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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 633 STUDY OF USING SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM TO SUPPLY A DATA CENTER Mohammad Yousefi1, Pedram Ghalebani1 1Semnan University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Semnan, Iran. ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Supplying the electricalenergyofadatacenteris an important issue that plays a major role indesign, reliability and operation of the data center. IT and datacenterindustries will make very significant improvements over the next few years which indicates an ever growing demand of energy for data centers which can contribute to more consumption of resources and more generation of carbon. More and more, data centers are being asked not only to pay greater attention to their energy consumption, but also to consider and understand their relationship tothegreaterenvironmentsuch as exploiting renewable energy. It implies that it is no longer just about how energy is used, but also about how it is produced. In order to use renewable energy asapowersupply, its conformation to requirements of a data center should be considered, which are desired reliability and power quality. In this paper solar energy is investigated if it can meet the requirements of data center power supply. Key Words: Solar Cell, Data Center Power Supply, Renewable Energy, Energy Demand, Solar Energy 1. INTRODUCTION Providing the electrical energy needed for operation of the data center is an ingenious and important approach. Electrical system of the data center includes transformer, generator, panel board, UPS and etc., and it can have different layouts and configurations. It plays an important role in determination of reliabilityofthedata centerandalso affects the total cost of operation. If the harmonics ignored properly, the grid connection can affect the power market price [1]. They also can behave differently in islanding detection in case of using synchronous generatorsisthegrid connected system [2]. Nowadays the growing developments of data centers along with other recent technologies such as plug-in electric vehicles are imposing constantly increasing in demand of energy to power plants [3]-[8], consideringthelimitationsof fossil fuels such as the terminable sources used to generate the electricity and the pollution caused by generation of electricity from fossil fuels, the necessity of finding alternative source of energy gains a great importanceand IT industries are more convinced to exploit other sources of energy, called renewable energy. In order to achieve this goal different sources of energy, other than fossil fuel exist. Solar energy, in the form of radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed and utilized by humans in different ways using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation is considered as an available renewable energy on earth. To harvest the solar energy, the most common way is to use solar panels. The tilt angle of the solar panels plays an essential rule in capturing maximum solar radiation. Akhlaghi et al. [9] studied the sufficient number of optimal tilt angle adjustment to maximize residential solar panels yield. Every day earth receives a great and considerable amount of energy, the amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of theEarth's nonrenewable resources but only small portion of this energy can be utilized. Developing accurate models can effectively predict the availability of solar energy based on weather forecasting [10]. In [11], a linear parametervarying model is developed that iscapableofthetakinguncertainties into account especially in climate related data. No need to mention that, solar cells are subjected to severe weather conditions and impact by foreign objects. Khalili et al. [12- 13] introduced a wave propagation basedhealthmonitoring method using WSFE-based UEL which has a great potential to be employed in order to detect and localize any possible damage in solar cells and panels. Meshless methods such as peridynamics [14-15] can also be used in health monitoring of solar systems. Solar power is obtained when the sunlight is converted into electricity. It can be done, either directly usingphotovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). Solar energy is not available at night, and energy storage is an important issue in order to provide the continuous availability of energy. Because modern energy systems usually assume continuous availability of energy, especially for a data center, solar energy must be stored in different forms. Gharghabi et al. [16-18] investigated the effect of the various contingencies to happen on the structure of a data center. Since solar energy is not a permanent source of energy, and providing a continuing and constant energy fora data center is vital and indispensable, another reliable source of energy is definitely needed. In this paper, the power grid is considered to operate as a secondary source of energy, thus it guarantees that energy is always delivered to the data center, when the solar energy is not available foranyreason. Although solar energy has been substantiallyoverlookedfor years because of its unsecure and intermittent nature, the current climate concerns and energy crisis urge governments and academia to dedicate a large body of research and investigation to enhancing solar energy
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 634 systems efficiency and reliability while these systems are getting widespread applications in both industrial and residential scales. One of the most important energy consumers in industrial sector are refrigeration systems. S. Aghniaey [19] in her paper analysed a solar-powered, ammonia-water refrigeration cycle that is able to provide temperatures as low as -40° C while using solar energy as the power source. In another paper [20] she compared this novel system with a conventional refrigerationsystemanda 12% increase in efficiency and 6% increase in COP was reported for the novel solar-powered refrigeration system. Solar systems are promising toolsincuttingcarbonfootprint and reducing electricity demand and consumption in the near future. The objective of this paper is to study the combinationofthe solar energy alongside the power grid to supply a data center. In this paper, the considerations of the power supply of a data center such as reliability and power continuity are investigated. The radiation graph of sun in Tehran is taken into account in simulationsandtheintermittent behaviourof the solar energy is examined. The load model of the data center is also implemented to present the variation of the energy it needs. By modelling and implementing the power supply system of the data center in MATLAB Simulink, the variation of battery state of charge and outputpowerof each power provider are shown and investigated. The simulation shows the operations of the system for a week, when the solar cells are starting to charge the batteries. In order to increase the reliability of the system two batteries are used. Finally it is investigated that solar energy alongside the power grid can supply the data center. 2. BASIC WORKING PRINCIPLE Figure1 showsaschematicofthesystemwithsolarpanel. Fig. 1: Block diagram of the system In this paper modeling of a grid connected solar cell system is used to present power supply stability. The model in Eq.1 ispresentedin[21]describeselectricalcharacteristics of a solar cell. (1) In which Ir is irradiance; T is junction temperature; I_O is saturation current; q is elementary charge of an electron;nis an ideality factor; k is Boltzmann’sconstant;Np isthenumber of cells in parallel and Ns is the number of cells in series. By increase of irradiance the output power will increase. But as it is presented higher temperature results lower output power and vice versa. So as a result a place with good irradiance and low temperature will boost the efficiency. There are different methods usedforcontrollingthesolar panels. Maximum Power Point Tracker (MPPT) is a method that holds the output power of thePVpanels,ratherconstant. Low cost MPPTs are designed to control the PV panels to operate off-grid. For example MPPT model presented in [22] does not need any external control signal to determine the working point. In [23] a robust three phase model for MPPT in PV panels connected to the grid is presented which by using MPPT and a current controller regulates the current. This model prevents the current overshoot. But in this paper in order to control the PV panels the controller or MPPT is not used, so that the effect of the variation of the sunlight in day on the constant load can be illustrated and also power continuity in a data center during the day can be demonstrated. Charge controller manages the charging and discharging process of batteries. In fact it determines when a battery must be charging or discharging over the load in order to provide the power. For example in [24] a charge controller for lead acid batteries by using PWM in PI algorithm for standalone system is proposed. An improper algorithm of charge controller can harm the lead acid batteries. Scrutinizing the charge controller and analyzing it, is not the objective of this paper. In [25] by developing an intelligent charge controller manufactured by Thompsonmicrocontroller,theefficiencyis increased by using a Microcontroller. The charge controller used in this paper is an intelligent charge controller which is capable of programming and sending controlling signals to start and stop, charging and discharging of batteries and power grid. The logic statements used for charge controller are as follows: (2 ) A data center needs a huge amount of energy for IT devices and cooling requirements. For example using Combined Cooling, Heating and Power (CHP) causes a great heat generation. A discussion has been made in [23] about the application of the coolingsystem and IT devices together. It must be taken into account that a data center consumes a fairly constant energy and only during the night due to the ( ) 1 ( 1 99). 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 99). 1. 2 ( ) 1. 2. ( ) 1 ( 1 35). 1 ( 1 35).( 2 35).( 0) ( ) 2 ( 2 35). 2. 1 ( ) 1. 2 a Chg Bat Dis b Chg Bat Chg Dis c ChGd Chg Chg DsGd d Dis Bat Chg Bat Bat PVCnt e Dis Bat Chg Dis f DsGd Dis Dis exp 1 100 PVr PV P SC P o S qVI I N I N I nkTN
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 635 decrease of temperature, power consumption of the cooling system reduces. 3. SIMULATION RESULTS The data center used for simulationsneeds2MWelectric power. The power demand of adatacenterisratherconstant, but %20 decrease of power demand is taken into account at nights within 12 AM and 5 AM due to reduction of cooling system power demand andfeweroperationofcomputational operation of data center. The electric power needed by data center is provided by solar panels and power grid simultaneously. The system considered for simulation consists of two chargeable batteries, 10000 and 8000 Ah, and also a huge battery with %50 statement of charge which represents the power grid and all of them can be charged by solar panels. Voltage of batteries is 48V and voltage of power grid is 220V. Single phase model of the system is implemented and the simulations are based onthepowerproducedandconsumed. Battery Charge Controller controls the process charging and discharging of the batteries based on logical directives. In order to convert DC to AC or vice versa, inverter or converter with efficiency of 0.95 is used. The irradiance graph of the sun in Tehran is shown in Fig. 2. Since Iran is located in a proper position that absorbs ample amount ofsunlight, and the solar power in someareas exceeds 1000 w/m^2, this country has the great potential of using solar power. Fig. 2: Irradiance of the sun in Tehran in summer and winter Fig. 2 shows the solar power of the sun in the Tehran in a day, in summer and winter. As it can be seen these two figures are different, that affects the output power of the PV panels. The data center is located in Tehran, whose geographical coordination is shown in Table 1: Table 1: Geographical coordination of Tehran N E 51°25'23.00" 35°41'46.00" The amount of sunlight that PV panels absorb, determines the output power of the PV panels. Based on simulations results and also Eq. 1 output power of the PV panels which consist of 10000 panels with 72 cells in series, reaches 1.2 MW at maximum in midday. Anyway it is lower than the power needed by data center most of the time. This fact is illustrated in Fig. 3. Fig. 3: Power generated by PV panels During operation of PV panels, the batteries are charging or discharging. The first battery works as the primary battery, and the second battery is known as backup to enhance the reliability of the system. This battery provides a portion of the load, when the primary battery cannot supply the load. State of charge (SOC) of two batteries is shown in Fig. 4. As it can be seen in Fig. 4 based on the algorithm of the charge controller, the SOC of the batteries varybetween33% and %99. And also while the primary is charging the backup battery is discharging and supplying the power. In other words it can be said that the backup battery works as the complement of the primary battery. Providing a continuous power source fordatacentersisa delicate and important approach. Thus in any data centers power sourcesotherthanpowergridsuchasuninterruptable power sources (UPS) and generators, are exploited toensure the constant source of energy for data center. It must be noted that based on simulation results shown in Fig. 4, Discharging process of the batteries which provides the power needed by the data center, can also act as a power backup supply when power grid fails and is not available. This fact enhances the availability of the power. In [26] it has been discussed that wind energy can be incorporated to supply the energy to feed the data center. It was also discussed [27] its exploitation in data modern electric ships.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 636 (a) (b) Fig. 4: Variation of the SOC of (a) primary battery (b) backup battery In the configuration of the power system considered in this paper the power grid is capable of providing the 2 MW load of the data center and it undertakes the load whenever the sun is not available or batteries are charging and cannot providethe needed powertorunthedatacenter.Thusduring the intervals which the batteries are charging,thepowergrid supplies the total load. Figure 5 depicts the power provided by the power grid. Fig. 5: Power provided by grid 4. CONCLUSION Based on simulationscarriedoutfollowingresultscanbe concluded: 1) In order to enhance the reliability of the power supply, two or more batteries are needed. But they can be in smaller size. Thus in case of failure of one of the batteries continuous operation of the solar energy supply is guaranteed. It also gives more flexibilitytohavecontrol over operation of the power supply. 2) It is shown that in the simulated configuration over a week solar energy provides %18 of the total energy needed by operation of the data center. This fact leads to reduction of the cost of the operation. Consequently, it can justify the high amount of capital the solar energy system needs to be installed. 3) Using solar power in a data center in addition to providing power and reducing the air pollution,canincrease the sustainability of power system. If the power is supposed to be generated locally for a limited period, for example when power grid is not available, solar power increases the reliability of power system alongside the UPS and generators. REFERENCES [1] H. Norouzi, S. Abedi, R. Jamalzadeh, M. Ghiasi Rad, S.H. Hosseinian, “Modeling and investigation of harmonic losses in optimal power flow and power system locational marginal pricing.” ENERGY Journal, Science Direct, P-68, 2014. 140e147. [2] H. Jouybari Moghaddam, S.H. Hosseinian, B. Vahidi, M. Ghiasi Rad, “Smart Control mode selection for proper operation of synchronous distributed generators”, 2nd Iranian Conference onSmartGrids,Iran(IslamicRepublicof) , 2012. [3] Babaei, Mehdi, Maziar Babaei, and Mohsen Niasati. "Parametric analysis of overvoltages caused by back- flashover in “Siah-bishe” 400kV GIS substation." Electric Power and Energy Conversion Systems (EPECS), 2013 3rd International Conference on. IEEE, 2013. [4] S Jafarishiadeh, M Ardebili, A Nazari Marashi, “Investigation of pole and slot numbers in axial-flux pm bldc motors with single-layer windings for electricvehicles,”24th Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering (ICEE), pp. 1444-1448, 2016. [5] Babaei, Maziar, Mehdi Babaei, and Ghasem Nourirad. "Analysis of influential factors in determining Very Fast Transient Overvoltages of GIS substations." Power Engineering and Optimization Conference (PEOCO), 2014 IEEE 8th International. IEEE, 2014. [6] S. Akhlaghi, A. Akhlaghi, and A. A. Ghadimi, “Performance Analysis of the Slip ModeFrequencyShiftIslandingDetection Method under different Inverter Interface Control Strategy,” In Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI), 2016. Illinois, USA, IEEE, Feb, 2016.
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International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 02 | Feb -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 637 [7] R. Jalilzadeh Hamidi and H. Livani, “Myopic real-time decentralizedchargingmanagementofplug-inhybridelectric vehicles,” Electric Power System Research, Vol. 143, pp. 522- 543, 2017. [8] Seyyedmahdi Jafari Shiadeh, Mohammad Ardebili, and Parvin Moamaei, “Three-dimensional finite-element-model investigation of axial-flux PM BLDC machines with similar pole and slot combination for electric vehicles”, In: Proceedings of Power and Energy Conference, Illinois, pp.1– 4, 2015. [9] S. Akhlaghi, M. Sarailoo, M. Rezaeiahari, H. A. Sangrody, “Study of Sufficient Number ofOptimalTiltAngleAdjustment to Maximize Residential Solar Panels Yield” IEEE Power and Energy Conference at Illinois (PECI), 2017. Illinois, USA, Feb, 2017. [10] Farshid Abbasi, Javad Mohammadpour, Roland Tóth, and Nader Meskin. "A support vectormachine-basedmethod for LPV-ARX identification with noisy scheduling parameters," In Proceeding of European Control Conference (ECC), pp. 370-375. 2014. [11] Farshid Abbasi, Javad Mohammadpour, Roland Tóth, and Nader Meskin. "A Bayesian approach for model identification of LPV systems with uncertain scheduling variables," In 54th Annual IEEE Conference on Decision and Control (CDC), pp. 789-794, 2015. [12] Khalili A., Jha R., SamaratungaD.“SpectrallyFormulated User-Defined Element in Conventional Finite Element Environment for Wave Motion Analysis in 2-D Composite Structures” European Journal of Computational Mechanics, November 11,2016,DOI:10.1080/17797179.2016.1253364 [13] Khalili A., Samaratunga D., Jha R., Lacy T. E., Gopalakrishnan S. “WSFE-based User-Defined Elements in ABAQUS for Modeling 2D Laminated Composites with Complex Features” 30th ASC TechnicalConference,Michigan State University, EastLansing,MI,US,28-30September2015. [14] Yaghoobi,Amin,andMiG.Chorzepa."Meshlessmodeling framework for fiber reinforced concrete structures." Computers & Structures 161 (2015): 43-54. [15] Yaghoobi, Amin, and Mi G. Chorzepa. "Fracture analysis of fiber reinforced concrete structures in the micropolar peridynamic analysis framework." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 169 (2017): 238-250. [16] P. Gharghabi, J. Lee, M. S. Mazzola, and T. E. Lacy Jr., “Development of an Experimental Setup to Analyze Carbon/Epoxy Composite Subjected to Current Impulses,” Am. Soc. Compos. Thirty-First Tech. Conf., 2016. [17] P. Gharghabi, P. Dordizadeh B., and K. Niayesh, “Impact of Metal Thickness and Field-Shaper on the Time-Variant Processes during Impulse Electromagnetic Forming in Tubular Geometries,” Journal of the Korean Physical Society, vol. 59, no. 61, 2011, p. 3560-3566. [18] P. Dordizadeh-Basirabad, P. Gharghabi, and K. Niayesh, “Dynamic Analysis of a Fast-acting Circuit Breaker (Thompswon) DriveMechanism,”J.KoreanPhys.Soc.,vol.59, no. 61, p. 3547, 2011. [19] Aghniaey, Sama, and Seyed Mohammad Seyed Mahmoudi. "Exergy analysis of a novel absorption refrigeration cycle with expander and compressor." Indian Journal of Scientific Research (2014). [20] Aghniaey, Sama, S. Mohammad S. Mahmoudi, and Vahid Khalilzad-Sharghi. "A comparison between the novel absorption refrigeration cycle and the conventional ammonia-waterabsorptionrefrigerationcycle."International Conference on Heat Transfer, Fluid Mechanics and Thermodynamics, 2014. [21] Affordable Solar Group, LLC, “SMA Sunny Boy SB 2500 InverterwithESSSwitch,”May2008,http://www.affordable- solar.com/sunny-boy-2500-inverter-export.htm [22] Zhongyi He et al., "Low cost MPPT controller for off grid solar Applications", IEEE ICMS, 2010. [23] Il-Song Kim, "System dynamic model and charging control of lead-acid battery for stand-alone solar PVsystem," Elsevier, Solar Energy 81, 2007, pp. 405–414. [24] B.J. Huang, et al., "System dynamic model and charging control of lead-acid battery for stand-alone solar PVsystem", Elsevier, Solar Energy 84, 2010, pp. 822–830. [25] H. Mashelini and X. F. CARELSE, "Microcontroller-Based Charge Controller for Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems," Elsevier, Solar Energy Vol. 61, No. 4, 1997, pp. 225–230. [26] M. Ghiasi Rad, M. Rahmani, P. Gharghabi, A. Zoghi and S. H. Hosseinian, "Scheduling a Wind Hydro-Pumped-Storage Unit Considering the Economical Optimization," American Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 16-22, 2017. [27] Babaei, Maziar, et al. "Developmentofahybridmodelfor shipboard power systems." Electric Ship Technologies Symposium (ESTS), 2015 IEEE. IEEE, 2015.
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