Rist attempts to explain the historical process of development by analyzing its political, economic, and social dimensions over time. However, his writing style jumps between topics in a disorganized manner that makes the overall argument difficult to follow. He criticizes powerful countries for unfairly dominating weaker ones but also acknowledges that colonization benefited both colonizers and colonized societies to some degree. Rist argues that the development process shifted power towards developing countries in the mid-20th century. Globalization further challenged the international economic order and created new problems that require cooperation across nations. Overall, Rist provides a wide range of perspectives on development but lacks a clear thesis and structure to his analysis.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
A systematic study of comparative government the world over points out that, there are, undeniably, four basic elements of the State, namely; population; territory; government and sovereignty which constitute the subject of this article.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
This document provides an overview of comparative methods in social sciences. It discusses key concepts like units of observation, comparative sociology as a sub-discipline, and approaches to comparative research. Comparative research aims to test hypotheses about relationships between variables across space and time. Nations, states, countries, and societies are common units of analysis. Approaches can examine relationships at macro and micro levels within and across countries. The document also reviews traditions in comparative sociology from Marx, Weber, and Durkheim.
Comparative Methods In Social Sciences, Lecture 1jdubrow2000
This document discusses comparative methods in social sciences and comparative sociology. It defines comparative methods as comparing "something" through space and/or time. Comparative sociology addresses problems inherent in cross-national and/or historical studies. Key topics covered include defining units of observation like nations, states, countries and societies; different approaches to comparative research; and traditions in comparative sociology from thinkers like Marx, Weber and Durkheim.
This document provides a summary of William Regan's undergraduate thesis on the evolution of city-states. The thesis examines ancient Greek city-states like Athens, Italian city-states like Venice, and modern city-states like Singapore and Hong Kong. It acknowledges that city-states first developed in Ancient Greece, where principles of citizenship and democracy emerged. The thesis will analyze how later city-states adopted and built upon ideas from previous periods. It aims to identify common factors that have allowed city-states to exist and succeed over time.
Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing Rustam Begaliev
1) The document discusses the role of colonization in developing colonized societies. While colonization had some positive impacts through institutions like education and industry, it also had significant negative consequences.
2) Examples are provided of how British and Spanish colonization positively contributed to social, technological, and governance elements in colonies. However, colonization was also extremely exploitative and involved practices like slavery to extract resources.
3) The modern world still observes complex elements of colonization, so history must be learned from to avoid negative impacts and repeating mistakes regarding weak countries.
This document discusses two approaches to analyzing sub-national movements: 1) a rational choice perspective focusing on political actors manipulating identity and interests, and 2) a transcultural perspective accounting for cultural flows and hybridization. It uses the Telengana movement in India as a case study, first analyzing it through the rational choice lens, then considering how a transcultural approach could provide additional insights. Key points addressed include how the Telengana movement challenges theories of sub-national movements being resolved once accommodated, implications for understanding cultural nationalism, and policy recommendations for states facing sub-national challenges.
A systematic study of comparative government the world over points out that, there are, undeniably, four basic elements of the State, namely; population; territory; government and sovereignty which constitute the subject of this article.
The document discusses different frameworks for understanding uneven geographical development within capitalism. It summarizes four main approaches:
1) Historicist/diffusionist interpretations see development spreading gradually from advanced to less developed areas.
2) Constructivist arguments focus on how exploitation and imperial/colonial practices have underdeveloped certain regions to benefit the powerful.
3) Environmental determinist explanations attribute development patterns to environmental factors.
4) Geopolitical perspectives view development through the lens of nation states pursuing their own self-interest in the global arena through alliances, trade policies, etc.
The document explores these frameworks to provide context for analyzing uneven development and its implications for Bangladesh in particular.
Political Science inquiry today is influenced by the theories that have been developed and presented over several centuries.
According to Oxford Dictionary of Politics, Political Science is a social science discipline concerned with the study of the state, nation, government, and politics and policies of government. Aristotle defined it as the study of the state. It deals extensively with the theory and practice of politics, and the analysis of political systems, political behavior, and political culture. Political scientists "see themselves engaged in revealing the relationships underlying political events and conditions, and from these revelations they attempt to construct general principles about the way the world of politics works. Political science intersects with other fields; including economics, law, sociology, history, anthropology, public administration, public policy, national politics, international relations, comparative politics, psychology, political organization, and political theory. Although it was codified in the 19th century, when all the social sciences were established, political science has ancient roots; indeed, it originated almost 2,500 years ago with the works of Plato and Aristotle.
This document provides an overview of comparative methods in social sciences. It discusses key concepts like units of observation, comparative sociology as a sub-discipline, and approaches to comparative research. Comparative research aims to test hypotheses about relationships between variables across space and time. Nations, states, countries, and societies are common units of analysis. Approaches can examine relationships at macro and micro levels within and across countries. The document also reviews traditions in comparative sociology from Marx, Weber, and Durkheim.
Comparative Methods In Social Sciences, Lecture 1jdubrow2000
This document discusses comparative methods in social sciences and comparative sociology. It defines comparative methods as comparing "something" through space and/or time. Comparative sociology addresses problems inherent in cross-national and/or historical studies. Key topics covered include defining units of observation like nations, states, countries and societies; different approaches to comparative research; and traditions in comparative sociology from thinkers like Marx, Weber and Durkheim.
This document provides a summary of William Regan's undergraduate thesis on the evolution of city-states. The thesis examines ancient Greek city-states like Athens, Italian city-states like Venice, and modern city-states like Singapore and Hong Kong. It acknowledges that city-states first developed in Ancient Greece, where principles of citizenship and democracy emerged. The thesis will analyze how later city-states adopted and built upon ideas from previous periods. It aims to identify common factors that have allowed city-states to exist and succeed over time.
Polsc6 1 the study of international relationsYvan Gumbao
The study of international relations concerns the relationships between world governments and how they are connected to other actors like international organizations and corporations, as well as social, economic, cultural, and domestic political structures and geographical and historical influences. International relations affects daily life in many ways, such as through jobs that depend on global trade, goods produced internationally, security issues, technology, communication, transportation, and globalization. The field studies international politics, diplomacy, war, trade, alliances and more, and aims to understand how the world works, though some debates in the field remain unresolved.
Soveriegnty and Aboriginal Self-DeterminationJames Umpherson
This document provides an overview of the concepts of Northern sovereignty, Aboriginal self-determination, and internal colonialism. It examines self-government agreements, using the Tłįchǫ Agreement in the Northwest Territories as a case study. The document defines colonialism and internal colonialism, outlining the domination of one group over another through political, economic, social and cultural means. It explores how self-government agreements can help indigenous groups gain more autonomy and independence from colonial frameworks.
We all know How this Subject International Relations is taking the world by storm.
So, I have tried to show the nature and Evolution of International Relations through Analytical View.
International Relations can be improved by enhancing the rule of law between states and minimizing war. Realism assumes that states act in their own self-interest in an anarchic international system and pursue power. Neorealism differs in arguing that security, not power, is the main goal. Liberalism believes peace comes through democracy and international law, while neoliberalism sees moral values as important to states' interests. Vietnam is an active member of international organizations like ASEAN, APEC, ASEM, and WTO, working to strengthen economic and political cooperation between members.
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
Public administration : Review of some critical papersMd Masum Billah
This article discusses governance and public administration in the age of globalization. It argues that politics and administration are intertwined, contrary to early theories that separated them. Globalization has increased the influence of international organizations on domestic governance in developing countries. While domestic policy traditionally considered organizational and national policies, it now must also consider international policies formulated by regional and global organizations. These organizations influence domestic governance through various means like workshops and publications, even if domestic policy does not directly engage with international affairs. The process of globalization has accelerated due to factors like increased economic interdependence and growth of international organizations, making governance a global issue rather than limited to individual nation states.
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
Nigerian writers and the quest for the repositioning of the nationAlexander Decker
This document discusses Nigerian writers and their role in shaping perceptions of Nigeria on the global stage. It argues that while Nigerian leaders spend heavily on promoting Nigeria internationally, some distinguished Nigerian writers like Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and Ben Okri have proven through their intellectual works that Nigeria has much to offer the world. These writers have provided deep sociological, historical, political and economic insights into Nigeria through their writings, projecting a positive image of Nigeria and drawing greater international attention and acknowledgement.
The document provides an overview of the field of international relations. It discusses the following key points:
- International relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, drawing on fields like political science, economics, and law.
- Major theories studied in international relations include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. Realism focuses on state security and power, while liberalism emphasizes cooperation.
- The modern international system developed out of European colonial expansion and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established principles of state sovereignty.
- Major events like the French Revolution and decolonization shaped the current global order of independent nation-states. However, some states operate outside this
The document discusses competing theories about the relationship between the state and society. It examines how the state emerged from society but gained autonomy through tools like taxation, military, and bureaucracy. Sociological theories view society as prior to the individual, while pluralist theories see the state balancing competing interest groups. The development of the modern nation-state was influenced by industrialization, citizenship, and nationalism. Today, theories debate the balance between state power and individual rights, as well as how globalization is impacting the nation-state model.
Much of the study of politics centers on the tension between human agency and constraints on choice. Political leaders typically emphasize their ability to act in a sovereign fashion, describing politics as the art of the possible. What they less often refer to are the institutional and structural constraints that they face when trying to chart a new path. The old pathway is hard to escape, making them all captives of a certain path dependency.
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
1 Country 2 systems in HK: A Decadal ReflectionWai-Kwok Wong
This document provides a local perspective on the "One Country, Two Systems" framework in Hong Kong over the past decade. It summarizes the optimistic view held by pro-establishment groups, but identifies inconsistencies between Beijing's view and the Hong Kong perspective. It analyzes the administrations of Tung Chee-hwa and Donald Tsang, finding they lacked leadership abilities and failed to serve as a bridge between Hong Kongers and Chinese authorities. Ultimately, it questions whether China genuinely supports the "Two Systems" concept and suggests the capitalist system in Hong Kong may gradually transform into a soft authoritarian socialist system with increasing economic dependence on China.
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
The document discusses different theories of the state, including:
- Pluralist theory, which sees the state as a neutral arbitrator between competing interests.
- Neo-pluralism, which acknowledges that some groups like businesses have more influence.
- Capitalist state theory, which views the state as perpetuating class divisions and inequality.
- Other theories discussed include the patriarchal state, minimal state, developmental state, social democratic state, and totalitarian state. The document also covers how globalization has impacted theories of state sovereignty.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
The document discusses state and civil resistance in Bhutan. It makes three key points:
1) The Bhutanese state promotes a monolithic conception of nation that underplays cultural plurality. It forces a single official history, culture and language on the diverse population. This has led to social resistance among minority groups.
2) The state uses medieval institutions like Driglam Namjha and Tsa-Wa-Sum to maintain social hierarchy and strengthen its control over civil society. These institutions codify strict social etiquette and servitude that subordinates the masses to the ruling elite.
3) The state's nationalist ideology and invented cultural traditions have resulted in the violation of human rights. This has spurred organized resistance like the
El documento discute la importancia de considerar el contexto socio-cultural del estudiante y cómo esto afecta su proceso de aprendizaje. Explica que los estudiantes no reaccionan de la misma manera ante una situación social debido a factores como su contexto familiar, intereses y motivación. También destaca la importancia de que los profesores conozcan bien el contexto socio-cultural de sus estudiantes y centro educativo para adaptar las actividades de aprendizaje a la realidad de los estudiantes.
The document describes several C++ header and source code files that implement different types of integer lists: IntegerListArray (array-based), IntegerListVector (vector-based), IntegerListLinked (linked list-based), and IntegerListSorted (sorted list-based). Each file pair (header and source) defines a class to represent the list type, with member functions for common list operations like getting elements, size, adding/removing elements, and iterating. The files were generated by Doxygen from comments in the code.
Polsc6 1 the study of international relationsYvan Gumbao
The study of international relations concerns the relationships between world governments and how they are connected to other actors like international organizations and corporations, as well as social, economic, cultural, and domestic political structures and geographical and historical influences. International relations affects daily life in many ways, such as through jobs that depend on global trade, goods produced internationally, security issues, technology, communication, transportation, and globalization. The field studies international politics, diplomacy, war, trade, alliances and more, and aims to understand how the world works, though some debates in the field remain unresolved.
Soveriegnty and Aboriginal Self-DeterminationJames Umpherson
This document provides an overview of the concepts of Northern sovereignty, Aboriginal self-determination, and internal colonialism. It examines self-government agreements, using the Tłįchǫ Agreement in the Northwest Territories as a case study. The document defines colonialism and internal colonialism, outlining the domination of one group over another through political, economic, social and cultural means. It explores how self-government agreements can help indigenous groups gain more autonomy and independence from colonial frameworks.
We all know How this Subject International Relations is taking the world by storm.
So, I have tried to show the nature and Evolution of International Relations through Analytical View.
International Relations can be improved by enhancing the rule of law between states and minimizing war. Realism assumes that states act in their own self-interest in an anarchic international system and pursue power. Neorealism differs in arguing that security, not power, is the main goal. Liberalism believes peace comes through democracy and international law, while neoliberalism sees moral values as important to states' interests. Vietnam is an active member of international organizations like ASEAN, APEC, ASEM, and WTO, working to strengthen economic and political cooperation between members.
I. International Relation between two Wars
Russian Revolution, Fascism, League of Nations, Second World War
II. Cold War
Decolonization in Asia and Africa.
Rise of United States and Soviet Union,
Era of Tight Bipolarity, Détente and Loose Bipolarity, Revival of Cold War
III. Post Cold War
End of History, Clash of Civilization, Terrorism, Globalization, unipolarity New
world Order
IV. International and Regional Organizations
League of Nation, United Nations, Regional Organizations, EU, ASEAN, NAFTA,
SAARC, SCO, OIC, ECO, WTO.
Reforms in the United Nations, World Bank and the IMF
V. Foreign Policy of Selected Countries
USA, Russia, China, UK, India, Pakistan and EU
VI. South Asia
Peace-making and Peace-Building in South Asia: Analytical overview of peace
processes between/among the states of South Asia especially between India and
Pakistan.
India and Pakistan: Overview of agreements and accords, Indus Water Treaty;
Composite Dialogue; Sir Creek & Siachen border, Visa and People to people
contact; Trade; and Role of civil society
Afghanistan: Cold war theatre; Soviet Invasion Mujahedeen; Geneva Accord; Post
Cold War situation---Rise of Taliban, AL-Qeada & 9/11; Operation Enduring
Freedom; The Bonn Process- Withdrawal
95
Revised Scheme and Syllabus for CSS Competitive Examination-2016
VII. Weapons of Mass Destruction
Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons
Nuclear Weapon States- Programs and Postures: Indian-Pakistan Nuclear
Doctrines
Nuclear Non –Proliferation Regime: International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear
Non- proliferation Treaty; Nuclear Supplier Group; Partial Test Ban Treaty;
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty; Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty
Challenges of Non-Proliferation, Nuclear Civil Deal Regime
The Missile Defence Systems and their impact on global strategic environment
Militarization and Weaponization of Space.
VIII. Contemporary Issues
Indian Ocean and PACIFIC Ocean; Great Powers Moves and hegemony
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Issue
Public administration : Review of some critical papersMd Masum Billah
This article discusses governance and public administration in the age of globalization. It argues that politics and administration are intertwined, contrary to early theories that separated them. Globalization has increased the influence of international organizations on domestic governance in developing countries. While domestic policy traditionally considered organizational and national policies, it now must also consider international policies formulated by regional and global organizations. These organizations influence domestic governance through various means like workshops and publications, even if domestic policy does not directly engage with international affairs. The process of globalization has accelerated due to factors like increased economic interdependence and growth of international organizations, making governance a global issue rather than limited to individual nation states.
This summary analyzes scholarly theories on the influence of Western media on developing nations. Early theories like Modernization Theory praised Western media's potential to aid development. However, Dependency Theory argued Western corporations created dependencies that maintained underdevelopment. Structural Imperialism and Cultural Imperialism described unequal global power structures. More recent theories argue for asymmetrical interdependence and the influence of local entrepreneurs. Ultimately, the dominance of transnational capitalist media corporations shapes global culture by promoting consumerism and individualism to reinforce capitalist ideology and relationships. Reform requires publicly-funded media as an alternative to serve democratic goals.
Nigerian writers and the quest for the repositioning of the nationAlexander Decker
This document discusses Nigerian writers and their role in shaping perceptions of Nigeria on the global stage. It argues that while Nigerian leaders spend heavily on promoting Nigeria internationally, some distinguished Nigerian writers like Wole Soyinka, Chinua Achebe, and Ben Okri have proven through their intellectual works that Nigeria has much to offer the world. These writers have provided deep sociological, historical, political and economic insights into Nigeria through their writings, projecting a positive image of Nigeria and drawing greater international attention and acknowledgement.
The document provides an overview of the field of international relations. It discusses the following key points:
- International relations emerged as a formal academic discipline in 1919, drawing on fields like political science, economics, and law.
- Major theories studied in international relations include realism, liberalism, Marxism, and constructivism. Realism focuses on state security and power, while liberalism emphasizes cooperation.
- The modern international system developed out of European colonial expansion and the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which established principles of state sovereignty.
- Major events like the French Revolution and decolonization shaped the current global order of independent nation-states. However, some states operate outside this
The document discusses competing theories about the relationship between the state and society. It examines how the state emerged from society but gained autonomy through tools like taxation, military, and bureaucracy. Sociological theories view society as prior to the individual, while pluralist theories see the state balancing competing interest groups. The development of the modern nation-state was influenced by industrialization, citizenship, and nationalism. Today, theories debate the balance between state power and individual rights, as well as how globalization is impacting the nation-state model.
Much of the study of politics centers on the tension between human agency and constraints on choice. Political leaders typically emphasize their ability to act in a sovereign fashion, describing politics as the art of the possible. What they less often refer to are the institutional and structural constraints that they face when trying to chart a new path. The old pathway is hard to escape, making them all captives of a certain path dependency.
Unit 5 Comparative methods and ApproachesYash Agarwal
The passage provides an overview of the political economy approach to studying comparative politics. It discusses how the concept of political economy has evolved over time from Aristotle to modern theorists. Political economy refers to understanding economics and politics as interconnected rather than separate domains, and how this relationship manifests itself. The passage outlines some of the major theories that have utilized the political economy approach, including modernization theory, dependency theory, and world systems analysis. It provides context on how political economy emerged as a framework for examining relationships between countries and explaining social and political phenomena.
1 Country 2 systems in HK: A Decadal ReflectionWai-Kwok Wong
This document provides a local perspective on the "One Country, Two Systems" framework in Hong Kong over the past decade. It summarizes the optimistic view held by pro-establishment groups, but identifies inconsistencies between Beijing's view and the Hong Kong perspective. It analyzes the administrations of Tung Chee-hwa and Donald Tsang, finding they lacked leadership abilities and failed to serve as a bridge between Hong Kongers and Chinese authorities. Ultimately, it questions whether China genuinely supports the "Two Systems" concept and suggests the capitalist system in Hong Kong may gradually transform into a soft authoritarian socialist system with increasing economic dependence on China.
Market capitalism and state capitalismGRAZIA TANTA
1 - State, an essential element for the success of capitalism
2 - Where a world of nation-states has led us
3 - The role of the State in the practice of socialism
The document discusses different theories of the state, including:
- Pluralist theory, which sees the state as a neutral arbitrator between competing interests.
- Neo-pluralism, which acknowledges that some groups like businesses have more influence.
- Capitalist state theory, which views the state as perpetuating class divisions and inequality.
- Other theories discussed include the patriarchal state, minimal state, developmental state, social democratic state, and totalitarian state. The document also covers how globalization has impacted theories of state sovereignty.
This document provides a Chinese perspective on China's changing role in Asia. It examines China's response to perceptions of its rise and discusses the principal concerns that shape its strategy toward Asia. China's strategy is also considered in relation to its relations with the United States. The document analyzes China's approach to regional economic cooperation and security issues, as well as its strategic vision for its role in the regional and global order.
The document discusses state and civil resistance in Bhutan. It makes three key points:
1) The Bhutanese state promotes a monolithic conception of nation that underplays cultural plurality. It forces a single official history, culture and language on the diverse population. This has led to social resistance among minority groups.
2) The state uses medieval institutions like Driglam Namjha and Tsa-Wa-Sum to maintain social hierarchy and strengthen its control over civil society. These institutions codify strict social etiquette and servitude that subordinates the masses to the ruling elite.
3) The state's nationalist ideology and invented cultural traditions have resulted in the violation of human rights. This has spurred organized resistance like the
El documento discute la importancia de considerar el contexto socio-cultural del estudiante y cómo esto afecta su proceso de aprendizaje. Explica que los estudiantes no reaccionan de la misma manera ante una situación social debido a factores como su contexto familiar, intereses y motivación. También destaca la importancia de que los profesores conozcan bien el contexto socio-cultural de sus estudiantes y centro educativo para adaptar las actividades de aprendizaje a la realidad de los estudiantes.
The document describes several C++ header and source code files that implement different types of integer lists: IntegerListArray (array-based), IntegerListVector (vector-based), IntegerListLinked (linked list-based), and IntegerListSorted (sorted list-based). Each file pair (header and source) defines a class to represent the list type, with member functions for common list operations like getting elements, size, adding/removing elements, and iterating. The files were generated by Doxygen from comments in the code.
This document contains contact and background information for Omar Nabhan. It details his current role as a Supervisor of Technical Support for Multi Pharma, as well as his education and work history in technical support roles. It also lists his computer skills, projects, courses, and languages.
Origen y evolución de la didáctica
Escuelas representativas de las didácticas activas
Significado de la didáctica contemporánea
Clasificación de la didáctica contemporánea
La Didáctica y su objeto de estudio
The document describes NVC Fund Holding Trust, a global conglomerate operating in various industries including wealth management, banking, insurance, commodities, and real estate. It has over $5 trillion in managed assets and has completed numerous multibillion dollar investments and initiatives, including in oil and gas, construction, mining, and financial services companies. NVC Fund aims to facilitate partnerships and transactions by leveraging its extensive resources and network of companies.
The document discusses soil compaction, including definitions of compaction and consolidation. It provides details on quantifying compaction through dry unit weight measurements and explains how moisture content affects compaction. The optimal moisture content that achieves maximum dry unit weight is described. Common compaction tests like the Standard Proctor and Modified Proctor tests are summarized. Finally, methods for compaction in the field like rollers and dynamic compaction are briefly explained.
This document discusses a potential partnership between Hyatt hotels and Detour, a mobile app that provides audio tours led by local guides in major cities around the world. Detour is growing rapidly and sees potential for an exclusive deal with Hyatt. The proposal involves Hyatt hotels sponsoring customized Detour tours and marketing the app to hotel guests. Research found guests want insider recommendations for local destinations off the beaten path. A beta test of the partnership in San Francisco is proposed for Q3-Q4 with goals of tracking guest satisfaction and identifying new markets. The document argues the partnership could help Hyatt hotels provide experiences beyond their walls by giving guests a local insider's perspective on destinations.
The document discusses soil compaction, including definitions of compaction and consolidation. It provides details on a sand-cone in-place density test conducted on a soil embankment, including weights measured. It discusses using maximum dry unit weight to quantify compaction and evaluate whether a contractor has met a 95% compaction requirement. Additional sections cover compaction testing methods, factors affecting compaction, and examples of calculations to determine compaction from test data.
This document discusses different types of pumps, including their classifications, characteristics, applications, and performance. It describes hydrodynamic/non-positive displacement pumps, which use flow to transfer fluid at relatively low pressure and are generally used for low pressure, high volume applications. It also describes hydrostatic/positive displacement pumps, which have close-fitting components and can create high pressures, making them self-priming. Specific positive displacement pump types like gear, vane, piston and centrifugal pumps are examined in terms of their applications and operating principles. Pump efficiencies including volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiency are also covered.
1NICANOR PERLAS PREFACE At the end of the 20th ce.docxtarifarmarie
1
NICANOR PERLAS
PREFACE
At the end of the 20th century, news of a watershed event flashed around the world. The global
media reported the dramatic details of an unusual confrontation to hundreds of millions of
listeners and readers. Some immediately saw that the event was a global social earthquake of the
highest magnitude. Others understood only gradually that the foundations of the world’s social
life had been shaken. Afterwards, important national and international gatherings would pay
homage to the event, justifying their own visions, programs and activities in light of it.1 The
event continues to haunt those responsible for the most powerful version of materialistic
modernity that has ever expressed itself on this planet. This historic event is now known as the
"Battle of Seattle."
Participants of the World Trade Organization (WTO) summit had arrived in Seattle confident to
the point of complacency. Arriving along with them, however, were 50,000 demonstrators from
all over the world and all walks of life, ready to offer well-organized, articulate resistance. By
the waning moments of the last day of the WTO summit, as economic and government leaders
from 135 countries tried desperately, and in vain to hammer out a new trade agreement, an
unforgettable lesson had been etched in the psyches of the participants of the battle and the
journalists who covered it.
The lesson was this: the fate of the world would no longer be determined by a bi-polar power
struggle between business or the private sector2 (especially large transnational corporations) and
the governments of nation states. The WTO had reflected this bi-polar power structure to its very
core. Now, a third global force had emerged with elemental strength to contest the monopoly of
the two other powers (economics and politics) over the fate of the earth. The third force was
global civil society.
In Seattle, global civil society used cultural power to counterpoise principled cultural values
against the narrow profit motive and economic power of many in the private sector and the
control motive and political power of most government agencies. The outcome of the WTO talks
was thus determined by civil society’s advocacy for such fundamental values as freedom, justice,
democracy, respect for nature, spirituality, fair trade, and human rights—especially the rights of
indigenous peoples and minorities.
The Battle of Seattle is the latest and most prominent expression of an ongoing global struggle
that has become more and more visible in the past several years. The Battle of Seattle was about
globalization and the global powers that are contending to shape it. The outcome of this struggle
will determine how globalization will unfold on the earth in the coming decades of the 21st
century.
1 See the proceedings of the meetings of the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, last
January, U.N. .
1. Political science can be considered both a science and an art. While it follows the scientific method, it cannot make predictions with the same precision as physical sciences due to studying human beings rather than immutable matter.
2. Political science is closely related to both history and sociology. History provides the context and development of political institutions and ideas, while sociology examines how political issues impact society.
3. The historical method is important in political science for understanding the present contexts of political institutions and theories by examining their origins and development over time. This includes analyzing the domestic and international contexts in which different political orders emerged.
The document discusses the challenges of writing an essay on the Civil Rights Movement. It notes that the movement involved a complex web of historical events, people, and ideas that requires thorough research from primary and secondary sources. An effective essay must also balance historical context with the social and political climate of the time. It further requires connecting the movement's impact then to contemporary issues, and crafting a compelling narrative to engage readers. Overall, writing about the Civil Rights Movement is a difficult task but offers an opportunity to explore this pivotal era and its continuing relevance.
This document provides an overview of a comparative politics course on Hong Kong programs. It includes:
1) Details of the course such as title, dates, instructor contact information, and topics to be covered in the first two lectures.
2) Summaries of the key concepts and approaches that will be discussed, including functionalism, structuralism, and the historical approach taken by the course.
3) An outline of the general theoretical framework that will guide comparisons between countries, focusing on how domestic politics are shaped by global context, interests, identities, and institutions.
The transmission model of communication has some key limitations in fully capturing the process of communication:
- It views communication primarily as a one-way transmission of information from sender to receiver, neglecting the complexities of human interaction that involve feedback, shared meaning-making, and context.
- It assumes a passive audience that simply receives the transmitted message rather than actively interpreting and responding to messages based on their own experiences, perspectives, and circumstances.
- It fails to account for how the medium itself shapes the communication process and alters the message, treating the medium as a neutral conduit rather than part of the context that gives meaning.
- By focusing on transmission efficiency it can undermine understanding the social and cultural dimensions of communication that involve
Writing an essay on the Civil Rights Movement requires a nuanced understanding of this complex period in American history. The movement spanned many years and encompassed key events, figures, and shifting attitudes. Effective essays delve into the roots of racial discrimination, explore catalysts for the movement, and analyze strategies used by activists. Researching primary sources and accounts is essential to crafting a comprehensive, well-informed essay that navigates intricacies like the impact on legislation, roles of leaders, and broader implications. Developing a clear thesis and organized structure is crucial to ensure a logical flow of ideas in addressing this challenging topic.
Similar to R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - Analysis (7)
R Begaliev - Law P 539 The History of Development - Analysis
1. 1
Course: Law Reform in Transition Economies
Instructor: Professor J. Eddy
Student: Rustam Begaliev
Spring 2013
“The History of Development”
Author: Gilbert Rist
The History of Development
In The History of development, Gilbert Rist tries to explain, to describe, and to convey to the reader the
basic components of the historical process of development. His work refers to the historical, social, and political
stages that contribute to the overall formation as well as the advancement of society. He is emotional in particular
about selected points of historical and political activities which have had, based on his opinion, not only a positive
influence but also an overarching element of natural truth and significance. His arguments in respect to political
hegemony are saturated with subjective descriptions of the political and economical processes of formation rather
than a coherent evaluation outlining the current threshold of obstacles in regards to political and economical
regime. His book is difficult to grasp at first glance because it lacks the familiar structure of conveying
information to the reader. Often times, the reader is left to reorganize the mass of information provided by Rist
into clear and concise under lying ideas. At times, the author makes sporadic jumps from one topic to another
without any logically cohesive transition; doing so, distracts the reader from procuring a better understanding of
what Rist is trying to establish in a systematic manner. However, later, the reader begins to conform to the unique,
albeit initially unfamiliar, and slightly emotional way of conveying a natural truth.
Despite what Rist establishes early on in his book with the historical foundations of the developmental
process via vivid images in conjunction with spiritual and religious dimensions, Rist then begins to specifically
focus on the mid-20th century. A closer analysis of Rist’s rhetorical strategy, in terms of providing information to
the reader, consists of strong criticisms towards the hierarchy of societies. He criticizes the strong and developed
countries in their unfair and unlawful actions in relation to the weak and developing opponents. But, at the same
time, in the description and critiques of the participants of this process, Rist is able to convey quite logical
connection and combination of historical actions which carries some truth.
Granted, Rist’s book is inundated with many noteworthy stages in respects to the historical, political, and
economical reforms in the foreplay of the history of development; however, a few points are questionable in their
contribution to the overall progress of his argument. The style in which Rist composes his book comprises many
different authors’ thoughts, ideas and opinions. In my opinion, the collection of authors’ ideas offers a great
background into the foundations of Western development, but the pitfall of this strategy is that it is in nature a
vague tactic that distracts that reader from the overall underlying message. I believe that, by doing so, Rist
becomes overwhelmed and excessively emotional in the broad influx of ideas and plausible guidance that leads to
the development of globalization. Rist refers to the period of colonization as a part of world system formation, the
triumph of third world, and globalization. Based on his research, he believes that his analysis and critique exposes
the idea of illicit influence of a ‘dominant’ race and the reach of overarching corporations in opposition to the
‘dependent’ races and developing societies. In retrospect, I think these areas of the author’s focus in the book are
still of value in terms of providing us a visible and accessible picture of the process of historical development, as
well as revealing some of the key issues of the concept.
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In laying down the foundations of development, the author chaotically and abusively uses examples,
definitions, reference materials and events that have occurred at different time frames, as well as social-
economical situations, out of context. Rist tries to grasp the elements of truth, to bring them together, and to build
one straight definition, based on his beliefs, of how the historical process of development occurred. I can observe
that he resorted to the previously stated definitions and concepts of previous authors while trying to synthesize
them with modern realities. But the only thing that can be derived from his research is that overall it is a general
visionary reiteration of definitions as quoted, “the expression of a wish to live a better life…the great mass of
actions (also often conflicting with one another) which are supposed eventually to bring greater happiness to the
greatest possible number” (pg. 11). The quote expresses the need to achieve a better life fundamental; however, it
is important to note that Rist has not provided any new contributing piece of information to further the
understanding of the early historical development of societies. The quote itself is a little different from the
previous accounts of the other authors who also talked about the same field of investigation, the need for a better
life.
While Rist wants the reader to look into the mechanism of the world system, he gives us, in my opinion, a
great example of the unfair and unlawful nature of the collaboration process between two unequal societies. The
process, when sources of two countries—colonizer and colonized—can be mutually beneficial to each other.
Dominant countries, while they are colonizing dependent countries, bring and share with them some goods—“The
‘higher races’ have rights and duties towards the ‘lower races’, and must share with them the benefits of science
and progress” (pg. 52). Through the ‘dominant’ country the colonized country receives scientists, technology, and
cultural innovations that are the tools for successful development which they did not have prior to colonization.
At the same time, colonizer countries receive all kinds of resources from dependent countries and have the
opportunity to establish their own influential politics in those regions. This kind of phenomenon presents a
propriety relationship for both participants. Aside from the moral and ethical obligations in question of the
developmental process, I believe that there is a logical interpretation and supported circumstances are contained
within Rist’s statement. “Colonization is one of the highest functions of societies that have reached an advanced
stage of civilization….A society colonizes when, having itself reached a higher degree of maturity and
strength….The merit of a colonizing people is to place the young society it has brought in the most suitable
conditions for the development.” (pg. 54). In following Rist’s argument in defense of colonization, it is easy to
accept his logical explanations and systematic procedures in the win-win situation that is established and is
necessary for the development of society. At first, I have to admit that Rist has a good point about the mutual
relationship between the developed state and dependent state; however, when applying this relationship in
respects to the developed colonizing country this is where the theory falls short of anything great or
groundbreaking. The question of the matter here is that if colonization is the only way to achieved a developed
status for a nation-state then who is it that colonized the first world nations that allowed them the scientists,
technology, cultural innovations as well as the right to colonize other developing nations? The answer to this
rhetorical question, in my opinion, is no one. With that said, Rist miscalculated a critical element in his critique of
the world system.
With the development of the third world according to Rist the balance of power shifted in favor of
equilibrium. The main stage of the triumph of the third world takes place in 1970 and the decade that followed.
The author claims that the issue of the new status of certain developing countries that have obtained power and,
by doing so, they have forged their own way into the circle of developed nations. The most striking example of a
tipping point specified is one of the descriptions of the consequences of the Egyptian-Israeli war in the Middle
East in 1967. The war and its aftermath highlighted the seriousness of some of the developing countries which
have acquired the status of an equal player in the international political and economic activities, “within two
3. 3
months the OPEC countries had quadrupled the price of oil, underlining the vulnerability of the Western (and
especially European) economies, which largely depended upon Arab countries in this key strategic field. For the
first time, the countries of the South-albeit the richest among them-were acting together in a way that could
seriously disturb the economy in the North 8.” (pg.-142). The first half of the 1970s was a process of turning
down the Western hegemony over the southern hemisphere. The second half of the 1970’s as Rist recounts was a
period of political and economical reform with the rise of the third world and their national interests on the global
market. The New International Economic Order (NIEO) evaluated and specified a precise definition of the
existing problems, disputes, efforts, and instructions to resolve the growing tensions between the Northern and
Southern Hemisphere in the struggle for power, “The present international economic order is in direct conflict
with current developments in international political and economical relations…. The developing world has
become a powerful factor…irreversible changes in the relationship of forces in the world necessitate the active,
full and equal participation of the developing countries.” (pg.-147) Reflecting on the triumph of the third world on
the international scene, the need for a fair and globalized market becomes apparent as a mediator for both political
and economical means.
The final frontier in the systematic world with the decline of poverty in certain developing nations meant
the need for a globalized economy. Rist acknowledges the shift in relations with the former developing and
developed nations. As a new era approaches, there are new problems, challenges, and ‘monstrosities’ that
challenge the existence of society in front of a new modern reality (215). The problems that exist concurrently in
the world are those that affect nations globally and require cooperation on all stages and levels of political and
economical agendas. Such advancements in science and technology, thanks to the cooperation between nations,
have lead to the growth of stem cells, nuclear power stations, and climate change. One of the plausible solutions
proposed in Rist’s book are the implementations of multi-national organizations, such as, the UNDP, the World
Bank, etc… I believe that based on Rist’s information and analysis, this resolution can be a necessary and
important idea in order to create a stable globalized world. However, any serious changes and movements have to
be placed under serious consideration, and observation to details in regards to dire consequences that may occur
should ethnical and political boundaries be crossed. By doing so, this will help prevent the misdemeanor of
regression of the idea of modernization and development of human kind. Otherwise, the end result of ignoring
these guidelines will lead to the corruption and tyranny of the world as it occurred in the past during the
colonization period.
Rist’s work in this book is a series of descriptions of the formation and concept of the development
supported by historical references. The author’s deep thoughtful analysis of the overall stages of development
process will play a significant role in the future as his collection of data will help scientists figure out how
development came about. Despite the fact that most of Rist’s report consists of a collection of theoretical
definitions, historical references, the works of past scholars, emotional statements, and half drawn conclusions,
there is still something to be said of his ideas of how the development of society came to be in his academic
interpretation.
The author’s critical approach to the description behind the foundations of the definitions of development covers
the early stages from colonization to the newer forms of self-assertion in developing countries. His assertions
about how societies progressed are logical in many ways. Rist points out that even the process of colonization can
have a positive influence for all participants in the process of development, although it lends itself to criticism
because only a few of those who had previously been colonized could achieve such a level of full and successful
economic and political development. Rist stresses the point where developing countries have realized the rank
which they have achieved over the duration of time. These developing countries are realized the reality in which
4. 4
they are now a political and economical power in the globalized world. With this newfound power comes many
difficulties that arise in the development of various social, political, and economical factors.
In the end, despite his critical remarks against the hegemony of the strong against the weak, the author
sums up everything that is to come of the new participants in the process of development. In short, developed
countries are necessary to create a common and unified management tool for all members of the international
community. In general, Rist’s idea of understanding the main question of the development process refers to the
ability to have a clear and objective vision of the important and necessary point that forces us to create a necessary
legal platform. The author claims that all nations have to create and adopt a new international and unified
management system. The result of this movement would lead to the safety of participants when faced with
difficult obstacles pertaining to domestic level dispute as well as international crisis.
What is good and positive in our world does not occur to us too easily, it is when we begin to understand it
that we will be able to overcome difficulties and provide plausible solutions accordingly; as to whether or not Rist
is right in terms of the development process this, will be left in the clocks of time as history will write the final
verdict.