Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of band limited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions. The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd and 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epileptic signal. A neural network using back propagation algorithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy. An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification.
An artificial neural network model for classification of epileptic seizures u...ijsc
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper
the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of
bandlimited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions.
The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd an
d 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epilepticsignal. A neural network using back propagation alg
orithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HUANG HILBERT TRANSFORM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPTI...VLSICS Design
The most common brain disorders due to abnormal burst of electrical discharges are termed as Epileptic seizures. This work proposes an efficient approach to extract the features of epileptic seizures by decomposing EEG into band limited signals termed as IMF’s by empirical decomposition EMD. Huang Hilbert Transform is applied on these IMF’s for calculating Instantaneous frequencies and are classified using artificial neural network trained by Back propagation algorithm. The results indicate an accuracy of 97.87%. The algorithm is implemented using Verilog HDL on Zynq 7000 family FPGA evaluation board using Xilinx vivado 2015.2 version.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses biosignal processing and covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of biosignal processing techniques including filtering to remove artifacts, event detection, and compression. It defines biosignals and gives examples like ECG and EMG. The document outlines topics like characterizing biosignals in the time and frequency domains, and techniques for time-frequency analysis like short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform.
Comparison and analysis of orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets for ecg compr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of Hilbert-Huang Transform in the Field of Power Quality Events A...idescitation
This paper discusses using the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) to analyze power quality events. HHT can be applied to non-stationary and non-linear signals. It decomposes signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using Empirical Mode Decomposition and then applies the Hilbert Transform to obtain the time-frequency-energy representation. The paper applies HHT to voltage sag, swell, and harmonics with sag signals. It shows the IMFs, instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase obtained from HHT have potential to better analyze power quality events compared to other time-frequency methods.
New Method of R-Wave Detection by Continuous Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
In this paper we have employed a new method of R-peaks detection in electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. This method is based on the application of the discretised Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) used for the Bionic Wavelet Transform (BWT). The mother wavelet associated to this transform is the Morlet wavelet. For evaluating the proposed method, we have compared it to others methods that are based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). In this evaluation, the used ECG signals are taken from MIT-BIH database. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms some conventional techniques used in our evaluation.
Electrocardiogram Denoised Signal by Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuou...CSCJournals
One of commonest problems in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is denoising. In this paper a denoising technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been developed. To evaluate proposed technique, we compare it to continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Performance evaluation uses parameters like mean square error (MSE) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) computations show that the proposed technique out performs the CWT.
An artificial neural network model for classification of epileptic seizures u...ijsc
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper
the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of
bandlimited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions.
The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd an
d 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epilepticsignal. A neural network using back propagation alg
orithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HUANG HILBERT TRANSFORM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPTI...VLSICS Design
The most common brain disorders due to abnormal burst of electrical discharges are termed as Epileptic seizures. This work proposes an efficient approach to extract the features of epileptic seizures by decomposing EEG into band limited signals termed as IMF’s by empirical decomposition EMD. Huang Hilbert Transform is applied on these IMF’s for calculating Instantaneous frequencies and are classified using artificial neural network trained by Back propagation algorithm. The results indicate an accuracy of 97.87%. The algorithm is implemented using Verilog HDL on Zynq 7000 family FPGA evaluation board using Xilinx vivado 2015.2 version.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document discusses biosignal processing and covers the following key points in 3 sentences:
It provides an overview of biosignal processing techniques including filtering to remove artifacts, event detection, and compression. It defines biosignals and gives examples like ECG and EMG. The document outlines topics like characterizing biosignals in the time and frequency domains, and techniques for time-frequency analysis like short-time Fourier transform and wavelet transform.
Comparison and analysis of orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelets for ecg compr...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Application of Hilbert-Huang Transform in the Field of Power Quality Events A...idescitation
This paper discusses using the Hilbert-Huang Transform (HHT) to analyze power quality events. HHT can be applied to non-stationary and non-linear signals. It decomposes signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using Empirical Mode Decomposition and then applies the Hilbert Transform to obtain the time-frequency-energy representation. The paper applies HHT to voltage sag, swell, and harmonics with sag signals. It shows the IMFs, instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase obtained from HHT have potential to better analyze power quality events compared to other time-frequency methods.
New Method of R-Wave Detection by Continuous Wavelet TransformCSCJournals
In this paper we have employed a new method of R-peaks detection in electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. This method is based on the application of the discretised Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT) used for the Bionic Wavelet Transform (BWT). The mother wavelet associated to this transform is the Morlet wavelet. For evaluating the proposed method, we have compared it to others methods that are based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). In this evaluation, the used ECG signals are taken from MIT-BIH database. The obtained results show that the proposed method outperforms some conventional techniques used in our evaluation.
Electrocardiogram Denoised Signal by Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuou...CSCJournals
One of commonest problems in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is denoising. In this paper a denoising technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been developed. To evaluate proposed technique, we compare it to continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Performance evaluation uses parameters like mean square error (MSE) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) computations show that the proposed technique out performs the CWT.
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that compares methods for detecting epileptic seizures from EEG signals. It presents Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for feature extraction, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Neural Networks (NN) for classification. DWT decomposes signals into time-frequency components while ICA separates independent signal sources. The methods are tested on EEG data from epileptic patients, evaluating specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of seizure detection. DWT & NN achieved 99.5% accuracy between normal and seizure signals, outperforming ICA. Future work could apply these methods to other datasets and compare detection performance.
Classification of EEG Signal for Epileptic Seizure DetectionusingEMD and ELMIJTET Journal
Abstract—This paper proposes the classification of EEG signal for epilepsy diagnosis. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which occurs due to synchronous neuronal activity in brain. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are the techniquedelivered in the proposed method.Input EEG signal, which is available in online as Bonn Database is decomposed into five Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using EMD.Higher Order Statistical moments such as Variance, Skewness and Kurtosis are drawn out as features from the decomposed signals. Extreme Learning Machine is used as a classifier to classify the EEG signals with the taken features, under various categories that include healthy and ictal, interictal and ictal, Non seizure and seizure, healthy, interictal and ictal. The proposed method gives 100%accuracy, 100%sensitivity in discriminating interictal and ictal, non seizure and seizure, healthy and ictal, healthy, interictal and ictal, 100% specificity in classifying healthy and ictal, interictal and ictal and 100% and 99%accuracy in case of discriminating interictal and ictal, non seizure and seizure.
Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) are algorithms for analyzing data from non-linear and non-stationary systems. EMD decomposes signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) through a process called sifting. The sifting process identifies local extrema and decomposes the signal into IMFs until a monotonic residual function remains. HHT then applies the Hilbert transform to each IMF to obtain the instantaneous frequency. While traditional methods assume linearity and stationarity, HHT is suitable for real-world non-linear and non-stationary signals through the EMD sifting process.
Bio-medical (EMG) Signal Analysis and Feature Extraction Using Wavelet TransformIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on analyzing electromyography (EMG) signals using wavelet transforms to extract features for classification of muscle activity. A multi-channel EMG acquisition system was developed using surface electrodes to measure forearm muscle signals. Different wavelet families were used to analyze the EMG signals. Features like root mean square, logarithm of root mean square, centroid frequency, and standard deviation were extracted. Root mean square feature extraction performed best. In the future, this method could be used to control prosthetic or robotic arms for real-time processing based on muscle activity.
1) Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is a data-driven method that decomposes complicated data sets into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) that admit well-behaved Hilbert Transforms. 2) EMD decomposes data through a sifting process that identifies intrinsic modes in the data based on the number of extrema and zero-crossings. 3) Hilbert transforms of the IMFs can then be used to determine instantaneous frequencies to analyze nonlinear and non-stationary signals in the time-frequency domain.
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition: An adaptive method for noise reduction IOSR Journals
This document describes ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), an adaptive method for noise reduction in signals. EEMD is an improvement over empirical mode decomposition (EMD) that can overcome the problem of mode mixing. EEMD works by decomposing the signal into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) in the presence of added white noise, which is then averaged out. The algorithm adds white noise to the target signal multiple times, applies EMD each time, and takes the mean of the IMFs as the final result. This process separates different scales present in the signal and reduces noise. The document evaluates EEMD on electrocardiogram and other non-stationary signals, demonstrating its effectiveness in noise reduction.
ECG SIGNAL DENOISING USING EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITIONSarang Joshi
The document presents a method for denoising ECG signals corrupted with power line interference using empirical mode decomposition and thresholding. It provides background on sources of power line interference in ECG signals and existing approaches to remove it. The proposed approach decomposes noisy ECG signals into intrinsic mode functions using EMD, then applies various thresholding techniques to the IMFs to remove noise before reconstructing the signal. It tests the method on signals from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database corrupted with 10-50% noise and evaluates performance based on correlation coefficient and SNR improvement. Results show Donoho’s thresholding and hard thresholding achieved the best denoising based on these metrics.
HARMONICS AND INTERHARMONICS ESTIMATION OF A PASSIVE MAGNETIC FAULT CURRENT L...cscpconf
This paper presents the harmonics and interharmonics analysis of a passive magnetic fault current limiter (MFCL). This device limits the current at post fault without affecting the pre-fault state of the system. The harmonics and interharmonics estimation of a non-stationary signal generated by MFCL has been investigated using Morlet Wavelet transform and FFT.Continous wavelet transform (CWT) have been applied for estimation of harmonics and
interharmonics in MFCL under normal and faulted condition.
11.a novel neural network classifier for brain computerAlexander Decker
This document describes a novel neural network classifier for brain-computer interfaces. It proposes extracting EEG features using discrete cosine transforms and preprocessing signals with two-stage filtering, including a Butterworth filter and 15-point Spencer filter. The signals would then be classified using a proposed Semi Partial Recurrent Neural Network, which is claimed to have better accuracy than conventional neural network classifiers. The document provides background on BCI systems and details on the proposed feature extraction and preprocessing methods, as well as introducing the novel classifier.
A novel neural network classifier for brain computerAlexander Decker
This document describes a novel neural network classifier for brain-computer interfaces. It proposes extracting EEG features using discrete cosine transforms and preprocessing signals with two-stage filtering, including a Butterworth filter and 15-point Spencer filter, to remove noise while maintaining a sharp step response. Classification is done using a proposed Semi Partial Recurrent Neural Network, which is claimed to have better accuracy than conventional neural network classifiers. The materials and methods section provides mathematical details on the discrete cosine transform, filtering approaches, and the proposed neural network structure.
Application of gabor transform in the classification of myoelectric signalTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent day, Electromyography (EMG) signal are widely applied in myoelectric control. Unfortunately, most of studies focused on the classification of EMG signals based on healthy subjects. Due to the lack of study in amputee subject, this paper aims to investigate the performance of healthy and amputee subjects for the classification of multiple hand movement types. In this work, Gabor transform (GT) is used to transform the EMG signal into time-frequency representation. Five time-frequency features are extracted from GT coefficient. Feature extraction is an effective way to reduce the dimensionality, as well as keeping the valuable information. Two popular classifiers namely k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) are employed for performance evaluation. The developed system is evaluated using the EMG data acquired from the publicy available NinaPro Database. The results revealed that the extracting GT features can achieve promising performance in the classification of EMG signals.
Empirical mode decomposition and normal shrink tresholding for speech denoisingijitjournal
In this paper a signal denoising scheme based on Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is presented. the
noisy signal is decomposed in an adaptive manner by the EMD algorithm which allows to obtain intrinsic
oscillatory called Intrinsic mode functions (IMFs)component by a process called sifting process. The basic
principle of the method is to decompose a speech signal corrupted by additive white Gaussian random
noise into segments each frame is categorised as either signal-dominant or noise-dominant then
reconstruct the signal with IMFs signal dominant frame previously filtered or thresholded.It is shown, on
the basis of intensivesimulations that EMD improves the signal to noise ratio and address the problem of
signal degradation. The denoising method is applied to real signal with different noise levels and the
results compared to Winner and universal threshold of DONOHO and JOHNSTONE [11] with soft and
hard tresholding.Theeffect of level noise value on the performances of the proposed denoising is analysed.
Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications IJECEIAES
This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB ® /SIMULINK ™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying.
Dsp lab report- Analysis and classification of EMG signal using MATLAB.Nurhasanah Shafei
This document discusses a study analyzing and classifying electromyogram (EMG) signals. The researchers developed a MATLAB-based system that can differentiate EMG signals coming from different patients. The system analyzes time and frequency domain characteristics of the EMG signals, including median value, average value, root mean square, maximum power, and minimum power. It then uses these characteristics to identify which patient a given EMG signal belongs to through a graphical user interface. The system was able to accurately classify EMG signals from two patients based on their power spectrum signatures.
This document presents a methodology for detecting epileptic seizures using statistical features in the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) domain. The objective is to transform EEG signals into the EMD domain, extract statistical and chaotic features, and design an artificial neural network classifier to diagnose epilepsy and detect seizures. Statistical features like variance, skewness, and kurtosis show larger differences between healthy and epileptic EEG signals in the EMD domain compared to the original signals. Chaotic features like largest Lyapunov exponent and correlation dimension also differ more between healthy and epileptic signals for some intrinsic mode functions. The proposed method achieves 100% accuracy for seizure detection and epilepsy diagnosis using only 3 statistical features from selected IMFs. Including additional
Load Frequency Control, Integral control, Fuzzy Logic.IJERA Editor
An analysis of digital Phase-modulated signals is performed based on frequency spectrum which consists of a continuous and a number of discrete components at multiples of clock frequencies. The analysis shows that these components depend on the pulse shape function of multi-level digital signals to be phase modulated. In this paper, the effect of duty cycle, rise and fall times of these multi-level digital signals, on the frequency spectrum is studied. It is observed that the duty cycle variation of 10% results 30 dB increase in undesired component and the 10% increase in rise & fall times increase the power of undesired component by 12 dB. The theoretical observations of the effects are applied on the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals as a case study, to discuss their effects in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
An Optimized Transform for ECG Signal CompressionIDES Editor
A significant feature of the coming digital era is the
exponential increase in digital data, obtained from various
signals specially the biomedical signals such as
electrocardiogram (ECG), electroencephalogram (EEG),
electromyogram (EMG) etc. How to transmit or store these
signals efficiently becomes the most important issue. A digital
compression technique is often used to solve this problem.
This paper proposed a comparative study of transform based
approach for ECG signal compression. Adaptive threshold is
used on the transformed coefficients. The algorithm is tested
for 10 different records from MIT-BIH arrhythmia database
and obtained percentage root mean difference as around
0.528 to 0.584% for compression ratio of 18.963:1 to 23.011:1
for DWT. Among DFT, DCT and DWT techniques, DWT has
been proven to be very efficient for ECG signal coding.
Further improvement in the CR is possible by efficient
entropy coding.
An Artificial Neural Network Model for Classification of Epileptic Seizures U...ijsc
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of band
limited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions. The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd and 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epileptic
signal. A neural network using back propagation algorithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.
An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
FPGA IMPLEMENTATION OF HUANG HILBERT TRANSFORM FOR CLASSIFICATION OF EPILEPTI...VLSICS Design
The most common brain disorders due to abnormal burst of electrical discharges are termed as Epileptic seizures. This work proposes an efficient approach to extract the features of epileptic seizures by decomposing EEG into band limited signals termed as IMF’s by empirical decomposition EMD. Huang Hilbert Transform is applied on these IMF’s for calculating Instantaneous frequencies and are classified
using artificial neural network trained by Back propagation algorithm. The results indicate an accuracy of 97.87%. The algorithm is implemented using Verilog HDL on Zynq 7000 family FPGA evaluation board using Xilinx vivado 2015.2 version.
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition: An adaptive method for noise reductionIOSR Journals
Abstract:Empirical mode decomposition (EMD), a data analysis technique, is used to denoise non-stationary and non-linear processes. The method does not require any pre & post processing of signal and use of any specified basis functions. But EMD suffers from a problem called mode mixing. So to overcome this problem a new method known as Ensemble Empirical mode decomposition (EEMD) has been introduced. The presented paper gives the detail of EEMD and its application in various fields. EEMD is a time–space analysis method, in which the added white noise is averaged out with sufficient number of trials; and the averaging process results in only the component of the signal (original data). EEMD is a truly noise-assisted data analysis (NADA) method and represents a substantial improvement over the original EMD. Keywords –Data analysis, Empirical mode decomposition, intrinsic mode function, mode mixing, NADA,
CLASSIFICATION OF ECG ARRHYTHMIAS USING /DISCRETE WAVELET TRANSFORM AND NEURA...IJCSEA Journal
Automatic recognition of cardiac arrhythmias is important for diagnosis of cardiac abnormalies. Several algorithms have been proposed to classify ECG arrhythmias; however, they cannot perform very well. Therefore, in this paper, an expert system for ElectroCardioGram (ECG) arrhythmia classification is proposed. Discrete wavelet transform is used for processing ECG recordings, and extracting some features, and the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network performs the classification task. Two types of arrhythmias can be detected by the proposed system. Some recordings of the MIT-BIH arrhythmias database have been used for training and testing our neural network based classifier. The simulation results show that the classification accuracy of our algorithm is 96.5% using 10 files including normal and two arrhythmias.
Classification of Electroencephalograph (EEG) Signals Using Quantum Neural Ne...CSCJournals
In this paper, quantum neural network (QNN), which is a class of feedforward neural networks (FFNN’s), is used to recognize (EEG) signals. For this purpose ,independent component analysis (ICA), wavelet transform (WT) and Fourier transform (FT) are used as a feature extraction after normalization of these signals. The architecture of (QNN’s) have inherently built in fuzzy. The hidden units of these networks develop quantized representations of the sample information provided by the training data set in various graded levels of certainty. Experimental results presented here show that (QNN’s) are capable of recognizing structures in data, a property that conventional (FFNN’s) with sigmoidal hidden units lack . Finally, (QNN) gave us kind of fast and realistic results compared with the (FFNN). Simulation results show that a total classification of 81.33% for (ICA), 76.67% for (WT) and 67.33% for (FT).
IJCER (www.ijceronline.com) International Journal of computational Engineerin...ijceronline
This document summarizes a study that compares methods for detecting epileptic seizures from EEG signals. It presents Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Independent Component Analysis (ICA) for feature extraction, and Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Neural Networks (NN) for classification. DWT decomposes signals into time-frequency components while ICA separates independent signal sources. The methods are tested on EEG data from epileptic patients, evaluating specificity, sensitivity and accuracy of seizure detection. DWT & NN achieved 99.5% accuracy between normal and seizure signals, outperforming ICA. Future work could apply these methods to other datasets and compare detection performance.
Classification of EEG Signal for Epileptic Seizure DetectionusingEMD and ELMIJTET Journal
Abstract—This paper proposes the classification of EEG signal for epilepsy diagnosis. Epilepsy is a neurological disorder which occurs due to synchronous neuronal activity in brain. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) are the techniquedelivered in the proposed method.Input EEG signal, which is available in online as Bonn Database is decomposed into five Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) using EMD.Higher Order Statistical moments such as Variance, Skewness and Kurtosis are drawn out as features from the decomposed signals. Extreme Learning Machine is used as a classifier to classify the EEG signals with the taken features, under various categories that include healthy and ictal, interictal and ictal, Non seizure and seizure, healthy, interictal and ictal. The proposed method gives 100%accuracy, 100%sensitivity in discriminating interictal and ictal, non seizure and seizure, healthy and ictal, healthy, interictal and ictal, 100% specificity in classifying healthy and ictal, interictal and ictal and 100% and 99%accuracy in case of discriminating interictal and ictal, non seizure and seizure.
Hilbert Huang Transform (HHT) and Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) are algorithms for analyzing data from non-linear and non-stationary systems. EMD decomposes signals into Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) through a process called sifting. The sifting process identifies local extrema and decomposes the signal into IMFs until a monotonic residual function remains. HHT then applies the Hilbert transform to each IMF to obtain the instantaneous frequency. While traditional methods assume linearity and stationarity, HHT is suitable for real-world non-linear and non-stationary signals through the EMD sifting process.
Bio-medical (EMG) Signal Analysis and Feature Extraction Using Wavelet TransformIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on analyzing electromyography (EMG) signals using wavelet transforms to extract features for classification of muscle activity. A multi-channel EMG acquisition system was developed using surface electrodes to measure forearm muscle signals. Different wavelet families were used to analyze the EMG signals. Features like root mean square, logarithm of root mean square, centroid frequency, and standard deviation were extracted. Root mean square feature extraction performed best. In the future, this method could be used to control prosthetic or robotic arms for real-time processing based on muscle activity.
1) Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) is a data-driven method that decomposes complicated data sets into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) that admit well-behaved Hilbert Transforms. 2) EMD decomposes data through a sifting process that identifies intrinsic modes in the data based on the number of extrema and zero-crossings. 3) Hilbert transforms of the IMFs can then be used to determine instantaneous frequencies to analyze nonlinear and non-stationary signals in the time-frequency domain.
Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition: An adaptive method for noise reduction IOSR Journals
This document describes ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), an adaptive method for noise reduction in signals. EEMD is an improvement over empirical mode decomposition (EMD) that can overcome the problem of mode mixing. EEMD works by decomposing the signal into intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) in the presence of added white noise, which is then averaged out. The algorithm adds white noise to the target signal multiple times, applies EMD each time, and takes the mean of the IMFs as the final result. This process separates different scales present in the signal and reduces noise. The document evaluates EEMD on electrocardiogram and other non-stationary signals, demonstrating its effectiveness in noise reduction.
ECG SIGNAL DENOISING USING EMPIRICAL MODE DECOMPOSITIONSarang Joshi
The document presents a method for denoising ECG signals corrupted with power line interference using empirical mode decomposition and thresholding. It provides background on sources of power line interference in ECG signals and existing approaches to remove it. The proposed approach decomposes noisy ECG signals into intrinsic mode functions using EMD, then applies various thresholding techniques to the IMFs to remove noise before reconstructing the signal. It tests the method on signals from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database corrupted with 10-50% noise and evaluates performance based on correlation coefficient and SNR improvement. Results show Donoho’s thresholding and hard thresholding achieved the best denoising based on these metrics.
HARMONICS AND INTERHARMONICS ESTIMATION OF A PASSIVE MAGNETIC FAULT CURRENT L...cscpconf
This paper presents the harmonics and interharmonics analysis of a passive magnetic fault current limiter (MFCL). This device limits the current at post fault without affecting the pre-fault state of the system. The harmonics and interharmonics estimation of a non-stationary signal generated by MFCL has been investigated using Morlet Wavelet transform and FFT.Continous wavelet transform (CWT) have been applied for estimation of harmonics and
interharmonics in MFCL under normal and faulted condition.
11.a novel neural network classifier for brain computerAlexander Decker
This document describes a novel neural network classifier for brain-computer interfaces. It proposes extracting EEG features using discrete cosine transforms and preprocessing signals with two-stage filtering, including a Butterworth filter and 15-point Spencer filter. The signals would then be classified using a proposed Semi Partial Recurrent Neural Network, which is claimed to have better accuracy than conventional neural network classifiers. The document provides background on BCI systems and details on the proposed feature extraction and preprocessing methods, as well as introducing the novel classifier.
A novel neural network classifier for brain computerAlexander Decker
This document describes a novel neural network classifier for brain-computer interfaces. It proposes extracting EEG features using discrete cosine transforms and preprocessing signals with two-stage filtering, including a Butterworth filter and 15-point Spencer filter, to remove noise while maintaining a sharp step response. Classification is done using a proposed Semi Partial Recurrent Neural Network, which is claimed to have better accuracy than conventional neural network classifiers. The materials and methods section provides mathematical details on the discrete cosine transform, filtering approaches, and the proposed neural network structure.
Application of gabor transform in the classification of myoelectric signalTELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
In recent day, Electromyography (EMG) signal are widely applied in myoelectric control. Unfortunately, most of studies focused on the classification of EMG signals based on healthy subjects. Due to the lack of study in amputee subject, this paper aims to investigate the performance of healthy and amputee subjects for the classification of multiple hand movement types. In this work, Gabor transform (GT) is used to transform the EMG signal into time-frequency representation. Five time-frequency features are extracted from GT coefficient. Feature extraction is an effective way to reduce the dimensionality, as well as keeping the valuable information. Two popular classifiers namely k-nearest neighbor (KNN) and support vector machine (SVM) are employed for performance evaluation. The developed system is evaluated using the EMG data acquired from the publicy available NinaPro Database. The results revealed that the extracting GT features can achieve promising performance in the classification of EMG signals.
Empirical mode decomposition and normal shrink tresholding for speech denoisingijitjournal
In this paper a signal denoising scheme based on Empirical mode decomposition (EMD) is presented. the
noisy signal is decomposed in an adaptive manner by the EMD algorithm which allows to obtain intrinsic
oscillatory called Intrinsic mode functions (IMFs)component by a process called sifting process. The basic
principle of the method is to decompose a speech signal corrupted by additive white Gaussian random
noise into segments each frame is categorised as either signal-dominant or noise-dominant then
reconstruct the signal with IMFs signal dominant frame previously filtered or thresholded.It is shown, on
the basis of intensivesimulations that EMD improves the signal to noise ratio and address the problem of
signal degradation. The denoising method is applied to real signal with different noise levels and the
results compared to Winner and universal threshold of DONOHO and JOHNSTONE [11] with soft and
hard tresholding.Theeffect of level noise value on the performances of the proposed denoising is analysed.
Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications IJECEIAES
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An Artificial Neural Network Model for Classification of Epileptic Seizures Using Huang-Hilbert Transform
1. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
DOI: 10.5121/ijsc.2014.5303 23
An Artificial Neural Network Model for
Classification of Epileptic Seizures Using Huang-
Hilbert Transform
Shaik.Jakeer Husain1
and Dr.K.S.Rao 2
1
Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering , Vidya Jyothi Institute of
Technology, Hyderabad India
ABSTRACT
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of band
limited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions. The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd and 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epileptic
signal. A neural network using back propagation algorithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.
An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
KEYWORDS
Electroencephalogram(EEG),Hilbert-Huang transform(HHT), Instantaneous frequency (ifs), intrinsic mode
function (IMF)
1. INTRODUCTION
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder with wide prevalence of about 1 to 2% of the world’s
population[1][2] .It is characterized by sudden recurrent and transient disturbances of perception
or behavior resulting from excessive synchronization of cortical neuronal networks; it is a
neurological condition in which an individual experiences chronic abnormal bursts of electrical
discharges in the brain. The hallmark of epilepsy is recurrent seizures termed "epileptic seizures".
Epileptic seizures are divided by their clinical manifestation into partial or focal, generalized,
unilateral and unclassified seizures Focal epileptic seizures involve only part of cerebral
hemisphere and produce symptoms in corresponding parts of the body or in some related mental
functions. Generalized epileptic seizures involve the entire brain and produce bilateral motor
symptoms usually with loss of consciousness. Both types of epileptic seizures can occur at all
ages. Generalized epileptic seizures can be subdivided into absence (petit mal) and tonic-colonic
(grand mal) seizures Monitoring brain activity through the electroencephalogram (EEG) has
become an important tool in the diagnosis of epilepsy. The recorded EEG data are often distorted
by other signals, called artifacts, whose origins are either of physiological or technical nature.
There have been proposed many techniques to identify, separate, and suppressthese artifacts from
the EEG signals. One of the most common techniques used for that purpose is Independent
Component
2. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
24
Analysis (ICA) However, ICA does not work well for highly non-stationary artifacts such as
muscle artifacts. Several Time-frequency methods have been proposed for the detection and
classification of seizures, most notably the Wavelet transform. These are non-stationary
methods[4]. In parallel ,probabilistic methods such as various entropies, fractal dimensions,
lyapunov exponents have been utilized. The above mentioned techniques are non linear[5].
In 1998, Norden E. Huang et al. proposed a new method for analyzing non-stationary data [3][6].
This technique is known as the Huang-Hilbert transform (HHT). The HHT uses a novel
prepossessing algorithm, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), to decompose an arbitrary
signal into a sum of so-called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMF’s) and a residue[8]. Based on the
inherent characteristics of the IMF’s ,the EMD can be used for denoising and detrending
purposes. In order to denoise the signals, it has been suggested in to remove the IMF’s that are
considered to be dominated by noise[9][10]. In this paper we propose a new method which selects
the IMF's which were based on the weighted mean Frequency(MF) of each IMF's. From the
selected IMF's features are extracted, and these features are classified using Neural Networks.
2. METHODOLOGY
2.1. Description of the EEG Database
EEG data considered for this work is obtained from University of Bonn EEG database which is
available in public domain containing three different cases: 1) healthy, 2) epileptic subjects
during seizure-free interval (interictal), 3) epileptic subjects during seizure interval (ictal) [7].
Each set contains 100 single channel EEG segments of 23.6 sec duration. Sampling frequency is
173.61 Hz, so each segment contains N =4096 samples . All these EEG segments are recorded
with the same 128- channel system and that are digitized by 12 bit A/D convertor.
2.2. Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT).
The HHT consists of two parts: empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and Hilbert spectral
analysis (HSA). This method is potentially viable for nonlinear and nonstationary data analysis,
especially for time frequency energy representations. The physically meaningful way to describe
such a system is in terms of the instantaneous frequency, which will reveal the intra-wave
frequency modulations. The easiest way to compute the instantaneous frequency is by using the
Hilbert transform. In a time time series, it is possible to define an analytic signal using hilbert
transform which constitues the imaginary part Its amplitude and phase is time dependent. For this
reason, three new concepts were introduced, the instantaneous amplitude and the phase functions.
The time derivative of phase function is called instantaneous frequency function. Even with the
Hilbert transform, defining the instantaneous frequency still involves considerable controversy. It
would lead to the problem of having frequency values being all equally likely to be positive and
negative for any given time series (positive or negative energy). As a result, the past applications
of the Hilbert transform are all limited to the narrow band-passed signals, which have with the
same number of extreme values and zero crossings. But filtering is a linear operation, altering its
harmonics and creating a distortion of the waveform. To avoid this situation, before Hilbert
transform it is necessary to use the so called empirical mode decomposition (EMD) introduced by
N.Huang in 1998[3]. Table-1 provides the comparisons of transformation.
3. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
25
This is an adaptive method, with posterior defined basis from the decomposition ,By definition,
an Intrinsic Mode functions satisfies two conditions. These are: a) The number of extrema and the
number of zero crossings may differ by no more than one b) The local average defined by the
average of the maximum and minimum envelopes is zero.
TABLE 1:COMPARISON BETWEEN FOURIER, WAVELET AND HHT
Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD)
The basic idea of EMD is that each time series consists of different simple intrinsic modes of
oscillations. Each intrinsic mode, linear or nonlinear, represents a simple oscillation, which will
have the same number of extreme values and zero-crossings and the oscillation will also be
symmetric with respect to the ‘local mean’. These functions are the mono-components or the
intrinsic mode functions (IMF). The process of acquiring the IMF’s is called sifting and it's
described below
1.Identify all the maxima and minima of x(t)
2. Generate its upper and lower envelopes, X up (t) and
X low (t) with cubic spline interpolation
3.Calculate the point-by-point mean from the upper and lower envelopes, by using m(t)=(X up (t)
+X low (t)) /2.
4. Extract the detail, d(t) = x(t) – m(t)
5. Test the following two conditions of d(t):a) if d(t) meets the two conditions related to the IMF
definition (mentioned previously), an IMF is derived.
Replace x(t) with the residual r(t) = x(t) – d(t);b) if d(t) is not an IMF, replace x(t) withd(t), and
6. Repeat steps 1 to 5 until a monotonic residual, or a single maximum or minimum residual
satisfying fallowing stopping criterion.
4. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
26
At the end of this process, the signal x(t) can be expressed as follows:
where N is the number of intrinsic modes,r N (t) denote s the final residue, which can be
interpreted as the DC component of the signal.C j (t) are he intrinsic modes, orthogonal to each
other and all have zero means. The decomposed signal shown in Fig 1
FIG 1(A) EEG SIGNAL BEFORE DECOMPOSITION
Fig 1(b)Decomposed EEG Signal(IMF1-IMF4)
5. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
27
Fig.1(c).Decomposed EEG Signal(IMF7-IMF8)
Now, Hilbert Transform can be applied to every single intrinsic function.
Hilbert Transform
Given a real signal x(t),its complex representation is
where xH (t) is the Hilbert transform of x(t), given by
with P the Cauchy principal value of the integral. Equation (2) can be rewritten in an exponential
form as
where w(t) is the instantaneous angular frequency, which bydefinition is the time derivative of the
instantaneous angle.
6. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
28
Hence the instantaneous frequency can be defined as
From Instantaneous frequencies computing weightedmean Frequency(MF)
A1- Instantaneous Amplitude, f1-Instantaneous Frequency
Following four features are extracted from each IMF
I. Rate of change of amplitude envelopes of IMF’s
II. Weighted mean Frequency(MF)
III. Inter quartile range in each IMF
The IQR is defined by IQR = Q3 –Q1…… (12)
Where, Q1 and Q3 are the first and third quartile respectively.
IV. Median absolute deviation in each IMF
The median absolute deviation is the mean of the absolute deviations of a set of data about the
data's mean. For a sample size N and the mean distribution x, the median absolute deviation is
defined by(MAD)
3. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig 2shows the extracted IMF's (left-side of the figure) and Instantaneous frequency of
corresponding IMF' s (Right side of the Figure) of Seizure signal.Fig 3corresponds to Nonseizure
data.
7. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
29
Fig.2.Instantaneous frequency (IF) functions of IMF’s of: seizure EEG signal.
Fig. 3.Instantaneous frequency (IF) functions of IMF’s of: non seizure EEG signal.
Table-2 enlists the Mean Instantaneous frequencies of seizure and Non-seizure data
IMF's.
8. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
30
Table -2 Mean Frequency of IMF's of seizure and non seizure EEG
The mean weighted frequency suggest that the IMF's numbered one to four is useful to
discriminate the seizure and non seizure data. IMF-1 is having high frequency oscillations and
artifacts.We are considering IMF's numbered 2 to 4 for the following features;1.Mean weighted
frequency;2. Rate of change of envelope amplitude;3 Inter quartile range ;4. Mean absolute
deviation.These features are extracted from selected IMF's. From each epoch of 5s duration;12
features extracted. Seizure data of 400 epochs and non seizure data of 400 epochs are considered.
These features are applied to a Neural network with 12 input neurons, one output neuron and one
hidden layer. We used the Feed Forward Back propagation algorithm.following.
FIG. 4 NEURAL NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
9. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
31
FIG. 5 TRAINING PERFORMANCE
Fig.4 show the neural network and Fig.5gives the training performance. We got the best
validation performance as 2.3985e-006 at epoch 71.The trained network is simulated with seizure
and non seizure data. We got one epoch as false negative and zero false positives. Figure 6 shows
the simulation results of 400 epochs of seizure and 400 epochs of seizure-free data.
Fig. 6 Simulation Results of Neural Network with Non seizure (represented with -1) and seizure
(represented with +1).
Sensitivity(SE): number of true positive(TP) decisions / number of actually positive cases.
Specificity (SP): number of true negative (TN)decisions / number of actually negative cases.
Total classification accuracy(TCA): number of correct decisions / total number of cases.
TABLE-3 SENSITIVITY, SPECIFICITY AND CLASSIFICATION ACCURACY
10. International Journal on Soft Computing (IJSC) Vol. 5, No. 3, November 2014
32
From TABLE 3, it is observed that sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the proposed method is
superior. The experimental results for both EEG data, therefore, confirm that the proposed
method is well organized and attains a reasonable dominance with respect to classification
accuracy. We believe that the proposed system can be very helpful to the physicians for their final
decision on their patient's treatments. By using such an efficient tool, they can make very accurate
decisions.
4. CONCLUSION
Seizure and non seizure EEG signals are analyzed in this paper. Empirical mode decomposition
method used to Extract IMF's. Based on mean weighted Frequency ,we selected IMF's for feature
Extraction. The extracted features are classified using neural network. The proposed techniques in
this paper are used for EEG signal processing to come up with a new original tool that gives
physicians the possibility to diagnose brain functionality abnormalities. The proposed system
bears the potential of providing several credible benefits such as fast diagnosis, high accuracy,
good sensitivity and specificity.
To establish the clinical use for this seizure detection scheme it is necessary to test on out of
sample data sets. Papers in this format must not exceed twenty (20) pages in length. Papers
should be submitted to the secretary AIRCC. Papers for initial consideration may be submitted in
either .doc or .pdf format. Final, camera-ready versions should take into account referees’
suggested amendments.
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AUTHORS
Shaik.Jakeer Husain received the B.E degree in Electronics and Communication
Engineering from Andhra University, Visakhapatnam in 1996, M.E in Digital System
from Osmania University, Hyderabad in 2008 and he is pursuing Ph.D in Digital Signal
Processing at JNTU, Hyderabad.He is currently an Associate Professor in Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering at Vidya Jyothi Institute ofTechnology,
Hyderabad. His research interests include Biomedical Signal Processing and Digital Signal Processing
Dr. K. S. Rao obtained his B. Tech, M. Tech and Ph.D. in Electronics and
Instrumentation Engineering in the years 1986, 89 and 97 from KITS, REC Warangal
and VRCE Nagpur respectively. He had 25 years of teaching and research experience
and worked in all academic positions, presently he is the Director, Anurag Group of
Institutions (Autonomous) Hyderabad. His fields of interests are Signal Processing,
Neural Networks and VLSI system design.