The document discusses various methods of biometric verification for security and authentication. It describes 5 main methods: fingerprint, handprint, face measurement, retinal scanning, and DNA analysis. For each method it provides details on how the method works, its advantages and disadvantages. The methods measure unique biological characteristics to uniquely identify individuals. Biometric verification is presented as a more secure alternative to traditional passwords and tokens.
In a session fixation attack, the attacker fixes the user's session ID before the user logs into the target server, eliminating the need for the attacker to later obtain the user's session ID. This is done by tricking the user into logging in using a session ID previously obtained or selected by the attacker, allowing the attacker to then access the user's account using the same fixed session ID. The paper details the process of session fixation attacks and provides recommendations for protecting systems against such attacks.
Bio-metrics is modern security system. It uses a person’s biological features to give access rights. The biological features like finger print, voice print, iris pattern, face print, signature(dynamic), retina, hand geometry, ear form , DNA, odor, keyboard stroke, finger geometry, vein structure of back of hand etc. are used. So, in this any unauthorized person cannot trap the information or assets. Today, to prevent illegal operations this technique is widely used. It is a user-friendly technique, which is accepted by almost all fields.
Sixth Sense technology allows users to interact with digital information in the physical world using natural hand gestures. It consists of a camera, projector, mirror, and mobile device connected via Bluetooth. The camera tracks hand gestures marked by colored fingers caps and objects in view. The mobile device processes this data and the projector displays related digital information onto physical surfaces. This bridges the gap between physical and digital worlds by letting users access online data about physical objects or people in real-time through hand gestures alone.
This document provides information about greenhouses and agricultural projects at the Agri-Innovation Center in India. It discusses the center's greenhouse facilities, including three greenhouses ranging from 360 to 720 square meters. It also describes several agricultural projects taking place at the center, including a bamboo cultivation project with local farmers, a vegetable and papaya nursery, and a hydroponics project using the nutrient film technique. The goal of the center and its projects is to demonstrate sustainable agricultural practices and technologies to local farmers.
The document describes the components and working of Sixth Sense technology, which is a wearable gestural interface. It consists of a camera, projector, mirror, smartphone, and color markers on the fingertips. The camera captures images and tracks hand gestures via the color markers. The smartphone processes the data and searches the internet. It projects information onto surfaces using the projector and mirror. The technology bridges the physical and digital world by recognizing objects and displaying related information using hand gestures.
This document discusses human-robot interaction and focuses on gesture identification. It provides background on how robots are being used in more complex tasks that require interaction with humans. The fundamental goal of human-robot interaction is to develop principles and algorithms that allow robots to directly, safely and effectively interact with people. The document also discusses how science fiction works have explored concepts like the three laws of robotics and how humans and robots may interact in society.
The document describes a technical seminar presentation on Sixth Sense technology. It provides an abstract, introduction, and overview of the components and technologies involved in Sixth Sense, including a camera, colored markers, mobile phone, projector, and mirror. Some key advantages are discussed such as portability, support for multi-touch and multi-user interaction, low cost, connecting the physical and digital worlds, and enabling real-time data access from machines.
The document discusses Sixth Sense technology, a wearable gestural interface developed by Pranav Mistry that augments the physical world with digital information. It can project information onto surfaces using a camera and projector mounted on a necklace. Users interact with this information using natural hand gestures recognized by the camera. The technology allows applications like making calls, accessing maps, photos and more using gestures. While portable and low cost, limitations include hardware restrictions of mobile devices and need for color markers for gesture recognition.
In a session fixation attack, the attacker fixes the user's session ID before the user logs into the target server, eliminating the need for the attacker to later obtain the user's session ID. This is done by tricking the user into logging in using a session ID previously obtained or selected by the attacker, allowing the attacker to then access the user's account using the same fixed session ID. The paper details the process of session fixation attacks and provides recommendations for protecting systems against such attacks.
Bio-metrics is modern security system. It uses a person’s biological features to give access rights. The biological features like finger print, voice print, iris pattern, face print, signature(dynamic), retina, hand geometry, ear form , DNA, odor, keyboard stroke, finger geometry, vein structure of back of hand etc. are used. So, in this any unauthorized person cannot trap the information or assets. Today, to prevent illegal operations this technique is widely used. It is a user-friendly technique, which is accepted by almost all fields.
Sixth Sense technology allows users to interact with digital information in the physical world using natural hand gestures. It consists of a camera, projector, mirror, and mobile device connected via Bluetooth. The camera tracks hand gestures marked by colored fingers caps and objects in view. The mobile device processes this data and the projector displays related digital information onto physical surfaces. This bridges the gap between physical and digital worlds by letting users access online data about physical objects or people in real-time through hand gestures alone.
This document provides information about greenhouses and agricultural projects at the Agri-Innovation Center in India. It discusses the center's greenhouse facilities, including three greenhouses ranging from 360 to 720 square meters. It also describes several agricultural projects taking place at the center, including a bamboo cultivation project with local farmers, a vegetable and papaya nursery, and a hydroponics project using the nutrient film technique. The goal of the center and its projects is to demonstrate sustainable agricultural practices and technologies to local farmers.
The document describes the components and working of Sixth Sense technology, which is a wearable gestural interface. It consists of a camera, projector, mirror, smartphone, and color markers on the fingertips. The camera captures images and tracks hand gestures via the color markers. The smartphone processes the data and searches the internet. It projects information onto surfaces using the projector and mirror. The technology bridges the physical and digital world by recognizing objects and displaying related information using hand gestures.
This document discusses human-robot interaction and focuses on gesture identification. It provides background on how robots are being used in more complex tasks that require interaction with humans. The fundamental goal of human-robot interaction is to develop principles and algorithms that allow robots to directly, safely and effectively interact with people. The document also discusses how science fiction works have explored concepts like the three laws of robotics and how humans and robots may interact in society.
The document describes a technical seminar presentation on Sixth Sense technology. It provides an abstract, introduction, and overview of the components and technologies involved in Sixth Sense, including a camera, colored markers, mobile phone, projector, and mirror. Some key advantages are discussed such as portability, support for multi-touch and multi-user interaction, low cost, connecting the physical and digital worlds, and enabling real-time data access from machines.
The document discusses Sixth Sense technology, a wearable gestural interface developed by Pranav Mistry that augments the physical world with digital information. It can project information onto surfaces using a camera and projector mounted on a necklace. Users interact with this information using natural hand gestures recognized by the camera. The technology allows applications like making calls, accessing maps, photos and more using gestures. While portable and low cost, limitations include hardware restrictions of mobile devices and need for color markers for gesture recognition.
Analysis of Various Attributes to Have a Secure DatabaseIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes various attributes that can affect the security and performance of databases. It divides the attributes into four categories: user oriented, DBA oriented, system oriented, and security policies.
2) Within each category, it examines specific attributes such as biometric identification for users, password encryption for DBAs, resources and optimization for system performance, and password management policies for security.
3) It analyzes which attributes are most effective within each category. It concludes that biometric identification, password encryption, adequate resources and optimization, and strong password policies are generally the best attributes for security and performance.
The document proposes a decentralized access control and anonymous authentication scheme for secure data storage in clouds. The scheme allows users to store and modify data in the cloud while remaining anonymous. Only authorized users with valid attributes can access the stored data. The scheme is decentralized, with multiple key distribution centers managing user attributes and keys. It also addresses user revocation and is resilient to replay attacks from revoked users.
The document discusses 3D passwords as a proposed multi-factor authentication system. It introduces existing authentication systems and their weaknesses, then proposes a 3D virtual environment-based password system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. The 3D password system offers flexibility through user-selected authentication factors and a very large password space. However, it may be vulnerable to shoulder surfing attacks observing the 3D environment interactions.
This document provides an overview of a Microsoft virtual training on security, compliance, and identity fundamentals. It covers key concepts related to security models like shared responsibility and defense in depth. It also covers the Zero Trust security model, encryption, hashing, and basic compliance concepts. Additionally, it describes important identity concepts like authentication, authorization, identity as a security perimeter, and Microsoft Azure Active Directory which provides identity and access management capabilities including different identity types.
Social media is a new marketing currency for brands. That much is certain. Brands can engage directly with consumers in real-time allowing for the collection of unprecedented amount of data on the customer. This data is increasingly powerful to brands, their agencies, their customers and unfortunately, the unscrupulous among us. Hopefully, someone is thinking about security.
Cloud assisted mobile-access of health data with privacy and auditabilityIGEEKS TECHNOLOGIES
The document proposes a cloud-assisted mobile health system with privacy and auditability. It introduces using a private cloud to store and process health data, with cryptographic mechanisms like searchable symmetric encryption, identity-based encryption, and attribute-based encryption to provide privacy. This includes hiding search and access patterns. The system also allows for auditing of emergency data access. The proposed architecture and modules are described, including key management, secure indexing, and role-based access control with auditing functionality.
The Recent Trend: Vigorous unidentified validation access control system with...IJERA Editor
Service Providers can grow their business by selling our cloud authentication service that can be fully branded
to the Service Provider or if required a Service. The proposed enhanced decentralized access control scheme for
secure data storage in clouds that supports anonymous authentication. In the proposed scheme, the cloud verifies
the authenticity of the series without knowing the user’s identity before storing data. The scheme also has the
added feature of access control in which only valid users are able to decrypt the stored information. The scheme
prevents replay attacks and supports creation, modification, and reading data stored in the cloud. It addresses
user revocation. Moreover, our authentication and access control scheme is decentralized and robust, unlike
other access control schemes designed for clouds which are centralized. The communication, hiding attributes,
increasing high security in access, computation, and storage overheads are comparable to centralized
approaches.
In Existing, it is based on ABE (attribute based encryption) technique which is a centralized approach, where a
single Key Distribution Centre (KDC) distributes secret keys and attributes to all users using asymmetric key
approach. We propose a new decentralized access control method for storing data by providing security in
clouds and also we hide the attributes and access rule of a user. The cloud validates the authentication of the
sequence without knowing the users characteristics previous to the data store. By using this approach only
certified users have right to use the suitable attributes. In future, time based file revocation scheme can be used
to assure the deletion of a file. When time limit of a file expires, we implement the policy based renewal of time
to that file.
1) The document proposes a system to secure e-learning content stored on USB/HDD devices through multi-level authentication, encryption, and copy protection.
2) The system authenticates the content provider, USB device, user, and user's system. It then encrypts the content and stores it on the authenticated USB device.
3) To access the encrypted content, the user must register, login with their password, and authenticate their USB and system. If authenticated, the user receives a license file to decrypt and access the course content through the encrypted USB device.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines multiple authentication factors like recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. It aims to address weaknesses in existing systems by providing a large password space and flexibility for users to select authentication methods. The system presents a 3D virtual environment containing objects. A user's interactions and sequence of interactions in navigating and manipulating objects comprise their unique 3D password.
This document discusses database security and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an introduction that defines database security goals of secrecy, integrity, and availability. It then discusses security threats such as misuse of authority, logical inference, aggregation, masquerading, and bypassing controls. The document uses a simple example database to illustrate concepts throughout. It reviews relational database models and conceptual data modeling. It also outlines several database security models and research areas.
IRJET - Blockchain-based Public Integrity Verification for Cloud Storage Agai...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based public integrity verification scheme for cloud storage to address the problem of procrastinating auditors. It involves:
1) Having auditors record verification results on a blockchain as transactions. This timestamps results and ensures auditors perform checks on time.
2) Using certificateless cryptography to avoid certificate management issues of traditional public key infrastructure schemes.
3) Conducting a security and performance analysis showing the scheme is secure and efficient. It aims to solve issues around untrustworthy or compromised auditors in cloud storage integrity verification.
A Privacy Preserving Attribute Based Access Control Mechanism In Distributed ...Editor IJCATR
We propose a new decentralized access control scheme for secure data storage in clouds that supports anonymous
authentication. In the proposed scheme, the cloud verifies the authenticity of the series without knowing the user’s identity before
storing data. Our scheme also has the added feature of access control in which only valid users are able to decrypt the stored
information. The scheme prevents replay attacks and supports creation, modification, and reading data stored in the cloud. We also
address user revocation. Moreover, our authentication and access control scheme is decentralized and robust, unlike other access
control schemes designed for clouds which are centralized. The communication, computation, and storage overheads are comparable
to centralized approaches.
Srs document for identity based secure distributed data storage schemesSahithi Naraparaju
This document provides a software requirements specification for an identity based secure distributed data storage scheme. It includes sections on introduction, overall description, system features, external interface requirements, and other non-functional requirements. The overall description provides an overview of the two proposed schemes - one that is secure against chosen plaintext attacks and another that is secure against chosen ciphertext attacks. It describes the user classes, operating environment, and design constraints. The system features section outlines the four main modules - data owner, proxy server, receiver, and data storage.
IRJET - Improving Password System using BlockchainIRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based system for storing usernames and passwords in an encrypted format to address the problems of password overload and security of third-party password managers. It describes how usernames and passwords would be stored immutably in the blockchain and retrieved when needed, improving on traditional methods by eliminating the risks of a third party database being hacked. The system aims to make password management more convenient and secure by leveraging the cryptography and decentralization of blockchain technology.
CHAPTER
7
Authentication and
Authorization
One of the most common ways to control access to computer systems is to
identify who is at the keyboard (and prove that identity), and then decide what
they are allowed to do. These twin controls, authentication and authorization,
respectively, ensure that authorized users get access to the appropriate
computing resources, while blocking access to unauthorized users.
Authentication is the means of verifying who a person (or process) is, while
authorization determines what they’re allowed to do. This should always be done
in accordance with the principle of least privilege—giving each person only the
amount of access they require to be effective in their job function, and no more.
Authentication
Authentication is the process by which people prove they are who they say they
are. It’s composed of two parts: a public statement of identity (usually in the form
of a username) combined with a private response to a challenge (such as
a password). The secret response to the authentication challenge can be based on
one or more factors—something you know (a secret word, number, or passphrase
for example), something you have (such as a smartcard, ID tag, or code
generator), or something you are (like a biometric factor like a fingerprint or
retinal print). A password by itself, which is a means of identifying yourself
through something only you should know (and today’s most common form of
challenge response), is an example of single-factor authentication. This is not
considered to be a strong authentication method, because a password can be
intercepted or stolen in a variety of ways—for example, passwords are frequently
written down or shared with others, they can be captured from the system or the
network, and they are often weak and easy to guess.
Imagine if you could only identify your friends by being handed a previously
agreed secret phrase on a piece of paper instead of by looking at them or hearing
their voice. How reliable would that be? This type of identification is often
portrayed in spy movies, where a secret agent uses a password to impersonate
someone the victim is supposed to meet but has never seen. This trick works
precisely because it is so fallible—the password is the only means of identifying
the individual. Passwords are just not a good way of authenticating someone.
Unfortunately, password-based authentication was the easiest type to implement
in the early days of computing, and the model has persisted to this day.
Other single-factor authentication methods are better than passwords. Tokens
and smart cards are better than passwords because they must be in the physical
possession of the user. Biometrics, which use a sensor or scanner to identify
unique features of individual body parts, are better than passwords because they
can’t be shared—the user must be present to log in. However, there are ways to
defeat these methods. Tokens and card ...
1. The document proposes a system for secure user authentication and access control for encrypted data stored in the cloud. It aims to address issues with centralized access control and storing data in plaintext.
2. The proposed system uses a key distribution center to generate public, private, and access keys for authentication at different levels. Data is encrypted before being fragmented and distributed across multiple servers.
3. Only authorized users with proper keys can decrypt the data. Access policies set by data creators restrict which users can access files. Storing encrypted and distributed data along with key-based authentication aims to improve security over existing cloud storage systems.
5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O A E R O S P A C E T R A N S P O R T A T I O...guestac67362
This document contains an exam for the course "Introduction to Aerospace Transportation Systems". It consists of 8 questions related to various topics in aerospace engineering. Students must answer any 5 of the 8 questions. Each question is worth 16 or 8 marks, for a total exam mark of 80. The questions cover topics such as the Wright Flyer, aerodynamic forces, aircraft components, performance calculations, flight planning, airworthiness, heating systems, and avionics.
The document discusses the technology needs of future warriors. It describes a system using 4G networks to provide soldiers with enhanced communication, detection, guidance and monitoring abilities. Key features include an ad-hoc peer-to-peer mesh network for communication without fixed infrastructure, geo-location triangulation beyond GPS, security from jamming and capture, and IP networking. The system would provide ground guidance to avoid obstacles, detect and identify units beyond line of sight, transfer targeting data, and monitor soldier status and rescue injured soldiers. It proposes power-assisting exoskeletons and protective nanotechnology uniforms that are lightweight yet strong enough to withstand gunfire. Sensors would allow soldiers to control devices by voice and be monitored for health and
Analysis of Various Attributes to Have a Secure DatabaseIOSR Journals
1) The document analyzes various attributes that can affect the security and performance of databases. It divides the attributes into four categories: user oriented, DBA oriented, system oriented, and security policies.
2) Within each category, it examines specific attributes such as biometric identification for users, password encryption for DBAs, resources and optimization for system performance, and password management policies for security.
3) It analyzes which attributes are most effective within each category. It concludes that biometric identification, password encryption, adequate resources and optimization, and strong password policies are generally the best attributes for security and performance.
The document proposes a decentralized access control and anonymous authentication scheme for secure data storage in clouds. The scheme allows users to store and modify data in the cloud while remaining anonymous. Only authorized users with valid attributes can access the stored data. The scheme is decentralized, with multiple key distribution centers managing user attributes and keys. It also addresses user revocation and is resilient to replay attacks from revoked users.
The document discusses 3D passwords as a proposed multi-factor authentication system. It introduces existing authentication systems and their weaknesses, then proposes a 3D virtual environment-based password system that combines recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. The 3D password system offers flexibility through user-selected authentication factors and a very large password space. However, it may be vulnerable to shoulder surfing attacks observing the 3D environment interactions.
This document provides an overview of a Microsoft virtual training on security, compliance, and identity fundamentals. It covers key concepts related to security models like shared responsibility and defense in depth. It also covers the Zero Trust security model, encryption, hashing, and basic compliance concepts. Additionally, it describes important identity concepts like authentication, authorization, identity as a security perimeter, and Microsoft Azure Active Directory which provides identity and access management capabilities including different identity types.
Social media is a new marketing currency for brands. That much is certain. Brands can engage directly with consumers in real-time allowing for the collection of unprecedented amount of data on the customer. This data is increasingly powerful to brands, their agencies, their customers and unfortunately, the unscrupulous among us. Hopefully, someone is thinking about security.
Cloud assisted mobile-access of health data with privacy and auditabilityIGEEKS TECHNOLOGIES
The document proposes a cloud-assisted mobile health system with privacy and auditability. It introduces using a private cloud to store and process health data, with cryptographic mechanisms like searchable symmetric encryption, identity-based encryption, and attribute-based encryption to provide privacy. This includes hiding search and access patterns. The system also allows for auditing of emergency data access. The proposed architecture and modules are described, including key management, secure indexing, and role-based access control with auditing functionality.
The Recent Trend: Vigorous unidentified validation access control system with...IJERA Editor
Service Providers can grow their business by selling our cloud authentication service that can be fully branded
to the Service Provider or if required a Service. The proposed enhanced decentralized access control scheme for
secure data storage in clouds that supports anonymous authentication. In the proposed scheme, the cloud verifies
the authenticity of the series without knowing the user’s identity before storing data. The scheme also has the
added feature of access control in which only valid users are able to decrypt the stored information. The scheme
prevents replay attacks and supports creation, modification, and reading data stored in the cloud. It addresses
user revocation. Moreover, our authentication and access control scheme is decentralized and robust, unlike
other access control schemes designed for clouds which are centralized. The communication, hiding attributes,
increasing high security in access, computation, and storage overheads are comparable to centralized
approaches.
In Existing, it is based on ABE (attribute based encryption) technique which is a centralized approach, where a
single Key Distribution Centre (KDC) distributes secret keys and attributes to all users using asymmetric key
approach. We propose a new decentralized access control method for storing data by providing security in
clouds and also we hide the attributes and access rule of a user. The cloud validates the authentication of the
sequence without knowing the users characteristics previous to the data store. By using this approach only
certified users have right to use the suitable attributes. In future, time based file revocation scheme can be used
to assure the deletion of a file. When time limit of a file expires, we implement the policy based renewal of time
to that file.
1) The document proposes a system to secure e-learning content stored on USB/HDD devices through multi-level authentication, encryption, and copy protection.
2) The system authenticates the content provider, USB device, user, and user's system. It then encrypts the content and stores it on the authenticated USB device.
3) To access the encrypted content, the user must register, login with their password, and authenticate their USB and system. If authenticated, the user receives a license file to decrypt and access the course content through the encrypted USB device.
The document proposes a 3D password authentication system that combines multiple authentication factors like recognition, recall, tokens, and biometrics. It aims to address weaknesses in existing systems by providing a large password space and flexibility for users to select authentication methods. The system presents a 3D virtual environment containing objects. A user's interactions and sequence of interactions in navigating and manipulating objects comprise their unique 3D password.
This document discusses database security and provides an overview of the topic. It begins with an introduction that defines database security goals of secrecy, integrity, and availability. It then discusses security threats such as misuse of authority, logical inference, aggregation, masquerading, and bypassing controls. The document uses a simple example database to illustrate concepts throughout. It reviews relational database models and conceptual data modeling. It also outlines several database security models and research areas.
IRJET - Blockchain-based Public Integrity Verification for Cloud Storage Agai...IRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based public integrity verification scheme for cloud storage to address the problem of procrastinating auditors. It involves:
1) Having auditors record verification results on a blockchain as transactions. This timestamps results and ensures auditors perform checks on time.
2) Using certificateless cryptography to avoid certificate management issues of traditional public key infrastructure schemes.
3) Conducting a security and performance analysis showing the scheme is secure and efficient. It aims to solve issues around untrustworthy or compromised auditors in cloud storage integrity verification.
A Privacy Preserving Attribute Based Access Control Mechanism In Distributed ...Editor IJCATR
We propose a new decentralized access control scheme for secure data storage in clouds that supports anonymous
authentication. In the proposed scheme, the cloud verifies the authenticity of the series without knowing the user’s identity before
storing data. Our scheme also has the added feature of access control in which only valid users are able to decrypt the stored
information. The scheme prevents replay attacks and supports creation, modification, and reading data stored in the cloud. We also
address user revocation. Moreover, our authentication and access control scheme is decentralized and robust, unlike other access
control schemes designed for clouds which are centralized. The communication, computation, and storage overheads are comparable
to centralized approaches.
Srs document for identity based secure distributed data storage schemesSahithi Naraparaju
This document provides a software requirements specification for an identity based secure distributed data storage scheme. It includes sections on introduction, overall description, system features, external interface requirements, and other non-functional requirements. The overall description provides an overview of the two proposed schemes - one that is secure against chosen plaintext attacks and another that is secure against chosen ciphertext attacks. It describes the user classes, operating environment, and design constraints. The system features section outlines the four main modules - data owner, proxy server, receiver, and data storage.
IRJET - Improving Password System using BlockchainIRJET Journal
This document proposes a blockchain-based system for storing usernames and passwords in an encrypted format to address the problems of password overload and security of third-party password managers. It describes how usernames and passwords would be stored immutably in the blockchain and retrieved when needed, improving on traditional methods by eliminating the risks of a third party database being hacked. The system aims to make password management more convenient and secure by leveraging the cryptography and decentralization of blockchain technology.
CHAPTER
7
Authentication and
Authorization
One of the most common ways to control access to computer systems is to
identify who is at the keyboard (and prove that identity), and then decide what
they are allowed to do. These twin controls, authentication and authorization,
respectively, ensure that authorized users get access to the appropriate
computing resources, while blocking access to unauthorized users.
Authentication is the means of verifying who a person (or process) is, while
authorization determines what they’re allowed to do. This should always be done
in accordance with the principle of least privilege—giving each person only the
amount of access they require to be effective in their job function, and no more.
Authentication
Authentication is the process by which people prove they are who they say they
are. It’s composed of two parts: a public statement of identity (usually in the form
of a username) combined with a private response to a challenge (such as
a password). The secret response to the authentication challenge can be based on
one or more factors—something you know (a secret word, number, or passphrase
for example), something you have (such as a smartcard, ID tag, or code
generator), or something you are (like a biometric factor like a fingerprint or
retinal print). A password by itself, which is a means of identifying yourself
through something only you should know (and today’s most common form of
challenge response), is an example of single-factor authentication. This is not
considered to be a strong authentication method, because a password can be
intercepted or stolen in a variety of ways—for example, passwords are frequently
written down or shared with others, they can be captured from the system or the
network, and they are often weak and easy to guess.
Imagine if you could only identify your friends by being handed a previously
agreed secret phrase on a piece of paper instead of by looking at them or hearing
their voice. How reliable would that be? This type of identification is often
portrayed in spy movies, where a secret agent uses a password to impersonate
someone the victim is supposed to meet but has never seen. This trick works
precisely because it is so fallible—the password is the only means of identifying
the individual. Passwords are just not a good way of authenticating someone.
Unfortunately, password-based authentication was the easiest type to implement
in the early days of computing, and the model has persisted to this day.
Other single-factor authentication methods are better than passwords. Tokens
and smart cards are better than passwords because they must be in the physical
possession of the user. Biometrics, which use a sensor or scanner to identify
unique features of individual body parts, are better than passwords because they
can’t be shared—the user must be present to log in. However, there are ways to
defeat these methods. Tokens and card ...
1. The document proposes a system for secure user authentication and access control for encrypted data stored in the cloud. It aims to address issues with centralized access control and storing data in plaintext.
2. The proposed system uses a key distribution center to generate public, private, and access keys for authentication at different levels. Data is encrypted before being fragmented and distributed across multiple servers.
3. Only authorized users with proper keys can decrypt the data. Access policies set by data creators restrict which users can access files. Storing encrypted and distributed data along with key-based authentication aims to improve security over existing cloud storage systems.
5 I N T R O D U C T I O N T O A E R O S P A C E T R A N S P O R T A T I O...guestac67362
This document contains an exam for the course "Introduction to Aerospace Transportation Systems". It consists of 8 questions related to various topics in aerospace engineering. Students must answer any 5 of the 8 questions. Each question is worth 16 or 8 marks, for a total exam mark of 80. The questions cover topics such as the Wright Flyer, aerodynamic forces, aircraft components, performance calculations, flight planning, airworthiness, heating systems, and avionics.
The document discusses the technology needs of future warriors. It describes a system using 4G networks to provide soldiers with enhanced communication, detection, guidance and monitoring abilities. Key features include an ad-hoc peer-to-peer mesh network for communication without fixed infrastructure, geo-location triangulation beyond GPS, security from jamming and capture, and IP networking. The system would provide ground guidance to avoid obstacles, detect and identify units beyond line of sight, transfer targeting data, and monitor soldier status and rescue injured soldiers. It proposes power-assisting exoskeletons and protective nanotechnology uniforms that are lightweight yet strong enough to withstand gunfire. Sensors would allow soldiers to control devices by voice and be monitored for health and
Bluetooth Technology Paper Presentationguestac67362
This document discusses Bluetooth technology. It describes how Bluetooth allows devices to connect wirelessly within a short range using radio waves. It can connect up to 8 devices in a piconet within a 10 meter radius. Data is transferred at rates up to 1 Mbps using frequency hopping across 79 channels to avoid interference. Bluetooth gets its name from the Viking king who united different regions in Scandinavia.
This document appears to be an exam for an Environmental Studies course, as it contains 8 questions on various topics in environmental science. The exam instructs students to answer any 5 of the 8 questions, which cover topics such as the definition and components of environmental studies, the impacts of agriculture and industry on the environment, characteristics of different ecosystem types, perspectives on nature's aesthetic value, sources and effects of marine pollution, watershed management techniques, population growth trends, and issues with solid waste disposal. Students are given 3 hours to complete 5 answers from this exam, which contains short- and long-form questions worth varying point values totaling a maximum of 80 points.
Bluetooth Technology In Wireless Communicationsguestac67362
Bluetooth technology allows for wireless communication without wires or cables between devices like computers, phones, and other electronics. It uses short-range radio links in the 2.4GHz spectrum. The document discusses the history and development of Bluetooth, its architecture including piconets and scatter nets, baseband protocols, and software protocols like L2CAP that allow different devices to communicate over Bluetooth connections. Industrial automation is highlighted as a major application of Bluetooth technology for wireless monitoring and control of machines in a factory.
The document discusses biochip technology which involves microprocessor chips that can be used in biology. It describes how biochips could potentially store a person's financial, medical, and identity information and be used to make payments, access medical records, and more. It proposes implementations of biochips with sensors to detect glucose, oxygen, and blood pressure levels. However, it notes that if biochips contained all of a person's electronic information, there could be security issues like theft where criminals extract chips from people. A solution is needed to address this potential problem. The document provides an overview of emerging biochip technology and applications as well as a security concern that would need to be resolved.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows short-range data transmission between electronic devices like computers, phones, and other peripherals. The document discusses Bluetooth's architecture and protocols which break down data into packets suitable for wireless transmission. It describes how Bluetooth devices connect and exchange data securely using encryption. Finally, it outlines Bluetooth's advantages like wireless connectivity for mobile devices and limitations like its short connection distance.
The document contains four sets of questions for a Biomedical Instrumentation exam. It covers various topics related to biomedical instrumentation including:
1. The different types of muscles and the central nervous system.
2. The functioning of the heart and heart-lung machines.
3. Principles of ECG isolation amplifiers, biomedical preamplifiers, ECG and EMG amplification requirements.
4. Biofeedback instrumentation, lead configurations in ECG, electrocardiographs, evoked potential systems, and common mode rejection ratios.
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- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
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Biometrics
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Presented by
Ratna Sudha.R
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CONTENTS
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1. Introduction
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2. Security and authentication
3. Methods of verification
a. Psychological verification
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i. Finger Print.
ii. Hand Print.
iii. Face Measurement.
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iv. Retinal Scanning.
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v. DNA Analysis.
b.Behavioral verification
i. Typing.
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ii. Signature.
iii. Voice.
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4. Identification.
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5. Verification.
6. Advantages
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7. Limitations
8. Conclusion.
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9. References
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Introduction
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Biometrics is an advanced technology for superb security and
authentication .The very term "biometric” it represent that "bio" means
related to the biological study and "metric " means something, which is
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related to measurement. In network environment security is a crucial factor.
Provide security to pages in the network is to difficulty. Password is not a
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good measurement for security. Good security mechanism is necessary on
the Internet. Security in different levels applies to various documents.
Security is depends how security assign to documents. Security depends on
following categories.
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1. Confidential
2. Secret
3. Non-secret
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4. Public
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Confidential pages over the network provide full security. No way to
tamper data in the page by third party. In this case biometrics are more
useful and no way to disturb the page contents. First of all store all data
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about biometrics in database after that tally with this data. If tally satisfies
with backend then provide access to the user. Collecting information is too
difficult and store in database also need more space.
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There are two security methodologies in Biometrics, they are
1.Token-based security:
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It relies on the users special item -token like card-id.
2.Secret based security:
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It relies on an individual secret id number like password.
Neither of the two can accurately determine whether the password
that posses a token nor knows some secret information of the individual it
represents. Tokens can be stolen and information can be guessed or
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fraudulently obtained.
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Biometric is a technology where the password for entry is you, which
identifies your psychological and behavioral characteristics.
Security and Authentication
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Web-Based Enterprise Management (WBEM) supports a limited form
of security for the Microsoft® Windows® 98 platform that involves
validating a user's logon for the local machine and for remote access. A
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validated user is granted access to the entire Common Information Model
(CIM) schema. WBEM does not secure system resources, such as individual
classes, instances, and namespaces. Security is limited because Windows 98
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is not a secure operating system and does not support file system or registry
security.
All security-related information is represented by instances of WBEM
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system classes located in the RootSecurity namespace. These classes and
instances can only appear in the RootSecurity namespace and must remain
there permanently.
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The WBEM Administrator application can be used to set permissions
for WBEM users. It is similar to the User Manager application supplied
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with Microsoft® Windows NT®.
In WBEM, all security accounts are referred to as subjects. There are
two types of subjects: user and group. Users are represented by instances of
the NTLMUser system class, which describes individual users. Groups are
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represented by instances of the NTLMGroup system class, which describes
multiple users. Both the NTLMUser and NTLMGroup classes derive
indirectly from the subject system class, an abstract class that is not
intended to be used for instantiation. More directly, NTLMUser derives
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from the generic User class and NTLMGroup derives from the generic
Group class.
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Permissions:
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Microsoft SQL Server uses permissions to enforce database security.
The SQL Server permissions system specifies which users are authorized to
use which Transact-SQL statements, views, and stored procedures. The
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ability to assign permissions is determined by each user's status (as SA,
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database owner, or database object owner). Permissions are set on database
users or groups, not on login IDs.
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Permission Hierarchy:
SQL Server's permissions system recognizes four types of users: the
SA, database owners, database object owners, and other users of the
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database.
The different types of users exist in a hierarchy (explained in the
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following sections and illustrated below).
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System Administrator
Database owners
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Database object owners
Database users
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Only the SA and database owners can grant statement permissions to
other users.
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Different Security Mechanisms:
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To help you understand the information presented in this chapter, we
begin by defining some security-related terms. This brief list of definitions
is not intended to serve as a comprehensive SQL Server glossary. It is
provided as a quick reference to help you understand some of the security
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elements discussed throughout this chapter. You may find it useful to refer
back to this list of security definitions as you read through this chapter and
through Chapter 9, "Managing Security."
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alias
An alias is a database username that is shared by several login IDs. A
database alias allows you to treat more than one person as the same user
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inside a database, giving all of them the same permissions. Any username in
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a database can also serve as an alias.
Aliases are often used so that several users can assume the role of
database owner.
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Database object owner
Database objects are tables, indexes, views, defaults, triggers, rules,
and procedures. The user who creates a database object is the database
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object owner and is automatically granted all permissions on it. The
database object owner can grant permission to other users to use that object.
Database object ownership cannot be transferred.
database owner
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The database owner (DBO) is the creator of a database. There is only
one DBO. The DBO has full privileges inside the database that he or she
owns, and determines the access and capabilities provided to other users.
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In his or her own database, the user is recognized as DBO; in other
databases, the database owner is known by his or her database username.
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DBO status can be reassigned to a different user. Only one login ID
can be DBO, although other login IDs can be aliased to DBO.
domain
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In Windows NT security, a domain is a collection of computers that
are grouped for viewing and administrative purposes, and that share a
common security database.
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group
In SQL Server, a database group is a collection of database users. The
users receive the database permissions granted to the group. Using groups
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simplifies management of a large number of database users, because groups
provide a convenient way to grant and revoke permissions to more than one
user at the same time.
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In Windows NT, a group is a collection of Windows NT users. The
users received the Windows NT rights and permissions granted to the group.
Groups provide a convenient way to manage the capabilities of a large
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number of users with similar needs, within the security scope of a domain or
a computer. tyo
integrated security
Integrated security allows a SQL Server to use Windows NT
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authentication mechanisms to validate logins for all connections. Only
trusted (multi-protocol or named pipes) connections are allowed.
login ID
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A login ID is a name by which a user is known to SQL Server. Login
IDs are also referred to as logins.
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To log in to a SQL Server that is running standard security, a user
must provide a valid login ID and password.
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login security mode
The login security mode determines the manner in which a SQL
Server validates a login request. There are three types of login security:
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integrated, standard, and mixed.
mixed security
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Mixed security allows login requests to be validated using either
integrated or standard security. Trusted connections (as used by integrated
security) and nontrusted connections (as used by standard security) can be
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established.
object permissions
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Object permissions regulate the use of certain statements on certain
database objects. They are granted and revoked by the owner of the object.
permissions
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Microsoft SQL Server uses permissions to enforce database security.
The SQL Server permissions system specifies which users are authorized to
use which Transact-SQL statements, views, and stored procedures. The
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ability to assign permissions is determined by each user's status (as SA,
database owner, or database object owner).
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There are two types: object permissions and statement permissions.
standard security
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Standard security uses SQL Server's own login validation process for
all connections. To log in to a SQL Server, each user must provide a valid
login ID and password.
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statement permissions
Statement permissions provide the privilege to issue certain Transact-
SQL statements. Statement permissions are not object-specific. They can be
granted only by the SA or the database owner.
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Statement permissions apply to these statements: CREATE
DATABASE, CREATE DEFAULT, CREATE PROCEDURE, CREATE
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RULE, CREATE TABLE, CREATE VIEW, DUMP DATABASE, and
DUMP TRANSACTION.
Statement permissions are also called command permissions.
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system administrator
The system administrator (SA) is the person responsible for the
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administrative and operational functions that are independent of any
particular application, and is likely to be a person with a comprehensive
overview of SQL Server and all its applications.
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Administering SQL Server typically includes such tasks as installing
SQL Server; configuring servers and clients; managing and monitoring the
use of disk space, memory, and connections; creating devices and databases;
authorizing SQL Server users and granting them permissions; transferring
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data in and out of SQL Server databases; backing up and restoring
databases; implementing and maintaining replication; scheduling
unattended operations; monitoring and tuning SQL Server performance; and
diagnosing system problems. The system administrator may also advise
application designers about the data that already exists on SQL Server,
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make recommendations about standardizing data definitions across
applications, and so on.
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The system administrator operates outside the protection system,
which means that SQL Server does no permission checking for the system
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administrator. The system administrator is also treated as the owner of
whatever database he or she is using. Anyone who knows the SA password
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can log in and act as system administrator (unless the server is running in
Integrated login security mode).
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trusted connections
Integrated security requires network protocols that support
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authenticated connections between clients and servers. These are referred to
as trusted connections. The multi-protocol and named pipe protocols
provide trusted connections.
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Note that nontrusted connections (connections over other network
protocols that do not support authenticated connections) must be handled by
using SQL Server standard security. tyo
username
In SQL Server, a database username is a name assigned to a login ID
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for the purpose of allowing a user to have access to a database. The abilities
a user has within a database depend on the permissions granted to the
username (and to any groups the username is a member of).
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In Windows NT, a username is the name by which the user is known
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to the domain, or to an individual Windows NT computer. A user logs on to
a domain or computer by providing a valid username and password. The
abilities of the user depend on the Windows NT rights and permissions
granted to that username and to any Windows NT groups the username is a
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member of.
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Method of Verification
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1.PSYCHOLOGICAL VERIFICATION
Psychological Verification involves in the verification of the
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organs of the human being, which will have unique identification and does
not match with others.
I. Fingerprint.
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There are five types of verifications. These are:
II. Handprint.
III. Face measurement.
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IV. Retinal scans.
V. DNA analysis.
I. Finger print: It involves the user placing his finger over a glass-plate,
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which resides over a high-resolution camera, which uses optical or
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electromagnetic means to take its snapshot. The software analysis your
finger for pattern such as loops, worls and arches.
Advantages:
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a. This technology is neither too expensive nor does it require
extensive user training.
b. It also simple to implement.
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c. Finger print system has FAR<0.5%
d. It is oldest known technique that is still used in criminal records
and forensic.
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Imagine the number if unique finger prints that might need to be
stored and then accessed in a database. This necessities the use of easier
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indexing and matching.
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In US super market, customers give their credit card information and
other personal details to store and tie it with their fingerprint data. The next
time, he can pay for purchases without a fingerprint.
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Disadvantages:
1.Any injures of fingers effect more.
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II. Hand print:
It compares a 3D image of the users hand to that present in the system
database. It is somewhat similar to finger print verification.
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Advantage:
a. Accuracy is better than fingerprint.
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b. Cheap and easy to deploy.
Disadvantage:
a. Complex in usage.
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b. Implementation is expensive.
c. Any damages to hand effect more.
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III. Face measurement:
Measuring this is as simple as taking a picture and analyzing the
image from a security video capture. This technique enables the computer to
use your face as your password and matching these to an existing database.
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Advantage:
a. Most continents at public places.
b. Less expensive.
Disadvantage:
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a. Inaccurate is affected by changes in lighting, age, and
movement, glass.
b. Face creams also effect the measurements.
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IV. Retinal scans:
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It involves imaging of the blood vessels in the retina of the eye when
infrared light of a certain frequency and wavelength is incident upon it.this
energy is absorbed by the blood vessels is different in different individuals.
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The retinal iris patterns are unique to individuals than any biometric
yet devised.
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The retina is an internal part of the eye located at the back of the eye
and is get of thin nerve which sense the light coming through a camera,
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pupil, eye lenses.
The pattern of blood vessels which makeup retina are unique to each
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individual i.e., <1.2 inch.
Advantage:
a. Accurate with no false match in 2 million people.
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b. It s sophisticated process.
Disadvantages:
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c. Expensive, difficult to deploy and use.
d. Focus of light effect measurements.
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V. DNA Analysis:
It involves in checking the DNA pattern of a human used when
physical characteristics are unrecognizable. It is used to identify people,
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who are died, to find out the relationship like identifying Childs natural
parents.
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This is one Biometric that is judicially accepted. No human have
identified DNA patterns except in twins.
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Advantages:
a. DNA samples can be collected from toothbrush, clothes.
Disadvantages:
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e. DNA testing takes longer time than other methods.
f. Twins have same DNA.
g. Researchers produce same DNA.
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2.BEHAVOURAL VERIFICATION
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This involves in oral thing done by the individual. There are 3 types
of behavioral verifications,
1. Typing
2. Signature
3. Voice
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1. Typing:
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Some systems measure things you do in addition to the things you
are, you will notice that your typing has a certain pattern. Some letters
follow others in quick succession, while others take longer.
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Software called Bio password is available for less than $100.It
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integrates with Windows 2000.Windows NT.Login to provide this
authentication without the need for any additional software. This measure is
a behavioral characteristic of a person.
2. Signature:
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Some qualities looked into include acceleration rates, direction, and
pressure and stroke length. Here mainly concentrate on pressures. This
pressures stored in back end for future significations.
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Disadvantages:
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a. The disadvantage with the technology lies in the randomness or the
consistency with which a user makes his signature. If pressures are not tally
with stored pressure in the database.
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3. Voice:
It involves in the recognition of the voice of the individual.
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Advantages:
1) It is inexpensive.
2) It also works through telephone.
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3) Some person mimicry with other person voices.
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Disadvantages:
a. One can mimic the voice of the individual.
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Biometric does not guarantee security. It simply offers ore convenient
and reliable means of identification and authentication.
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Mixed form Biometrics
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Some times use more than one form biometrics. This mixed form
provide more security. Here combine more than one type. Even 80% equals
with database then access provide to user.
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Identification
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It is a process of recognition and involves taking the biometric data and
searching for the match in the database asking it a slow process that it is
more prone to errors.
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Authentication:
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It involves confirming your identity and the biometric systems have
to match your data with only one, single record.
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Depending on the technique used, Biometric have varying levels of
accuracy .The system might let you pass in one attempt on Monday and
require five on Tuesday.
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The accuracy of any biometric system is measured in terms of FAR
and FRR.
FAR (False Acceptance Rates): tyo
Where an imposer is accepted as a match. It is a probability of falsely
accepting a metric as a match.
FRR (False Rejection Rates):
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Where a legal match is denied. Where the system sails to recognize an
authentic Bio-signature.
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As FRR increases, the FAR goes down and vice versa.
Almost all biometric systems can be adjusted to varying levels of strictness
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to create a variation in FAR and FRR. For a system to be successful, both
have to be with in acceptable low limits.
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Advantages
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It provide good security mechanism than all other security methods
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It never fails in security constraints.
In public locations such as banks and airports a large number of
people transit every day including known criminals. Face recognition
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systems attached to video surveillance systems are supposed to help
catch them.
A professor recently published his techniques for fooling finger print
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scanners. He found that Optical finger print scanners can be fooled by
silicon rubber. However electro magnetic scanners would reject those,
because electrical characteristics are different from that of a live
finger.
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Limitations
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It needs high memory space in the back end.
Collect data for security is difficult
Some times fails the security with right users
Any time data loose in database high effect for security mechanism.
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So many equipments are needed for provide this technology.
It highly expensive
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Conclusion
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Security is not just about putting big locks on the front door; it
also involves making sure all the windows are shut. Each one can be
individually fooled, but the comparison makes the system more secure as a
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whole. Biometrics are have its own advantages and disadvantages. It high
expensive but it provide good security. Money is not important than
security. It is more useful for confidential maters.
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References
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http://Biometrics.com
http://whitepapers.com tyo
http://www.milesresearch.com
http://microsoft/biometrics.com
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IT Magazines
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