Historical background, Types of electric vehicles, Types of battery, Electric motors of EV’s, Benefits, Drawbacks

1. AN OVERVIEW OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
PRESENT BY
BHAGAVATHY P

2. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• Historical background
• Types of electric vehicles
• Types of battery
• Power electronics controller
• Electric motors of EV’s
• Benefits
• Drawbacks
• Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION
• The large number of automobiles in use around the world has caused and continues to
cause serious problems of environment and human life. Air pollution, global warming,
and the rapid depletion of the earth’s petroleum resources are now serious problems.
• Evolution of E-mobility.
• Electric motors give electric cars instant torque, creating strong and smooth acceleration.

4. WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CAR ?

5. WHAT IS AN ELECTRIC CAR ?
• Electric Car propelled by Electric Motors and uses electrical energy sored in batteries.
• Unlike vehicles with combustion engines, electric vehicles do not produce exhaust gases
during operation. This alone makes electric vehicles more environmentally friendly than
vehicles with conventional technology.
• However, the electrical energy for charging the vehicle does have to be produced from
renewable sources, e.g. from wind, solar, hydroelectric or biogas power plants. By
combining different drive types, the overall efficiency of the vehicle can be improved and
fuel consumption can be reduced.

6. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

7. FIRST ELECTRIC CAR IN 1884 BY THOMAS
PARKER, PHOTOGRAPH ON 1895.

8. EDISON AND AN ELECTRIC CAR IN 1913

9. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
• Thomas Parker in 1888 invented the world’s first electric car.
• The energy crisis of 1970s and 1980s brought a renewed interest in electric vehicles.
• Electric cars were prevalent in early 21th century, when electricity was preferred in
automobile propulsion.
• Further the global economic recession of late 2000s called to abandon the fuel inefficient
SUVs, in favor of small cars, hybrid cars and electric cars.

10. HOW ELECTRIC CAR BEGAN TO LOSE ITS
POSITION INTHE AUTOMOBILE MARKET

11. HOW DOES IT WORK?

12. HOW DOES IT WORK?
• When the pedal is pushed;
1. The controller gathers energy from the battery,
2. Controller delivers the appropriate amount of
electrical energy to the motor.
3. Electric energy transforms to mechanical energy.
4. Wheels turn, vehicle moves.

13. TYPES OF EV

14. BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE (BEV)
• A BEV runs entirely on a battery and electric drive train, without an internal combustion
engine. It is powered by electricity from an external source, usually the public power grid.
This electricity is stored in onboard batteries that turn the vehicle’s wheels using one or
more electric motors.

17. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV)
• An HEV has two complementary drive systems - a gasoline engine and fuel tank, and an
electric motor, battery and controls. The engine and the motor can simultaneously turn
the transmission, which powers the wheels.
• Where the HEV differs from the above two types of electric vehicles (BEV and PHEV) is
that HEVs cannot be recharged from the power grid.
• Their energy comes entirely from gasoline and regenerative braking.
• HEVs have an advantage over BEVs because consumers are already comfortable with
gas- or diesel-fuelled vehicles.

18. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE (HEV)

19. TOYOTA CAMRY HYBRID

20. PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
• PHEVs can recharge the battery through both regenerative braking and ‘plugging-in’ to an
external electrical charging outlet.

21. PLUG IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
TOYOTA PRIUS

23. HOW ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PLAYS A MAJOR
ROLE IN E-VEHICLE ?

24. MAJOR PARTS OF E-VEHICLE

25. BATTERY
• One of the key elements of any electric vehicle is its battery.
• Energy density is a measure of how much energy a battery can hold. The higher the
energy density, the longer it will last before needing to be recharged.
• Power is the rate at which energy is used. Power density is a measure of how much power
a battery can deliver on demand; that is, how quickly it can release its energy (and
conversely, how quickly it can be recharged).

26. TYPES OF BATTERY
• Lead Acid
• Nickel-Metal-Hydride
• Lithium-ion (Li-ion)
• Lithium Polymer (Li-poly)
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP)

27. SOME IMPORTANT BATTERY TERMS
• Capacity – The total Amp-hours (Amp-hr) available when the battery is discharged at a
specific current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC.
• State of charge (SOC) – Battery capacity, expressed as a percentage of maximum
capacity.
• Depth of Discharge (DOD) – The percentage of battery capacity that has been
discharged.
• Energy – The total Watt-hours (Wh) available when the battery is discharged at a specific
current (specified as a C-rate) from 100% SOC.

28. POWER ELECTRONICS CONTROLLER:
• This unit manages the flow of electrical energy delivered by the traction battery,
controlling the speed of the electric traction motor and the torque it produces.
• DC to DC converter is a category of power converters and it is an electric circuit which
converts a source of direct current (DC) from one voltage level to another.
• DC/DC converters can be designed to transfer power in only one direction, from the input
to the output. However, almost all DC/DC converter topologies can be made bi-
directional. A bi-directional converter can move power in either direction, which is useful
in applications requiring regenerative braking.

29. NON-ISOLATED CONVERTERS
• There are five main types of converter in this non-isolated group, usually called the buck,
boost, buck-boost, Cuk and charge-pump converters.

30. ISOLATED CONVERTER
• There are many types of converters in this group such as Half-Bridge, Full-Bridge, Fly-
back, Forward and Push-Pull DC/DC converters.

31. SPECIFIC ELECTRIC MOTORS FOR EV’S

32. MOTORS USED IN E-VECHILE
• Brushless DC Motor
• Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM)
• AC Induction Motors
• Switched Reluctance Motors (SRM)

33. BRUSHLESS DC MOTORS
• It is similar to DC motors with Permanent Magnets.
• It is called brushless because it does not have the commutator and brush arrangement. The
commutation is done electronically in this motor because of this BLDC motors are
maintenance free.
• BLDC motors have traction characteristics like high starting torque, high efficiency
around 95-98%, etc.
• BLDC motors are suitable for high power density design approach.

34. OUT-RUNNER TYPE BLDC MOTOR:
• In this type, the rotor of the motor is present outside and the stator is present inside. It is
also called as Hub motors because the wheel is directly connected to the exterior rotor.
This type of motors does not require external gear system.

35. IN-RUNNER TYPE BLDC MOTOR:
• In this type, the rotor of the motor is present inside and the stator is outside like
conventional motors. These motor require an external transmission system to transfer the
power to the wheels, because of this the out-runner configuration is little bulky when
compared to the in-runner configuration.

36. BENEFITS
• Drive motors run quieter than internal-combustion engines. The noise emissions from
electric vehicles is very low. At high speeds, the rolling noise from the tires is the loudest
sound.
• Electric vehicles produce no harmful emissions or greenhouse gases while driving. If the
high-voltage battery is charged from renewable energy sources, an electric vehicle can
be run CO2-free.
• In the near future, if particularly badly congested town centers are turned into zero-
emissions zones, we will only be able to drive through them with high-voltage vehicles.

37. BENEFITS
• The electric drive motor is very robust and requires little maintenance. It is only subject to
minor mechanical wear.
• Electric drive motors have excellent torque and output characteristics. They develop
maximum torque from standstill. This allows an electric vehicle to accelerate considerably
faster than a vehicle with an internal combustion engine producing the same output.

38. DRAWBACKS
• Electric vehicles have a limited range due to battery size and construction.
• Charging a high voltage battery can take a long time, depending on the battery charge
and power source.
• The network of electric charging stations is sparse.
• If the destination is beyond the range of the electric vehicle, the driver will need to plan
the journey.
• “Where can I charge my electric vehicle on the road?”

39. CONCLUSION
• With this, we come to following facts that number of expected vehicles doubling on the
roads in the near future the need for this alternative energy is very evident and has
promising returns.
• Important to produce vehicles that do less, have a longer range, and use less energy.
Lower our toxic emissions and localize green house effects.
• Increase the overall energy efficiency of cars.

40. YOUR QUERIES PLEASE!!!!