation of the double limiter and also AGC in addition
to a limier. [16]
8. (a) What is the fundamental di erence between pulse mo dulation, on the one
hand, and frequency and amplitude modulation on the other?
(b) What is pulse width modulation? What other names does it have? How is it
demo dulated? [16]
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