biofertilizers : Good for nature and good for yousaumya pandey
Biofertilizer are produced from living microorganism which, when applied to seed or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere and promotes growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
biofertilizers : Good for nature and good for yousaumya pandey
Biofertilizer are produced from living microorganism which, when applied to seed or soil, colonizes the rhizosphere and promotes growth by increasing the supply of primary nutrients to the host plant.
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Biofertilizer, What Is A Bioformulation, Vital Qualities Of Bioformulation And Carrier Agents, Types Of Bioformulations ( Soild, Liquid And Polymer Entrapped Bioformulations), Pros And Cons And References Respectively.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant.
Quality control and constraints in biofertilizer production technologyVENKATESH AGRI
Biofertilizers or microbial inoculants are the carrier-based preparations containing sufficient number of microorganisms in a viable state inoculated to soil or seed to augment the nutrient availability to plant by enhancing the growth and proliferation of microorganisms.
Entamopathogenic Fungi as Biocontrol Agents - A Special Focus on Beauveria ba...Vigneshwaran Vellingiri
This slide is about the entomopathogenic fungus which is a fungus that can act as a parasite of insects and kills or seriously disables them. Since they are considered natural mortality agents and environmentally safe, there is worldwide interest in the use and manipulation of entomopathogenic fungi for biological control of insects and other arthropod pests.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
Biofertilizers definition, classification, bacterial biofertilizers, mass production of bacterial biofertilizers, prospects and constraints of biofertilizers production in hilly regions of Indian states. Liquid biofertilizers and its uses and advatages
This Presentation Deals With What Is A Biofertilizer, What Is A Bioformulation, Vital Qualities Of Bioformulation And Carrier Agents, Types Of Bioformulations ( Soild, Liquid And Polymer Entrapped Bioformulations), Pros And Cons And References Respectively.
It is a biofertilizer that contains symbiotic Rhizobium bacteria which is the most important nitrogen-fixing organism. These organisms have the ability to drive atmospheric Nitrogen and provide it to plants. It is recommended for crops such as Groundnut, Soybean, Red-gram, Green-gram, Black-gram, Lentil, Cowpea, Bengal-gram and Fodder legumes, etc.
Liquid biofertilizers are suspensions having agriculturally useful microorganisms, which fix atmospheric nitrogen and solubilize insoluble phosphates and make it available for the plant.
BIOFERTILIZER - PRODUCTION AND APPLICATIONSANUGYA JAISWAL
The document contains-
1.) Introduction
2.) Microorganism involve
3.) Production process
4.) Carrier material
5.) preparation to inoculant packet
6.) Polythene bags specification
7.) Application
Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria and mycorrhiza, have been incorporated in India's Fertilizer Control Order (FCO), 1985. Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum and blue green algae(BGA) or cyanobacteria have been traditionally used as Biofertilizers.
Bio-Elite organic fertilizer is a fully sustainable replacement for common NPK fertilizers. It offers an opportunity to make productive use of organic waste materials from MSW, agriculture and forestry as well as animal manure without the usual difficulties associated with direct use in the fields. the technology
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
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2. The term biofertilizer refers to preparation containing live
microbes which helps in enhancing the soil fertility either by
fixing atmospheric nitrogen, solubilization of phosphorus or
decomposing organic wastes or by augmenting plant growth by
producing growth hormones with their biological activities.
BiofertilizersBiofertilizers
Bacteria in root surfaceBacteria in root surface Bacteria in root surfaceBacteria in root surface Legume inoculationLegume inoculationRhizobium BacteriaRhizobium Bacteria
3. The role of biofertilizers assumes special
significance due to increased cost of
chemical fertilizers and their ill effects on
soil health
Legume root nodulesLegume root nodules
Rhizobium bacteria
inside nodule
Rhizobium bacteria
inside nodule
Biofertilizer concept goes back as early
as 300 BC when our ancestors realized
the importance of legume crops bearing
nodules.
The perspective of biofertilizer came into
existence through discovery of many
organisms capable of nitrogen fixation, P-
solubilization, P. mobilization, potash
solubilization and micronutrient
transformation in the soil.
Concept
4. Advantages of Biofertilizers
Renewable source of nutrients
Sustain soil health
Supplement chemical fertilizers.
Replace 25-30% chemical fertilizers
Increase the grain yields by 10-40%.
Decompose plant residues, and stabilize C:N ratio of soil
Improve texture, structure and water holding capacity of soil
No adverse effect on plant growth and soil fertility.
Stimulates plant growth by secreting growth hormones.
Secrete fungistatic and antibiotic like substances
Solubilize and mobilize nutrients
Eco-friendly, non-pollutants and cost effective method
5. Types of Biofertilizer Organisms
RHIZOBIUM
AZOSPIRILLUM
VA-MYCORRHIZA
BLUE GREEN ALGAE
AZOTOBACTER
PSB
6. Biofertilizers
covered under FCO
Other Biofertilizers not covered
in FCO
Rhizobium
Azotobacter
Azospirillum
PSB
Mycorrhiza
Acetobacter
Fraturia aurantia
Pseudomonas as PGPR
Mixed cultures
Effective microorganisms
15. Biofertilizer
Carrier based Liquid based
Advantages
•Cheap
•Easier to produce
•Less investment
Disadvantages
•Low shelf life
•Temperature sensitive
•Contamination prone
•Low cell count
•Less effective
•Automation difficult
Advantages
•Longer shelf life
•Easier to produce
•Temperature tolerant
•High cell count
•Contamination free
•More effective
Disadvantages
•High cost
•Higher investment for
production unit
16. • The production technology of bacterial biofertilizers
can be summarized in the following steps
Selection of strain
Preparation of Broth culture
Preparation and sterilization of liquid
medium in conical flasks
Preparation of primary inoculum (Mother
culture)
Quality test of primary inoculum
Inoculation of broth with primary inoculum
(Mother inoculum)
Shaking with incubation
Quality test of broth culture
17. Blending of broth culture with carrier and curing
Blending of broth culture with carrier material
Curing of blended formulation at 28-30ºC
Packing and storage of inoculants
Packing of final product
Storage at low temperature
Sampling and quality test of final product
pH
Moisture percentage
Total viable cell count per gram of carrier
Percentage of contamination
22. N-Biofertilizers can provide 25-30% of chemical fertilizer
equivalent N
PSB biofertilizer can provide 12-20 kg P2O5/ha/season
Mycorrhiza can provide adequate, P, other micro
nutrients and help in increased water absorption
Mixed biofertilizer give better impact
Keep soils biologically active
Help in soil health maintenance
23. Biofertilizer/ crop Quantity
required
lit/ha
Cost of
application
(Rs/ha)
Amount of nutrient
mobilized kg/ha
Rhizobium in legumes 0.2-1.0 lit 40 - 200 25 – 35 kg N
Azotobacter/
Azospirillum in non-
legumes
0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 20 - 25 kg N
Azoto+Azosp+PSB 0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 20 kg N + 12 kg P
Mixed inoculants 0.5 – 2.0 lit 80 - 400 25 kg N +15 kg P
Mycorrhiza 2.00 – 5.00
kg
200-500 20-25 kg P +
micronutrients+
moisture
24. (i) Base Carrier based* in form of moist/dry
powder or granules, or liquid based
(ii) Viable cell count CFU minimum 5x107
cell/g of powder,
granules or carrier material or 1x108
cell/ml of liquid.
(iii) Contamination level No contamination at 105
dilution
(iv) pH 6.5-7.5
(v) Particles size in case of carrier
based material.
All material shall pass through 0.15-
0.212mm IS sieve
(vi) Moisture percent by weight,
maximum in case of carrier
based.
30-40%
25. S.
No.
Parameter Specification requirement
(vii) Efficiency character
a.For Rhizobium
b.For Azotobacter
c.For Azospirillum
a.For PSB
Should show effective nodulation on all the species
listed on the packet.
The strain should be capable of fixing at least 10 mg
of nitrogen per g of sucrose consumed
Formation of white pellicle in semisolid N-free
bromothymol blue media
The strain should have phosphate solubilizing
capacity in the range of minimum 30%, when tested
spectrophotometrically. In terms of zone formation,
minimum 5mm solubilization zone in prescribed
media having at least 3mm thickness
Sources : NCOF (2011)Sources : NCOF (2011)
26. i. Form/base Fine Powder/ tablets/ granules/ root
biomass mixed with growing
substrate
ii. Particle size for carrier
based powder formulations
90% should pass through 250
micron IS sieve (60 BSS)
iii. Moisture content percent
maximum
8 -12
iv. pH 6.0 to 7.5
v. Total viable propagules/ gm
of product, minimum
100 /gm of finished product
V. Infectivity potential 80 infection points in test roots/gm
of mycorrhizal inoculum used
27. Above Six states account for 86% of total
Biofertilizer production in the country
Sources : NCOF (2011)Sources : NCOF (2011)
28. Poor Acceptability among farmers may be attributed to:
1. Inconsistent responses
2. Poor quality of carrier based products
3. Sensitivity to temperature and short shelf
life
4. Non-compatibility with chemical seed
dressers/ fertilizers
5. Poor organic carbon in soils
6. Dependence for supply on Government
system
29. Poor quality unsterile carrier is biggest
constraint
Replace lignite/ charcoal with other carriers having high
moisture potential
Such as Exfoliated vermiculite, ppt grade silica, Quartz or inert
mineral powder enriched with synthetic water holding gels.
All carriers must be sterilized and
Product handling process must be automatic
Product must be free from contamination
30. Efforts needed to replace existing carrier based
system to liquid system as it is:
a. Easier to produce
b. 100% automation possible
c. Product can be 100% sterile
d. Offer higher shelf life, higher cell count
e. Temperature tolerant
f. Easy to apply through mechanical means
Sources : NCOF (2011)Sources : NCOF (2011)
31. Efficiency of biofertilizers depend on organic carbon in soil
a. Use both as seed treatment and soil
treatment
b. For soil treatment mix with compost
c. PSB to be used as soil treatment with
compost
d. Mixed application of biofertilizers to be
promoted
32. Use of multiple inoculants have proved
beneficial over single inoculants
Many producers have launched mixed liquid
inoculants having Azotobacter, Azospirillum
and PSB.
States can promote use of mixed inoculants
