A systematic study of comparative government the world over points out that, there are, undeniably, four basic elements of the State, namely; population; territory; government and sovereignty which constitute the subject of this article.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to citizenship, society, and the state. It defines ethnic identity and national identity, and differentiates between them. Citizenship is defined as an individual's relationship to the state, which can lead to patriotism. Nationalism is differentiated from patriotism. Social cleavages like class, ethnicity, and religion are explained as divisions that impact policymaking. Social movements are defined as organized efforts to create or resist change, while civil society refers to voluntary organizations that allow people to define their own interests outside of the state. The document also briefly discusses global civil society and cosmopolitanism.
Dis is307 alternatives to developmentalist approach corporatism and othersHelen Sakhan
The document discusses the concept of corporatism as an alternative to developmentalism in comparative politics. Corporatism studies the relations between business, labor, and the state, with the state playing a mediating role. It emerged in the 1960s-1970s as traditional theories struggled to explain political phenomena. Corporatism is defined as major societal units being integrated into and subordinated to the state. It is distinct from pluralism and Marxism. While sometimes associated with fascism, corporatism generally emphasizes social harmony over class struggle. It proliferated after WWII but took different forms like statist versus societal corporatism depending on a country's history and institutions.
Civil society is a complex concept. Although the term is widely used, seeming at times to be universal ideas. There is no commonly-agreed definition. The notion that civil society is the arena of voluntary, collective actions of people around shared interests, purposes and values is non-controversial. To define civil society further many authors describe its position in relation to other sectors of society and then group actors within these sectors.
Thus, the Centre for Civil Society, London, considers civil society as a sector on its own vis-à-vis the three other main sectors—state, business and family (see figure 1). Although there is some degree of consensus in the literature on this basic approach, the attribution of actors is contested. For example, both approaches can be summarized in the following definition or understanding of civil society:
• Civil society is the sector of voluntary action within institutional forms that are distinct from those of the state, family and market, keeping in mind that in practice the boundaries between these sectors are often complex and blurred;
• It consists of a large and diverse set of voluntary organizations, often competing with each other and oriented to specific interests. It comprises non-state actors and associations that are not purely driven by private or economic interests, are autonomously organized, and interact in the public sphere; and
• Civil society is independent from the state, but it is oriented toward and interacts closely with the state and the political sphere.
Involving Civil Society in the Conflict Resolution Process in DonbasDonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes discussions from a strategic seminar on enhancing civil society's impact in resolving the conflict in Donbas, Ukraine. Key findings include:
1) Since 2014, Ukrainian civil society has become more active in Donbas on issues like humanitarian aid, human rights advocacy, and supporting internally displaced persons. However, cooperation between organizations is limited.
2) There is a divide between Ukrainian and Russian civil societies due to differing views on the conflict's causes and resolution. Few joint projects exist.
3) To strengthen impact, civil societies should pursue more strategic cooperation, joint projects between Ukrainian and Russian groups, and increase communication across the contact line. The international community should support these efforts through funding and capacity building
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
Regional organizations have become influential in global politics. They vary in their scope, membership, and level of institutionalization. Regional integration involves states cooperating within a geographical area and can range from functional cooperation to full political and economic integration, as seen in the European Union. Motivations for regionalism include both political factors like security concerns and economic drivers like expanding trade opportunities. Major regional bodies include the EU, ASEAN, and the African Union.
R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - AnalysisRustam Begaliev
Rist attempts to explain the historical process of development by analyzing its political, economic, and social dimensions over time. However, his writing style jumps between topics in a disorganized manner that makes the overall argument difficult to follow. He criticizes powerful countries for unfairly dominating weaker ones but also acknowledges that colonization benefited both colonizers and colonized societies to some degree. Rist argues that the development process shifted power towards developing countries in the mid-20th century. Globalization further challenged the international economic order and created new problems that require cooperation across nations. Overall, Rist provides a wide range of perspectives on development but lacks a clear thesis and structure to his analysis.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts related to citizenship, society, and the state. It defines ethnic identity and national identity, and differentiates between them. Citizenship is defined as an individual's relationship to the state, which can lead to patriotism. Nationalism is differentiated from patriotism. Social cleavages like class, ethnicity, and religion are explained as divisions that impact policymaking. Social movements are defined as organized efforts to create or resist change, while civil society refers to voluntary organizations that allow people to define their own interests outside of the state. The document also briefly discusses global civil society and cosmopolitanism.
Dis is307 alternatives to developmentalist approach corporatism and othersHelen Sakhan
The document discusses the concept of corporatism as an alternative to developmentalism in comparative politics. Corporatism studies the relations between business, labor, and the state, with the state playing a mediating role. It emerged in the 1960s-1970s as traditional theories struggled to explain political phenomena. Corporatism is defined as major societal units being integrated into and subordinated to the state. It is distinct from pluralism and Marxism. While sometimes associated with fascism, corporatism generally emphasizes social harmony over class struggle. It proliferated after WWII but took different forms like statist versus societal corporatism depending on a country's history and institutions.
Civil society is a complex concept. Although the term is widely used, seeming at times to be universal ideas. There is no commonly-agreed definition. The notion that civil society is the arena of voluntary, collective actions of people around shared interests, purposes and values is non-controversial. To define civil society further many authors describe its position in relation to other sectors of society and then group actors within these sectors.
Thus, the Centre for Civil Society, London, considers civil society as a sector on its own vis-à-vis the three other main sectors—state, business and family (see figure 1). Although there is some degree of consensus in the literature on this basic approach, the attribution of actors is contested. For example, both approaches can be summarized in the following definition or understanding of civil society:
• Civil society is the sector of voluntary action within institutional forms that are distinct from those of the state, family and market, keeping in mind that in practice the boundaries between these sectors are often complex and blurred;
• It consists of a large and diverse set of voluntary organizations, often competing with each other and oriented to specific interests. It comprises non-state actors and associations that are not purely driven by private or economic interests, are autonomously organized, and interact in the public sphere; and
• Civil society is independent from the state, but it is oriented toward and interacts closely with the state and the political sphere.
Involving Civil Society in the Conflict Resolution Process in DonbasDonbassFullAccess
This document summarizes discussions from a strategic seminar on enhancing civil society's impact in resolving the conflict in Donbas, Ukraine. Key findings include:
1) Since 2014, Ukrainian civil society has become more active in Donbas on issues like humanitarian aid, human rights advocacy, and supporting internally displaced persons. However, cooperation between organizations is limited.
2) There is a divide between Ukrainian and Russian civil societies due to differing views on the conflict's causes and resolution. Few joint projects exist.
3) To strengthen impact, civil societies should pursue more strategic cooperation, joint projects between Ukrainian and Russian groups, and increase communication across the contact line. The international community should support these efforts through funding and capacity building
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
Regional organizations have become influential in global politics. They vary in their scope, membership, and level of institutionalization. Regional integration involves states cooperating within a geographical area and can range from functional cooperation to full political and economic integration, as seen in the European Union. Motivations for regionalism include both political factors like security concerns and economic drivers like expanding trade opportunities. Major regional bodies include the EU, ASEAN, and the African Union.
R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - AnalysisRustam Begaliev
Rist attempts to explain the historical process of development by analyzing its political, economic, and social dimensions over time. However, his writing style jumps between topics in a disorganized manner that makes the overall argument difficult to follow. He criticizes powerful countries for unfairly dominating weaker ones but also acknowledges that colonization benefited both colonizers and colonized societies to some degree. Rist argues that the development process shifted power towards developing countries in the mid-20th century. Globalization further challenged the international economic order and created new problems that require cooperation across nations. Overall, Rist provides a wide range of perspectives on development but lacks a clear thesis and structure to his analysis.
The Philippine judicial and legal system, including its legal education system, blends elements of civil law inherited from the Spaniards and American common law. For instance, civil code procedures on family and property matters, among others, and the absence of jury trials are attributable to the Spanish civil law influences. However, most of the more significant laws governing trade and commerce, taxation, labor relations, and governmental operations, as well as the principle of judicial precedents are an American derivation. In the hierarchy of laws, the Constitution has the highest legal force, followed by domestic statutes. In addition, generally accepted principles of international law and judicial precedents (i.e., decisions of the Supreme Court) also form part of the laws of the land.
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
World Society and the Nation State - John W. MeyerArber Ymeri
The authors analyze the nation‐state as a worldwide institution constructed by worldwide cultural and associational processes, developing four main topics: (1) properties of nation‐states that result from their exogenously driven construction, including isomorphism, decoupling, and expansive structuration; (2) processes by which rationalistic world culture affects national states; (3) characteristics of world society that enhance the impact of world culture on national states and societies, including conditions favoring the diffusion of world models, expansion of world‐level associations, and rationalized scientific and professional authority; (4) dynamic features of world culture and society that generate expansion, conflict, and change, especially the statelessness of world society, legitimation of multiple levels of rationalized actors, and internal inconsistencies and contradictions.
The document discusses two approaches to governance - old and new - and their implications for comparative politics. Under the old approach, the state is the central actor focused on exerting control, while the new approach emphasizes how the state interacts with society. Both are important for comparative analysis as countries vary in their governance models. The new approach challenges the idea that the state is always the dominant actor but also risks undermining the state's role. An ideal model may incorporate aspects of both approaches through cooperation between the state and society.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
The legislative branch makes laws, determines taxes, and approves budgets. The Philippine Congress has two chambers - the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The Congress passes laws, declares war, ratifies treaties, and approves the national budget. A bill becomes law through three readings in both the House and Senate, and by gaining the President's approval.
The document discusses different theories and models of the state, including pluralist, capitalist, leviathan, and patriarchal theories. It also examines the roles of minimal, developmental, social democratic, collectivized, and totalitarian states. Finally, it addresses how globalization has impacted state power and sovereignty, with some arguing states have declined as international actors due to increased economic globalization and the rise of transnational companies.
The State and the political mediation
- the functioning of a control society -
1 - The social-democratic model
2 - Parties, unions and employers' associations
The document discusses competing theories about the relationship between the state and society. It examines how the state emerged from society but gained autonomy through tools like taxation, military, and bureaucracy. Sociological theories view society as prior to the individual, while pluralist theories see the state balancing competing interest groups. The development of the modern nation-state was influenced by industrialization, citizenship, and nationalism. Today, theories debate the balance between state power and individual rights, as well as how globalization is impacting the nation-state model.
The document defines the key features of a state as sovereign state power over a territory and population with a legal system and tax system. It lists the internal functions of a state as protective of legal order and human rights, and regulative of economic, financial, tax, social, cultural and ecological relations. External functions include defense/security and foreign policy/international cooperation. Methods of enforcing state power include conviction through ideology and ethics, enforcement through psychological, financial or physical means, recommendation, and encouragement. States can be differentiated by their form of government like monarchy or republic, state structure like unitary or federation, and political regime like totalitarian or democratic. Theories of the origin of the state and law include theological, patriarchal
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Comparativists are interested not only in the causes and forms of change, but also in the various impacts that it has on the policymaking process. Profound political and economic changes have characterized the 20th and early 21st centuries, and governments and politics.
This document discusses democracy, factors in democratic transitions, and definitions of democracy. It defines democracy as having free and fair elections, strong institutions that balance executive power, and respect for civil and political freedoms. Transitions are influenced by both international factors like the end of the Cold War and domestic forces such as economic crises, rising education levels, and civil society groups challenging authoritarian rule. Defining democracy precisely is challenging, and systems vary in how fully they meet democratic standards.
This document discusses different forms of government and political systems. It begins by defining key concepts like the state, authority, legitimacy, and power. It then describes different forms of government like autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. It discusses how power is acquired, exercised and maintained in different systems. The document also examines political institutions and processes in the Philippines, including the Marcos martial law era and several coup attempts in the post-Marcos period. Key causes of political instability are identified.
1. Politics involves conflict and cooperation in society as people work to establish order and rules through government. It can be defined as the process of creating, maintaining, and amending societal norms or rules to resolve conflicts.
2. Political science is the study of government, politics, and power relationships. It examines topics like political theories, comparative government systems, international relations, and public policy.
3. Governance refers to the exercise of political authority and management of a country or organization. It involves the complex processes by which groups in society make and implement decisions. Effective governance requires proper utilization of resources and meeting public expectations.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Comparative government and politics presentationiloveyoulord143
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and government. It discusses the definitions of political science and the state. It examines theories on the origins of the state. It describes the essential elements and functions of government. It outlines the branches of government in the Philippines and discusses federalism. It also defines key concepts like the constitution, bill of rights, forms of government, and economic systems.
Certain D - Operator for Srivastava H B - Hypergeometric Functions of Three V...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to derive certain relations involving Srivastava’s hypergeometric functions H B in three variables. Many operator identities involving these pairs of symbolic operators are first constructed for this purpose. By means of these operator identities, which express the aforementioned H B - hypergeometric functions in terms of such simpler functions as the products of the Gauss and Appell hypergeometric functions. Other closely-related results are also considered briefly. Also, we have derived certain new integral representations for the H B - hypergeometric functions of three variables defined earlier by Lauricella [ 8 ] and Srivastava [14 ] .
New binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech r...inventionjournals
In this paper, we propose a new binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech recognition. The circuit can recognize five vowels. The proposed crossbar is tested by 1,000 speech samples and recognized 94% of the tested samples. We use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate recognitition rate. The percentage variation in memristance is increased from 0% to 15%, the recognition rate is degraded from 94% to 82%.
Multi-Mode Conceptual Clustering Algorithm Based Social Group Identification ...inventionjournals
The problem of web search time complexity and accuracy has been visited in many research papers, and the authors discussed many approaches to improve the search performance. Still the approaches does not produce any noticeable improvement and struggles with more time complexity as well. To overcome the issues identified, an efficient multi mode conceptual clustering algorithm has been discussed in this paper, which identifies the similar interested user groups by clustering their search context according to different conceptual queries. Identified user groups are shared with the related conceptual queries and their results to reduce the time complexity. The multi mode conceptual clustering, performs grouping of search queries and users according to number of users and their search pattern. The concept of search is identified by using Natural language processing methods and the web logs produced by the default web search engines. The author designed a dedicated web interface to collect the web log about the user search and the same data has been used to cluster the social groups according to number of conceptual queries. The search results has been shared between the users of identified social groups which reduces the search time complexity and improves the efficiency of web search in better manner
This is a compilation I have put together for my graduate students in Development Studies, Human and Natural Resources Studies, Natural Resource Management and Environmental Sciences to expose them to different theories of State that impinge on national policy making, conflict and negotiations among power players in environment and development
World Society and the Nation State - John W. MeyerArber Ymeri
The authors analyze the nation‐state as a worldwide institution constructed by worldwide cultural and associational processes, developing four main topics: (1) properties of nation‐states that result from their exogenously driven construction, including isomorphism, decoupling, and expansive structuration; (2) processes by which rationalistic world culture affects national states; (3) characteristics of world society that enhance the impact of world culture on national states and societies, including conditions favoring the diffusion of world models, expansion of world‐level associations, and rationalized scientific and professional authority; (4) dynamic features of world culture and society that generate expansion, conflict, and change, especially the statelessness of world society, legitimation of multiple levels of rationalized actors, and internal inconsistencies and contradictions.
The document discusses two approaches to governance - old and new - and their implications for comparative politics. Under the old approach, the state is the central actor focused on exerting control, while the new approach emphasizes how the state interacts with society. Both are important for comparative analysis as countries vary in their governance models. The new approach challenges the idea that the state is always the dominant actor but also risks undermining the state's role. An ideal model may incorporate aspects of both approaches through cooperation between the state and society.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
The legislative branch makes laws, determines taxes, and approves budgets. The Philippine Congress has two chambers - the Senate and the House of Representatives. Senators serve 6-year terms and Representatives serve 3-year terms. The Congress passes laws, declares war, ratifies treaties, and approves the national budget. A bill becomes law through three readings in both the House and Senate, and by gaining the President's approval.
The document discusses different theories and models of the state, including pluralist, capitalist, leviathan, and patriarchal theories. It also examines the roles of minimal, developmental, social democratic, collectivized, and totalitarian states. Finally, it addresses how globalization has impacted state power and sovereignty, with some arguing states have declined as international actors due to increased economic globalization and the rise of transnational companies.
The State and the political mediation
- the functioning of a control society -
1 - The social-democratic model
2 - Parties, unions and employers' associations
The document discusses competing theories about the relationship between the state and society. It examines how the state emerged from society but gained autonomy through tools like taxation, military, and bureaucracy. Sociological theories view society as prior to the individual, while pluralist theories see the state balancing competing interest groups. The development of the modern nation-state was influenced by industrialization, citizenship, and nationalism. Today, theories debate the balance between state power and individual rights, as well as how globalization is impacting the nation-state model.
The document defines the key features of a state as sovereign state power over a territory and population with a legal system and tax system. It lists the internal functions of a state as protective of legal order and human rights, and regulative of economic, financial, tax, social, cultural and ecological relations. External functions include defense/security and foreign policy/international cooperation. Methods of enforcing state power include conviction through ideology and ethics, enforcement through psychological, financial or physical means, recommendation, and encouragement. States can be differentiated by their form of government like monarchy or republic, state structure like unitary or federation, and political regime like totalitarian or democratic. Theories of the origin of the state and law include theological, patriarchal
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
Comparativists are interested not only in the causes and forms of change, but also in the various impacts that it has on the policymaking process. Profound political and economic changes have characterized the 20th and early 21st centuries, and governments and politics.
This document discusses democracy, factors in democratic transitions, and definitions of democracy. It defines democracy as having free and fair elections, strong institutions that balance executive power, and respect for civil and political freedoms. Transitions are influenced by both international factors like the end of the Cold War and domestic forces such as economic crises, rising education levels, and civil society groups challenging authoritarian rule. Defining democracy precisely is challenging, and systems vary in how fully they meet democratic standards.
This document discusses different forms of government and political systems. It begins by defining key concepts like the state, authority, legitimacy, and power. It then describes different forms of government like autocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. It discusses how power is acquired, exercised and maintained in different systems. The document also examines political institutions and processes in the Philippines, including the Marcos martial law era and several coup attempts in the post-Marcos period. Key causes of political instability are identified.
1. Politics involves conflict and cooperation in society as people work to establish order and rules through government. It can be defined as the process of creating, maintaining, and amending societal norms or rules to resolve conflicts.
2. Political science is the study of government, politics, and power relationships. It examines topics like political theories, comparative government systems, international relations, and public policy.
3. Governance refers to the exercise of political authority and management of a country or organization. It involves the complex processes by which groups in society make and implement decisions. Effective governance requires proper utilization of resources and meeting public expectations.
Legitimacy maintains political stability because it establishes a regime's right to rule, and so underpins the regime's authority over its people. Legitimacy may be based on traditional, charismatic or legal–rational authority. Nevertheless, structural imbalances in modern society may make it increasingly difficult to maintain legitimacy. Legitimation crises may arise from the conflict between the pressure for social and economic interventionism generated by democracy on the one hand, and the pressure generated by market economy on the other.
There is considerable controversy about how liberal-democratic systems work in practice. Pluralists praise the system's capacity to guarantee popular responsiveness and public accountability. Elitists highlight the tendency for political power to be concentrated in the hands of a privileged minority. Corporatists draw attention to the incorporation of groups into government. The New Right focuses on the dangers of 'democratic overload'. And Marxists point to tensions between democracy and capitalism.There are a number of rival models of democracy, each offering its own version of popular rule. Classical democracy, which is based on the political system of Ancient Athens, is defended on the grounds that it alone guarantees government by the people. Protective democracy gives citizens the greatest scope to live their lives as they choose. Developmental democracy has the virtue that, in extending participation, it widens liberty and fosters personal growth. People's democracy aims to achieve economic emancipation, rather than merely the extension of political rights.
KAFKAS ÜNİVERSİTESİ/KAFKAS UNIVERSITY
SOCIOLOGY
Course
LECTURE NOTES AND POWER POINT PRESENTATIONS
Prof.Dr. Halit Hami ÖZ
Kars, TURKEY
hamioz@yahoo.com
Comparative government and politics presentationiloveyoulord143
This document provides an overview of key concepts in political science and government. It discusses the definitions of political science and the state. It examines theories on the origins of the state. It describes the essential elements and functions of government. It outlines the branches of government in the Philippines and discusses federalism. It also defines key concepts like the constitution, bill of rights, forms of government, and economic systems.
Certain D - Operator for Srivastava H B - Hypergeometric Functions of Three V...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to derive certain relations involving Srivastava’s hypergeometric functions H B in three variables. Many operator identities involving these pairs of symbolic operators are first constructed for this purpose. By means of these operator identities, which express the aforementioned H B - hypergeometric functions in terms of such simpler functions as the products of the Gauss and Appell hypergeometric functions. Other closely-related results are also considered briefly. Also, we have derived certain new integral representations for the H B - hypergeometric functions of three variables defined earlier by Lauricella [ 8 ] and Srivastava [14 ] .
New binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech r...inventionjournals
In this paper, we propose a new binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech recognition. The circuit can recognize five vowels. The proposed crossbar is tested by 1,000 speech samples and recognized 94% of the tested samples. We use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate recognitition rate. The percentage variation in memristance is increased from 0% to 15%, the recognition rate is degraded from 94% to 82%.
Multi-Mode Conceptual Clustering Algorithm Based Social Group Identification ...inventionjournals
The problem of web search time complexity and accuracy has been visited in many research papers, and the authors discussed many approaches to improve the search performance. Still the approaches does not produce any noticeable improvement and struggles with more time complexity as well. To overcome the issues identified, an efficient multi mode conceptual clustering algorithm has been discussed in this paper, which identifies the similar interested user groups by clustering their search context according to different conceptual queries. Identified user groups are shared with the related conceptual queries and their results to reduce the time complexity. The multi mode conceptual clustering, performs grouping of search queries and users according to number of users and their search pattern. The concept of search is identified by using Natural language processing methods and the web logs produced by the default web search engines. The author designed a dedicated web interface to collect the web log about the user search and the same data has been used to cluster the social groups according to number of conceptual queries. The search results has been shared between the users of identified social groups which reduces the search time complexity and improves the efficiency of web search in better manner
Man, the different situations in which he finds himself, the diversity of aims, objectives and functions that he purpose and that are laid down for him and the many types of frames of reference in which he finds himself, are all together so complex and complicated that we cannot evolve anything like a universal formula for leadership. In fact the most that we can say and we can say it all generic elements of administration – is that the success of leadership in the final analysis is determined by the knowledge of the leader and of the people he leads. This knowledge includes knowledge of things outside the group’s own frame of reference. All this constitute the subject – matter of this article.
This document summarizes various thinkers' views on the qualities of leadership. It begins by outlining Max Weber's three types of leaders: patriarchal, charismatic, and bureaucratic. It then discusses the views of several other thinkers such as Chester Barnard, Paul Appleby, J.D. Millet, and G.R. Terry on important leadership qualities. Qualities discussed include vitality, decisiveness, persuasiveness, responsibility, intellectual capacity, willingness to assume responsibilities, disposition towards action, and technical competence. The document concludes that leadership qualities are diverse and each thinker provides a unique perspective, with no single list being comprehensive.
Synaptic memristor bridge circuit with pulse width based programable weights ...inventionjournals
Memristor bridge circuit linearly generates synaptic weights in the range [-1; 1]. A long width pulse programs the synaptic weights and a short width pulse computes multiplication results in ANN model. Each digit is sampled by 10 times, forming 5x4 matrix. Thecharacter recognition rate achieves 100% for digits from 1 through 5 . 5%, 10%, and 15% noisy patterns is added to consider the recognition rate.
Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wirele...inventionjournals
The document proposes a Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wireless Ad Hoc Network. It introduces Position-Aware Geocast Routing Mechanism (PAGRM) to improve reliability of data delivery and energy efficiency. PAGRM uses geographical locations for geocast routing and region tracking. It combines geographic routing with region flooding to achieve high delivery rates and low overhead. Simulation results show PAGRM has higher throughput and lower time complexity than other region tracking methods.
Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistaninventionjournals
The paper reports on the assessment of the use of bagasse in sugar industry for high pressure cogeneration. Study was done on a sugar mill which has recently adopted this technology. This paper investigates the efficiency of season and off season operation of sugar mill, high pressure cogeneration technology is much more efficient in bagasse to steam ratio. During seasonal operation CHP efficiency is 76.8% and during offseason its value is 29.9%.Project initial cost is high but payback period is low. It will encourage other sugar mills in Pakistan for the development of high pressure co-generation system to meet increasing energy demands in the country.
Design and Fabrication of a Recreational Human-Powered Vehicleinventionjournals
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a human-powered recreational vehicle. The vehicle was designed with a recumbent seat, 1.5m wheelbase, and 1m track width. CAD software was used to design the frame, drivetrain, and fairing. Finite element analysis showed a safety factor above 1.5. Standard parts like the seat, pedals, wheels and tires were used, with custom parts like the frame and hub fabricated from mild steel. Testing showed the vehicle functioned well and safely for human power. The goal of designing and fabricating a functional prototype using available off-the-shelf parts was achieved.
New classes of Adomian polynomials for the Adomian decomposition method inventionjournals
The document proposes two new classes of Adomian polynomials for the Adomian decomposition method to solve nonlinear differential equations. The first class, denoted A n *, rearranges the terms of the Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear term in a different way than the regular Adomian polynomials. The second class, A n **, also rearranges the Taylor series terms differently. Numerical examples indicate the new polynomial classes provide more accurate solutions than the regular polynomials using the same number of solution components. The goal is to improve the convergence of solutions obtained with the Adomian decomposition method.
Effect of Wind Direction through Double Storied Building Model Configurations...inventionjournals
: Effect of wind direction on plume dispersion around urban buildings has been investigated by physical modelling using arrays of buildings- like obstacles at scale 1:100 in boundary layer wind tunnel for double storied buildings and compared with field data. The particular effect of obstacle width- to - height ratio (S/H) was examined for a fixed obstacle plan area density. Series of experiments have been carried out in which the wind direction varied in steps of 5 for selected orientation of line source at 900 , 95, 100 and 105. Further, from the observation, it was concluded that the maximum lateral concentration shift to upward the wind direction of line source is increased for inline double storied buildings model configuration. It can be concluded, the wind tunnel results showed that concentrations at downwind distances decreased as the wind direction increases (positive values) for measured orientation of line source in inline double storied buildings model configuration. In comparison, experimentally observed σz values are below the field values. They were best fitted with power-law profiles. The non-dimensional concentration for both the field and wind tunnel results of double storied inline buildings configuration seems to be more or less uniform. Values of vertical spread parameters for double storied inline array configuration and field data were followed a similar trend but inline array configuration of double storied buildings model, non-dimensional concentrations were typically twice larger compared to the field data. This is attributed to the fact that the tracer material is quite concentrated in the recirculation region in inline array configuration of the double storied buildings model.
Middle Range Theories as Coherent Intellectual Frameworksinventionjournals
The argument is advanced that sound logical reasoning is essential in understanding the complex concept of middle range theories. This may be explainable as follows: firstly, that epistemological rules and principles are wider and incorporate under to incorporate such concepts as generalization; theoretical paradigms; empirical theories; formal theories; and intellectual theoretical and conceptual frameworks: major premise designated as B. Secondly, that middle range theories have three sets of meanings: called minor premises designated as B1; and these three sets of meanings are: (a)theoretical paradigms as forms of middle range theories are the basic sets of assumptions ideas and unified viewpoints: called minor premise B2; (b) empirical theories as forms of middle range theories as forms of middle range theories are conceptual models of analysis: minor premise B3; (c) formal theories as forms of middle range theories, designated as minor premise B4. (d) Therefore, minor premises B1, B2, B3 and B4 are related to B, major premise. Thirdly, the broader epistemological rules and principles thus incorporate the middle range theories as coherent intellectual frameworks. The latter aspect forms the subject of this article.
Despite huge sums of money being spent by the federal government of Nigeria in adopting various techniques for a free and fair election in the country, numerous problems are still militating against it. These problems include:- wide rigging of elections, multiple registrations and voting, late arrival of ballot boxes, stealing of ballot boxes, under-aged voting, illegal voting by non-Nigerian nationals, rioting and fighting at election venues due to insufficient number of security personnel, disenfranchisement of those in Diaspora as well as the physically handicapped by virtue of election distances to them, prolonged delay in accreditation of voters for election, cancellation of votes due to improper voting, prolonged counting of votes and delay in determining the result of an election, etc. This work showed how e-voting through the use of mobile phones and PCs would totally eradicate all these problems as people would no longer go to election venues to cast their votes, rather they would be at the comfort of their homes and offices to exercise their franchise using any of these electronic devices effortlessly. E-voting requires a web application program – at the back end – that would be written by computer experts and deployed on a web server so that clients – that is, PCs and mobile phones of voters – can be used to query it on constant basis during elections.
Importance and Functions of Bills of Quantities in the Construction Industry:...inventionjournals
Bills of Quantities (BQ) is one of systematic ways applied in the construction industry in which its primary function is to record items of works for tendering purposes and to create a fair agreement among the parties involved for contracting purposes. However, there are some issues pertaining to BQ functions such as BQ is a misunderstood facet in the construction industry today, BQ is only useful for tendering purposes, BQ’s benefit is not fully utilised by the construction team and most of them cannot relate BQ with everyday construction works and processes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study on the importance of BQ and its functions in the construction industry. A content analysis was used to identify the importance and functions of BQ from reviewing articles and books. Findings from this paper are beneficial in providing knowledge to the education field and construction teams on the importance and functions of BQ in the construction industry.
Fuzzy random variables and Kolomogrov’s important resultsinventionjournals
:In this paper an attempt is made to transform Kolomogrov Maximal inequality, Koronecker Lemma, Loeve’s Lemma and Kolomogrov’s strong law of large numbers for independent, identically distributive fuzzy Random variables. The applications of this results is extensive and could produce intensive insights on Fuzzy Random variables
Trust based Mechanism for Secure Cloud Computing Environment: A Surveyinventionjournals
Ubiquitous computing has revolutionized interaction of humans and machines. Cloud computing has been mainly used for storing data and various computational purposes. It has changed the face of using the internet. But, as we know every technology has its pros and cons. Securing cloud environment is the most challenging issue for the researchers and developers. Main aspects which cloud security should cover are authentication, authorization, data protection etc. Establishing trust between cloud service providers (CSP) is the biggest challenge, when someone is discussing about cloud security. Trust is a critical factor which mainly depends on perception of reputation and self-assessment done by both user and CSP. The trust model can act as security strength evaluator and ranking service for cloud application and services. For establishing trust relationship between two parties, mutual trust mechanism is reliable, as it does verification from both sides. There are various trust models which mainly focuses on securing one party i.e., they validate either user or service node. In this survey paper, the study of various trust models and their various parameters are discussed.
Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Steam Distillation for the ...inventionjournals
Bay oil, an extract of Pimenta Racemosa, is produced in Dominica by the traditional process of Steam Distillation Extraction (SDE), and commercially utilised in the perfume and food industries. The objective of the work described in this paper seeks to investigate if it could be better produced by Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) using carbon dioxide as extracting fluid. Experiments were therefore carried out on a bench scale SFE unit to evaluate the extraction characteristics of bay leaves and to compare the results with those from a bench scale SDE unit. The results showed that the SFE extracts contained mainly eugenol and chavicol up to about 1 hour of extraction time, after which higher components, including waxes, were incorporated into the extracts. The optimum operating conditions were deemed to be 150 bar pressure and 50oC temperature. The SDE extracts were also mainly eugenol and chavicol, but in addition contained a significant quantity of myrcene. The extract yield from SFE after I hour was similar to that of the ultimate yield from SDE (~4.0%), but the extraction time for SDE was in excess of twice that figure. It is concluded that the higher phenol content of the SFE product together with lower extraction times makes the use of SFE potentially preferable to the traditional SDE process.
Numerical Study of Some Iterative Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equationsinventionjournals
In this paper we introduce, numerical study of some iterative methods for solving non linear equations. Many iterative methods for solving algebraic and transcendental equations is presented by the different formulae. Using bisection method , secant method and the Newton’s iterative method and their results are compared. The software, matlab 2009a was used to find the root of the function for the interval [0,1]. Numerical rate of convergence of root has been found in each calculation. It was observed that the Bisection method converges at the 47 iteration while Newton and Secant methods converge to the exact root of 0.36042170296032 with error level at the 4th and 5th iteration respectively. It was also observed that the Newton method required less number of iteration in comparison to that of secant method. However, when we compare performance, we must compare both cost and speed of convergence [6]. It was then concluded that of the three methods considered, Secant method is the most effective scheme. By the use of numerical experiments to show that secant method are more efficient than others.
Face Recognition System Using Local Ternary Pattern and Signed Number Multipl...inventionjournals
This paper presents a novel approach to face recognition. The task of face recognition is to verify a claimed identity by comparing a claimed image of the individual with other images belonging to the same individual/other individual in a database. The proposed method utilizes Local Ternary Pattern and signed bit multiplication to extract local features of a face. The image is divided into small non-overlapping windows. Processing is carried out on these windows to extract features. Test image’s features are compared with all the training images using Euclidean's distance. The image with lowest Euclidean distance is recognized as the true face image. If the distance between test and all training images is more than threshold then test image is considered as unrecognised image or match not found .The face recognition rate of proposed system is calculated by varying the number of images per person in training database
The document discusses different perspectives on defining and understanding the state. It summarizes four perspectives: the idealist perspective sees the state as an ethical community; the functionalist perspective focuses on the state's role in maintaining social order; the organizational perspective defines the state as the apparatus of public institutions; and the international perspective views states as actors in international politics. It then discusses key attributes of the state, such as having a population, territory, government, and sovereignty, according to the Montevideo Convention. Finally, it analyzes rival theories of the state, including the pluralist state, capitalist state, and leviathan state perspectives.
- A nation is a group of people united by common traits like culture, language, and history. A state is an independent, sovereign government that exercises control over a defined territory with clear borders.
- Examples provided show how nations can span multiple states or states can contain multiple nations. A nation-state ideally has a one-to-one relationship between a sovereign state and the nation it governs.
- Key elements of a state include a people, territory, government, and sovereignty over that territory. States establish bureaucracies and monopolize functions like use of force within their borders.
One way of breaking the ice at a social gathering is to ask, “So, what do you
study?” When you mention physics, psychology, history, dance, or theology,
people nod in understanding, since these are common subjects in high
school or elsewhere. But when you answer, “Public administration,” eyes
glaze over, because it is not a common subject. Civics has not been a mandatory
course for the past 30 or 40 years. But once you have made clear that
public administration is about government, you are not the only expert in
the room. Everyone has opinions about government: Government cannot
be trusted. Government is bureaucratic, riddled with red tape, slow
and unresponsive. Government collects too much in taxes and should leave
people alone. Government is too big.
The document discusses different approaches to democratic institutions in divided societies, specifically comparing the views of Lijphart and Horowitz. Lijphart focuses on inclusion through consociational democracy, while Horowitz advocates for moderation through incentives-based approaches. The author argues that both inclusion and moderation are needed to address the fundamental issue of representation. Pure deliberative democracy may not be practical or inclusive enough in deeply divided post-conflict societies.
The chapter discusses states and democracy. It covers why states should be studied despite their declining power relative to other actors. States remain the dominant form of political organization globally. The chapter also examines the rise of democratic states and their relationship to citizenship rights, elections, and accountability. Finally, it analyzes theories about the relationship between states and society, including state supremacy, dependency, interdependency, and separation of the two.
Ben Duke - Keele University - European Journal of Interdisciplinary StudiesBen Duke
This document provides a literature review and theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between constitutional reform, decentralization, and democratization. It defines key concepts like localism, decentralization, and regional autonomy. It also discusses how factors like a country's social, economic, political, and cultural context can influence the drive for reform and shape the democratic process and outcomes. The document presents examples from literature to illustrate debates around whether decentralization truly empowers citizens or is used by states to delay recognition of multi-national identities. It aims to provide a critical perspective on how resource allocation and social policies may change when new states form through various political processes.
The document discusses the concept of the state. It begins by defining a state as a centralized political organization that imposes and enforces rules over a population within a territory. It then discusses some key elements and features of states, including that states generally have a government, population, and defined territory. The document also discusses theories about the origins and evolution of states, noting factors like kinship, religion, war, property, and the rise of economic classes that influenced state formation. It concludes by summarizing theories like social contract theory that aim to explain the purpose and functions of the state.
The document discusses several key topics in geography including population geography, political geography, and economic geography. It explains that population geography studies the distribution and movement of human populations, as well as factors like carrying capacity. Political geography examines governmental systems, levels of government, and how territorial shape and size impact nations. Economic geography analyzes different economic systems, levels of economic activity, and how natural resources factor into a nation's economy. The document argues that while these geographies study different aspects, they are all interconnected, with factors like population influencing a nation's wealth and economy.
This document discusses several political systems and issues related to Spain and other countries. It begins by outlining Spain's current political and economic systems, noting that Spain has a well-based economic system aimed at equally spreading money. It then discusses Spain's economic issues and compares its economic issues to another country. The document also summarizes the political systems of ancient Rome and Greece, highlighting differences in their forms of government and how the locations of city-states influenced politics. Finally, it briefly discusses the concept of anti-statism as opposition to state intervention in personal lives.
This document discusses the concept of citizenship from several perspectives. It begins by defining citizenship as membership in a political community that confers both rights and responsibilities. It then discusses the growing significance and theoretical ambiguity surrounding citizenship. Citizenship is examined through the lenses of liberal democracy, Marxism, and in terms of its civil, political, and social dimensions. The document also explores the nature of citizenship and the civic culture needed to support citizenship in a liberal democracy. Overall, it provides a wide-ranging overview of the complex and contested concept of citizenship from various theoretical standpoints.
This document provides an overview of state structures and theories on the origin of states. It discusses five main theories on the origin of states: the natural/genetic theory, divine right theory, social contract theory, force theory, and Marxist theory. It also outlines the key elements of modern states as population, territory, government, sovereignty, and recognition. The document then compares unitary and federal state structures, providing merits and demerits of each. Unitary states concentrate power in a central government while federal states divide power between central and sub-national governments.
Global Affairs Ch - 1 @freshman_course.pptxGadisaKanchora
Nationalism led to the emergence of nation-states in the 19th century as revolutions and wars caused the collapse of old empires. A nation is a cultural community with a shared identity and practices, while a state is a political organization that pursues goals. The combination of a nation and state formed the concept of the nation-state. International relations involve interactions between various actors including states, international organizations, corporations and individuals. The levels of analysis in IR include the individual, state, and international system, with the system level focusing on the distribution of power between states. The international system can be unipolar, bipolar, or multipolar depending on how power is distributed.
The increase in political instability as well as anarchy and anomie in the world is a prominent feature of politics
in the 21rst century.It has dire consequences for the population in the country torn apart by cilvil war or anarchy.
It consequences for the handling of the climate change question and the general problem of environmental
degradation. Global ecology coordination can only work if the participating governments lead strong states. The
more governments have to concentrate upon anarchy or civil wars, the less the time and resources would be
available for environmental policy-making and ecological protection. And environmental destruction tends to
worsen in countries that are not “well-ordered” (Rawls, 1971), as ecological laws are disobeyed and natural
resources dissipated until exhaustion or annihilation
The document discusses key concepts in international relations including:
1) The levels of analysis in IR including the individual, state, group and system levels. It provides examples of how each level can be used to analyze international issues.
2) The structure of the international system and the three main types: uni-polar, bipolar, and multipolar systems. Examples are given like the US-led uni-polar system and Cold War bipolar system.
3) Actors in IR including state actors like countries, and non-state actors like international organizations, NGOs, and multinational corporations. While states remain important, the influence of non-state actors is growing.
During the past two decades, the world has seen an astonishing number of changes: the rise of new economic powers in Asia, the retreat of communism and the advance of capitalism and democracy, the return of religion to politics, the spread of the Internet and wireless technologies, the deepening of globalization. As a result, many of the traditional assumptions and beliefs held by scholars, policy makers, and citizens are open to question. New centres of wealth may reduce poverty, increase inequality, or both. Democracy may be an inexorable force, or it may founder on the obstacles of nationalism, economic instability, or culture. New forms of electronic communication may bind people across societies, creating shared identities, or fragment communities, generating a backlash
The document defines and discusses key concepts related to nation-states. It explains that a nation is a large group of people united by a common culture, language and history, while a state is a political unit that exercises sovereignty over a territory. A nation-state is a state that encompasses the territory of a single nation. Characteristics of nation-states include self-rule, organized government, defined territory, and population. Examples provided are Iceland, Japan and Ireland. The document also discusses the formation and potential future decline of nation-states in a globalized world.
Examples Of Problem Solution Essays. What is an academic problem-solution ess...Ashley Matulevich
How to Write a Problem Solution Essay - Comprehensive Guide. 001 Problem Solution Essay Thatsnotus. The Problem/Solution Essay. 4 Problem/Solution Essay Writing Exercises for Writing Students. How to Write a Problem Solution Essay: Guide with Examples. How to Write a Problem-Solution Essay in 16 Easy Steps. PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY EXPLANATION ACTIVITIES AND ANSWERS by Carmen .... Problem/Solution Essay. Problem-solution essays. How to write a problem solution essay - FreelanceHouse Blog. What is an academic problem-solution essay? Academic Marker. Problem Solution Essay Outline Format. 29 Writing Problem-Solution Essays Thoughtful Learning K-12. Problem solution essay example college. Problem Solution Essay .... Problem Solution Essays Examples - slide share. Critical essay: Problem solution essay example college. Imposing Problem Solving Essay Examples Pdf Thatsnotus. problem solution essay template ielts. PPT - PROBLEM-SOLUTION ESSAY PowerPoint Presentation, free download .... Problem-Solution Essay Outline. The problem solution essay. Problem solution essay example. 20 Easy and Interesting Problem. 2019 .... IELTS Problem Solution Essays Step-by-Step Guide IELTS Jacky. How to Write a Problem-Solution Essay That Works. Problem Solution Essay Thesis and How to Write It. Order a Brilliant Problem Solution Essay from Professionals. 100 Problem Solution Essay Topics with Sample Essays. Business paper: Problem solving essay examples. Problem solution essay example ielts Examples Of Problem Solution Essays Examples Of Problem Solution Essays. What is an academic problem-solution essay? Academic Marker
This document discusses the concepts of nation, state, and globalization. It defines a nation as a stable community formed based on common language, territory, culture, etc., whereas a state is a political organization comprised of a government, population, territory, and sovereignty. The document then presents different theories about how globalization influences nation-states. Hyperglobalists argue nation-states are weakening due to increased economic interdependence, while sceptics believe states remain powerful actors. Transformationalists take a middle view, arguing globalization reconstructs rather than ends nation-states through new international networks and restructured power dynamics.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...
An analysis of essential elements of the State
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 3|| March 2016 || PP.24-28
www.ijesi.org 24 | Page
An analysis of essential elements of the State
1
Dr S.B.M. Marume, 2
R.R. Jubenkanda, 3
C.W. Namusi, 4
N. C. Madziyire,
1
BA, Hons BA, MA. MAdmin, MSoc Sc, PhD
2
BSc, MSc. Econ, MSc, DPhil (Candidate)
3
BAdmin (Hons), MPA, DPhil (Candidate)
4
BEd, MEd, DPhil (Candidate)
Abstract : A systematic study of comparative government the world over points out that, there are, undeniably,
four basic elements of the State, namely; population; territory; government and sovereignty which constitute the
subject of this article.
Keywords : state; population territory government and sovereignty
Aim of the Journal Article
The aim of this journal article is to outline, analyze and point out the essential elements that typify the state
and distinguish it from the other social groupings in society such as churches, schools, social clubs, and so on.
Learning objectives
Be able to:
Understand the terms and concepts: state, population, territory, government and sovereignty.
Describe the meaning of inclusiveness within the limits of the state.
Explain the concept of government vis-a-vis the state.
Explain the importance of population in the state.
Explain the topologies of sovereignty.
I. Introduction
Our aim in this chapter is to examine the nature of the modern state. We shall therefore point out the elements
that typify the state and distinguish it from the other social groupings in society such as churches, schools and
social clubs.
Because the concept state is often used so confusingly we must begin by giving a definition of the term and then
proceed from there. We give a number of definitions below but none of them can claim general validity or
acceptance. There are literally thousands of definitions of what precisely the state id and or ought to be. With
our limited space we cannot go more fully into the matter but it would be advisable foe for you to consider these
definitions critically and compare them with others you may come across. The definitions given here have been
chosen because they stress the aspects discussed in this chapter.
The state is a territorial society, the people living on a particular tract of land organized under a common
governing body which has, if not a complete at any rate, a very special degree of authority over them.
Essential elements of the state
The state is an association distinguished by
a. territorial limits,
b. inclusiveness within those limits,
c. the power in its officers to exercise force and the fear of force as instruments of policy, and
d. the possession by its officers of ultimate legal authority.
The state is an association which, acting through law as promulgated by a government endowed to this end with
coercive powers, maintains within a community territorially demarcated the universal external conditions of
social order.
Starting with the definitions we are ready to investigate the nature and essence of the modern state. We see that
each state is built up from a number of perceptible elements which we may call the essential elements of the
state. The following are more or less discernible in our definitions:-
1. population
2. territory
3. government
4. sovereignty
Before examining the nature and essence of the state as abstract concepts we must examine these perceptible
elements more closely.
2. An analysis of essential elements…
www.ijesi.org 25 | Page
Population
The primary physical elements, or raw materials, necessary to the existence of states are population and
territory. As we have said, it is obvious that there must be population – no uninhabited land can be called a state.
It is impossible to lay down any rule a priori about the magnitude of such a population: one can only say be
reduction absurdum that a single family is not sufficient – the people should be numerous enough to maintain
political organisation, thus distinguishing between public and private affairs. A great disparity in numbers is
evident in modern states: consider the difference between Luxemburg and India. For example – both are states,
nevertheless. Thus some states have populations which can be numbered in thousands, others in hundreds of
millions. (We may also note that the population of a state is not necessarily homogeneous. The population of the
USA is, for example, drawn from a great variety of human stocks; France, on the other hand, can be regarded as
showing a nearly complete racial homogeneity).
Many writers have evinced what de Jouvenel [1963] calls the nostalgia for the small community – a cast of mind
which goes back to the Greeks. Aristole, for instance, held that while ten men were too few to constitute a
satisfactory polis, a hundred thousand were too many. The Greeks were well aware that huge empires existed;
they disliked such large groupings not because they thought them impossible of realization, but for the sake of
good government. Good government was not taken to mean merely efficient government, although the practical
difficulty involved in governing an extensive population was real enough before modern developments in
transport and communication. The more fundamental problems were seen to be these: government of inevitable
diversity of interest, which is linked to the loss of an intimate and immediate sense of community. The Greeks
thought that both these qualities were inimical to good government, and many have subsequently agreed with
them. Man longs for a small closely – knit society in which he has personal participation and personal
recognition. To some extent a local sense of community and personal interest can be maintained in a large
society by such devices as strong local government and federation, and diversity can be accommodated within
the greater whole, but a radical depersonalization of political life can scarcely be avoided. A sense of
community grows most naturally and flourished best in small groups. Men dislike the impersonal nature of mass
society. They may also dislikes its tendency to anarchic individualism in the absence of communal interests and
a sense of the common good. Men may furthermore believe that a multiplicity of groups engendering their own
loyalties detract from the good of society as a whole. Any or all of these reasons can understandably lead men
living in a mass society to wish for the establishment in it of just such a sense of community as can be found in
smaller groups. Now, it is generally agreed that a sense of community is desirable.
It is indeed precisely the sense of community, the sense of belonging together, which creates a readiness to
subordinate differences to the common good. A political society is in an unsatisfactory condition when its
members have no consciousness of unity except obedience to a common government.
But the nostalgia for the small community can become dangerous if it is translated into a principle of political
action and transferred to large group – in order to foster the lager, inclusive sense of community it may mean
that all diversity and every other loyalty has to be denied the right to exist. The attempt to graft the features of
simplicity onto a large, diverse society must involve the rejection and suppression of other interest as a matter of
course; and it easily leads to tyranny.
Territory or geographical land
We have said that the State is one expression of associational behaviour in man. We may anticipate later
discussion and call the State an association, which term (as used by Maclver in Community and The Modern
State) designates any group of people regarded as being organized for the achievement of a particular purpose.
There is obviously an enormously number of possible associations arising out of religious, economic,
educational, scientific, artistic, professional and other interests. Now, one of the chief factors which
distinguishes the State from other associations is that membership is based on territorial qualifications.
(Membership of State is usually acquired by birth within its territory or by an immigrant signifying his
intentions to live there permanently). Broadly speaking, we may say that a State is composed of all the people
living permanently on a particular tract of land. There are minor exceptions, such as citizens living abroad or
resident aliens not yet naturalized – but even their status is connected with some territorial qualifications. The
possession of territory, then, is the necessary basis for all modern states. The possession of territory, then, is the
necessary basis for all modern states. (A nomadic people can consequently not be regarded as forming a State,
even if they do have some form of political organisation).
Glance at any atlas, and you will see that just as populations vary in number, so too do the territories of states
vary in extent. (Monaco covers four square miles; the USSR covers well over ten million). The formation of
states, and consequently the extent of the territories on which they are based, can be influenced by a variety of
factors including religion, common descent, economic interests, war, geographic barriers, and the accidents of
history. Consider the following random examples: religious conflict during the period of the Reformation
profoundly affected the formation of European states; the separation of India and Pakistan too has its basis in
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religious difference; after the revolution of 1917 many of the Russian provinces declared themselves
independent Republics – but largely as a result of economic necessity they were forced to reunify, so forming
the USSR; many countries again form natural geographic units bounded by mountains, rivers, and seas; while
during the scramble for Africa arbitrary map – drawing which ignored ethnic groups and topographical features
created colonial administrative units which have since become states in their own right.
Government
We noted that the third essential element in the State is government. Any group of people other than a casual
crowd requires some form of organisation. Once common purposes are admitted, there must be a method of
organisation through which these can be achieved. All associations – whether they be churches, universities,
trade unions, or clubs – develop a system through which the relevant activities of the members are regulated;
and in such a system some person or body of persons are regarded as speaking or acting for the whole in some
sense, and under appropriate circumstances this person or body of persons may make decisions which are
recognized as binding on the whole. Men living or acting in association with one another must have uniform
rules by which they live and act. Deliberate legislation – there custom regulates behaviour. Customary law can
however, operate successfully only in a relatively simple and static society. It is obviously inapplicable to
rationally planned cooperative activity, whether the scope and purpose of such activity be limited or complex. In
any consciously constructed and ordered association, or in any complex society, there must be more or less
explicit agencies which make the rules; and the more complex and important these rules are, the greater is the
need also for agencies which interact and enforce them. These agencies constitute the government of the
particular association and in the modern state, government includes the sum total of the legislative, executive,
and judicial organs which make, administer and interpret the law.
The phase the Government is often used in a narrower sense to designate the body of men who are responsible
for Executive policy and administration. We should take note of this usage – which is especially common in
countries which have the British parliamentary system – but we should remember that these men are only a part,
though an important part of the whole governmental structure. A Government may thus resign without affecting
the system of government as such: a change of Government does not of itself change the governmental
structure. And even the form of government can be altered without destroying the State. Thus in the first seven
years after the establishment of the Fourth Republic in 1946, France experienced fourteen changes of
government – and this pattern continued until the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958. And from the
eighteen century onwards the French forms of government have been successively monarchial, republican,
imperial, monarchical, republican, and then republican, once again: since the Revolution of 1789 France has
been governed under no less than thirteen distinct written constitutions. Yet through all these changes, France
has continued to exist as a state. The State clearly has an existence which is independent of its particular
Governments and of the forms which the internal governmental structure may assume.
In no association does government exist as an end in itself: all systems of government are designed to serve a
purpose. The basic purpose served by government in the State is the maintenance of law and order which is
needed for personal security, cooperative activity, and common advantage. Objections have sometimes have
been voiced against government, law, and the force which is necessary to maintain law in the State, but such
objections cannot hold:
Take the building of a road, for example …. The road cannot be built by the roadside dwellers, for then a
hundred yards of good tarred road might be followed by a hundred yards of pot – holes of by a quagmire. The
organisation of the state is required to build the road, and with that admission we must let in taxation, budget, a
civil service, a legislature and all the apparatus of government.
Government is not only necessary for this road to be built and maintained; laws are also needed to determine on
which side of the road people may travel, or else chaos would ensue; offenders will furthermore have to be
punished. Law, then, is necessary to ensure order, and in ensuring order in the state law may affect most of the
interests and activities of the citizens.
Sovereignty
The essence of this key concept in political science is its final and incontestable legal power. According to our
original definitions of the state there must be an authority with the power to enforce – with violence if necessary
– its decisions on its subjects, there being no other power that can question its authority. Absolute sovereignty is
therefore complete independence of internal or external intervention. From this it should be clear that in practice
complete sovereignty is not possible in internal affairs and still less so in external relations. Even the most
powerful and remorseless dictator cannot act completely as he likes towards his own subjects; and the external
affairs of state are restricted by realities within the international society. Absolute sovereignty is a myth, and at
most we can speak of sovereignty within restrictive circumstances.
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Our statements in the previous paragraph show that the concept sovereignty as we apply it in the modern state
comprises two components: internal and external sovereignty.
Internal sovereignty
In considering the historical development of the term sovereignty, we are struck by its close connection with the
rise of the modern national state. For a time after the end of the middle ages, the state acted under the pretence
of sovereignty because as a supreme upholder of the law, it still had to compete with other internal and external
authoritarian structures. In the course time the national state succeeded in winning this struggle, with the result
that today it is unquestionably accepted as the supreme upholder of the law, that is, the incontestable sovereign.
The internal sovereignty of the State is reinforced by the fact that its members may be compelled to obey the
laws and decrees made by the public authorities. Those who are not law – abiding of their own free will can be
compelled to obey the law by punishment or the threat of punishment; those who break the law are duly
punished – in the final resort by physical punishment such as imprisonment and execution. As an instrument of
policy force is used in an attempt to subjugate dissident wills, so that what is deemed to be necessary public
order may be maintained. Within its territory the State monopolizes the legitimate exercise of force against
adults, and this is another primary distinction between the State and other associations. The qualification, that
only the State may employ physical coercion against adults, is necessary. Customer sanctions the use of corporal
punishment by parents when the discipline their minor children, and power may for instance also be delegated to
school authorities when they act in loco parentis. Some associations may punish members who have broken the
rules by imposing fines or other penalties; a church may excommunicate an offending member; in other groups
recalcitrant members may be ostracized. These pressures and punishments may be strong enough to deter people
from breaking the rules, or to make members thus punished comply with them. Excommunication and ostracism
can be terrible punishments indeed, if the religious or social tie means anything to the affected person. But no
association except that State may use drastic physical force to compel obedience to its decisions. Only the State
can interfere with the physical liberty and the very lives of its members. The recognition that power expressed in
the use of force is essential to the State does not mean of course that such power should be unlimited and
uncontrolled. The use of force is always open to abuse; and the question of how force may be tamed, controlled
and made responsible is of profound practical importance in any political society.
External sovereignty
We have seen that in a State there must be population, territory and a government exercising comprehensive
jurisdiction; but a people inhabiting a definite territory and organized under government do not necessarily
form a State, since the final quality of independence may be lacking. A specific political society may have
certain institutions of self – government and nevertheless be subject in some matters to the decisions of a
superior authority: such is the case for instance in colonial territories while they are still being prepared for
independence. The component states of the USA too are all organized under their own governments (though
these have only partial autonomy with regard to internal affairs) but what prevents them from being regarded as
State in international law is the decisive fact that they do not control their external relations, being subject in this
matter to the Federal Government. It is thus finally necessary that the affairs of any political society which
claims full statehood should be independent to formal control by any other state, and that the possibility of
independent action must apply to the conduct of both internal and external affairs. (You will find a useful
discussion of independence as an attribute of States in chapter IV of J. L. Brierly’s The Law of Nations).
It may or may not be morally right or socially desirable that an actually independent state should remain
independent, of that some community should break away from an existing state and form an independent state
of its own. To insist on a right, and particularly on a natural right of independence, suggests that for a state to
pass from the condition of independence to that of dependence, as the American States did when they formed
the Union, necessarily involves a moral loss, instead of a mere change of legal status to be judged according to
the circumstances of the case.
External sovereignty has sometimes been interpreted to mean that a state may determine its own conduct
without any restraint at all, and that any arbitrary or aggressive conduct may thus be justified. Apart from the
grave moral objections to such a view (which in effect claims that might is right in international affairs, and that
power may not be judged), there is also the practical consideration that no the whole modern states recognize
obligations under international law, and that the actions of most states are prescribed as well by treaties,
conventions, and other agreements.
You will notice that we have spoken only of independence from formal control: the independence of states in
indeed largely a matter of formal legal recognition, for the affairs and actions of most states are profoundly
influenced and limited by economic, political and strategic necessity, and by the fact of interdependence among
the nations of the world. Powerful states may furthermore exercise a great deal of number of Central American
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countries were for example at one time or another under military government imposed by the USA, which also
had almost complete direction of their foreign policies for a considerable period. States with communist
governments (such as those of Eastern Europe) have on the other hand been virtually controlled by the USSR as
a result of the highly centralized discipline of the Communist Parties, which received policy directives from
Moscow. This influence though still great has of course decrease markedly since 1960, because of dissension
among the communists themselves.
Bibliography
[1] Christian Bay: The structure of Freedom, Athenian, New York, 1965
[2] Arnold Brecht: Political Theory, Princeton, New Jersey, 1967
[3] Robert A. Dahl: Modern Political Analysis, Prentice – Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, 1963
[4] David Easton: The Current Meaning of Behaviouralism in J. C. Charlesworth, ed., Contemporary Political Analysis, Free
Press, New York 1967.
[5] S. B. M. Marume: Public Administration: special contemporary problems and challenges: LAP Lambert Academic
Publishing, Berlin Germany [ISBN 978 – 3 – 659 – 75883 – 6] 2015.
Profiles of contributors and photographs
Samson Brown Muchineripi Marume: a former senior civil servant for over 37 years in various capacities
and 10 years as deputy permanent secretary; ten years as a large commercial farmer; well travelled
domestically within Zimbabwe, regionally [SADC countries: Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi,
Mozambique, Mauritius, Swaziland, South Africa, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia and DRC]; and Africa
[Kenya, Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt, Nigeria, Libya, Uganda]; and internationally [Washington, New York and
California in USA; Dublin and Cork in Ireland; England in United Kingdom; Netherlands, Spain (Nice),
France, Geneva in Switzerland, former Yugoslavia-Belgrade; Rome and Turin in Italy; Cyprus – Nicosia;
Athens – Greece; Beijing – China; Singapore; Hong Kong; Tokyo, Kyoto, Yokohama, Osaka, in Japan]; eight
years as management consultant and part – time lecturer for BA/BSc and MA/MBA levels with Christ
College- affiliate of Great Zimbabwe University, and PhD/DPhil research thesis supervisor, internal and
external examiner; researcher with Christ University, Bangalore, India; currently senior lecturer and acting
chairperson of Department of Public Administration in Faculty of Commerce and Law of Zimbabwe Open
University; a negotiator; a prolific writer; vastly experienced public administrator; and a scholar with
specialist qualifications from University of South Africa, California University for Advanced Studies, United
States of America: BA with majors in public administration and political science and subsidiaries in
sociology, constitutional law and English; postgraduate special Hons BA [Public Administration], MA
[Public Administration]’; MAdmin magna cum laude in transport economics - as major, and minors in public
management and communications; MSoc Sc cum laude in international politics as a major and minors in
comparative government and law, war and strategic studies, sociology, and social science research
methodologies; PhD summa cum laude in Public Administration .
Roy Robson Jubenkanda: current DPhil studies with ZOU; 2000, MSc in Strategic
Management – University of Derby, U. K; MSc. Econ. In international Economics,
Banking and Finance- University of Wales, Cardiff College of Business Studies, U.K.;
1983, BSc (Hons) Degree in Economics – University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe; 1976
Business Studies Diploma – Solusi University, Zimbabwe; 2005, Certificate in
Distance Education Practitioner (UNISA); 2011, Certificate in Higher Education
Management in Southern Africa (University of the Witwatersrand) Johannesburg,
South Africa.
Cornelius Wonder Namusi: current studies: DPhil in Public Administration; 1991,
Master of Public Administration (UZ); 1982, Bachelor of Administration Honours (UZ);
2011, Certificate: Module Writing; 2011, Certificate: Managing the training programme
– ESAMI, Tanzania; 1990, Certificate advanced work study (Canada); 1986, Certificate:
Organisation and methods O & M), Institute of Development Administration IDM –
Botswana); 1983, Certificate in Labour Administration, African Regional Labour
Administration Centre (ARLAC) (Nairobi); 1964, Primary Teachers Higher Certificate
(PHT) Waddilove Teacher Training Institution, Marondera, Zimbabwe.
N. C. Madziyire: current studies; DPhil (candidate); Master of Education (Educational
Administration) (UZ); Bachelor of Education (Curriculum studies and Teacher
Education) (UZ); Diploma in Teacher Education (Dip TE) (UZ); Primary Teachers'
Higher Certificate (St Augustine’s); I am senior lecturer in the Faculty of Arts and
Education at the Zimbabwe Open University; I serve as a Programme leader for The
Bachelor of Education in Youth Development studies; I am also responsible for
developing Distance materials for distance learners; I write, content review and edit
modules in the Faculty.