Comparativists are interested not only in the causes and forms of change, but also in the various impacts that it has on the policymaking process. Profound political and economic changes have characterized the 20th and early 21st centuries, and governments and politics.

1. POLITICAL AND
ECONOMIC CHANGE
Prepared by:
MR. ANTONIO T. DELGADO

2. FOCUS QUESTIONS
1. What are the types of change? Describe each.
2. What are the different attitudes towards change?
Describe each.
3. What are the three trends of political and economic
development? Discuss each.
4. Discuss Samuel P. Huntington’s views on
democratization and why it has occurred.
5. Differentiate market and command economies.

3. Types of Change

4. Types of Change
1. Reform is a type of change that does not
advocate the overthrow of basic institutions.
2. Revolution implies change at a more basic
level, and involves either a major revision or an
overthrow of existing institutions.
3. Coup d’état - Literally “blows to the state,”
they replace the leadership of a country with
new leaders.

5. Attitudes Toward Change

6. Attitudes Toward Change
1. Radicalism is a belief that rapid, dramatic
changes need to be made in the existing society,
often including the political system.
2. Liberalism supports reform and gradual change
rather than revolution.

7. Attitudes Toward Change
3. Conservatism is much less supportive of change
in general than are radicalism and liberalism.
4. Reactionism wants to turn back the clock to an
earlier era, and reinstate political, social, and
economic institutions that once existed.

8. Three Trends
of Development

9. Three Trends of Development
1. Democratization
2. Movement Toward Economic Liberalism and
Market Economies
3. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics

10. Democratization

11. Democratization
• Democratization - refers to the process by which
democracy expands, within a state or across the
world.
• One broad, essential requirement for democracy
is the existence of competitive elections that are
regular, free, and fair.

12. Types of Democracies
1. Substantive democracies
• the general population plays a real role in
carrying out its political affairs
• the state is not merely set up as a democracy but
it functions as one as well.
• also be referred to as a functional democracy
• Liberal democracies

13. Characteristics of liberal democracies
a) Civil liberties
b) Rule of law
c) Neutrality of the judiciary
d) Open civil society and mass media
e) Civilian control of the military

14. Types of Democracies
2. Procedural/Formal democracies
• Characterized by voters choosing to elect
representatives in free elections.
• The people or citizens of the state have less
influence than in traditional liberal democracies.
• Illiberal democracies

15. Democratic Consolidation
• Political discontent is generally fueled if the crisis
is preceded by a period of relative improvement
in the standard of living, a condition called the
“revolution of rising expectations.”

19. Democratic Consolidation
• Democratization begins when these conditions are
accompanied by a willingness on the part of the
ruling elite to accept power-sharing arrangements, as
well as a readiness on the part of the people to
participate in the process and lend it their active
support. This process is called democratic
consolidation, which creates a stable political
system that is supported by all parts of the society.

20. Samuel P. Huntington
• American political scientist,
adviser and academic. He
spent more than half a
century at Harvard
University, where he was
director of Harvard's Center
for International Affairs

21. Samuel P. Huntington
• He is best known for his
1993 theory, the "Clash of
Civilizations", of a post-Cold
War new world order.
• Also wrote the 1991 article
“Democracy’s Third Wave”

22. Huntington’s
“Three Waves” of Democratization
• First Wave - developed gradually over time;
beginning in the early 19th century until 1922.
• Second Wave - occurred after the Allied victory in
World War II, and continued until the early 1960s.
This was characterized by decolonization around the
globe.
• Third Wave - characterized by the defeat of
dictatorial or totalitarian rulers in more than 60
countries in South America, Eastern Europe, and
some parts of Africa.

25. Why has democratization occurred?
According to Huntington:
1. Deepening legitimacy problems of authoritarian
regimes
2. Unprecedented global economic growth of the
1960s
3. Shift in the doctrine and activities of the Catholic
Church
4. Changes in the policies of external actors
5. “Snowball” effect

26. A “Fourth Wave”?

31. Movement Toward Economic
Liberalism and Market Economies

33. Types of Economic Systems
1. Command economy - the government owned
almost all industrial enterprises and retail sales
outlets.
2. Market economy - based on private ownership
of property and little interference from
government regulation.
3. Mixed economy - one that allows for significant
control from the central government

35. Movement Toward Market Economies
• Economic liberalization - the process of limiting
the power of the state over private property and
market force
• Marketization is the term that describes the
state’s re-creation of a market in which property,
labor, goods, and services can all function in a
competitive environment to determine their
value.

36. Movement Toward Market Economies
• Privatization is the transfer of state-owned
property to private ownership.

42. Movement Toward Market Economies
• Privatization is the transfer of state-owned
property to private ownership.
• One important disadvantage of a free-market
economy is that it inevitably goes through cycles
of prosperity and scarcity.

44. Factors that Promoted
the Movement Toward Market Economies
1. Belief that government is too big
2. Lack of success of command economies

45. Revival of Ethnic
or Cultural Politics

46. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
• Fragmentation – divisions based on ethnic or
cultural identity
• A few years ago nationalism seemed to be
declining in favor of increasing globalization.

49. Revival of Ethnic or Cultural Politics
• Fragmentation – divisions based on ethnic or
cultural identity
• A few years ago nationalism seemed to be
declining in favor of increasing globalization.
• Also, the politicization of religion has dominated
world politics of the early 21st century.

54. REFERENCES
1. Wood E. (2015). AP Comparative Government
and Politics: An Essential Coursebook 7th
Edition. New York: WoodYard Publications.
2. Huntington, S.P. (1991). Democracy’s Three
Waves. Journal of Democracy, 2(2), 12-34.