IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
Design of Hybrid Solar Wind Energy System in a Microgrid with MPPT Techniques IJECEIAES
DC Microgrid is one feasible and effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources as well as to supply electricity. This paper proposes a DC microgrid with enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques for wind and solar energy systems. In this paper, the PV system power generation is enhanced by introducing a two-model MPPT technique that combines incremental conductance and constant voltage MPPT algorithms. Also, for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with pitch angle controlling technique, an Optimal Power Control MPPT technique is added. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique is introduced on grid side converter to improve the supply to the grid. The performance of proposed system is analyzed and the efficiency obtained with these methods is enhanced as compared with the previous methods.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for Photovoltaic SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this study, a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) based maximum power point tracking strategy has been applied for photovoltaic (PV) system. The key idea of the proposed technique is to combine the performances of the fuzzy logic and the sliding mode control in order to improve the generated power for a given set of climatic conditions. Different from traditional sliding mode control, the developed FSMC integrates two parts. The first part uses a fuzzy logic controller with two inputs and 25 rules as an equivalent controller while the second part is designed for an online adjusting of the switching controller’s gain using a fuzzy tuner with one input and one output. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach achieving maximum power point. The fuzzy sliding mode (FSM) controller takes less time to track the maximum power point, reduced the oscillation around the operating point and also removed the chattering phenomena that could lead to decrease the efficiency of the photovoltaic system.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion System Interconnected with ...idescitation
The global electrical energy consumption is steadily rising and consequently there
is a demand to increase the power generation capacity. A significant percentage of the
required capacity increase can be based on renewable energy sources.The integration of
Distributed Generations into grid has a great importance in improving system reliability.
The power generation with renewable energy sources is essential in now-a-days to control
the atmospheric pollution and global warming. To get fast tracking for maximum power, it
is preferable to use incremental conductance method. MPPT control for variable speed
wind turbine is driven by Induction Generator. The wind turbine generator is operated
such that the rotor speed varies according to wind speed to adjust the duty cycle of power
inverter and maximizes wind energy conversion system efficiency. The system includes the
wind turbine, induction generator, three phase rectifier, DC link voltage controller, three
phase inverter. In this paper, modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system
(WECS) with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is
presented. This WECS is connected to electric utility to measure the performance. In this
paper, the objective such as optimal location and sizing of DG units are studied to check the
system performance in reducing the power losses, increase in voltage profile and reliability.
For analyzing the performance of WECS, a case study is carried out on IEEE 15 bus radial
distribution system. The case studies shows that there is gradual improvement in voltage
profile, reduction in power losses and variation in reliability indices and results were
simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results shown in this paper can contribute well
to electrical utilities with radial distribution systems.
Comparative study and implementation of incremental conductance method and pe...eSAT Journals
Abstract Maximum Power Point techniques (MPPT) of Photovoltaic array are used to continuously deliver highest possible power to the load when variation in solar irradiation and temperature occur. This is achieved by many algorithms such as perturbs and observer method, incremental conductance method, constant voltage method, fuzzy logic method, neural network etc. A DC/DC converter (boost, buck, Cuk) serves the purpose of transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. In this project we compared perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method with DC-DC Buck converter by implementing hardware using Arduino Duemilanove as a prototype board. Key Words: MPPT, buck converter, solar voltage and current sensing, Incremental conductance method (INC), Perturb and Observe method, Matlab real time graph, and Arduino Duemilanove, Lead acid battery.
Electric Vehicle as an Energy Storage for Grid Connected Solar Power SystemIAES-IJPEDS
In the past few years the growing demand for electricity and serious concern
for the environment have given rise to the growth of sustainable sources like
wind, solar, tidal, biomass etc. The technological advancement in power
electronics has led to the extensive usage of solar power. Solar power output
varies with the weather conditions and under shading conditions. With the
increasing concerns of the impacts of the high penetration of Photovoltaic
(PV) systems, a technical study about their effects on the power quality of
the utility grid is required. This paper investigates the functioning of a gridtied
PV system along with maximum power point tracking (MPPT)
algorithm. The effects of varying atmospheric conditions like solar irradiance
and temperature are also taken into account. It is proposed in this work that
an Electric Vehicle (EV) can be used as an energy storage to stabilize the
power supplied to the grid from the photovoltaic resources. A coordinated
control is necessary for the EV to obtain desired outcome. The modeling of
the PV and EV system is carried out in PSCAD and the proposed idea is
verified through simulation results utilizing real field data for solar irradiance
and temperature.
Design of Hybrid Solar Wind Energy System in a Microgrid with MPPT Techniques IJECEIAES
DC Microgrid is one feasible and effective solution to integrate renewable energy sources as well as to supply electricity. This paper proposes a DC microgrid with enhanced Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques for wind and solar energy systems. In this paper, the PV system power generation is enhanced by introducing a two-model MPPT technique that combines incremental conductance and constant voltage MPPT algorithms. Also, for the Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with pitch angle controlling technique, an Optimal Power Control MPPT technique is added. The Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation technique is introduced on grid side converter to improve the supply to the grid. The performance of proposed system is analyzed and the efficiency obtained with these methods is enhanced as compared with the previous methods.
Fuzzy Sliding Mode Control for Photovoltaic SystemIJPEDS-IAES
In this study, a fuzzy sliding mode control (FSMC) based maximum power point tracking strategy has been applied for photovoltaic (PV) system. The key idea of the proposed technique is to combine the performances of the fuzzy logic and the sliding mode control in order to improve the generated power for a given set of climatic conditions. Different from traditional sliding mode control, the developed FSMC integrates two parts. The first part uses a fuzzy logic controller with two inputs and 25 rules as an equivalent controller while the second part is designed for an online adjusting of the switching controller’s gain using a fuzzy tuner with one input and one output. Simulation results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach achieving maximum power point. The fuzzy sliding mode (FSM) controller takes less time to track the maximum power point, reduced the oscillation around the operating point and also removed the chattering phenomena that could lead to decrease the efficiency of the photovoltaic system.
Electricity is a major source of energy for fast growing population and the use of nonrenewable source is harmful for our environment. This reason belongs to devastating of environment, so it is required to take immediate action to solve these problems which result the solar energy development. Production of a solar energy can be maximizing if we use solar follower. The major part of solar panels is microcontroller with arrangement of LDR sensor is used to follow the sun, where the sensors is less efficient to track the sun because of the low sensitivity of LDR. We are proposing a method to track sun more effetely with the help of both LDR sensors and image processing. This type of mechanism can track sun with the help of image processing software which combines both result of sensors and processed sun image to control the solar panel. The combination of both software and hardware can control thousands of solar panels in solar power plants.
Modeling and Simulation of Wind Energy Conversion System Interconnected with ...idescitation
The global electrical energy consumption is steadily rising and consequently there
is a demand to increase the power generation capacity. A significant percentage of the
required capacity increase can be based on renewable energy sources.The integration of
Distributed Generations into grid has a great importance in improving system reliability.
The power generation with renewable energy sources is essential in now-a-days to control
the atmospheric pollution and global warming. To get fast tracking for maximum power, it
is preferable to use incremental conductance method. MPPT control for variable speed
wind turbine is driven by Induction Generator. The wind turbine generator is operated
such that the rotor speed varies according to wind speed to adjust the duty cycle of power
inverter and maximizes wind energy conversion system efficiency. The system includes the
wind turbine, induction generator, three phase rectifier, DC link voltage controller, three
phase inverter. In this paper, modeling and simulation of wind energy conversion system
(WECS) with incremental conductance maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is
presented. This WECS is connected to electric utility to measure the performance. In this
paper, the objective such as optimal location and sizing of DG units are studied to check the
system performance in reducing the power losses, increase in voltage profile and reliability.
For analyzing the performance of WECS, a case study is carried out on IEEE 15 bus radial
distribution system. The case studies shows that there is gradual improvement in voltage
profile, reduction in power losses and variation in reliability indices and results were
simulated in the MATLAB/SIMULINK. The results shown in this paper can contribute well
to electrical utilities with radial distribution systems.
Comparative study and implementation of incremental conductance method and pe...eSAT Journals
Abstract Maximum Power Point techniques (MPPT) of Photovoltaic array are used to continuously deliver highest possible power to the load when variation in solar irradiation and temperature occur. This is achieved by many algorithms such as perturbs and observer method, incremental conductance method, constant voltage method, fuzzy logic method, neural network etc. A DC/DC converter (boost, buck, Cuk) serves the purpose of transferring maximum power from the solar PV module to the load. In this project we compared perturb and observe method and incremental conductance method with DC-DC Buck converter by implementing hardware using Arduino Duemilanove as a prototype board. Key Words: MPPT, buck converter, solar voltage and current sensing, Incremental conductance method (INC), Perturb and Observe method, Matlab real time graph, and Arduino Duemilanove, Lead acid battery.
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...Yayah Zakaria
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence,
multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Design & Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemSulaman Muhammad
Aim of this project was to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of inverter will also have same change.
Energy Comparison of MPPT Techniques Using Cuk ConverterAM Publications
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk
convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded.
MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Several algorithms have been offered to track the Maximum Power Point when we have one maximum power point. Moreover, fuzzy control and neural was utilized to track the Maximum Power Point when we have multi-peaks power points. In this paper, we will propose an improved Maximum Power Point tracking method for the photovoltaic system utilizing a modified PSO algorithm. The main advantage of the method is the decreasing of the steady state oscillation (to practically zero) once the Maximum Power Point is located. moreover, the proposed method has the ability to track the Maximum Power Point for the extreme environmental condition that cause the presence of maximum multi-power points, for example, partial shading condition and large fluctuations of insolation. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, MATLAB simulations are carried out under very challenging circumstance, namely step changes in irradiance, step changes in load, and partial shading of the Photovoltaic array. Finally, its performance is compared with the perturbation and observation” and fuzzy logic results for the single peak, and the neural-fuzzy control results for the multi-peaks.
This paper presents the analysis, modeling and control of a grid connected photovoltaic generation system. The model contains a detailed representation of the solar array, grid side multilevel neutral point clamped voltage source inverter. Fuzzy logic controller for the maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system under variable temperature and insulation conditions is discussed. The PQ control approach has been presented for the multilevel inverter. One of the most common control strategies structures applied to decentralized power generator is based on power direct control employing a controller for the dc link voltage and a controller to regulate the injected current to the utility network. The proposed models were implemented in Matlab/Simulink.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study of Shading Effect on Photovoltaic Modules with Proposed P&O Checking ...Yayah Zakaria
Sun irradiation levels and associated temperature changes are the main factors that influence the conversion of solar energy into electricity. Most energy is produced during a hot sunny day as the sun irradiation is at the maximum level and uniform throughout the solar photovoltaic (PV). However, most solar PV were frequently get shadowed, completely or partially, by the neighbouring buildings, trees and passing clouds. Consequently, the solar PV has lower voltage and current output, hence,
multiple maximum power points (MPP) are existed on the PV curve, which could cause confusion to the conventional Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) to track the true MPP for the PV system. Thus, it is important to examine the impacts of partial shading on the solar PV in order to extract the maximum possible power. This paper presents a MATLAB-based modelling for simulation and experimental setup to study the I-V and P-V characteristics of a solar module under a non-uniform irradiation due to partial shading condition (PSC). Furthermore, this study is also proposed an effective method (a variable step size of P&O with checking algorithm) that is low cost and higher tracking efficiency. Thus, this study is essential in improving and evaluating any new MPPT algorithm under the PSC.
The purpose of this article is to extract the maximum power point at which the photovoltaic system can operate optimally. The system considered is simulated under different irradiations (between 200 W/m2 and 1000 W/m2), it mainly includes the established models of solar PV and MPPT module, a DC/DC boost converter and a DC/AC converter. The most common MPPT techniques that will be studied are: "Perturbation and Observation" (P&O) method, "Incremental Conductance" (INC) method, and "Fuzzy Logic" (FL) control. Simulation results obtained using MATLAB/Simulink are analyzed and compared to evaluate the performance of each of the three techniques.
Simulation of incremental conductance mppt with direct control method using c...eSAT Journals
Abstract PV Module Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a photovoltaic system that uses the photovoltaic array as a source of electrical power supply. Every photovoltaic (PV) array has an optimum operating point, called the maximum power point, which varies depending on cell temperature, the insulation level and array voltage. The function of MPPT is needed to operate the PV array at its maximum power point. The design of a Maximum Peak Power Tracking (MPPT) is proposed utilizing a cuk converter topology. Solar panel voltage and current are continuously monitored by a MPPT, and the duty cycle of the cuk converter continuously adjusted to extract maximum power. The design consists of a PV array, DC-DC cuk converter and many such algorithms have been proposed. However, one particular algorithm, the Incremental Conductance method, claimed by many in the literature to be inferior to others, continues to be by far the most widely used method in commercial PV MPPT’s. The general model was implemented on Mat lab, and accepts irradiance and temperature as variable parameters and outputs the I-V characteristic and P-V characteristic Index Terms: PV system; Maximum power point tracking (MPPT); Incremental conductance (Inccond); digital signal processor (dsp)
Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms are employed in photovoltaic (PV) systems to make full utilization of PV array output power, which have a complex relationship between ambient temperature and solar irradiation. The power-voltage characteristic of PV array operating under partial shading conditions (PSC) exhibits multiple local maximum power points (LMPP). In this paper, an advanced algorithm has been presented to track the global maximum power point (GMPP) of PV. Compared with the Perturb and Observe (P&O) techniques, the algorithm proposed the advantages of determining the location of GMPP whether partial shading is present.
Design & Analysis of Grid Connected Photovoltaic SystemSulaman Muhammad
Aim of this project was to boost the DC voltage generated by the photovoltaic system to the required DC value through DC-DC boost converter and then to invert that DC voltage to AC voltage through H-bridge inverter. The output of the inverter is then filtered through a low pass filter to get a pure sinusoidal wave form. This output is then synchronized with the grid by converting the sine wave of grid into square wave and then compare that square wave with the PWM and then give that output wave of comparator to H-bridge, so if there is any change in the grid as a result the output of inverter will also have same change.
Energy Comparison of MPPT Techniques Using Cuk ConverterAM Publications
In this paper the energy comparison of two MPPT, P&O and Incremental conductance is done using cuk
convertor. For comparison such as voltage, current and power output for each different combination has been recorded.
MATLAB simulink tools have been used for performance evaluation on energy point.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Modeling and Simulation of Fuzzy Logic based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MP...IJECEIAES
This paper presents modeling and simulation of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) used in solar PV power systems. The Fuzzy logic algorithm is used to minimize the error between the actual power and the estimated maximum power. The simulation model was developed and tested to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed MPPT controller. MATLAB Simulink was employed for simulation studies. The proposed system was simulated and tested successfully on a photovoltaic solar panel model. The Fuzzy logic algorithm succesfully tracking the MPPs and performs precise control under rapidly changing atmospheric conditions. Simulation results indicate the feasibility and improved functionality of the system.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Achieving operational excellence by implementing an erp (enterprise resource ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A remote monitoring system for a three phase 10-kva switchable distribution t...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Analytical study and implementation of digital excitation system for diesel g...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Droop control method for parallel dc converters used in standalone pv wind po...eSAT Journals
Abstract The rising rate of consumption and price of fossil fuel along with environmental pollution by conventional power generation draw global attention to renewable energy sources and technology. Paper gives analysis study on current sharing issues of parallel DC converters in standalone photovoltaic (PV) WIND system. Solar wind power generating system with maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique – incremental conductance method is used for the simulation analysis. The main drawbacks of parallel converters used in system are poor power sharing and voltage drop. The paper describes about instantaneous droop calculation considering effect of cable resistance using droop index to improve the power sharing performance. The control technique is simulated using MATLAB/SIMULINK in PV- wind power generating system with MPPT and case study has been done on the control strategy and verifies the effectiveness of adaptive droop control on output converter voltage. Key Words: Microgrid; droop method; incremental conductance (Incond); maximum power point tracking (MPPT).
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Present day guided weapon systems, especially tactical class missiles use RF seeker, for target tracking towards terminal engagement. The seeker system including its antenna assembly will be onboard the missile. Due to the missile trajectory corrections, the seeker antenna pointing to the target may get disturbed resulting in track loss. To avoid this track loss, it becomes necessary to stabilize the antenna system in two planes. The fundamental role of stabilization loop in seeker application is to precisely follow the angular rate of the target. In order to achieve this requirement, it is essential to highly isolate the gimbaled antenna from the missile body motion due to the maneuvering of target or low frequency vibration during flight. However, the isolation ratio and stability margin of stabilization loop adopting the gimbaled platform with both low stiffness and heavy inertia are limited by mechanical characteristic such as low resonance frequency and its high magnitude. The selection of proper feedback sensors, modeling of the total system are key features of this project. In the end, the performance and the stability of designed stabilization loop are demonstrated using simulation in both frequency and time domain. The Hardware for the system is under realization by the Industry. The whole scheme is simulated in MATLAB off-line for this project.
Keywords: Missile, RF seeker, Track loss, Stabilization loop, Angular Rate Command, Bore-Sight Error, Maneuvering and Gimbaled Platform.
Design and simulation of stand alone integrated renewable energy system for r...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The availability of energy plays an important role in the development of a country.Electricity availability is essential for economical growth and improvementin quality of life of rural and semi-urban population. In order to achieve this, rural electrification should gain importance. Rural electrification requiresgrid extensionofthe existing power systemto remote areas which is difficult and costly. Impact of burning fossil fuels on environment andrapid depletion increases the supply demand gap. Development of Integrated Renewable Energy System for isolated load is a promisingway outfor rural electrification. Integrated renewable energy systems generate power making use of renewable energy sources that are available regionally which can electrify rural households. In this paper, an attempt has been made to develop an Integrated renewable energy system for power generation using solar and wind resources.Integration of solar and wind systems has been done for supplying isolated load and the model has been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK and the results are summarized.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Drive Applications of Fuzzy Logic Controlled Interleaved Boost Converter for ...EECJOURNAL
The improvement in the efficiency, a reduced ripple and reduction in the passive elements is proposed in this project through the interleaved boost converter. The interleaved boost converter operates multiple phase approach, is used for the power factor control applications. The proposed converter is used to extract the power output from the solar panel with reduced ripple losses and greater efficiency thereby obtaining the maximum power from the solar panel. The control of the current with energy saving method is obtained with the efficiency of 95%. The converter operation is controlled by the fuzzy logic controller to operate the switches with the finest and reduced power loss constrains. The proposed method is mathematically modeled and the results are analysed. A similar prototype model is designed and the results are compared with the theoretical values.
Dual – MPPT Control of a Photovoltaic SystemIJTET Journal
Abstract - This paper proposes an efficient solar tracker system using a dual MPPT controller. It consists of three step DC to DC converter, which has been controlled by a microcontroller based unit. MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is used in photovoltaic system to maximize the PV array output power, irrespective of temperature, irradiation conditions and electrical characteristics of the load. The first MPPT controller is a dual axis solar tracker, which ensures optimization of the conversion of solar energy into electricity by properly orienting the PV panel in accordance with the real position of the sun to track azimuth and elevation angles. The second MPPT controller controls the duty cycle of the converter using modified Incremental Conductance algorithm to enable the PV array operate at maximum operating power at all conditions. The proposed control scheme eliminates oscillations and tracks the global maximum power point (GMPP) accurately. The simulation has been accomplished in MATLAB software.
This paper deals with an advanced design for a pump powered by solar energyto supply agricultural lands with water and also the maximum power point is used to extract the maximum value of the energy available inside the solar panels and comparing between techniques MPPT such as Incremental conductance, perturb & observe, fractional short current circuit, and fractional open voltage circuit to find the best technique among these. The solar system is designed with main parts: photovoltaic (PV) panel, direct current/direct current (DC/DC) converter, inverter, filter, and in addition, the battery is used to save energy in the event that there is an increased demand for energy and not to provide solar radiation, as well as saving energy in the case of generation more than demand. This work was done using the matrix laboratory (MATLAB) simulink program.
Implementation Of A High-Efficiency, High-Lifetime, And Low-Cost Converter Us...irjes
This paper proposes a new converter for photovoltaic water pumping and treatment systems without
the use of storage elements. The converter is designed to drive a three-phase induction motor directly from PV
solar energy. The use of this motor has the objective of presenting a better solution to the standard DC motor
water pumping system. The development is oriented to achieve a commercially viable solution and a market
friendly product. The converter topology is based on a Resonant Two Inductor Boost converter and a Threephase
Voltage Source inverter achieving 90% efficiency at a rated power of 210W.
This work includes the establishment of a Photovoltaic system connected to the grid by means of an inverter. The fundamental goal of the work is to incorporate an advanced active power flow management scheme in order to adopt load at any weather condition along with the advantage of maximum active power flow and zero harmonics from PV inverter to the grid. The outcome of analysis and control design of grid connected PV inverter using a Proportional-Integral (PI) control technique is based on synchronous dq rotating reference frame so as to achieve maximum output voltage and record the active power. It has been observed that the model provides a better rate of stability as compared to the existing topology.
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Load frequency control of a two area hybrid system consisting of a grid connected pv system and thermal generator
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 573
LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF A TWO AREA HYBRID SYSTEM
CONSISTING OF A GRID CONNECTED PV SYSTEM AND THERMAL
GENERATOR
Feba Thamar Tomy1
, R.Prakash2
Abstract
Load frequency control of the hybrid system consisting photovoltaic system and thermal generator is performed in this paper. In this
paper Maximum Power Point Tracking is performed in photovoltaic using modified hill climbing algorithm. Modified hill climbing is
performed by combining fuzzy logic with hill climbing algorithm. The converter used is Boost converter. DC output obtained is
converted to AC output by using single phase inverter. Grid connection is performed by using sinusoidal pulse width modulation.
Transfer function model of the whole system is created. Transfer function model of the thermal generator is interfaced with the
photovoltaic system to create two area systems. Load frequency controls of this two area system are performed. The simulation of the
entire system is performed in the MATLAB SIMULINK.
Keywords: -PhotoVoltaic (PV), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Hill Climbing, Load Frequency Control (LFC),
Area Controlled Error (ACE), Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
----------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
The energy which is harvested from the natural resources like
sunlight, wind, tides, geothermal heat etc. is called Renewable
Energy.[1] As these resources can be naturally replenished, for
all practical purposes, these can be considered to be limitless
unlike the tapering conventional fossil fuels. The global energy
crunch has provided a renewed impulsion to the growth and
development of Clean and Renewable Energy sources. Clean
Development Mechanisms (CDMs) are being adopted by
organizations all across the globe.[1] Another advantage of
utilizing renewable resources over conventional methods is the
significant reduction in the level of pollution associated. The
cost of conventional energy is rising and solar energy has
emerged to be a promising alternative.[2] They are abundant,
pollution free, distributed throughout the earth and recyclable.
PV arrays consist of parallel and series combination of PV cells
that are used to generate electrical power depending upon the
atmospheric specifies (e.g. solar insolation and temperature).
Solar technologies are broadly qualified as either passive or
active depending on the way they catch, change over and
distribute sunlight. Active solar proficiencies use photovoltaic
arrays, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into executable
outputs.[2] Passive solar techniques include selecting materials
with favorable thermal attributes, and citing the position of a
building to the Sun. The standalone PV Systems have been
used for solar street lighting, home lighting system, SPV water
pumping system. A hybrid system installed with a backup
system of thermal generator can be used in remote military
installations, health centers and tourist bungalows. In grid
connected system the major part of the load during the day is
supplied by the PV array and then from the grid when the
sunlight is not sufficient. Solar energy can be used in two
different ways. [2],[3] The captured heat can be used as solar
thermal energy with important applications in space heating.
On the other hand it can also be converted into the most useful
form of energy, the electrical energy. The latter can be
achieved with the use of solar photovoltaic cell. The efficiency
of solar photovoltaic cells with single crystal silicon is about 13
% - 17%.[1],[3] High efficiency cells with concentrators are
being manufactured which can operate with low sunlight
intensities. India has an expanding solar energy sector namely
9 solar cell manufactures, 22 PV module manufactures, and 50
PV systems manufacturers. Therefore, technology resources
exist in country and a growing market would lead to job
growth in country.
2. GRID CONNECTED SOLAR SYSTEM
The PV panel has low conversion efficiency. In order to
improve the tracking efficiency of the PV system we had to use
the MPPT algorithm. The MPPT will regulate the input side.
By using the MPPT algorithm the output voltage will remains
constant irrespective of the external conditions. The output of
the MPPT is DC voltage. To perform the grid connection we
have to convert it to AC. Here it uses the single phase inverter
to convert the DC to AC. SPWM technique is used to perform
the grid connection
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 574
Fig 1 Block Diagram of PV System
Fig 2 Equivalent circuit of solar cell
2.1 Solar Cell Panel
Solar cell panel works on the basis of Photo voltaic effect.A
solar cell consists of a semi-conductor where the front and
reverse side have been processed (doped) so that the front side
normally has a surplus of free electrons while the reverse side
has a deficit.[3] Bound electrons in the solar cell can absorb a
photon and thereby become mobile. Most of them will be
caught by the field in the interface and transported to the front
side of the cells.[3] If the front- and reverse side are connected
with an electrical circuit, the electron can do useful work in a
light bulb, electrical motor, and computer. Solar cells give an
output voltage of approximately 0.3-0.6 V, depending on the
technology[3][4].
The equivalent circuit of a solar cell is as shown in the figure 2.
Solar panel can be modeled with the help of equation 1 and 2.
I = Il − I0 e
q V−IRS
AkT − 1
−
V − IRS
RSH
(1)
I1 =
λ
1000
ISC
+ k1 T
− 25 (2)
Where
I = Solar cell output current
I1 = Photo current
I0 = Dark saturation current
ISC = Short circuit current
k = Boltzmann constant
v = Solar cell output voltage
q = Charge of electron
T = Temperature in Kelvin
A = Diode quality factor
Λ = Irradiance
The power generated by the PV cell is depend up on the
temperature and the irradiance.[3][4] It is directly proportional
to the irradiance and inversely proportional to temperature.
This can be shown in the figure 3 ,4
2.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is a method used to
harness the maximum power from a solar panel. PV panel
arrays are nonlinear in nature. [4][5][10]It depends up on
factors like temperature and irradiance. MPPT will provide
input voltage regulation. The MPPT algorithm is implemented
on PV panel to improve efficiency of PV panel otherwise only
less than50%
Fig 3 Temperature and irradiance effect on P-V characteristics
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 575
Fig 4 Temperature and irradiance effect on I-V characteristics
of solar energy incident is converted to electrical energy.
According to maximum power transfer theorem,the power
output of a circuit is maximum when the Thevenin impedance
of the circuit (source impedance) matches with the load
impedance.[4][5] Hence our problem of tracking the maximum
power point reduces to an impedance matching problem. By
varying the duty cycle of the DC-DC converter we can able to
match the source impedance with load impedance. The method
is based on the Power versus Voltage characteristic of a solar
panel shown in Fig. 3. The point on the curve where the power
is maximized is called the Maximum Power Point (MPP) of the
solar panel. By inserting a DC/DC converter between the solar
panel and the load, the voltage of the solar panel can be
controlled to be VMPPand thus deliver maximum power to the
load. Another advantage of this technique is that, if an up/down
converter is used for the maximum power point tracker; power
can then be delivered to loads with higher or lower voltage than
the solar panel, enabling new applications for the same solar
panel.
There are different techniques used to track the maximum
power point. Few of the most popular techniques are,
a) Open Voltage method:-
b) Fractional Short Circuit Current methods
c) Fractional Open Circuit Voltage method
d) Perturb and Observe methods
e) Incremental Conductance method
f) Neural networks method
g) Fuzzy logic method
Here in this method fuzzy logic control is combined with the
hill climbing method to eliminate the disadvantage of both the
method. Fuzzy logic controller will take care of the dynamic
characteristic[4],[5],[10] of the PV panel while hill climbing
algorithm will take care of the static characteristic of the PV
panel, that is fuzzy logic controller will used in the changing
weather condition while hill climbing algorithm used in
constant weather condition. This method will improve the
tracking speed compare to the conventional methods of fuzzy
logic and hill climbing method.
In this proposed method change in power and change incurrent
are taken as the input to the fuzzy logic controller while
change in duty cycle is taken as the output of the fuzzy logic
controller. The output thus obtained is given as the firing pulse
of the boost converter and the boost converter will regulate the
voltage.
∆P = P K − P K − 1 (3)
∆I = I K − I K − 1 (4)
∆D = D K − D K − 1 (5)
Where
∆P = Change in power
∆I = Change in current
∆D = Change in duty cycle
Inputs change in power and current and the output change in
duty cycle are divided into four fuzzy subsets Negative Big
(NB), Negative small (NS), Positive Big (PB), and Positive
Small (PS) as shown in the figure,5,6. The fuzzy rule base are
shown in the table1 as shown below. Mamdani’s method with
Max-Min is used for the Fuzzy combination.[4][5]
Defuzzification is the last stage of fuzzy controller. Center of
Area Algorithm is used here for Defuzzification.
Fig. 5. Membership function for inputs ∆P and ∆I
Fig. 6. Membership function ∆D
Table 1 Fuzzy rule base
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 576
∆I
PB PS NB NS
∆P
PB PB PB NB NB
PS PS PS NS NS
NB NB NB PB PB
NS NS NS PS PS
Fig 7 Boost Converter with MPPT
Here in this paper uses the Boost converter as the DC-DC
converter as shown in the figure 7. Boost Converter is a DC-
DC converter for which output voltage is greater than input
voltage. Thus the average voltage across the load is greater
than the input voltage and is determined with help of the duty
cycle of the gate pulse to the MOSFET switch.[4] Boost
converter has two modes of operation. ON state mode of
operation and OFF state mode of operation circuit diagram of
this is shown in the figure 8,9.
𝑂𝑁 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐸
𝐿
𝑑𝑖1
𝑑𝑡
= 𝑉𝑃𝑉
𝐶
𝑑𝑉0
𝑑𝑡
+
𝑉0
𝑅
= 0
(6)
𝑂𝐹𝐹 𝑆𝑇𝐴𝑇𝐸
𝐿
𝑑𝑖 𝑙
𝑑𝑡
+ 𝑣0 = 𝑉𝑃𝑉
𝑖𝑙 − 𝐶
𝑑𝑣0
𝑑𝑡
+
𝑉0
𝑅
= 0
(7)
Fig. 8. ON state operation
Fig. 9. OFF state operation
Fig. 10. Output power
Fig.11. Output voltage
2.3 Grid Connection
To perform the grid connection we have to convert the DC
output obtained from the MPPT to AC and have to made the
voltage same as that of the grid voltage. To convert the DC
voltage to AC we use an inverter as shown in the figure 12. To
maintain the voltage constant we have to use the SPWM which
is shown in the figure 13. [9]The switches S1 and S2 will
conduct at one instant to produce the positive half cycle. At
the next instant S3 and S4 will conduct to perform the negative
half cycle as shown in the figure 12. By using this inverter we
will get a single phase AC so it is called as single phase
inverter.
With the help of the SPWM technique we can able to produce
the gate signals for the switches. Here the sinusoidal wave
generated is multiplied with the Vpeak and Ipeak..The voltage
reference is then compared with the Vac. Current reference and
voltage reference is added up. The signal thus obtained is
compared with the Iac.[9] This is then compared with the
triangular signal to form the gate signal for the Inverter. Output
of grid connected system is shown in figure 14
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 577
Fig 12 Inverter
Fig 13 SPWM controller
Fig. 14.Output of Grid connected system
Fig 15 Overall system
3. LFC OF TWO AREA SYSTEM CONSIST OF PV
SYSTEM AND THERMAL GENERATOR
Changes in the power system load affect mainly the system
frequency and real power.[8] The load frequency control
mainly deals with the control of the system frequency and real
power.
Load frequency control is the basis of many advanced concepts
of the large scale control of the power system. The reasons for
keeping a strict limit on the system frequency variation were
The speed of the alternating current motors depends on
the frequency of the power supply.
If the normal frequency id 50 Hertz and the system
frequency falls below 47.5 Hertz or goes up above 52.5
Hertz then the blades of the turbine are likely to get
damaged so as to prevent the stalling of the generator
The under frequency operation of the power
transformer is not desirable.
If we implement the PV panel alone will result in the load
fluctuation.[6][7] At night we cannot able to access PV panel.
It will also results in the voltage fluctuation. So we will
incorporate PV panel with battery or other sources or
generator. Here we are going to take the system of PV System
with thermal generator as shown in figure 15
3.1 PV Panel Model
In two area system model we have to create the transfer
function model of the each system.[6][7] PV system consists of
the PV panel, MPPT, Inverter, Filter. Transfer function model
of the each unit has to find out and to create a single transfer
function model. The transfer function model of the PV panel
can be find out from the equation 1 and 2
Now we have to consider the MPPT. MPPT is done by the
BOOST converter. We have to consider the ON state and OFF
state mode of operation of[6] the boost converter. It is given by
the equations 6,7.
By combining all these equations we will get the transfer
function model of the PV Panel. It is given in the equation 8
GBC=
-18s+900
S2+ 100S+50
(8)
The step input in the PV panel represents the change in
irradiation and temperature.
Fig 16 Transfer function model of PV panel
3.2 Thermal Generator
The main parts in the power thermal generator are as shown
below.
Generator
Turbine
Governor
Reheater
We have to consider the transfer function model of the each
unit to form the model.[6][7]
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 578
Generator
kG
TGS+1
(9)
Reheater
𝑘 𝑅 𝑇𝑅 𝑆 +1
𝑇𝐺 𝑆+1
(10)
Governor
𝑘 𝐺𝑜
𝑇𝐺𝑜 𝑆+1
(11)
Turbine
𝑘 𝑇
𝑇𝑇 𝑆+1
(12)
The values of different parameters are shown in table below
Table 2 Parameter values
kG 120
kR .33
kT 1
kGo 1
TR 10
TT .3
TGo .08
TG 20
a12 -1
a22 -1
R .4
Β .8
Fig 17 Thermal generator model
3.3 PI Controller
Fig 18 PI Controller model
Fig. 19 Output of PV system
Fig. 20 Output of Thermal generator
3.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller
By introducing the fuzzy logic controller we can improve the
settling time of the system. Here inputs taken are Area
Controlled Error (ACE) and differential ACE. Output taken is
the Gain (G).
Inputs and outputs are taken as the membership functions. Each
membership function is divided into five fuzzy subsets. The
fuzzy subsets are given below.
Positive Big (PB)
Positive Small (PS)
Zero (Z)
Negative Big (NB)
Negative Small (NS)
PI Controller can be converted to fuzzy controller by
introducing another block before the transfer function block.
Mamdani fuzzy inference is used for the fuzzification. By
varying the value of a we will get the required system.
Fig. 21 Membership Function for ACE and Deferential ACE
7. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 03 Special Issue: 07 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 579
Fig. 22 Membership Function for Gain G
Fig. 23 Block for conversion of PI to fuzzy
Fig. 24 Output of Fuzzy based PV System
Fig. 24 Output of Fuzzy based Thermal System
Table 2 Fuzzy rule base for LFC
ACEi
dACEi/dt
NB NS Z PS PB
NB PB PB PB PS PS
NS PB PB PS PS PS
Z PS PS Z NS NS
PS NS NS NS NB NB
PB NS NS NB NB NB
REFERENCES
[1] P.Fairley, "Fukushima's positive impact
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[2] G.Spagnuolo, "Renewable energy operation and
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[3] D. Sonnenenergie, "Photovoltaic Basics, in Planning
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[4] Bader N. Alajmi, Khaled H. Ahmed, Stephen J. Finney,
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[5] A. Al Nabulsi, R. Dhaouadi,”Fuzzy Logic Controller
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[6] Seyed Ali Jeddi,Seyed Hamidreza Abbasi,Fereydoon
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[7] Manoj Dattaa, Tomonobu Senjyu, Atsushi Yona and
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[8] Sujit Bhat, Jishan Khatib, Sudheer Chincholi and
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Control Engineering (ICCCE 2012), 12 & 13 April,
2012
[9] Emanuel Serban, Helmine Serban, ” A Control Strategy
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BIOGRAPHIES
P G Student, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Vivekanandha
college of Engineering for Women,
Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637 205,
Tamilnadu, India.
H O D, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Vivekanandha
college of Engineering for Women,
Tiruchengode, Namakkal-637 205,
Tamilnadu, India.