Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing

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Law P 539 06/08./2014.
Law Technology & Developments
Professor Snyder, William Arthur
Student Rustam Begaliev
Final Paper
Topic- The period of colonization could be considered as a one of the way of developing process:
based on analysis of historical facts and statement of authoritative scholars, we can claim that, in
some cases, period of colonization played a role of a noticeable, positive, and productive
contribution into the developing process of occupied societies; however, some modernized
complex elements of colonization we continuously able to observe in the modern world society.
What is a nature of this phenomenon could be? And what a modern society has to take from past
history, in order to contribute their future and to avoid a previous mistakes.
Abstract:
For the whole period of human existence, the most apprehensible factors of the developing
process of any society has been a creating and building the numbers of institutions, which were
responsible for social components of the society. The colonized societies, in some cases, have been
positively experienced the influence of educational spheres, industrial areas, and creating the
government structures and systems by the colonizers, in broader sense of the word. As a result, the
social, technological, and elements of the governance of those colonized country were benefited
and played a tremendous role in future of those countries or regions, in order to build more
confident platform. This paper will expose significant elements of the process when “high race”
inadvertently and positively contribute the developing process of the colonized—enslavement—

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society, while the colonizers invaded and occupied those countries.1
In the process of delivering
this information, several statements and assertions will be referring to the historical examples,
cultural features, and social aspects of several countries, which have had an experience of being a
colonized.2
The modern reality forces our mind to take a serious attention in recommendations which
were evidenced by long term history of colonization to avoid the possible way of repeating the
previous made negative impact on the week countries in any form and under any pretext. The most
of the historical stage of the human being during the colonization period, even if they presented as
a negative parts of the human history, contains a truth that was hiding behind the aspects of the
modern reality.3
Introduction:
In order to provide an objectively and academically proper information, we need to expose
two important subjects of our discussion. The notion and nature of the developing process and the
most applicable historical appearances and facts to the meaning of being colonized.
According to the several scientific sources and statements of the scholars, we can provide
the summarized definition of the process of developing in one claim that states the developing
process of society—country—is the process of formation, establishing, developing, and bringing
to a certain level of perfection a number of institutions, which are playing an integral role in the
1
Academic Foundation, Gilbert Rist, History of development, 2009.
2
Id.
3
Id.

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mechanism of designing and approving of values, taking into regional account, national, and
cultural factors of stakeholders.4
The process of colonization of a ‘week’ country by stronger—well-developed—nation can
be defined as a process of invading and taking over sovereignty of another area or country, which
then becomes known as a colony with the establishing one or more settlements. So, to colonize,5
it means the settling or occupying another territory though the voluntarily or involuntary act.
Colonization is the establishment communities of the dominant country speakers or both
languages. Usually, the dominant society establishes the forcible type of managing and
maintaining the economic, social, political, and cultural spheres, based on their own interests and
necessity. The ‘colonizers’ implements a mechanism of operation though their own representatives
or loyal to them local leaders. The state structure and the internal order is maintained by force.6
The term colonization refers to the process or act of establishing a colony or colonies on the
occupied or invaded territory.
Part One: Colonization, Notion and Nature, (Explanation based on the examples and
historical facts):
1. Notion of the colonization (facts)
The first mentions of the colony or colonization periods refer to the early stages of the BC.
In most of the times, it was a hostile military expansion of the neighboring territory with a very
4
American Economic Association, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of
Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, Dec 2001.Amartya Sen, Development As Freedom, New
York, 1999.
5
Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, Dec 2001.
6
Harvard University, Historical Department, Henry Crittenden Morris,The history of colonization from the earliest
times to the present day, 1904

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primitive way of establishing the entire controlling process. 7
Sometime, all this activity was
reduced in primitive times, conquest, looting, and setting up the annual contribution.
As we know already, it was not long and stable process because, very often, subjugated
countries refused to submit to the demands of their conqueror and initiated the liberation
revolutions against of occupiers, or, even, occupiers, sometimes became an occupied nation by
third party.
To discuss the actual, close related, and some sort established form of colonization in our
discussion, we shall to apply to the Roman Empire period. The period when the leaders of the
Roman Empire, right after colonization, had pursued not only monetarily wealth accumulation,
was inundated with examples of process implementation of their cultural and religious influence
as well as providing access to a specific achievements and benefits.8
2. Referring to the historical examples.
In order to support our main statements with relevant facts and to provide a significant
examples, perhaps we should turn to the period of British and Spain colonial activities. British
period of colonial activities is presented as a period that is inundated with different examples of
all possible kinds of related activities in multiple regions, continents, cultural and religious spheres
at same time.9
It was a period when manifested and entrenched perfectly shaped control under any
circumstances with the least political and economic cost to the Britain itself.
7
Harvard University, Historical Department, Henry Crittenden Morris,The history of colonization from the earliest
times to the present day, 1904Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the
Barbarians
8
Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians, 2006.
9
The University of Chicago, McGill University, Matthew Lange, Northwestern University, James Mahoney, Brown
University Matthias vom Hau, Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British
Colonies, 2006. American Economic Association, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, The
Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, Dec 2001.

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3. The evidences of the negative consequences of the colonization activity.
Unfortunately, the history of mankind is full of horrific and sometimes bloody examples
of colonization. In this cases, it was a due to the fierce resistance on the part of the countries and
nationals which didn’t want to be occupied. The countries which were not agreed with
implementing form of governance by colonizers, and, on the other side, these were the examples
of a cruelty on the part of the invaders.
According to the historical realities of that period, all colonization cases were referring to
the mercantile interests of the ‘high race’ countries. The main goals of any invasions were a
receiving an easy or free access to the sources of those countries and implementing their own
values on the occupied territory in order to provide an influential politic on that region, “this frame
work distinguishes two ideal-typical economic models that can characterize colonizing powers:
mercantilist and liberal. A mercantilist model organizes productive activity to obtain national
economic self-sufficiency and short-term gains through favorable trade . . . political authorities use
the state to establish trade restrictions and support extra market institutions that provide rents to
certain groups and deny privileges to others (Ekelund and Tollison 1981). As such, mercantilism
aligns economic and state elites, concentrating resources in few hands.”10
These conditions facilitate the mercantilist goal of extracting resources through the use of
a dependent labor force without having to alter radically preexisting economic structures. The
availability of free and unlimited labor sources and setting up a labor rules and policies without
10
The University of Chicago, McGill University, Matthew Lange, Northwestern University, James Mahoney,
Brown University Matthias vom Hau, Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and
British Colonies, 2006.

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any restrictions and required framework attracted the colonizers to expand its ownership and
human resources.11
One of the tremendous—I would say ‘ugliest’—example of the ‘extortion’ of human
sources was a slavery, and major colonizers countries, such as Great Britain, Spain, and France,
practiced it without moral limitation. Furthermore, Great Britain, established the special law that
let them legally implement the slavery as a required mechanism in order to develop an industrial
sector. The day, when Slavery Abolition Act 1833 came into the force in August 1833, the slavery
was abolished throughout the vast British Empire. This Act provide for Great Britain a legal basis
for covering their slavery trade activities in the colonized regions. The Act automatically applied
as new possessions in Africa and subsequently became part of the British Empire.12
For other
regions, colonies, Great Britain initiated a different acts and policies.
Another negative, unfair, aspect of the colonization activities was a right of the 'high race’
to extract a natural sources or other tangible goods that belong to the ‘natives’ even if colonizers
didn’t have any rights to own them. The Great Britain regularly, without any common way of
providing a fair trade, just select and subsequently sent confiscated agricultural products from
India and Africa and expropriated opium in China.13
The colonizers did not disdain and nothing more than the mercantile interest and ready to
beat the predatory aims to cover the highest ideals of the great nations. Not only were the tangible
and human sources a subjects of the colonizers interest, the cultural and historical values and
artifacts had become a target for the colonizers greed. The most valuable artifacts of the Egyptian
11
Bernard S. Cohn, Colonialism and Its Forms of Knowledge: The British in India, 1928.
12
United Kingdom Parliament, Slavery Abolition Act 1833, August 1833.
13
Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie, Freedom's Seekers: Essays on Comparative Emancipation, 2013.

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Pyramids, which played an irreplaceable historical component of the ancient Egyptian people,
were confiscated and relocated to the England museums and universities.14
However, even if it could be a truth, and, unfortunately, it was a truth, that the colonization
as a historical phenomenon was awful and unfair process, and sometimes it was bordering with a
genocide, we are persecuting to consider the moral side of the issue in our analysis; we investigate
the components of the economic impact on the colonization process and elements of development
and contribution to the mankind history.15
Therefore, we have to use an objective point of view in
our key element of discussion. In process of using the different approach, we will expose and
provide an evidences of other side: another impact of the colonization process that brought in a
noticeable factors of the positive influence and contribution on the occupied nations.
4. The defined statement of the key elements of the developing process and positive aspects
of the period of being under the “higher race” authority.
The Great Britain, in most of it invasion and occupation activities, for the colonized
countries or territories provided a long term and deep structured implementation, foundation, and
sometimes reformation of the current indigene’s regimes.16
The numerous amount of argues
consents and quiet emotional discussions hold on this occasion. The noticeable group of the
scholars continuously accept only the negative side of the colonization as a phenomenon, and we
14
Jeffrey R. Kerr-Ritchie, Freedom's Seekers: Essays on Comparative Emancipation, 2013.
15
16
The University of Chicago, McGill University, Matthew Lange, Northwestern University, James Mahoney, Brown
University Matthias vom Hau, Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and British
Colonies, 2006.

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have to respectfully approach the beliefs of other’s and expose a several historical facts, which
will be able present controversial thoughts and opinions as well.
At the beginning of our discussion of the positive aspects of colonization period, and what
areas and fields of occupied nations were contributed significantly, we have to provide a define
the key elements of the developing process that will inundate our discussion point.
There were a numbers of the cultural, social, and institutional innovations which were
established, implemented, or even implanted on the occupied regions by colonizers, while the
indigenous territories were under the colonial authority. In order to provide a detail evidences of
the positive cultural and social influence, we have to refer to the educational sector. The colonizers
brought the different point of view of the educational system. They established the new, pre-
western, standards of the education, and it is a well-known fact the education as an element of the
social opportunities is acting as a main point of the developing process.
In respect to the well-developed definition of the process of development the society, we
need to refer to the Amartya Sne’s “Development As Freedom.” The book provides a complex
theory of the whole mechanism of the development in the week and undeveloped societies. The
examples with the colonized courtiers, in our case, will be well adjusted to our investigation.
One the important element of the developing process are social opportunities, which
include the education and health care system. In most of the instances of the colonization, the
colonizers had transfer and introduced of their, well-developed at that moment, educational
principles. The ‘high races’ had established and implemented the western point of view of the
educational and health care systems. Unfortunately, at the beginning of the any colonization
period, there was a limited access to the presented by colonizers benefits. The selected group of
the foreigners—colonizers—and local elites were a major participants of those innovations.

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However, later, the main frameworks and principles of these standards were acceptable for
majority population. Up till now, we can continuously observe the outcome of those advantages.
The major group of the post-colonized countries adopted the languages and educational system
forms of former colonizers. Several countries of the Africa and South Asia adapted the English
language as a second state language. Most of the educational system of those countries are identical
with the western countries. The government systems, in most of the post-colonized countries, were
transformed from rudimentary level to the well-functioning western standard. The Judicial system
of the several African countries, such as Uganda, Nigeria and Zimbabwe are identical with the
United Kingdom judicial system. All this is due to the fact that present certain parity and the
possibility of mutual consent and cooperation.
Amartya Sen stated that the civilized and developed world, society, is a combination of
harmony of all aspects, mutual respect of all participants of the process, and a balance of the
fundamental values. With this in mind, the foundations of a developing process of society become
possible and sustainable for the people of nations on all social and economical levels granted that
these values are to be held as valid and true.17
As we mentioned already, in some examples of the
‘colonization relationship and cooperation’, where the level of mutual respect and mutual benefit
were presented with a positive sustainability rate, and still can be noticeable.18
In respect to the
world and how it develops from the beginning until the end of time, mankind have based their
understanding of the fundamental foundations accomplished by the process of studying, receiving
knowledge, learning skills, memorizing, developing and improving received information.
17
Amartya Sen, Development As Freedom, New York, 1999. American Economic Association, Daron Acemoglu,
Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation,
Dec 2001.
18
Jandhyala B. G. Tilak, Education, Society, and Development: National and International Perspectives, 2003.

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These main indicators in the developing process were, economic facilities, social
opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security.19
There are a list of the examples
where there western point of view created, established, and successfully implemented the
educational basis for most of the colonized and later, post colonized regions.
In my understanding of the Sen’s concept of several values of freedom and development,
the most important and fundamental status, belongs to the social arrangement that refers to an
education and the health care ability of each individual in a society. Sen discusses different aspects
of the positive influence of the developing the education and health care in the whole process of
development. The level of well-developed education system and traditions leads society to the
competitive level with other major players on the world. The education can contribute to the level
of independency and some form of freedom that is what eventually happened with most of those
colonized countries.20
We have to point out another important reason to reconsider as a social standard within our
society. The health care system is holding one of the leading position in the developing process.
The western standards and point of view the health care system that also was, on some level,
transferred form colonizers countries or modified up to necessary requirements, have played a
significant role of the developing society.
A health care system in particular occupies a noteworthy role in society. The system itself
is indispensable; it is a vital source for social support ensuring that the citizens of a developing
society have the opportunity to break free of the cycle of poverty. A health care system provides a
safety net for its citizens, and colonizers provided some innovations and new principles of the
19
Jandhyala B. G. Tilak, Education, Society, and Development: National and International Perspectives, 2003.
20
Amartya Sen, Development As Freedom, New York, 1999. American Economic Association, Daron Acemoglu,
Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical
Investigation, Dec 2001.

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health care system. Even if at the early stages the access had a limited group of the society, it was
a significant contribution to the future point of view the western concepts health care itself. While
a community’s need to pay close attention to health is clear, in order to do well in school, work,
and in life, personal health is above all is an integral factor.21
In the first steps of developing process for the people of a naturalized society, it is important
to note that social opportunities must first be established so that the people have the tools to be
successful and by the same token are also able to live long enough to see their hard work come to
fruition.
Sen claims that the importance behind the question of social opportunities as a contributing
factor to the developing process. The social opportunities are arrangements—education and health
care—which are widely, complex, and important aspects in a developed or developing country.
And in most of the times, the colonizers brought in these principles. As a result, the component
and status of education and educational programs of a society is hence able to be held accountable,
which also can be seen as a plainly justifiable point in the advancement of future freedom. The
foundation of development exemplifies itself onto all levels of process in the grand scheme of
human development.
Another major statement that author makes about the uplifting of basic education is the
communal benefits that follow. This establishment of basic education will bring a public-good
component which may be seen as a semipublic good for all participants of this process, regardless
of gender.
Base on the historical facts, we know already that in many cases of the colonization the
aspects of gender differences didn’t play a noticeable role. The both groups—female, male—were
21
Amartya Sen, Development As Freedom, New York, 1999.

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voluntarily or involuntarily involved in the daily colonized society life. The national or cultural
aspects of some genders groups were modified in order to receive a double productiveness. There
are a numbers of claims of the egocentric decision of the high race in order to get a maximum
goods form the colonized countries. However, at the same time, it bring on an extra opportunities
for the families at all, and played a frame for the future social opportunities of those nations. The
positivisms of these key aspect of the economical role of education and the ability of women as
participants in the process of a developing modern society. Outside of the family, having women
be empowered to be able to ‘read and write’ reflects an education advantage that contributes
positively to women’s voice and agency everywhere—through independent and empowerment
“Working outside the home and earning an independent income tend to have a clear impact on
enhancing the social standing of a women in the household and society.”22
By simply introducing
a basic educational scheme the bigger picture not only improves the lives of women, their freedom,
families, and opportunities, but also the standard of society and progressive status. This principle
of the gender equality has been playing the significant positive and productive aspect in the most
of the modern societies where the role of female used to be limited by the cultural features of that
regions in the early stages of that nations being.
One of the author’s main assertions is a connection of the social aspect and human wealth
through education. Sen states that a better educational and health care system contributes to higher
earning power.23
The casual influence of these social norms leads an interlude into which a living
standard that accounts for the effect of income per person, including social arrangements: public
health care, school education.
22
23

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Based on the author’s statements, we can accept the undeniable importance of the social
opportunities in the whole process of developing freedom in society because social opportunities
refer to the arrangements that society performs for education and health care.24
However, to be more critical of the matter, it can be said that the health care component in
short is the result of the development of education.
To be an objectively fair, I have to mention other facts, which can provide for an examples
of positive influence of this form of ‘cooperation’ and ‘collaboration’. The status of being a
colonized country presented for modern world as a great and long term contribution period into
the whole process of social, economic, and political spheres of the society. At this moment, it is
well-known fact that some of the colonizer—‘high races’—provided not only purely a mercantile
policy toward enslaved nations.25
The opponents of the radical thinking scholars, while they provided a deep research activity
of this issue, could found and analyzed the interesting fact of the positively influenced impacts on
the social and economical politics that colonizer provided.26
The Great Britain, on the occupied
territories, provided a program of establishing a new institutions and implementing the new
‘order’: legal and administrative basis.
The Spain colonies, where everything were directly or indirectly deploy onto the process
creating maximum benefit or to protect the mercantile interests of the Spain values “in the 16thn
and 17th centuries in the American continents, were characterized by a mercantilist economic
24
25 American Economic Association, Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins
of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation, Dec 2001.
26
The University of Chicago, McGill University, Matthew Lange, Northwestern University, James Mahoney,
Brown University Matthias vom Hau, Colonialism and Development: A Comparative Analysis of Spanish and
British Colonies, 2006.

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model”27
, In comparison, the Great Britain exercised a quit liberal and some kind of free trade
politics “Britain was never as mercantilist in orientation as Spain….Britain was characterized by
a liberal economic model that explicitly advocated free trade”28
; it may sound surprisingly, but it
is a true.29
The Gilber Rist, in his book “The History of Development” provided a deep analysis of
several different theories and world-known statements of the process of developing, with
colonization as a part of it, and pointed out a significant elements of the mechanism of the world
system, he gives us, in my opinion, a great example of the unfair and unlawful nature of the
collaboration process between two unequal societies. He also said that the process, when sources
of two countries—colonizer and colonized—can be mutually beneficial to each other. Dominant
country, while it is colonizing dependent a country, bring and share with them some goods—“The
‘higher races’ have rights and duties towards the ‘lower races’, and must share with them the
benefits of science and progress.”30
Through the ‘dominant’ country the colonized country receives
scientists, technology, and cultural innovations that are the tools for successful development,
which they did not have prior to colonization.31
At the same time, colonizer countries receive all kinds of resources from dependent
countries and have the opportunity to establish their own influential politics on those regions. This
kind of phenomenon presents a propriety relationship for both participants. Aside from the moral
and ethical obligations in question of the developmental process, I believe that there is a logical
interpretation and supported circumstances are contained within Rist’s statement.32
“Colonization
27
Id.
28
Id.
29
Id.
30
31
Id.
32
Id.

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is one of the highest functions of societies that have reached an advanced stage of civilization….A
society colonizes when, having itself reached a higher degree of maturity and strength….The merit
of a colonizing people is to place the young society it has brought in the most suitable conditions
for the development.”33
In following argument in defense of colonization, it is easy to accept his
logical explanations and systematic procedures in the win-win situation that is established and is
necessary for the development of society.34
To fully complete and successfully support our assertion, I need to provide a several ground
examples of some particular areas and countries, which used to be under colonized authority and
experienced all the positive aspects of the authoritarian influence from outside while they
established a several institutions.35
The India or territory of the former Hong Kong will be a perfect example in some cases for
our discussion. The India is a huge Asian country with different geographical, cultural, and
historical features of in the region. As a result, in order to implement something universal, the
Great Britain shifted its focus on the few major areas, and one of them was a management the land
sources.36
They have established and implemented two major land tax systems and fundamentally
altered the nature of existing property rights in India. In some regions, property rights and taxes
were assigned to landlords whereas in others they were assigned to cultivators. In the modern
times, it could called a Rent Seeking activity, but, at that moment, they needed something, and
they received it. The introduction of these new ‘western’s’ institutions reversed the fortunes of
these regions over time. Later on, the Indian scholars Banerjee and Iyer claimed “impact of the
33
Id.
34
Washington University in St. Louis, Shilpi Kapur and Sukkoo Kim, British Colonial Institutions and Economic
Development in India, December 2007.
35
Id.
36

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British colonial land tax institutions extended beyond the colonial period into modern India… after
1965 with the advent of the Green Revolution, the government of India increased its efforts to
disseminate new high-yielding varieties of crops and to build public infrastructure in rural areas.”37
The colonial government—British government officials—established institutions in India
based on private property rights and an English-type judicial system for the native populations. In
a land where property rights were informally defined by traditional Hindu law and enforced by
local village leaders, the British colonizers attempted to introduce an impersonal, bureaucratic,
modern form of property rights, and in most of the cases they were able to implant it successfully.38
To refer to the Hong Kong, former UK colony, we will see a numerous examples of the
British influence on the foundation and formation of the government institutions. The most of the
government system were copied from the Great Britain government structure. The judicial
(common law system) and financial (worldwide stock market system) are very similar, and, at
some case, identical with a donor. We have to accept that these foreign impetrated institutional
system help to develop that region and continuously works perfect and make this special
administrative territory very attractive for the international business investors.39
In addition, I need to mention the Africa and its own historical period of being under the
colonization status. The colonialism lasted in Africa for only a period of about eighty years.
However, it refers to the period of rise of a large, landless class of laborers, who traveled
from place to place in search of work, and some other places received an ability to fill their
37
Phili Kapur, Essays, in Labor and Development Economics, 2009.
38
Washington University in St. Louis, Shilpi Kapur and Sukkoo Kim, British Colonial Institutions and Economic
Development in India, December 2007.
39
ChinaDaily.com.cn, Bernard Chan (HK Edition), London & HK's similarities, differences, Jun 2012. History.com,
This Day in History, Hong Kong ceded to the British, Jan 1841.

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employees’ gaps though this internal migrations. Also, it became easier to provide wage labor than
to produce for the export market.
Furthermore, it was certainly an easier and more secure way of obtaining money for taxes
and for purchasing consumer goods. The period of colonization also changed patterns of work and
gender roles. The demands of the cash crop economy forced many women and children into the
production system. It may rise some questions of the abuse of women or children rights, but this
factor has laid a significant element in the future policy of gender equality in the most of the
African societies. During the period of colonization, colonial governments built a substantial
infrastructure, introduced a cash crop system of agriculture, and changed the traditional standards
of wealth and status. It was presented as an element of the industrial and agricultural institutional
example. The significant norms and forms of the European style of educational reforms were
introduced and in many areas, and, later on, it was modified under the modern regional realities.
Another noticeable fact of the positive reformation impact of the process of colonization is
referring the establishing the principles of the modem state systems. In compare to the previous,
royal or tribal system, all African countries have a parliament and presidential forms of governing
the countries.
In the next step, I am going to refer to the quit unexpected example of the developing
process thorough establishing and implementing the institutions by the colonizer or occupiers. I
will apply our interest to the features of developing of one the Post-Soviet republics that, at this
time, presents itself as an independent and fully formatted country.40
There are several previously made statements of well-known scholars that the meaning of
being under a colonization are not fully applicable to the Post-Soviet republics. However, if we
40
Cambridge Univesity, Peter Kenez, A History of the Soviet Union from the Beginning to the End, 1999.

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would talk of the Slavic Republics, it could be the truth. The Russian Federation, Belorussia, and
Ukraine are Slavic Republic, countries, or even territories. The historical process of their
separation and joining back are referring to the notion and nature of that nationality. Therefore,
when we are apply our question to one the Central Asian Post-Soviet republics, we have a rights
to claim that those republics were involuntarily joined to the Russian Empire and later to the Soviet
Union. I am going to take as an example the Kyrgyz Republic where I am originally from, and I
have an expertise in the historical, social, and government structure features.
The history of the Kyrgyz People, as one of the Siberian nomadic nations, contains more
than two thousand years of the nomadic lifestyle. The Kyrgyz Nation originally came from the
Siberia, and their most ‘permanent’ location was in the mouths of the Yenisei River. For first 200
years, they have gradually relocated to the territory of the modern Central Asia. At the first look,
the Kyrgyz people looked as a Caucasian, but, during the next centuries, they have assimilated
with a native Asians.41
The occupation of the Kyrgyz territory by Russian Empire has a similarities with India
colonial period. At the beginning, since 1976, the Russian Empire and Kyrgyz leaders signed some
kind of union: political and economic cooperation.42
However, later on, Russian Empire officials,
through the using a forces, began to implement new laws and duties. They have expropriated the
territory from natives and given it to the Russian political planned immigrants: through the special
occupation program. At the same time, the leaders—feudalists—of the Kyrgyz communities had
received an access to the any goods and services, which were brought or established by the Russian
41
UNESCO, R.Z. Kadyrbaev, History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 2000.Countries and Their Cultures,
Kyrgyzstan: culture and history, 2008.
42
Kyrgyzstan, Michel Palin, second edition, 2012.

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Empire. It helped the Russian regional officials to keep the Kyrgyz major population under
control.43
The Russian Empire for its own operational period in the Central Asia has not brought any
fundamental goods or innovation. The contribution into the establishing the new institutions was
too limited. The few local laws of the land tax and some military cooperation.44
The only thing
that could be noticeable from the Russian Empire operation in that region was a peaceful time. The
most of the local and territorial military conflicts, that previously had some kind of permanent
statues, had gone.
The next period of being colonized by the Russian—Bolsheviks—was much flourished.
The period, when the Bolsheviks came to the power in the Russian Federation, was very promising
period for the Kyrgyz People. They took of a charge from the local feudalists and established some
sort of the local parliament and government structure. They implemented the structure that was the
same in the each Bolshevik’s republic. The Soviet leaders helped to the local population to
establish the complex educational system on the Kyrgyz territory. They established and
implemented several land reform laws. The local government system—parliament, cabinet of
ministries, local military units—which were copied from the current Soviet Russia. 45
The most noticeable moments of being under the Soviet Union authority for Kyrgyz
population were the process of formation the former Kyrgyz territory into the legal entity of the
Soviet Union. In October 14, 1924 the Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Region was founded within the
43
Bernard A. Cook, Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, 2001
44
Bolshaya Sovetskaya Enciklopediya, (Major Soviet Encyclopedia) Большая советская энциклопедия,
Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика, 2013.
45
RUSN 276: Environmental Crises in Former Soviet SpaceProfessor Walt Richmond Fall 2005

20 | P a g e
RSFSR: The Russian Soviet Federation Socialistic Republic. Since that moment, the Kyrgyz
nomadic nation history turned into the legal state: sedentary nation.
Later on, in May 1925, Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Region renamed into the Kirgiz
Autonomous Region. From this moment, it was the first time, when ancestral territory Kirghiz that
used to be separated by administrative barriers during tsarist and feudal period, reunited under a
single autonomous region. It has contributed to design sustainable territorial community of the
Kirghiz people, its consolidation as an independent nation.
February 1, 1926 Kirghiz Autonomous Region was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR:
Kirghiz Autonomy Soviet Socialist Republic. Further development of national statehood was
associated with the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR in 1936. According to the new
Constitution, the Kirghiz Autonomy Republic became a part of the Soviet Union. This decision
was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the Kirghiz SSR March 23, 1937.
June 24, 1938, first elections to the parliament of the Kirghiz SSR took a place. It was the
highest organ of state power of the Union Republic. The Kyrgyz Parliament were allowed to create,
establish, and implement laws, rules, regulation, and economic programs for the Kirghiz Soviet
Republic.
From, 1918 till 1991, when The Soviet Union Collapsed, the Russian Soviet officials with
cooperation with local Kyrgyz leaders build a fully completed and successfully functioning
republic. The Kirgiz Republic have had all principles of the formatted legal entity. The
Government sector, with parliament, cabinet of ministries, and judicial system, were fully
functioning. The Kirghiz Soviet Republic has adopted a Civil Law System: Rome Law basis. The
educational system was implanted from the Soviet Russia, twelve universities, hundred colleges,
and few thousands of high school were built in the republic with three million population. The

21 | P a g e
agricultural and industrial sectors were the main finance accumulating sectors. The Soviet Union
helped the Kirghiz people to build a hundred factories.
What was the price of this all. The Kirghiz people were obligated to demonstrate their
loyalty to the Soviet Russian Federation. The USSR had unlimited access to the all Kirghiz natural
sources. The Kirgiz land was inundated with gold, coal, rare metals, uranium, and many other
sources. The Kirghiz people had to serve to the Soviet Army forces. When Soviet Union was
involved in the World War 2, three hundred forty five thousand troops from Kirgizstan were
deployed and joined to the Soviet Military forces, and only one hundred sixty two thousand made
it back. It was a quite ‘decent’ price for receiving and using all those goods. The participation of
the Kirghiz people in the government sector also was restricted. The sixteen percent were allowed
to hold a high level positions in the government forces services: KGD, MVD, and Military. The
religious restriction was quite noticeable; there was not an option of the free religious component
in the Soviet republics.
To summaries all facts and aspects of this particular example, I have to say that
collaboration of Kirghiz people with the Soviet Russia was probably a best example of the
cooperation ‘high’ race with a ‘dependent’ race.
During the period when Kirghizstan was joined to the Soviet Union and was part of it, the
Kirghiz nation was transformed into the modern form of the state. The numbers of the government
and economic institutions were successfully established and implemented. The Educational level
of the Kirghiz people increased to the necessary world level. The all, rudimentary, feudalistic, and
religious discriminating traditions have gone. 46
46
Bolshaya Sovetskaya Enciklopediya, (Major Soviet Encyclopedia) Большая советская энциклопедия,
Киргизская Советская Социалистическая Республика, 2013.

22 | P a g e
When the Soviet Union collapsed, the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic received an
independency and was renamed into the Kyrgyz Republic. At this moment, it is one of the Central
Asian country. The democratic country with secular form of the government management. The
country with president, parliament, military forces and its own border. The Kyrgyzstan is only
Central Asian Post-Soviet republic where the Russian language continuously is one of two main
state languages. The Kyrgyz Government Sector is a multinational. The Kyrgyzstan is probably
only Central Asian Muslim country where the main religious holidays of the three different
religious are an official holidays. Yes, there were some negative examples while Kyrgyzstan was
under the Russian Authority. However, Kyrgyz people received more than any other examples of
the colonization period.
Part Two: The process of liberation from colonized status and next steps in the future of
those countries:
The middle of the 20th
century was marked as the era of liberation from colonial oppression,
the period when many countries and territories gained independence. The quiet noticeable and
active period of the process of liberation from the colonization occurred in the period from 1950
to the 1970, and it end up in the 1998. The India and South Asian countries became a free countries.
The Eastern Mediterranean region and North Africa liberated from the United Kingdom and
France, and this event turned into the process of formation a numbers of the Arabic countries.47
We continuously able to observe the appearance of the strong influence of the former colonizers
on the structure and system of the most new appeared countries. The list of the institutions, which
copied or implanted from the westerns style, are still have a similarity, and they are functioning
47
Samar Attar, Debunking the Myths of Colonization: The Arabs and Europe, 1992.
Routledge, Marc Ferro, Colonization: A Global History, 1997.

23 | P a g e
well. Even if many of the newly independent countries remained on a strong political and economic
control of their former ‘masters’, the legally they were independent. Although, we must not forget
that many countries from the former colonies are still at a very severe form of political and
economic control.
The features of the processes of liberation in verity regions are quite different. Some
countries achieved their independency though the long term bloody rebel activities when other
received an indecency through the process of negotiations and mutual concession.48
We have mention that some of those counties, which used to be a colonized by westerns,
are plying a significant role in the modern world economy because the major portion of the natural
sources are located on their territory. This fact award former colonized countries to choose a voice
and tone for the dialog with the former colonizers at this time.
Part Four: The analyses of all positive, negative, and historical facts. Opinion of the whole
process of colonization and post-colonization process. And, what people in this world have
at this moment:
To summaries all negative a positive aspects we have claim first that the process of
colonization in any form and with any purpose was unlawful and unjustified process. The world
is populated by the same people with the same rights, no matter what region they are from and
what their religious preferences or racial identities are. No one at this world has any unique rights
to make a decision for some one. The colonization itself is the ugliest period of the mankind
history, and it shall not repeat again.49
48
49
New Zealand Association, London, John William Parker, The British Colonization of New Zealand, Samar Attar,
Debunking the Myths of Colonization: The Arabs and Europe, 1992.

24 | P a g e
At the same time, in order to provide objective and comprehensive point of view, we have
to mention the positive aspects of the colonization period. There were many examples where the
period of being under the authority of other more powerful countries bring on a quiet positive
factors. In some regions, the colonizers helped to establish and implement the verity forms of
institutions, which are completely changed the form of the government functioning of those
countries, and played a first basis for the process of formatting the independent states.50
However, for the last few decades, we have been observing a quiet interesting and
questionable process. The process of establishing the group of the powerful international financial
institutions, which are trying to play a global role on the process of developing and functioning
some regions and countries. The logical question is raising up at this moment: is this a new form
and way of the colonization process, and what is the final purpose of this all?
Gilbert Rist in his, The History of Development, claimed that if someone thinks that
colonization has gone, that person is naive.51
I believe that there are will be many supporters and opponents of this definition and new
form of financial subordination of the entire world. Although, let examine this issue though
philosophical approach. The problem is not if someone will be under the legitimate and noble idea;
the issue is if these helping and supporting actions are really pursue the humanitarian goals, and
the mercantile interests of the financial elite if holding the leading position at this time.
In order to come to the truth, the modern and progressive western society needs to look
into the previous experience. The ability to make an analysis of the mistakes will help them to
avoid tragedies in future because both the power nor political interests are not eternal and this all
50
51

25 | P a g e
can come back as a boomerang to those who launched it. The moral principles of any society must
be above of any mercantile interests.
Conclusion:
The mankind history inundate with numerous world events, facts, and circumstances which
have made dramatic changes in their weight process of formation of the modern world society.
Some innovations brought on revolutionary changes and productively contribute the variety social
fields and areas. At the same time, unfortunately, the numbers of worldwide adventures have
provided a negative impacts on the human being. The most of the well-known events presented as
a completed actions with clear and exposed circumstances.
However, one of them is a most controversial and questionable element of the history—
colonization—that still is a center of the hot discussion. The humanity is accustomed to consider
colonization as a negative phenomenon only, and didn’t accepted any other variations of the
defining of this meaning. In this paper, we presented a pronged approach to the issue, and were
able to provide a solid amount of scholars’ proofs of a positive role of the colonization process.
The colonization was an integral part of human development at a certain stage of human history.
During the colonial period, there was a process of collaboration when the parties had a
chance to exchange an information, experience, and knowledge. At that period, the colonized
countries in exchange for resources received from colonizers an access to the possibility of
establishing a state in the form in which we can observe now. Definitely, the process of
colonization had not only a negative consequences, and it inundate with list of positive and
productive examples of cooperation. So, the modern world have to investigate all features of the
previous experiences in order to avoid previously made mistakes.

Law P 539 Exam Final Paper Colonization - Developing

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