This paper proposes Transient monitoring function (TMF) based fault classification approach for transmission line protection. The classifier provides accurate results under various system conditions involving fault resistance, inception angle, location and load angle. The transient component during fault is measured by TMF and appropriate logics applied for fault classification. Simulation studies using MATLAB ® /SIMULINK ™ are carried out for a 400 kV, 50 Hz power system with variable system conditions. Results show that the proposed classifier has high classification accuracy. The method developed has been compared with a fault classification technique based on Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). The proposed technique can be implemented for real time protection schemes employing distance relaying.
Detection of Transmission Line Faults by Wavelet Based Transient ExtractionIDES Editor
This paper proposes a novel technique to detect faults in transmission lines using wavelet transform. Three-phase currents are monitored at both ends of the transmission line using GPS synchronization. Wavelet transform is used to extract transients from the current signals, which are indicative of faults. A fault index is calculated based on the detail coefficients of the wavelet transform and compared to a threshold value to detect faults. Simulation results demonstrate the technique can detect various faults at different locations and inception angles on the transmission line.
Analysis of harmonics using wavelet techniqueIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a wavelet technique to analyze harmonics in power system signals. The algorithm uses Daubechies 20 wavelet and decomposes signals into different frequency sub-bands corresponding to harmonic components. Simulation results on test signals containing various harmonic distortions show the wavelet technique can identify the time and frequency of harmonic disturbances with errors less than 1.2%. The wavelet approach provides an alternative for harmonic analysis that overcomes limitations of conventional Fourier-based methods.
This document proposes using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a complex Morlet wavelet to detect low frequency oscillations in a power system. CWT is applied to signals measured from a two-area four-machine power system model. The results extract the frequency and damping of inter-area oscillations, which closely match those obtained from eigenvalue analysis. This demonstrates CWT as an effective technique for identifying low frequency oscillations in power systems.
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
This document proposes an adaptive scheme for measuring signal parameters for generator monitoring and protection using adaptive orthogonal filters. The algorithm adapts the filter data window length and coefficients according to a coarse estimation of the signal frequency, allowing accurate measurements over a wide frequency band including during generator start-up. Measured signals are also used to train artificial neural networks to classify generator operation modes and detect phenomena like pole slipping and out-of-step conditions. The document describes the adaptive measurement scheme, provides an example using signals from simulations, and discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the design of an artificial neural network-based out-of-step protection system.
Shunt Faults Detection on Transmission Line by Waveletpaperpublications3
Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is a very important task because major portion of power system fault occurring in transmission system. This paper represents a fast and reliable method of transmission line shunt fault detection. MATLAB Simulink use for modeled an IEEE 9-bus test power system for case study of various faults. In proposed work Daubechies wavelet is applied for decomposition of fault transients. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. Wavelet entropy measure based on wavelet analysis is able to observe the unsteady signals and complexity of the system at time-frequency plane.
The result shows that the proposed method is capable to detect all the shunt faults.
A Utilisation of Improved Gabor Transform for Harmonic Signals Detection and ...Yayah Zakaria
his paper presents a utilization of improved Gabor transform for harmonic signals detection and classification analysis in power distribution system. The Gabor transform is one of time frequency distribution technique with a capability of representing signals in jointly time-frequency domain and known as time frequency representation (TFR). The estimation of spectral
information can be obtained from TFR in order to identify the characteristics of the signals. The detection and classification of harmonic signals for 10 unique signals with numerous characteristic of harmonics with support of rule-based classifier and threshold setting that been referred to IEEE standard 1159 2009. The accuracy of proposed method is determined by using MAPE and the outcome demonstrate that the method gives high accuracy of harmonic signals classification. Additionally, Gabor transform also gives 100 percent correct classification of harmonic signals. It is verified that the proposed method is accurate and cost efficient in detecting and classifying harmonic signals in distribution system.
A new faulted phase identification technique for overhead distribution systemAlexander Decker
This document presents a new technique for identifying the faulted phase in overhead distribution systems. The technique uses Clarke modal transformation and wavelet transform to analyze voltage waveforms from the distribution system. It is a two-step process:
1. Clarke modal transformation is used to identify whether a fault is grounded or ungrounded based on the magnitude of the ground mode component.
2. Discrete wavelet transform is then used to classify the specific faulted phase for both grounded and ungrounded faults. Phase shift angle is also analyzed to help determine the faulted phase. The technique aims to address issues with current transformer behavior during faults that can reduce accuracy of fault identification. MATLAB and ATP/EMTP software are used
Detection of Transmission Line Faults by Wavelet Based Transient ExtractionIDES Editor
This paper proposes a novel technique to detect faults in transmission lines using wavelet transform. Three-phase currents are monitored at both ends of the transmission line using GPS synchronization. Wavelet transform is used to extract transients from the current signals, which are indicative of faults. A fault index is calculated based on the detail coefficients of the wavelet transform and compared to a threshold value to detect faults. Simulation results demonstrate the technique can detect various faults at different locations and inception angles on the transmission line.
Analysis of harmonics using wavelet techniqueIJECEIAES
This paper proposes a wavelet technique to analyze harmonics in power system signals. The algorithm uses Daubechies 20 wavelet and decomposes signals into different frequency sub-bands corresponding to harmonic components. Simulation results on test signals containing various harmonic distortions show the wavelet technique can identify the time and frequency of harmonic disturbances with errors less than 1.2%. The wavelet approach provides an alternative for harmonic analysis that overcomes limitations of conventional Fourier-based methods.
This document proposes using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) with a complex Morlet wavelet to detect low frequency oscillations in a power system. CWT is applied to signals measured from a two-area four-machine power system model. The results extract the frequency and damping of inter-area oscillations, which closely match those obtained from eigenvalue analysis. This demonstrates CWT as an effective technique for identifying low frequency oscillations in power systems.
Fault detection and diagnosis ingears using wavelet enveloped power spectrum ...eSAT Journals
Abstract In this work, automatic detection and diagnosis of gear condition monitoring technique is presented. The vibration signals in time domain wereobtained from a fault simulator apparatus from a healthy gear and an induced faulty gear. These time domain signals were processed using Laplace and Morlet wavelet based enveloped power spectrum to detect the faults in gears. The vibration signals obtained were filtered to enhance the signal components before the application of wavelet analysis. The time and frequency domain features extracted from Laplace wavelet based wavelet transform are used as input to ANN for gear fault classification. Genetic algorithm was used to optimize the wavelet and ANN classification parameters. The result shows the successful classification of ANN test process. Index Terms:Continuous wavelet transform, Envelope power spectrum, Wavelet, Filtering, ANN.
This document proposes an adaptive scheme for measuring signal parameters for generator monitoring and protection using adaptive orthogonal filters. The algorithm adapts the filter data window length and coefficients according to a coarse estimation of the signal frequency, allowing accurate measurements over a wide frequency band including during generator start-up. Measured signals are also used to train artificial neural networks to classify generator operation modes and detect phenomena like pole slipping and out-of-step conditions. The document describes the adaptive measurement scheme, provides an example using signals from simulations, and discusses using a genetic algorithm to optimize the design of an artificial neural network-based out-of-step protection system.
Shunt Faults Detection on Transmission Line by Waveletpaperpublications3
Abstract: Transmission line fault detection is a very important task because major portion of power system fault occurring in transmission system. This paper represents a fast and reliable method of transmission line shunt fault detection. MATLAB Simulink use for modeled an IEEE 9-bus test power system for case study of various faults. In proposed work Daubechies wavelet is applied for decomposition of fault transients. The application of wavelet analysis helps in accurate classification of the various fault patterns. Wavelet entropy measure based on wavelet analysis is able to observe the unsteady signals and complexity of the system at time-frequency plane.
The result shows that the proposed method is capable to detect all the shunt faults.
A Utilisation of Improved Gabor Transform for Harmonic Signals Detection and ...Yayah Zakaria
his paper presents a utilization of improved Gabor transform for harmonic signals detection and classification analysis in power distribution system. The Gabor transform is one of time frequency distribution technique with a capability of representing signals in jointly time-frequency domain and known as time frequency representation (TFR). The estimation of spectral
information can be obtained from TFR in order to identify the characteristics of the signals. The detection and classification of harmonic signals for 10 unique signals with numerous characteristic of harmonics with support of rule-based classifier and threshold setting that been referred to IEEE standard 1159 2009. The accuracy of proposed method is determined by using MAPE and the outcome demonstrate that the method gives high accuracy of harmonic signals classification. Additionally, Gabor transform also gives 100 percent correct classification of harmonic signals. It is verified that the proposed method is accurate and cost efficient in detecting and classifying harmonic signals in distribution system.
A new faulted phase identification technique for overhead distribution systemAlexander Decker
This document presents a new technique for identifying the faulted phase in overhead distribution systems. The technique uses Clarke modal transformation and wavelet transform to analyze voltage waveforms from the distribution system. It is a two-step process:
1. Clarke modal transformation is used to identify whether a fault is grounded or ungrounded based on the magnitude of the ground mode component.
2. Discrete wavelet transform is then used to classify the specific faulted phase for both grounded and ungrounded faults. Phase shift angle is also analyzed to help determine the faulted phase. The technique aims to address issues with current transformer behavior during faults that can reduce accuracy of fault identification. MATLAB and ATP/EMTP software are used
Voltage variations identification using Gabor Transform and rule-based classi...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comparatively contemporary easy to use technique for the identification and classification of voltage variations. The technique was established based on the Gabor Transform and the rule-based classification method. The technique was tested by using mathematical model of Power Quality (PQ) disturbances based on the IEEE Std 519-2009. The PQ disturbances focused were the voltage variations, which included voltage sag, swell and interruption. A total of 80 signals were simulated from the mathematical model in MATLAB and used in this study. The signals were analyzed by using Gabor Transform and the signal pattern, timefrequency representation (TFR) and root-mean-square voltage graph were presented in this paper. The features of the analysis were extracted, and rules were implemented in rule-based classification to identify and classify the voltage variation accordingly. The results showed that this method is easy to be used and has good accuracy in classifying the voltage variation.
Cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for lpi radarseSAT Journals
This document discusses cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for low probability of intercept (LPI) radars. It begins with an introduction to LPI radars and their modulation and detection techniques, focusing on polytime codes. It then describes cyclostationary signal processing methods like the direct frequency smoothing method (DFSM) and fast Fourier transform accumulation method (FAM) that can be used to extract parameters from polytime coded signals. The document analyzes example polytime coded signals with and without noise using these cyclostationary techniques and accurately extracts key parameters like carrier frequency, bandwidth, and code rate. It finds the FAM method has better computational efficiency than DFSM for long signals.
1) Precise synchronization of phasor measurements across wide areas of the electric grid is important for monitoring system state, control, and protection. GPS provides an ideal synchronization source with accuracy of 1 microsecond or better.
2) Synchronized phasor measurements directly measure the system state vector and dynamic conditions, providing faster response than traditional state estimation. They can improve control schemes and adaptive relaying by providing real-time feedback across the entire system.
3) Detection of instability between two interconnected regions can be achieved using synchronized phasor measurements to predict angular stability based on the equal area criterion for a two-machine system.
This document discusses using artificial neural networks for fault detection and diagnosis of power systems. It presents neural networks as a suitable approach for power system fault diagnosis due to their ability to generalize, learn online, and operate in real-time. The document describes a case study where a neural network was trained on data from a model power system to detect and diagnose 53 different fault types based on relay and circuit breaker status inputs. The neural network was able to accurately diagnose faults, distinguish between single and multiple faults, and showed graceful degradation when diagnosis was imperfect.
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from bearings for condition monitoring. It describes performing discrete wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transforms on bearing vibration data to extract statistical features like wavelet energy, entropy, and FFT magnitudes. These features are then used as inputs to an artificial neural network to classify signals as normal or faulty. The results show wavelet-based vibration monitoring can successfully detect and classify bearing faults.
Comparative Analysis of Different Wavelet Functions using Modified Adaptive F...IJERA Editor
The traditional method of wavelet denoising is inefficient in removing the overlap noise between noisy signal
and noise, due to which a modified adaptive filtering based on wavelet transform method is introduced. The
method used in this paper filters out the noise on the basis of wavelet denoising using different wavelet
functions. The simulation results indicate the Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and signal
error power spectral density comparison plot between different wavelet functions. These comparison results
verified that Daubechies is more efficient than other wavelet functions in filtering out noise in all perspectives.
This document discusses modeling of biomedical signals. It introduces autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) modeling techniques. For AR modeling, it describes three methods for computing the model parameters: the least squares method, the autocorrelation method, and the covariance method. The least squares method minimizes the mean squared error between predicted and actual signal samples. The autocorrelation and covariance methods relate the AR model parameters to the autocorrelation function of the signal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrocardiogram Denoised Signal by Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuou...CSCJournals
One of commonest problems in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is denoising. In this paper a denoising technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been developed. To evaluate proposed technique, we compare it to continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Performance evaluation uses parameters like mean square error (MSE) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) computations show that the proposed technique out performs the CWT.
Load Frequency Control, Integral control, Fuzzy Logic.IJERA Editor
An analysis of digital Phase-modulated signals is performed based on frequency spectrum which consists of a continuous and a number of discrete components at multiples of clock frequencies. The analysis shows that these components depend on the pulse shape function of multi-level digital signals to be phase modulated. In this paper, the effect of duty cycle, rise and fall times of these multi-level digital signals, on the frequency spectrum is studied. It is observed that the duty cycle variation of 10% results 30 dB increase in undesired component and the 10% increase in rise & fall times increase the power of undesired component by 12 dB. The theoretical observations of the effects are applied on the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals as a case study, to discuss their effects in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
This document presents a new method for locating ungrounded faults in underground distribution systems using wavelet analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Voltage and current signals are simulated for different fault types, locations, and conditions using EMTP software. Wavelet analysis is used to extract features from the signals related to fault classification and location. ANNs are then applied to classify fault types based on the extracted features and to determine the fault location for each fault type based on additional extracted features. The results indicate the technique can accurately locate faults under a variety of system conditions.
1) The document discusses power spectrum estimation methods for digital signal processing.
2) It describes five common non-parametric power spectrum estimation techniques: periodogram method, modified periodogram method, Bartlett's method, Welch's method, and Blackman-Tukey method.
3) Each method has different tradeoffs between frequency resolution, variance, and bias that make some techniques better for certain applications like feature extraction.
Analysis of the Waveform of the Acoustic Emission Signal via Analogue Modulat...IOSRjournaljce
The acoustic emission (AE) technique is a non-destructive testing technique applied to pressurized rigid pipelines in order to identify metallurgical discontinuities. This study analyses the dynamic behavior of the propagation of discontinuities in cracks via AE, in the following propagation classes: no propagation (NP), stable propagation (SP), and unstable propagation (UP). The methodology involves applying the concept of modulation of analogue signals, which are used in signal transmission in telecommunications, for the development of a neural network in order to determine new parameters for the AE waveform. The classification of AE signals into propagation classes occurs, therefore, through the extraction of information related to the dynamics of AE signals, by means of the parameters of the analogue carriers of the modulations (in amplitude and in angle) that make up the AE signal. This set of parameters enables an efficient classification (average of 90%) through the identification of patterns from the AE signals in the classes for monitoring the state of the discontinuity, through the use of computational intelligence techniques (artificial neural networks and nonlinear classification).
This document discusses time-frequency analysis techniques for classifying vibration signals from electric motors. It presents the Wigner-Ville distribution and short-time Fourier transform for time-frequency analysis and compares their resolutions. Instantaneous amplitude and frequency is also introduced and shown to enable fast classification of motor condition during transients based on features like overshoot. The techniques allow accurate motor classification from transient vibration signals measured by laser techniques.
The document discusses turbo equalization, which is a receiver technique used to mitigate inter-symbol interference in digital communication systems. It works by formulating the channel equalization problem as a turbo decoding problem, where the channel acts as a convolutional code and error correction coding acts as the second code. The turbo equalizer uses iterative exchange of soft information between the equalizer and decoder to jointly estimate transmitted symbols and bits. This iterative process allows both components to improve their estimates in each round and help achieve better performance than traditional equalizers.
MTM (Multitaper Method) is a non-parametric method for spectral estimation that reduces spectral leakage. It involves selecting data tapers within a chosen frequency bandwidth, multiplying the tapers with the signal, and averaging the resulting tapered spectra to estimate the power spectrum. MTM uses orthogonal Slepian tapers to generate multiple tapered versions of the input signal, then averages their periodograms to obtain the spectral estimate. This reduces variance compared to using a single taper. MTM has applications in analyzing atmospheric, oceanic, paleoclimate, geochemical, and seismological time series data.
OFFLINE SPIKE DETECTION USING TIME DEPENDENT ENTROPY ijbesjournal
This document describes an offline spike detection method using time-dependent entropy (TDE). TDE tracks changes in the entropy content of overlapping windows of neural data, as spikes are transient events that affect the signal's entropy. The method was tested on synthesized neural data containing embedded spike trains at various signal-to-noise ratios. Results showed TDE enabled detection of spikes with relatively lower false alarm rates compared to other methods. Key parameters for TDE include the window length, sliding lag, and entropy index value, which were optimized for spike detection performance.
An artificial neural network model for classification of epileptic seizures u...ijsc
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper
the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of
bandlimited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions.
The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd an
d 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epilepticsignal. A neural network using back propagation alg
orithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
Wavelet energy moment and neural networks based particle swarm optimisation f...journalBEEI
In this study, a combined approach of discrete wavelet transform analysis and a feed forward neural networks algorithm to detect and classify transmission line faults. The proposed algorithm uses a multi -resolution analysis decoposition of three-phasecurrents only to calculate the wavelet energy moment of detailed coefficients. In comparison with the energy spectrum, the energy moment could reveal the energy distribution features better, which is beneficial when extracting signal features. Theapproach use particle swarm optimization algorithm to train a feed forward neural network. The goal is the enhancement of the convergence rate, learning process and fill up the gap of local minimum point.The purposed scheme consists of two FNNs, one for detecting and another for classifying all the ten types of faults using Matlab/Simulink. The proposed algorithm have been extensively tested on a system 400 kV, 3 phases, 100 km line consideringvarious fault parameter variations.
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This document presents a technique for classifying faults on overhead transmission lines using S-Transform and a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier. Voltage signals are processed using S-Transform to extract energy features from each phase. These 3 features (1 per phase) are used as inputs to a PNN classifier to determine the type of fault (e.g. line-ground, line-line) and faulty phase. The method was tested on a simulated 3-phase transmission line model in MATLAB with different fault conditions. It produced accurate classification results, even when noise was added to the signals. The paper concludes the method provides fast and accurate fault classification.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
This paper discusses the time-frequency transform based fault detection and classification of STATCOM (Static synchronous compensator) integrated single circuit transmission line. Here, fast-discrete S-Transform (FDST) based time-frequency transformation is proposed for evaluation of fault detection and classification including STATCOM in transmission line. The STATCOM is placed at mid-point of transmission line. The system starts processing by extracting the current signals from both end of current transformer (CT) connected in transmission line. The current signals from CT’s are fed to FDST to compute the spectral energy (SE) of phase current at both end of the line. The differential spectral energy (DSE) is evaluated by subtracting the SE obtained from sending end and SE obtained from receiving end of the line. The DSE is the key indicator for deciding the fault pattern detection and classification of transmission line. This proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB simulink R2010a version and successfully tested under various parameter condition such as fault resistance (Rf),source impedance (SI), fault inception angle (FIA) and reverse flow of current. The proposed approach is simple, reliable and efficient as the processing speed is very fast to detect the fault within a cycle period of FDT (fault detection time).
Voltage variations identification using Gabor Transform and rule-based classi...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a comparatively contemporary easy to use technique for the identification and classification of voltage variations. The technique was established based on the Gabor Transform and the rule-based classification method. The technique was tested by using mathematical model of Power Quality (PQ) disturbances based on the IEEE Std 519-2009. The PQ disturbances focused were the voltage variations, which included voltage sag, swell and interruption. A total of 80 signals were simulated from the mathematical model in MATLAB and used in this study. The signals were analyzed by using Gabor Transform and the signal pattern, timefrequency representation (TFR) and root-mean-square voltage graph were presented in this paper. The features of the analysis were extracted, and rules were implemented in rule-based classification to identify and classify the voltage variation accordingly. The results showed that this method is easy to be used and has good accuracy in classifying the voltage variation.
Cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for lpi radarseSAT Journals
This document discusses cyclostationary analysis of polytime coded signals for low probability of intercept (LPI) radars. It begins with an introduction to LPI radars and their modulation and detection techniques, focusing on polytime codes. It then describes cyclostationary signal processing methods like the direct frequency smoothing method (DFSM) and fast Fourier transform accumulation method (FAM) that can be used to extract parameters from polytime coded signals. The document analyzes example polytime coded signals with and without noise using these cyclostationary techniques and accurately extracts key parameters like carrier frequency, bandwidth, and code rate. It finds the FAM method has better computational efficiency than DFSM for long signals.
1) Precise synchronization of phasor measurements across wide areas of the electric grid is important for monitoring system state, control, and protection. GPS provides an ideal synchronization source with accuracy of 1 microsecond or better.
2) Synchronized phasor measurements directly measure the system state vector and dynamic conditions, providing faster response than traditional state estimation. They can improve control schemes and adaptive relaying by providing real-time feedback across the entire system.
3) Detection of instability between two interconnected regions can be achieved using synchronized phasor measurements to predict angular stability based on the equal area criterion for a two-machine system.
This document discusses using artificial neural networks for fault detection and diagnosis of power systems. It presents neural networks as a suitable approach for power system fault diagnosis due to their ability to generalize, learn online, and operate in real-time. The document describes a case study where a neural network was trained on data from a model power system to detect and diagnose 53 different fault types based on relay and circuit breaker status inputs. The neural network was able to accurately diagnose faults, distinguish between single and multiple faults, and showed graceful degradation when diagnosis was imperfect.
This document discusses using wavelet transforms to analyze vibration signals from bearings for condition monitoring. It describes performing discrete wavelet transforms and wavelet packet transforms on bearing vibration data to extract statistical features like wavelet energy, entropy, and FFT magnitudes. These features are then used as inputs to an artificial neural network to classify signals as normal or faulty. The results show wavelet-based vibration monitoring can successfully detect and classify bearing faults.
Comparative Analysis of Different Wavelet Functions using Modified Adaptive F...IJERA Editor
The traditional method of wavelet denoising is inefficient in removing the overlap noise between noisy signal
and noise, due to which a modified adaptive filtering based on wavelet transform method is introduced. The
method used in this paper filters out the noise on the basis of wavelet denoising using different wavelet
functions. The simulation results indicate the Signal to Noise ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and signal
error power spectral density comparison plot between different wavelet functions. These comparison results
verified that Daubechies is more efficient than other wavelet functions in filtering out noise in all perspectives.
This document discusses modeling of biomedical signals. It introduces autoregressive (AR) and moving average (MA) modeling techniques. For AR modeling, it describes three methods for computing the model parameters: the least squares method, the autocorrelation method, and the covariance method. The least squares method minimizes the mean squared error between predicted and actual signal samples. The autocorrelation and covariance methods relate the AR model parameters to the autocorrelation function of the signal.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electrocardiogram Denoised Signal by Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuou...CSCJournals
One of commonest problems in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is denoising. In this paper a denoising technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been developed. To evaluate proposed technique, we compare it to continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Performance evaluation uses parameters like mean square error (MSE) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) computations show that the proposed technique out performs the CWT.
Load Frequency Control, Integral control, Fuzzy Logic.IJERA Editor
An analysis of digital Phase-modulated signals is performed based on frequency spectrum which consists of a continuous and a number of discrete components at multiples of clock frequencies. The analysis shows that these components depend on the pulse shape function of multi-level digital signals to be phase modulated. In this paper, the effect of duty cycle, rise and fall times of these multi-level digital signals, on the frequency spectrum is studied. It is observed that the duty cycle variation of 10% results 30 dB increase in undesired component and the 10% increase in rise & fall times increase the power of undesired component by 12 dB. The theoretical observations of the effects are applied on the Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulated signals as a case study, to discuss their effects in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS).
This document presents a new method for locating ungrounded faults in underground distribution systems using wavelet analysis and artificial neural networks (ANNs). Voltage and current signals are simulated for different fault types, locations, and conditions using EMTP software. Wavelet analysis is used to extract features from the signals related to fault classification and location. ANNs are then applied to classify fault types based on the extracted features and to determine the fault location for each fault type based on additional extracted features. The results indicate the technique can accurately locate faults under a variety of system conditions.
1) The document discusses power spectrum estimation methods for digital signal processing.
2) It describes five common non-parametric power spectrum estimation techniques: periodogram method, modified periodogram method, Bartlett's method, Welch's method, and Blackman-Tukey method.
3) Each method has different tradeoffs between frequency resolution, variance, and bias that make some techniques better for certain applications like feature extraction.
Analysis of the Waveform of the Acoustic Emission Signal via Analogue Modulat...IOSRjournaljce
The acoustic emission (AE) technique is a non-destructive testing technique applied to pressurized rigid pipelines in order to identify metallurgical discontinuities. This study analyses the dynamic behavior of the propagation of discontinuities in cracks via AE, in the following propagation classes: no propagation (NP), stable propagation (SP), and unstable propagation (UP). The methodology involves applying the concept of modulation of analogue signals, which are used in signal transmission in telecommunications, for the development of a neural network in order to determine new parameters for the AE waveform. The classification of AE signals into propagation classes occurs, therefore, through the extraction of information related to the dynamics of AE signals, by means of the parameters of the analogue carriers of the modulations (in amplitude and in angle) that make up the AE signal. This set of parameters enables an efficient classification (average of 90%) through the identification of patterns from the AE signals in the classes for monitoring the state of the discontinuity, through the use of computational intelligence techniques (artificial neural networks and nonlinear classification).
This document discusses time-frequency analysis techniques for classifying vibration signals from electric motors. It presents the Wigner-Ville distribution and short-time Fourier transform for time-frequency analysis and compares their resolutions. Instantaneous amplitude and frequency is also introduced and shown to enable fast classification of motor condition during transients based on features like overshoot. The techniques allow accurate motor classification from transient vibration signals measured by laser techniques.
The document discusses turbo equalization, which is a receiver technique used to mitigate inter-symbol interference in digital communication systems. It works by formulating the channel equalization problem as a turbo decoding problem, where the channel acts as a convolutional code and error correction coding acts as the second code. The turbo equalizer uses iterative exchange of soft information between the equalizer and decoder to jointly estimate transmitted symbols and bits. This iterative process allows both components to improve their estimates in each round and help achieve better performance than traditional equalizers.
MTM (Multitaper Method) is a non-parametric method for spectral estimation that reduces spectral leakage. It involves selecting data tapers within a chosen frequency bandwidth, multiplying the tapers with the signal, and averaging the resulting tapered spectra to estimate the power spectrum. MTM uses orthogonal Slepian tapers to generate multiple tapered versions of the input signal, then averages their periodograms to obtain the spectral estimate. This reduces variance compared to using a single taper. MTM has applications in analyzing atmospheric, oceanic, paleoclimate, geochemical, and seismological time series data.
OFFLINE SPIKE DETECTION USING TIME DEPENDENT ENTROPY ijbesjournal
This document describes an offline spike detection method using time-dependent entropy (TDE). TDE tracks changes in the entropy content of overlapping windows of neural data, as spikes are transient events that affect the signal's entropy. The method was tested on synthesized neural data containing embedded spike trains at various signal-to-noise ratios. Results showed TDE enabled detection of spikes with relatively lower false alarm rates compared to other methods. Key parameters for TDE include the window length, sliding lag, and entropy index value, which were optimized for spike detection performance.
An artificial neural network model for classification of epileptic seizures u...ijsc
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders characterized by transient and unexpected
electrical disturbance in the brain. In This paper
the EEG signals are decomposed into a finite set of
bandlimited signals termed as Intrinsic mode functions.
The Hilbert transom is applied on these IMF’s to
calculate instantaneous frequencies. The 2nd,3rd an
d 4th IMF's are used to extract features of epilepticsignal. A neural network using back propagation alg
orithm is implemented for classification of epilepsy.An overall accuracy of 99.8% is achieved in classification..
Wavelet energy moment and neural networks based particle swarm optimisation f...journalBEEI
In this study, a combined approach of discrete wavelet transform analysis and a feed forward neural networks algorithm to detect and classify transmission line faults. The proposed algorithm uses a multi -resolution analysis decoposition of three-phasecurrents only to calculate the wavelet energy moment of detailed coefficients. In comparison with the energy spectrum, the energy moment could reveal the energy distribution features better, which is beneficial when extracting signal features. Theapproach use particle swarm optimization algorithm to train a feed forward neural network. The goal is the enhancement of the convergence rate, learning process and fill up the gap of local minimum point.The purposed scheme consists of two FNNs, one for detecting and another for classifying all the ten types of faults using Matlab/Simulink. The proposed algorithm have been extensively tested on a system 400 kV, 3 phases, 100 km line consideringvarious fault parameter variations.
Signal-Energy Based Fault Classification of Unbalanced Network using S-Transf...idescitation
This document presents a technique for classifying faults on overhead transmission lines using S-Transform and a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) classifier. Voltage signals are processed using S-Transform to extract energy features from each phase. These 3 features (1 per phase) are used as inputs to a PNN classifier to determine the type of fault (e.g. line-ground, line-line) and faulty phase. The method was tested on a simulated 3-phase transmission line model in MATLAB with different fault conditions. It produced accurate classification results, even when noise was added to the signals. The paper concludes the method provides fast and accurate fault classification.
Differential equation fault location algorithm with harmonic effects in power...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
About 80% of faults in the power system distribution are earth faults. Studies to find effective methods to identify and locate faults in distribution networks are still relevant, in addition to the presence of harmonic signals that distort waves and create deviations in the power system that can cause many problems to the protection relay. This study focuses on a single line-to-ground (SLG) fault location algorithm in a power system distribution network based on fundamental frequency measured using the differential equation method. The developed algorithm considers the presence of harmonics components in the simulation network. In this study, several filters were tested to obtain the lowest fault location error to reduce the effect of harmonic components on the developed fault location algorithm. The network model is simulated using the alternate transients program (ATP)Draw simulation program. Several fault scenarios have been implemented during the simulation, such as fault resistance, fault distance, and fault inception angle. The final results show that the proposed algorithm can estimate the fault distance successfully with an acceptable fault location error. Based on the simulation results, the differential equation continuous wavelet technique (CWT) filter-based algorithm produced an accurate fault location result with a mean average error (MAE) of less than 5%.
This paper discusses the time-frequency transform based fault detection and classification of STATCOM (Static synchronous compensator) integrated single circuit transmission line. Here, fast-discrete S-Transform (FDST) based time-frequency transformation is proposed for evaluation of fault detection and classification including STATCOM in transmission line. The STATCOM is placed at mid-point of transmission line. The system starts processing by extracting the current signals from both end of current transformer (CT) connected in transmission line. The current signals from CT’s are fed to FDST to compute the spectral energy (SE) of phase current at both end of the line. The differential spectral energy (DSE) is evaluated by subtracting the SE obtained from sending end and SE obtained from receiving end of the line. The DSE is the key indicator for deciding the fault pattern detection and classification of transmission line. This proposed scheme is simulated using MATLAB simulink R2010a version and successfully tested under various parameter condition such as fault resistance (Rf),source impedance (SI), fault inception angle (FIA) and reverse flow of current. The proposed approach is simple, reliable and efficient as the processing speed is very fast to detect the fault within a cycle period of FDT (fault detection time).
This document discusses a method for detecting, classifying, and locating faults on 220kV transmission lines using discrete wavelet transform and neural networks. Fault detection is performed by calculating the energy of detail coefficients from wavelet transformation of phase current signals. A neural network is then used for fault classification and location. The neural network is trained using patterns generated by simulating different fault conditions, including varying fault location, type, and resistance. The proposed method aims to classify 10 different fault types and locate faults occurring at different points along the transmission line.
This paper presents a discrete wavelet transform and neural network approach to fault
detection and classification and location in transmission lines. The fault detection is carried out by
using energy of the detail coefficients of the phase signals and artificial neutral network algorithm
used for fault type classification and fault distance location for all the types of faults for 220 KV
transmission line. The energies of the all three phases A, B, C and ground phase are given in put to
the neural network for the fault classification. For each type of fault separate neural network is
prepared for finding out the fault location. An improved performance is obtained once the neutral
network is trained suitably, thus performance correctly when faced with different system parameters
and conditions.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...Wireilla
The document describes a proposed wavelet-fuzzy based multi-terminal transmission system protection scheme for accurate fault detection, classification, and location estimation in the presence of a STATCOM controller. The scheme uses wavelet transform to analyze current signals at terminals to detect and classify faults. A fuzzy inference system is then used to estimate the fault location. Digital simulations were performed on a four terminal transmission system with variations in fault distance, type, and inception angle. The results showed the scheme can accurately detect and classify faults within half a cycle and is suitable for multi-terminal systems with or without STATCOM compensation.
WAVELET- FUZZY BASED MULTI TERMINAL TRANSMISSION SYSTEM PROTECTION SCHEME IN ...ijfls
In This Paper, A New Protection Scheme In The Areas Of Accurate Fault Detection, Classification And
Location Estimation For Multi Terminal Transmission System Compensated With Statcom Is Proposed.
The Fault Indices Of All The Phases At All The Terminals Are Obtained By Analyzing The Detail
Coefficients Of Current Signals Through Bior 1.5 Mother Wavelet. The Complete Digital Simulation Of A
Transmission System With Statcom Is Performed Using Matlab /Simulink For Fault Detection,
Classification, And Faulty Terminal Identification With Variations In Fault Distance And Fault Inception
Angle For All Types Of Faults And Fuzzy Inference System Is Used To Estimate The Fault Location. The
Protection Scheme Yielded Accurate Results Within Half Cycle And Show That The Above Scheme Is
Suitable For Multi Terminal Transmission System With And Without Statcom Compensation.
The document compares different algorithms for detecting voltage sags and swells in power systems. It describes RMS voltage detection, peak voltage detection, and discrete Fourier transform (DFT) methods. RMS detection uses historical data so it can be slow for mitigation. Peak detection requires only single-phase values but DFT is best for steady signals and not fast transients. The paper proposes a novel real-time algorithm to rapidly detect voltage sags and compares it to existing methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Peak detection using wavelet transformIJCNCJournal
A new work based-wavelet transform is designed to overcome one of the main drawbacks that found in the
present new technologies. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)is proposed in the
literature to enhance the multimedia resolution. However, the high peak power (PAPR) values will obstruct
such achievements. Therefore, a new proposition is found in this work, making use of the wavelet
transforms methods, and it is divided into three main stages; de-noising stage, thresholding stage and then
the replacement stage.
In order to check the system stages validity; a mathematical model has been built and its checked after
using a MATLAB simulation. A simulated bit error rate (BER) achievement will be compared with our
previously published work, where an enhancement from 8×10-1 to be 5×10-1 is achieved. Moreover, these
results will be compared to the work found in the literature, where we have accomplished around 27%
PAPR extra reduction.
As a result, the BER performance has been improved for the same bandwidth occupancy. Moreover and
due to the de-noise stage, the verification rate has been improved to reach 81%. This is in addition to the
noise immunity enhancement.
Wavelet Based Fault Detection, Classification in Transmission System with TCS...IJERA Editor
This paper presents simulation results of the application of distance relays for the protection of transmission systems employing flexible alternating current transmission controllers such as Thyristor Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC). The complete digital simulation of TCSC within a transmission system is performed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment using the Power System Block set (PSB). This paper presents an efficient method based on wavelet transforms both fault detection and classification which is almost independent of fault impedance, fault location and fault inception angle of transmission line fault currents with FACTS controllers.
An appropriate fault detection and classification of power system transmission line using discrete wavelet transform and artificial neural networks is performed in this paper. The analysis is carried out by applying discrete wavelet transform for obtained fault phase currents. The work represented in this paper are mainly concentrated on classification of fault and this classification is done based on the obtained energy values after applying discrete wavelet transform by taking this values as an input for the neural network. The proposed system and analysis is carried out in Matlab Simulink.
A Utilisation of Improved Gabor Transform for Harmonic Signals Detection and ...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a utilization of improved Gabor transform for harmonic signals detection and classification analysis in power distribution system. The Gabor transform is one of time frequency distribution technique with a capability of representing signals in jointly time-frequency domain and known as time frequency representation (TFR). The estimation of spectral information can be obtained from TFR in order to identify the characteristics of the signals. The detection and classification of harmonic signals for 100 unique signals with numerous characteristic of harmonics with support of rule-based classifier and threshold setting that been referred to IEEE standard 1159 2009. The accuracy of proposed method is determined by using MAPE and the outcome demonstrate that the method gives high accuracy of harmonic signals classification. Additionally, Gabor transform also gives 100 percent correct classification of harmonic signals. It is verified that the proposed method is accurate and cost efficient in detecting and classifying harmonic signals in distribution system.
A JOINT TIMING OFFSET AND CHANNEL ESTIMATION USING FRACTIONAL FOURIER TRANSFO...IJCNCJournal
This paper proposes a new method for joint timing offset and channel estimation in OFDM systems using fractional Fourier transform and constant amplitude zero autocorrelation sequences. After estimating the timing offset in the frequency domain, compensation is performed in the time domain. Channel estimation then uses least squares with discrete Fourier transform and linear interpolation to recover the transmitted signal. Simulation results show the proposed method achieves good performance in terms of mean square error for timing offset estimation compared to other techniques, especially for fast fading channels. It also estimates the channel well while maintaining throughput.
An Algorithm Based On Discrete Wavelet Transform For Faults Detection, Locati...paperpublications3
Abstract: An electric power distribution system is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. Fault classification and location is very important in power system engineering in order to clear fault quickly and restore power supply as soon as possible with minimum interruption. Hence, ensuring its efficient and reliable operation is an extremely important and challenging task. With availability of inadequate system information, locating faults in a distribution system pose a major challenge to the utility operators. In this paper, a faults detection, location and classification technique using discrete wavelet multi-resolution approach for radial distribution systems are proposed. In this distribution network, the current measurement at the substation have been utilized and is demonstrated on 9-bus distribution system. Also in this work distribution system model was developed and simulated using power system block set of MATLAB to obtain fault current waveforms. The waveforms were analyzed using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) toolbox by selecting suitable wavelet family. It was estimated and achieved using Daubechies ‘db5’ discrete wavelet transform.
A Critical Review of Time-frequency Distribution Analysis for Detection and C...IJECEIAES
This paper presents a critical review of time-frequency distributions (TFDs) analysis for detection and classification of harmonic signal. 100 unique harmonic signals comprise of numerous characteristic are detected and classified by using spectrogram, Gabor transform and S-transform. The rulebased classifier and the threshold settings of the analysis are according to the IEEE Standard 1159 2009. The best TFD for harmonic signals detection and classification is selected through performance analysis with regards to the accuracy, computational complexity and memory size that been used during the analysis.
This document describes a new communications-based protection scheme that uses both traveling-wave (TW) based directional elements and incremental-quantity directional elements to speed up directional comparison protection for transmission lines. The scheme uses fast TW-based elements to quickly transmit a permissive trip signal while using slower but more secure incremental-quantity elements for supervision. Field tests on a 400kV transmission line show the scheme can achieve end-to-end operating times of 4-6ms. The scheme takes advantage of the speed of TW-based elements without sacrificing security by only using them to trigger signal transmission and relying on incremental-quantity elements at the receiving end.
IRJET- A Simple Approach to Identify Power System Transmission Line Faults us...IRJET Journal
This paper presents a Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) approach for identifying and classifying faults on power transmission lines. The PNN is trained on voltage waveform data simulated using Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) software for different fault types and locations on a 150km transmission line. Only two sets of simulated data are used to train the PNN, requiring less computation than other methods that preprocess data. The trained PNN is able to accurately identify and classify fault types based on the voltage waveform, which helps ensure reliable power transmission by isolating only faulty lines or phases.
Joint State and Parameter Estimation by Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) techniqueIJERD Editor
In order to increase power system stability and reliability during and after disturbances, power grid
global and local controllers must be developed. SCADA system provides steady and low sampling density. To
remove these limitation PMUs are being rapidly adopted worldwide. Dynamic states of power system can be
estimated using EKF. This requires field excitation as input which may not available. As a result, the EKF with
unknown inputs proposed for identifying and estimating the states and the unknown inputs of the synchronous
machine.
Similar to Transient Monitoring Function based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications (20)
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Neural network optimizer of proportional-integral-differential controller par...IJECEIAES
Wide application of proportional-integral-differential (PID)-regulator in industry requires constant improvement of methods of its parameters adjustment. The paper deals with the issues of optimization of PID-regulator parameters with the use of neural network technology methods. A methodology for choosing the architecture (structure) of neural network optimizer is proposed, which consists in determining the number of layers, the number of neurons in each layer, as well as the form and type of activation function. Algorithms of neural network training based on the application of the method of minimizing the mismatch between the regulated value and the target value are developed. The method of back propagation of gradients is proposed to select the optimal training rate of neurons of the neural network. The neural network optimizer, which is a superstructure of the linear PID controller, allows increasing the regulation accuracy from 0.23 to 0.09, thus reducing the power consumption from 65% to 53%. The results of the conducted experiments allow us to conclude that the created neural superstructure may well become a prototype of an automatic voltage regulator (AVR)-type industrial controller for tuning the parameters of the PID controller.
An improved modulation technique suitable for a three level flying capacitor ...IJECEIAES
This research paper introduces an innovative modulation technique for controlling a 3-level flying capacitor multilevel inverter (FCMLI), aiming to streamline the modulation process in contrast to conventional methods. The proposed
simplified modulation technique paves the way for more straightforward and
efficient control of multilevel inverters, enabling their widespread adoption and
integration into modern power electronic systems. Through the amalgamation of
sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) with a high-frequency square wave
pulse, this controlling technique attains energy equilibrium across the coupling
capacitor. The modulation scheme incorporates a simplified switching pattern
and a decreased count of voltage references, thereby simplifying the control
algorithm.
A review on features and methods of potential fishing zoneIJECEIAES
This review focuses on the importance of identifying potential fishing zones in seawater for sustainable fishing practices. It explores features like sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH), along with classification methods such as classifiers. The features like SST, SSH, and different classifiers used to classify the data, have been figured out in this review study. This study underscores the importance of examining potential fishing zones using advanced analytical techniques. It thoroughly explores the methodologies employed by researchers, covering both past and current approaches. The examination centers on data characteristics and the application of classification algorithms for classification of potential fishing zones. Furthermore, the prediction of potential fishing zones relies significantly on the effectiveness of classification algorithms. Previous research has assessed the performance of models like support vector machines, naïve Bayes, and artificial neural networks (ANN). In the previous result, the results of support vector machine (SVM) were 97.6% more accurate than naive Bayes's 94.2% to classify test data for fisheries classification. By considering the recent works in this area, several recommendations for future works are presented to further improve the performance of the potential fishing zone models, which is important to the fisheries community.
Electrical signal interference minimization using appropriate core material f...IJECEIAES
As demand for smaller, quicker, and more powerful devices rises, Moore's law is strictly followed. The industry has worked hard to make little devices that boost productivity. The goal is to optimize device density. Scientists are reducing connection delays to improve circuit performance. This helped them understand three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) concepts, which stack active devices and create vertical connections to diminish latency and lower interconnects. Electrical involvement is a big worry with 3D integrates circuits. Researchers have developed and tested through silicon via (TSV) and substrates to decrease electrical wave involvement. This study illustrates a novel noise coupling reduction method using several electrical involvement models. A 22% drop in electrical involvement from wave-carrying to victim TSVs introduces this new paradigm and improves system performance even at higher THz frequencies.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
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for a distribution system [17]. The TMF has been used to differentiate between fault and a power swing to
prevent maloperation of distance relay in zone-3 [18], [19].
This paper proposes a TMF based fault classifier wherein transient monitor (TM) indices of three
phases are computed. The faulted phase TM index will exceed the threshold value and fault type can be
identified through proposed logics. The phasor extraction of fundamental component of current signal is used
to obtain the reconstructed signal. The phasor extraction accuracy of one-cycle DFT being high results in
reduction of threshold value. The proposed method has been compared with wavelet transform based technique
[16]. A 400 kV system has been simulated for different types of faults considering several factors.
2. FAULT CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUES
2.1. Fault Classification Using DWT
Discrete wavelet transform (DWT) can effectively analyse transient current and voltage. DWT
analyse signals in different frequency band using short window for high frequency and long window for low
frequency [20]. Therefore signal can be analysed in both time and frequency domain. Wavelet decomposes the
signal in different frequency bands obtained from mother wavelet by dilation and translation. The wavelet
transform of signal f(t) can be represented by following equation as:
p
qt
wtf
p
qpfWT )(
1
),,(
(1)
where ‘p’, ‘q’ and ‘w’ are scaling constant, translation constant and wavelet function respectively. Discrete
wavelet transform can be applied to transform of sampled waveforms as:
p
p
p
h
h
k
h
kn
wtfjhfDWT
0
0
0
)(
1
),,(
(2)
where ‘p0
h
’ and ‘kp0
h
’ are scaling constant and translation constant respectively.
The DWT can be implemented with successive pairs of high pass and low pass filters at each scaling
stage. This is equivalent to successive approximation of same function where each approximation gives the
incremental information referred to a particular scale. The shorter scale involves high frequency range and
longer scale refers to low frequency of the spectrum. DWT decomposes a signal into a set of approximate and
detailed coefficients. The wavelet transform based fault classification analysis involves mean of the
approximate coefficients obtained from the DWT of each phase current at scale 1 and absolute value of the
means are termed as Ma, Mb and Mc respectively. Determination of fault type is carried out with logics shown
in Table 1.
Table 1. Fault Classification logics for DWT Technique
Fault Type Fault Classification Logics
A-G Ma >Mb & Ma > Mc & Mb= Mc
B-G Mb >Ma & Mb > Mc & Ma= Mc
C-G Mc >Ma & Mc > Mb & Ma= Mb
A-B-G Ma >Mc & Mb > Mc & Ma+ Mb ≥ 2 Mc
B-C-G Mb >Ma & Mc > Ma & Mb+ Mc ≥ 2 Ma
C-A-G Ma >Mb & Mc > Ma & Ma+ Mc ≥ 2 Mb
A-B Ma >Mc & Mb > Mc & Ma= Mc
B-C Mb >Ma & Mc > Ma & Mb= Mc
C-A Mb >Ma & Ma > Mb & Ma= Mc
A-B-C (Ma ≠ Mb ≠ Mc)& ( Ma + Mb = Mc )& (Mb + Mc = Ma)& (Ma + Mc = Mb)
2.2. Transient Monitoring Function
The fundamental component of current signal can be extracted by using a phasor estimation technique
[1]. One cycle DFT has been considered for phasor estimation in order to reconstruct a signal from its phasor
value at a given instant. In normal condition there will be no difference between the actual current signal and
the reconstructed one. However any type of fault initiation results in significant difference between the two
signals due to presence of transient component in fault signal. The absolute sum of squared difference between
the actual signal and reconstructed signal over one cycle window length termed as TMF. Transient monitoring
3. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Transient Monitoring Function Based Fault Classifier for Relaying Applications (P. R. Pattanaik)
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had been applied to determine the accuracy of phasor estimation [20]. In this paper TMF is used as a fault
classifier. The mathematical formulation of the TMF using Fourier transform approach has been outlined as
follows.
In the present paper fundamental frequency phasor value at each instant can be calculated using one
cycle DFT. A data window of one cycle continuously moves forward and adds one sample corresponds to that
instant. The phasor calculation for transient period will provide value for 50 Hz only. The current signal is
reconstructed with phasor values obtained and compared with actual current signal. It can be observed from
Figure 1 that during transient period two signals mismatches and TMF value increases. A sinusoidal current
signal can be expressed as
)(αIi mk cos (3)
where Im is the amplitude of current signal, k is the sample number, φ is the phase angle in radians and
α=2π/N (N is one cycle window length). DFT of the sinusoidal current signal corresponding to fundamental
frequency is
k
N
Π
jN
k
kei
N
I
21
0
1
2
(4)
where I1 is the phasor estimated in terms of peak and can also be represented as
j
meII 1 (5)
The signal can be reconstructed by using phasor values at each instant as
kTsjωj
mk ]ee[Ii 0
(6)
where Ts is the sampling time and ω0 is the fundamental angular frequency. According to the definition of the
TMF, it can be expressed as
N
k
kCTMF
1 (7)
where
2
)i(iC kkk
(8)
At the inception of any type of fault, large transients will be observed in fault signal and TMF will
maintain high index for few cycles. It can be observed from Figure 1 that actual current signal exactly matches
with reconstructed current signal before fault initiation (at 0.5s). There occurs a mismatch during transient
period although TMF maintains zero index value before fault and changing significantly during transient
period. Fault classification is carried out using post fault current data of the three phases at one end of the line.
Using these data TM indices for the three phases and ground are calculated and termed as TMa,TMb,TMc, and
TMg where suffices a, b, c and g relate to phase A, phase B, phase C and ground respectively.
N
T
FIT
TMFTM
S
aa
(9)
N
T
FIT
TMFTM
S
bb
(10)
N
T
FIT
TMFTM
S
cc
(11)
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4092
N
T
FIT
TMFTM
S
gg
(12)
Where, FIT is the fault inception time. A delay of one cycle is considered for higher value of TM index. The
total time taken for fault classification lies between one cycle and two cycles. The proposed fault classification
technique requires accurate fault detection as a prerequisite. The logics for determining different types of faults
are developed in terms of TM indices as illustrated in Table 2.
Figure 1. (a) Comparison between actual and reconstructed signal. (b) Transient monitor
Table 2. Fault Classification logics for TMF method
Fault Type Fault Classification Logics
A-G TMa ≥ hp & TMb< hp & TMc< hp & TMg ≥ hg
B-G TMa < hp & TMb≥ hp & TMc< hp & TMg ≥ hg
C-G TMa < hp & TMb< hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg ≥ hg
A-B-G TMa ≥ hp & TMb ≥ hp & TMc< hp & TMg ≥ hg
B-C-G TMa < hp & TMb ≥ hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg ≥ hg
C-A-G TMa ≥ hp & TMb< hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg ≥ hg
A-B TMa ≥ hp & TMb ≥ hp & TMc < hp & TMg < hg
B-C TMa < hp & TMb ≥ hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg < hg
C-A TMa ≥ hp & TMb < hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg < hg
A-B-C TMa ≥ hp & TMb ≥ hp & TMc ≥ hp & TMg < hg
‘hp’ and ‘hg’ are the thresholds for phase and ground indexes respectively.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A two terminal, 400 kV, 3 phases, 128 Km transmission line model has been considered as shown in
Figure 2. The proposed classification method has been compared with DWT technique to show effectiveness
and accuracy of TMF based classifier. All parameters related to the transmission line model are given in
Appendix I.
Figure 2. Transmission Line model
Extensive simulation studies using MATLAB®
/SIMULINK™
have been carried out for variations in
the values of fault resistance (RF), fault inception angle (FIA), fault location (d) and load angle (δ). Normalized
phase currents are processed and classification indices of DWT and TMF for phase and ground are obtained
5. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
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for different types of fault under various system conditions. The indices value obtained for DWT and TMF
method are given in Table 3 and Table 4 respectively. It is found from Table 3 that in few instances DWT
indices fail to satisfy their corresponding logics with respect to fault type under particular system condition.
Table 4 shows TMF indices satisfy their corresponding logics under the same system condition.
Table 3. Values of DWT indices for various operating conditions
Fault Type
Fault Condition:
d, RF, FIA, δ
|Ma| |Mb| |Mc| |Mg|
A-G
0.5, 50Ω, 20º, 20°
0.1, 00Ω, 45º, 20°
0.9, 10Ω, 25°,10º
0.0024
0.2353
0.0132
0.0100
0.0104
0.0121
0.0069
0.0273
0.0042
0.0020
0.0910
0.0018
B-C-G
0.5, 50Ω, 20º, 20°
0.1, 05Ω, 60º, 30°
0.9, 100Ω, 90°,10º
0.002
0.071
0.006
4.334
76.73
1.470
6.691
121.1
1.600
0.571
3.848
0.113
B-C
0.5, 10Ω, 20º, 30°
0.1, 02Ω, 85º, 15°
0.9, 50Ω, 50°,20º
0.000
0.000
0.000
13.53
727.3
1.152
13.24
731.8
1.148
0.000
0.000
0.000
Table 4. Values of TM indices for various operating conditions
Fault Type
Fault Condition:
d, RF, FIA, δ
TMa TMb TMc TMg
A-G
0.5, 50Ω, 20º, 20°
0.1, 00Ω, 45º, 20°
0.9, 10Ω, 25°,10º
5.457
258.7
49.68
0.002
0.731
0.267
0.002
0.729
0.267
0.600
35.12
4.028
B-C-G
0.5, 50Ω, 20º, 20°
0.1, 05Ω, 60º, 30°
0.9, 100Ω, 90°,10º
0.002
0.071
0.006
4.334
76.73
1.470
6.691
121.1
1.600
0.571
3.848
0.113
B-C
0.5, 10Ω, 20º, 30°
0.1, 02Ω, 85º, 15°
0.9, 50Ω, 50°,20º
0.000
0.000
0.000
13.53
727.3
1.152
13.24
731.8
1.148
0.000
0.000
0.000
In literature different types of fault classification logics are found based on their fault classifier indices.
The classifier index for three phases has been compared with each other. Alternatively the indices may be
compared with a pre specified threshold value. In DWT technique |M| indices are compared with each other
leading to inaccurate results due to a small margin between phase indices. It can be observed from Tables 1
and 3 that logics based on comparison of phase indices results in false identification of fault type. TM indices
are compared with a threshold value resulting in accurate identification of fault type. The value of thresholds
‘hp’ and ‘hg’ are taken as 1 and 0.01 respectively. Optimal threshold is necessary to obtain accurate fault
classification. Values of TMa and TMg for A-G fault are greater than hp and hg respectively whereas values of
TMb and TMc smaller than hp. The results obtained shown in Table 4 validates the logics of Table 2 for other
types of faults.
Threshold value may depend upon constraints such as noise, harmonics, frequency variation and
sampling rate. Phasor estimation quality affects the threshold value since phasor estimation accuracy decides
similarity between actual and reconstructed signals. The difference between these two signals under prefault
condition remains low leading to a very high value during fault conditions. One cycle delay after FIT is
considered for high value of TM index as high threshold value avoids inaccurate classification.
In the proposed method probability of correctness (Pc) is obtained for different cases to validate high
classification accuracy. The parameter variation in each case over a long range has been studied in order to
calculate Pc. The sample space in each case consists of total number of parameter variation and favorable events
pertaining to total number of correct classification. Mathematically ‘Pc’ can be expressed as:
𝑃𝐶 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒
× 100 (13)
The results using TMF shown in Table 5 reveal that the proposed method has high accuracy for wide
range of operating conditions. The computation has been made for variation in RF up to 130 Ω, d and δ up to
0.95 (p.u) line length and 50º respectively. The transmission line resistance upto the fault point and fault
resistance influence performance of proposed classifier. The low resistance results in high transient leading to
increased mutual inductance between phases. High mutual inductance generate transient in healthy phases. TM
indices of healthy phases increase due to presence of transients. The problem of high mutual inductance effect
may be eliminated with the design of appropriate filters. It is found that proposed classifier is not affected due
6. ISSN: 2088-8708
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4094
variation in fault inception angle and load angle. The proposed technique is simple and straightforward as it
requires a DFT based filtering algorithm and difference between two signals.
Table 5. Classification accuracy of TMF method
Fault Type Fixed Conditions Variable parameter Step Size Pc
A-G d=0.5, FIA=45º, δ=20º RF= 0Ω to 135Ω 1Ω 96.30 %
B-C-G FIA=10º,δ=10º,RF=50Ω d=0.01 to 0.95 0.01 (p.u) 98.90 %
A-C δ=10º,RF=100Ω, d=0.5 FIA = 0º to 360º 1º 100.00 %
A-C-G RF=100Ω,d=0.5,FIA=30º δ = 5º to 50º 1º 100.0
4. CONCLUSION
A simple method for fault classification of power system has been proposed. The method employs a
transient monitoring function based technique using current signals at one end of the line. Requisite logics with
threshold values have been found to classify different type of fault. Simulation studies for various type of fault
have been carried out. The effects of fault location, fault inception angle, fault resistance and load angle have
been considered. It has been found that results obtained using proposed method are highly accurate compared
to the Discrete Wavelet transform based method.
ACKNOWLEDMENTS
The authors acknowledge help and support provided by S‘O’A Demmed University, Bhubaneswar.
APPENDIX I
The system information is given for power system operating at 50 Hz. For all instance negative
sequence impedance is equal to positive sequence impedance.
I. Source voltages:
Source 1: E1=400 kV
Source 2: E2=400∠δ kV, where δ is the power angle.
II. Source impedance: (Source 1)
Positive sequence impedance=1.74+j19.92 Ω
Zero sequence impedance=2.6100+j29.8858 Ω
III. Source impedance: (Source 2)
Positive sequence impedance=0.87+j9.96 Ω
Zero sequence impedance=1.3050+j14.9400 Ω
IV. Transmission line parameters (per km).
Positive sequence impedance=0.0256+j0.3670 Ω
Zero sequence impedance=0.1362+j1.1096 Ω
V. Sampling Time: 1 millisecond.
VI. Line Length: 128 km.
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BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Received the B.Tech in Electrical Engineering from BPUT and M.Tech degrees from SOA
University in 2011 and 2014 respectively. He is currently working towards the Ph.D degree at SOA
Demmed University. His research interest are Power System Protection and Power System
Transients.
Received the B.Sc(Engg), M.E in Electrical engineering from Sambalpur University and Ph.D from
KIIT University in 1990, 1997 and 2017 respectively. He is currently an associate professor in the
department of electrical engineering at SOA Demmed University. His research area includes Power
System Protection and Power System Transients.
Received the B.Sc(Engg), M.Sc(Engg) and Ph.D degrees in Electrical Engineering from Sambalpur
University in 1970, 1973 and 1980 respectively. He is currently a professor in the department of
electrical engineering at SOA Demmed University. His research area includes Power System
Protection and Power System Operation and Control.