Bills of Quantities (BQ) is one of systematic ways applied in the construction industry in which its primary function is to record items of works for tendering purposes and to create a fair agreement among the parties involved for contracting purposes. However, there are some issues pertaining to BQ functions such as BQ is a misunderstood facet in the construction industry today, BQ is only useful for tendering purposes, BQ’s benefit is not fully utilised by the construction team and most of them cannot relate BQ with everyday construction works and processes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study on the importance of BQ and its functions in the construction industry. A content analysis was used to identify the importance and functions of BQ from reviewing articles and books. Findings from this paper are beneficial in providing knowledge to the education field and construction teams on the importance and functions of BQ in the construction industry.
We are an independent firm of Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors based in Preston, UK that has 60 years of combined experience in client negotiation. We offer a range of services including project management, quantity surveying, employers agency, commercial consultancy, and CDM coordination. As a Quantity Surveyor, some of our key responsibilities include measuring quantities of construction materials, preparing bills of quantities and schedules, cost planning, and ensuring projects are delivered on budget.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of quantity surveying and valuation. It discusses why this subject is important given constraints like limited funds, resources and time for construction projects. Knowing quantities of materials beforehand through estimates can help with planning, procurement and achieving economy and standards in construction. The objectives covered include estimating quantities for various construction works, rate analysis, valuation and preparing tender documents. It also outlines the different types of estimates like preliminary, rough cost, detailed and repair estimates.
This document discusses the process of quantity takeoff which is the foundation of estimating construction costs. It describes organizing the takeoff by labor, material, and equipment to match cost data sources. The key steps are accurately measuring all project elements using the correct units from drawings, accounting for repetition and waste, and considering each construction discipline in detail. The goal is to fully capture every work item through an organized process of working through drawings, specifications and building elements.
3. construction planning. construction project managementKabilan Kabi
This document discusses project time management for construction projects. It covers defining and sequencing activities, estimating activity durations and resources, developing a schedule, and schedule control. Key aspects include identifying specific schedule activities and their dependencies; estimating time, resources, and durations for each activity; analyzing the activity sequences and constraints to create a project schedule; and controlling changes to the schedule. The goal is to ensure timely completion of the project through effective planning, scheduling, tracking, and control of the time management processes.
The document discusses construction project management. It provides background on the construction industry, noting that it is large, employs many workers, and often experiences cost overruns and delays. It then describes various challenges in construction including its bespoke nature, many stakeholders, and constraints of time, cost, and quality. The stages of construction projects and roles of various participants like architects, engineers, and contractors are outlined. Project planning, coordination, control, and other management functions are also summarized.
The document discusses the taking off process used in quantity surveying. Taking off involves analyzing technical drawings and specifications to identify all building elements. This information is compiled into a taking off list, which is then used to create a bill of quantities. The bill of quantities itemizes all work and materials needed for the project. It allows contractors to price out the work when bidding for the contract. An accurate taking off process is important as it provides contractors the information they need to estimate construction costs and complete the project on time and on budget.
The document discusses Bills of Quantities (BOQ), which are schedules that categorize, detail, and quantify materials and costs for construction projects. A BOQ is an important communication tool between clients, consultants, and contractors that provides estimated costs, defines the scope of work, and establishes a basis for cost valuation and contract payments. It generally includes item descriptions, units, quantities, rates, and amounts in a tabular format. BOQs help standardize bidding, financial administration, and valuation of variations throughout the project lifecycle.
The document summarizes the key parts that make up construction contract documents. It describes the drawings, specifications, project manual, bidding documents, addenda, contract forms and conditions, modifications, and bidding requirements. The drawings provide graphic representations and details. Specifications define qualitative requirements verbally. The project manual includes contract forms, conditions, and administrative documents. Bidding documents and addenda provide information for contractors to bid on the work. The assembled package forms the contract documents that govern the project.
We are an independent firm of Project Managers and Quantity Surveyors based in Preston, UK that has 60 years of combined experience in client negotiation. We offer a range of services including project management, quantity surveying, employers agency, commercial consultancy, and CDM coordination. As a Quantity Surveyor, some of our key responsibilities include measuring quantities of construction materials, preparing bills of quantities and schedules, cost planning, and ensuring projects are delivered on budget.
This document provides an introduction to the subject of quantity surveying and valuation. It discusses why this subject is important given constraints like limited funds, resources and time for construction projects. Knowing quantities of materials beforehand through estimates can help with planning, procurement and achieving economy and standards in construction. The objectives covered include estimating quantities for various construction works, rate analysis, valuation and preparing tender documents. It also outlines the different types of estimates like preliminary, rough cost, detailed and repair estimates.
This document discusses the process of quantity takeoff which is the foundation of estimating construction costs. It describes organizing the takeoff by labor, material, and equipment to match cost data sources. The key steps are accurately measuring all project elements using the correct units from drawings, accounting for repetition and waste, and considering each construction discipline in detail. The goal is to fully capture every work item through an organized process of working through drawings, specifications and building elements.
3. construction planning. construction project managementKabilan Kabi
This document discusses project time management for construction projects. It covers defining and sequencing activities, estimating activity durations and resources, developing a schedule, and schedule control. Key aspects include identifying specific schedule activities and their dependencies; estimating time, resources, and durations for each activity; analyzing the activity sequences and constraints to create a project schedule; and controlling changes to the schedule. The goal is to ensure timely completion of the project through effective planning, scheduling, tracking, and control of the time management processes.
The document discusses construction project management. It provides background on the construction industry, noting that it is large, employs many workers, and often experiences cost overruns and delays. It then describes various challenges in construction including its bespoke nature, many stakeholders, and constraints of time, cost, and quality. The stages of construction projects and roles of various participants like architects, engineers, and contractors are outlined. Project planning, coordination, control, and other management functions are also summarized.
The document discusses the taking off process used in quantity surveying. Taking off involves analyzing technical drawings and specifications to identify all building elements. This information is compiled into a taking off list, which is then used to create a bill of quantities. The bill of quantities itemizes all work and materials needed for the project. It allows contractors to price out the work when bidding for the contract. An accurate taking off process is important as it provides contractors the information they need to estimate construction costs and complete the project on time and on budget.
The document discusses Bills of Quantities (BOQ), which are schedules that categorize, detail, and quantify materials and costs for construction projects. A BOQ is an important communication tool between clients, consultants, and contractors that provides estimated costs, defines the scope of work, and establishes a basis for cost valuation and contract payments. It generally includes item descriptions, units, quantities, rates, and amounts in a tabular format. BOQs help standardize bidding, financial administration, and valuation of variations throughout the project lifecycle.
The document summarizes the key parts that make up construction contract documents. It describes the drawings, specifications, project manual, bidding documents, addenda, contract forms and conditions, modifications, and bidding requirements. The drawings provide graphic representations and details. Specifications define qualitative requirements verbally. The project manual includes contract forms, conditions, and administrative documents. Bidding documents and addenda provide information for contractors to bid on the work. The assembled package forms the contract documents that govern the project.
This presentation shows how price adjustment may be applied to civil works contracts funded by the World Bank using experiences in Nigeria. It covers civil works contract without pre-qualification. It also highlights how price adjustment may be applied when the currency(ies) of payment is/are different from the currency of contract
The document discusses cost planning and estimating techniques used by quantity surveyors. It defines key terms like cost plans, order of cost estimates, and benchmarks. It explains how cost estimates become more accurate as a design develops from concept to detailed stages. Factors like building size, shape, and arrangement that impact construction costs are also covered. The document aims to provide guidance on developing reliable cost plans at different stages of a project's design.
This document discusses types of construction projects and project management in the context of construction. It outlines four main types of construction projects: residential, institutional/commercial, specialized industrial, and infrastructure/heavy construction. It then provides details on the construction project life cycle and key aspects of project management for construction, including work breakdown structures, Gantt charts, and the role of the project manager.
The document provides an introduction to the role of quantity surveyors in construction projects. It discusses that quantity surveyors are responsible for financial aspects of construction and provide various services throughout a project, including preparing initial budgets and cost estimates, tender documents, valuations of work, and final accounts. It also describes the different stages of a project where quantity surveyors are involved, such as pre-tender, tender, and post-tender stages, and the tasks performed during each stage.
The document discusses various project delivery methods and factors that influence their selection. It describes design-bid-build, design-build, fast-track construction, and construction management at-risk and as an advisor. Key determinants of delivery method include owner sophistication, project size/complexity, schedule vs. budget priorities, and bidding climate. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to communication, cost control, risk allocation, and owner involvement.
The document discusses various aspects of construction project management. It covers topics like defining a project and project management, the roles and responsibilities of a project manager, the need for project management, and the project management triangle involving time, cost, and scope constraints. It also describes key phases of project management like planning, execution, control, and closure. Important tools for planning and scheduling projects are discussed, including bar charts, critical path method (CPM), and program evaluation and review technique (PERT).
Guest Lecture: "BIM & Sustainability" for the MSc. BIM & Integrated Design Summer School 2016. University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
Covers:
1. Sustainable Design
2. BIM for Sustainable Design Decision Making
3. BIM for Sustainable Design Compliance (BREEAM example)
4. BIM for Sustainable Design Performance (Passivhaus example)
The document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, characteristics of management, functions of management, and planning concepts. It defines management as the process of achieving organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources. The key functions of management are identified as planning, organizing, staffing, motivating, leading, and controlling. Planning concepts such as mission, objectives, strategies, policies, procedures, programs, projects and budgets are also explained. Construction management and types of construction projects including residential, institutional, commercial, specialized industrial and infrastructure projects are briefly described.
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
Construction Work Schedule Proposal PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
If your company needs to submit a Construction Work Schedule Proposal PowerPoint Presentation Slides look no further. Our researchers have analyzed thousands of proposals on this topic for effectiveness and conversion. Just download our template, add your company data and submit to your client for a positive response. https://bit.ly/2GQI2Qb
For our first ICI (Introduction to Industry) and ITD (Introduction to Drawing), in a group of six, we were to carry out a research on quantity surveyors and give a presentation about what is their job about and what they do.
This document discusses different approaches to design-build procurement, including qualifications-based selection, price-based selection, and best value selection. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Qualifications-based selection focuses on contractor qualifications, price-based selection focuses on price alone, and best value selection evaluates both qualifications and price. The document also discusses progressive design-build, where the design-builder is selected based on qualifications and works collaboratively with the owner to advance the design.
This document is a project report on the estimation of a building submitted by a group of civil engineering students at Himalayan Institute of Engineering & Technology. It includes calculations of the volumes of concrete required for columns, beams, slabs, and footings. It also includes calculations of the quantities of brickwork and steel reinforcement required. The project was carried out under the guidance of a faculty member and aims to provide practical experience in building estimation.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts including: lump sum contracts where the owner pays a specified amount upon completion; cost plus contracts where the owner pays the contractor's documented costs plus an additional fee; and integrated contracts where a single contractor is responsible for design and construction like design-build or turnkey contracts. Management contracts involve appointing a contractor to coordinate other subcontractors. Measurable and item rate contracts establish payment based on physical measurements or rates for units of work.
Use of BIM in planning and construction and implementation in real projectMANNU KUMAR
This document provides an overview of Building Information Modeling (BIM) including definitions, the evolution of BIM and design processes, different levels of BIM implementation, and the progression of BIM from 3D to 7D. It discusses advantages and uses of BIM such as improved visualization, coordination, productivity and quality. The document also includes case studies on BIM implementation for infrastructure and building projects in India and China, highlighting challenges addressed and outcomes like reduced costs, clashes, and improved planning.
Architectural Professional Practice - Construction DocumentsGalala University
The document discusses the organization and content of construction documents. It explains that construction documents include drawings, specifications, contract forms, bidding requirements, addenda, and contract modifications. They are prepared by the architect to communicate the project design and administration. The level of detail in the documents depends on the project and parties involved. Variations in delivery approaches like early award, multiple prime contracts, fast-tracking, and design/build can affect the content and packaging of construction documents.
Selective tendering is recommended for constructing a new multi-story car park at Taylor's University. This method involves inviting a small number of reputable contractors to bid on the project. It provides higher quality than open tendering due to the contractors' reputations, without significantly increased costs. The process is also simpler than negotiated tendering. Selective tendering balances quality and cost better than the other options for this type of construction project.
The document outlines the key steps and deliverables in a typical construction project process flow. It includes phases for initiation and planning, design and drawings, execution including tenders and construction, monitoring and tracking, quality control, and closure. Key deliverables mentioned include a project request document, scope statement, preliminary estimates, work breakdown structure, detailed drawings, resource management, quality assurance documents, bills and payments, de-snagging documents, and project evaluation reports.
This document summarizes various thinkers' views on the qualities of leadership. It begins by outlining Max Weber's three types of leaders: patriarchal, charismatic, and bureaucratic. It then discusses the views of several other thinkers such as Chester Barnard, Paul Appleby, J.D. Millet, and G.R. Terry on important leadership qualities. Qualities discussed include vitality, decisiveness, persuasiveness, responsibility, intellectual capacity, willingness to assume responsibilities, disposition towards action, and technical competence. The document concludes that leadership qualities are diverse and each thinker provides a unique perspective, with no single list being comprehensive.
Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistaninventionjournals
The paper reports on the assessment of the use of bagasse in sugar industry for high pressure cogeneration. Study was done on a sugar mill which has recently adopted this technology. This paper investigates the efficiency of season and off season operation of sugar mill, high pressure cogeneration technology is much more efficient in bagasse to steam ratio. During seasonal operation CHP efficiency is 76.8% and during offseason its value is 29.9%.Project initial cost is high but payback period is low. It will encourage other sugar mills in Pakistan for the development of high pressure co-generation system to meet increasing energy demands in the country.
This presentation shows how price adjustment may be applied to civil works contracts funded by the World Bank using experiences in Nigeria. It covers civil works contract without pre-qualification. It also highlights how price adjustment may be applied when the currency(ies) of payment is/are different from the currency of contract
The document discusses cost planning and estimating techniques used by quantity surveyors. It defines key terms like cost plans, order of cost estimates, and benchmarks. It explains how cost estimates become more accurate as a design develops from concept to detailed stages. Factors like building size, shape, and arrangement that impact construction costs are also covered. The document aims to provide guidance on developing reliable cost plans at different stages of a project's design.
This document discusses types of construction projects and project management in the context of construction. It outlines four main types of construction projects: residential, institutional/commercial, specialized industrial, and infrastructure/heavy construction. It then provides details on the construction project life cycle and key aspects of project management for construction, including work breakdown structures, Gantt charts, and the role of the project manager.
The document provides an introduction to the role of quantity surveyors in construction projects. It discusses that quantity surveyors are responsible for financial aspects of construction and provide various services throughout a project, including preparing initial budgets and cost estimates, tender documents, valuations of work, and final accounts. It also describes the different stages of a project where quantity surveyors are involved, such as pre-tender, tender, and post-tender stages, and the tasks performed during each stage.
The document discusses various project delivery methods and factors that influence their selection. It describes design-bid-build, design-build, fast-track construction, and construction management at-risk and as an advisor. Key determinants of delivery method include owner sophistication, project size/complexity, schedule vs. budget priorities, and bidding climate. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to communication, cost control, risk allocation, and owner involvement.
The document discusses various aspects of construction project management. It covers topics like defining a project and project management, the roles and responsibilities of a project manager, the need for project management, and the project management triangle involving time, cost, and scope constraints. It also describes key phases of project management like planning, execution, control, and closure. Important tools for planning and scheduling projects are discussed, including bar charts, critical path method (CPM), and program evaluation and review technique (PERT).
Guest Lecture: "BIM & Sustainability" for the MSc. BIM & Integrated Design Summer School 2016. University of Salford, Manchester, United Kingdom
Covers:
1. Sustainable Design
2. BIM for Sustainable Design Decision Making
3. BIM for Sustainable Design Compliance (BREEAM example)
4. BIM for Sustainable Design Performance (Passivhaus example)
The document provides an overview of management concepts including definitions of management, characteristics of management, functions of management, and planning concepts. It defines management as the process of achieving organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling organizational resources. The key functions of management are identified as planning, organizing, staffing, motivating, leading, and controlling. Planning concepts such as mission, objectives, strategies, policies, procedures, programs, projects and budgets are also explained. Construction management and types of construction projects including residential, institutional, commercial, specialized industrial and infrastructure projects are briefly described.
This document provides an introduction to construction estimation and measurement. It defines estimation as calculating quantities and costs for construction work items. Estimates require drawings, specifications, and site data. They are prepared by measuring quantities from drawings and multiplying by unit costs. Estimates are needed to determine project costs, materials, schedules, and more. The document discusses types of estimates like preliminary, detailed, quantity, and revised estimates. It also defines estimation terms and outlines the process for preparing a detailed estimate using measurement and cost forms.
Construction Work Schedule Proposal PowerPoint Presentation SlidesSlideTeam
If your company needs to submit a Construction Work Schedule Proposal PowerPoint Presentation Slides look no further. Our researchers have analyzed thousands of proposals on this topic for effectiveness and conversion. Just download our template, add your company data and submit to your client for a positive response. https://bit.ly/2GQI2Qb
For our first ICI (Introduction to Industry) and ITD (Introduction to Drawing), in a group of six, we were to carry out a research on quantity surveyors and give a presentation about what is their job about and what they do.
This document discusses different approaches to design-build procurement, including qualifications-based selection, price-based selection, and best value selection. It outlines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach. Qualifications-based selection focuses on contractor qualifications, price-based selection focuses on price alone, and best value selection evaluates both qualifications and price. The document also discusses progressive design-build, where the design-builder is selected based on qualifications and works collaboratively with the owner to advance the design.
This document is a project report on the estimation of a building submitted by a group of civil engineering students at Himalayan Institute of Engineering & Technology. It includes calculations of the volumes of concrete required for columns, beams, slabs, and footings. It also includes calculations of the quantities of brickwork and steel reinforcement required. The project was carried out under the guidance of a faculty member and aims to provide practical experience in building estimation.
The document discusses various types of construction contracts including: lump sum contracts where the owner pays a specified amount upon completion; cost plus contracts where the owner pays the contractor's documented costs plus an additional fee; and integrated contracts where a single contractor is responsible for design and construction like design-build or turnkey contracts. Management contracts involve appointing a contractor to coordinate other subcontractors. Measurable and item rate contracts establish payment based on physical measurements or rates for units of work.
Use of BIM in planning and construction and implementation in real projectMANNU KUMAR
This document provides an overview of Building Information Modeling (BIM) including definitions, the evolution of BIM and design processes, different levels of BIM implementation, and the progression of BIM from 3D to 7D. It discusses advantages and uses of BIM such as improved visualization, coordination, productivity and quality. The document also includes case studies on BIM implementation for infrastructure and building projects in India and China, highlighting challenges addressed and outcomes like reduced costs, clashes, and improved planning.
Architectural Professional Practice - Construction DocumentsGalala University
The document discusses the organization and content of construction documents. It explains that construction documents include drawings, specifications, contract forms, bidding requirements, addenda, and contract modifications. They are prepared by the architect to communicate the project design and administration. The level of detail in the documents depends on the project and parties involved. Variations in delivery approaches like early award, multiple prime contracts, fast-tracking, and design/build can affect the content and packaging of construction documents.
Selective tendering is recommended for constructing a new multi-story car park at Taylor's University. This method involves inviting a small number of reputable contractors to bid on the project. It provides higher quality than open tendering due to the contractors' reputations, without significantly increased costs. The process is also simpler than negotiated tendering. Selective tendering balances quality and cost better than the other options for this type of construction project.
The document outlines the key steps and deliverables in a typical construction project process flow. It includes phases for initiation and planning, design and drawings, execution including tenders and construction, monitoring and tracking, quality control, and closure. Key deliverables mentioned include a project request document, scope statement, preliminary estimates, work breakdown structure, detailed drawings, resource management, quality assurance documents, bills and payments, de-snagging documents, and project evaluation reports.
This document summarizes various thinkers' views on the qualities of leadership. It begins by outlining Max Weber's three types of leaders: patriarchal, charismatic, and bureaucratic. It then discusses the views of several other thinkers such as Chester Barnard, Paul Appleby, J.D. Millet, and G.R. Terry on important leadership qualities. Qualities discussed include vitality, decisiveness, persuasiveness, responsibility, intellectual capacity, willingness to assume responsibilities, disposition towards action, and technical competence. The document concludes that leadership qualities are diverse and each thinker provides a unique perspective, with no single list being comprehensive.
Bagasse based high pressure co-generation in Pakistaninventionjournals
The paper reports on the assessment of the use of bagasse in sugar industry for high pressure cogeneration. Study was done on a sugar mill which has recently adopted this technology. This paper investigates the efficiency of season and off season operation of sugar mill, high pressure cogeneration technology is much more efficient in bagasse to steam ratio. During seasonal operation CHP efficiency is 76.8% and during offseason its value is 29.9%.Project initial cost is high but payback period is low. It will encourage other sugar mills in Pakistan for the development of high pressure co-generation system to meet increasing energy demands in the country.
Man, the different situations in which he finds himself, the diversity of aims, objectives and functions that he purpose and that are laid down for him and the many types of frames of reference in which he finds himself, are all together so complex and complicated that we cannot evolve anything like a universal formula for leadership. In fact the most that we can say and we can say it all generic elements of administration – is that the success of leadership in the final analysis is determined by the knowledge of the leader and of the people he leads. This knowledge includes knowledge of things outside the group’s own frame of reference. All this constitute the subject – matter of this article.
New binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech r...inventionjournals
In this paper, we propose a new binary memristor crossbar architecture based neural networks for speech recognition. The circuit can recognize five vowels. The proposed crossbar is tested by 1,000 speech samples and recognized 94% of the tested samples. We use Monte Carlo simulation to estimate recognitition rate. The percentage variation in memristance is increased from 0% to 15%, the recognition rate is degraded from 94% to 82%.
Multi-Mode Conceptual Clustering Algorithm Based Social Group Identification ...inventionjournals
The problem of web search time complexity and accuracy has been visited in many research papers, and the authors discussed many approaches to improve the search performance. Still the approaches does not produce any noticeable improvement and struggles with more time complexity as well. To overcome the issues identified, an efficient multi mode conceptual clustering algorithm has been discussed in this paper, which identifies the similar interested user groups by clustering their search context according to different conceptual queries. Identified user groups are shared with the related conceptual queries and their results to reduce the time complexity. The multi mode conceptual clustering, performs grouping of search queries and users according to number of users and their search pattern. The concept of search is identified by using Natural language processing methods and the web logs produced by the default web search engines. The author designed a dedicated web interface to collect the web log about the user search and the same data has been used to cluster the social groups according to number of conceptual queries. The search results has been shared between the users of identified social groups which reduces the search time complexity and improves the efficiency of web search in better manner
Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wirele...inventionjournals
The document proposes a Power Aware Geocast Based Geocast Region Tracking Using Mobile Node in Wireless Ad Hoc Network. It introduces Position-Aware Geocast Routing Mechanism (PAGRM) to improve reliability of data delivery and energy efficiency. PAGRM uses geographical locations for geocast routing and region tracking. It combines geographic routing with region flooding to achieve high delivery rates and low overhead. Simulation results show PAGRM has higher throughput and lower time complexity than other region tracking methods.
New classes of Adomian polynomials for the Adomian decomposition method inventionjournals
The document proposes two new classes of Adomian polynomials for the Adomian decomposition method to solve nonlinear differential equations. The first class, denoted A n *, rearranges the terms of the Taylor series expansion of the nonlinear term in a different way than the regular Adomian polynomials. The second class, A n **, also rearranges the Taylor series terms differently. Numerical examples indicate the new polynomial classes provide more accurate solutions than the regular polynomials using the same number of solution components. The goal is to improve the convergence of solutions obtained with the Adomian decomposition method.
Certain D - Operator for Srivastava H B - Hypergeometric Functions of Three V...inventionjournals
The aim of this paper is to derive certain relations involving Srivastava’s hypergeometric functions H B in three variables. Many operator identities involving these pairs of symbolic operators are first constructed for this purpose. By means of these operator identities, which express the aforementioned H B - hypergeometric functions in terms of such simpler functions as the products of the Gauss and Appell hypergeometric functions. Other closely-related results are also considered briefly. Also, we have derived certain new integral representations for the H B - hypergeometric functions of three variables defined earlier by Lauricella [ 8 ] and Srivastava [14 ] .
Synaptic memristor bridge circuit with pulse width based programable weights ...inventionjournals
Memristor bridge circuit linearly generates synaptic weights in the range [-1; 1]. A long width pulse programs the synaptic weights and a short width pulse computes multiplication results in ANN model. Each digit is sampled by 10 times, forming 5x4 matrix. Thecharacter recognition rate achieves 100% for digits from 1 through 5 . 5%, 10%, and 15% noisy patterns is added to consider the recognition rate.
Design and Fabrication of a Recreational Human-Powered Vehicleinventionjournals
This document summarizes the design and fabrication of a human-powered recreational vehicle. The vehicle was designed with a recumbent seat, 1.5m wheelbase, and 1m track width. CAD software was used to design the frame, drivetrain, and fairing. Finite element analysis showed a safety factor above 1.5. Standard parts like the seat, pedals, wheels and tires were used, with custom parts like the frame and hub fabricated from mild steel. Testing showed the vehicle functioned well and safely for human power. The goal of designing and fabricating a functional prototype using available off-the-shelf parts was achieved.
Effect of Wind Direction through Double Storied Building Model Configurations...inventionjournals
: Effect of wind direction on plume dispersion around urban buildings has been investigated by physical modelling using arrays of buildings- like obstacles at scale 1:100 in boundary layer wind tunnel for double storied buildings and compared with field data. The particular effect of obstacle width- to - height ratio (S/H) was examined for a fixed obstacle plan area density. Series of experiments have been carried out in which the wind direction varied in steps of 5 for selected orientation of line source at 900 , 95, 100 and 105. Further, from the observation, it was concluded that the maximum lateral concentration shift to upward the wind direction of line source is increased for inline double storied buildings model configuration. It can be concluded, the wind tunnel results showed that concentrations at downwind distances decreased as the wind direction increases (positive values) for measured orientation of line source in inline double storied buildings model configuration. In comparison, experimentally observed σz values are below the field values. They were best fitted with power-law profiles. The non-dimensional concentration for both the field and wind tunnel results of double storied inline buildings configuration seems to be more or less uniform. Values of vertical spread parameters for double storied inline array configuration and field data were followed a similar trend but inline array configuration of double storied buildings model, non-dimensional concentrations were typically twice larger compared to the field data. This is attributed to the fact that the tracer material is quite concentrated in the recirculation region in inline array configuration of the double storied buildings model.
Despite huge sums of money being spent by the federal government of Nigeria in adopting various techniques for a free and fair election in the country, numerous problems are still militating against it. These problems include:- wide rigging of elections, multiple registrations and voting, late arrival of ballot boxes, stealing of ballot boxes, under-aged voting, illegal voting by non-Nigerian nationals, rioting and fighting at election venues due to insufficient number of security personnel, disenfranchisement of those in Diaspora as well as the physically handicapped by virtue of election distances to them, prolonged delay in accreditation of voters for election, cancellation of votes due to improper voting, prolonged counting of votes and delay in determining the result of an election, etc. This work showed how e-voting through the use of mobile phones and PCs would totally eradicate all these problems as people would no longer go to election venues to cast their votes, rather they would be at the comfort of their homes and offices to exercise their franchise using any of these electronic devices effortlessly. E-voting requires a web application program – at the back end – that would be written by computer experts and deployed on a web server so that clients – that is, PCs and mobile phones of voters – can be used to query it on constant basis during elections.
Middle Range Theories as Coherent Intellectual Frameworksinventionjournals
The argument is advanced that sound logical reasoning is essential in understanding the complex concept of middle range theories. This may be explainable as follows: firstly, that epistemological rules and principles are wider and incorporate under to incorporate such concepts as generalization; theoretical paradigms; empirical theories; formal theories; and intellectual theoretical and conceptual frameworks: major premise designated as B. Secondly, that middle range theories have three sets of meanings: called minor premises designated as B1; and these three sets of meanings are: (a)theoretical paradigms as forms of middle range theories are the basic sets of assumptions ideas and unified viewpoints: called minor premise B2; (b) empirical theories as forms of middle range theories as forms of middle range theories are conceptual models of analysis: minor premise B3; (c) formal theories as forms of middle range theories, designated as minor premise B4. (d) Therefore, minor premises B1, B2, B3 and B4 are related to B, major premise. Thirdly, the broader epistemological rules and principles thus incorporate the middle range theories as coherent intellectual frameworks. The latter aspect forms the subject of this article.
Fuzzy random variables and Kolomogrov’s important resultsinventionjournals
:In this paper an attempt is made to transform Kolomogrov Maximal inequality, Koronecker Lemma, Loeve’s Lemma and Kolomogrov’s strong law of large numbers for independent, identically distributive fuzzy Random variables. The applications of this results is extensive and could produce intensive insights on Fuzzy Random variables
Trust based Mechanism for Secure Cloud Computing Environment: A Surveyinventionjournals
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Comparison of Supercritical Fluid Extraction with Steam Distillation for the ...inventionjournals
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Importance and Functions of Bills of Quantities in the Construction Industry: A Content Analysis
1. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 6734, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 6726
www.ijesi.org ||Volume 5 Issue 3|| March 2016 || PP.29-36
www.ijesi.org 29 | Page
Importance and Functions of Bills of Quantities in the
Construction Industry: A Content Analysis
Atikah Razali1
, Anas Tajudin2
, Ahmad Fadzli Ahmad Tajuddin3
1
PhD Candidate Student, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International Islamic
University, Gombak, 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Management and Information Technology, Sultan Azlan Shah University College, 33000 Kuala
Kangsar, Perak, Malaysia. 3
The Malaysian Institute of Integrity, Menara Integriti, Persiaran Duta,
Off Jalan Duta, 50480 Kuala Lumpur
ABSTRACT: Bills of Quantities (BQ) is one of systematic ways applied in the construction industry in which
its primary function is to record items of works for tendering purposes and to create a fair agreement among the
parties involved for contracting purposes. However, there are some issues pertaining to BQ functions such as
BQ is a misunderstood facet in the construction industry today, BQ is only useful for tendering purposes, BQ’s
benefit is not fully utilised by the construction team and most of them cannot relate BQ with everyday
construction works and processes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to study on the importance of BQ and
its functions in the construction industry. A content analysis was used to identify the importance and functions of
BQ from reviewing articles and books. Findings from this paper are beneficial in providing knowledge to the
education field and construction teams on the importance and functions of BQ in the construction industry.
KEYWORDS : Bills of Quantities, importance, functions, construction industry.
I. INTRODUCTION
Bill of quantities (BQ) has existed and developed over 300 years (Miliken, 1996). As mentioned by
Hussein (2009), the BQ have been proposed in the year of 1774 by Thomas Skaife, purposely for pricing tenders
based on designer drawings in order to know the cost of a completed project before the construction projects
begins. Odeyinka, et al (2009) mentioned that, BQ “has been documented as far back as when the Egyptian
pyramids were being constructed”.
In the construction industry, BQ is a document used in construction projects with complete descriptions
of materials, workmanships including quality, and the quantities (Davis and Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009;
RISM, 2000; Rosli et al., 2006; The Aqua Group, 2003) . Primarily, it has been used to call for tendering, which
enables contractors to price the construction projects (Davis and Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009; Rosli et al.,
2006) and to create a fair agreement among the parties involved (Lee et al., 2011) for contracting purposes
(Davis and Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009; Rosli et al., 2006) in construction projects.
II. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Even though BQ is a multipurpose document and comprised of vast amount of imperative information,
there are still issues arising on the BQ such as, BQ is a misunderstood facet in the construction industry today
(Davis and Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009), BQ is only useful for tendering purposes (Rosli et al., 2006),
BQ’s benefit is not fully utilised by the construction team and most of them cannot relate BQ with everyday
construction works and processes (Davis and Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009; Rosli et al., 2006). This shows
that there is a lack in terms of explanation and information on the importance and functions of the BQ in the
construction team.
III. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Based on the problem statement, the objectives of this research:
i. To discuss the importance of BQ in the construction industry
ii. To review the functions of BQ in the construction industry
IV. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The methods used for this study is content analysis of literature reviews of books and articles. The
content analysis conducted is done manually by coding the repetitive functions which then enables the
researcher to group the functions into sixteen categories.
2. Importance and Functions of Bills of Quantities…
www.ijesi.org 30 | Page
V. FINDINGS
a. The Importance of the Construction Industry Reflects the Roles of BQ
In Malaysia, the construction industry is one of the industries that contribute to the economy of the country
(Abu Hassan, 2009; Abdul Rashid, 2008; Fadhlin, 2004; Fadhlin, et al 2004). In his writing, Abdul Rashid
(2008) mentioned that, the construction industry plays an important role in the country’s economic
development (Fadhlin,2004; Fadhlinet al., 2004) through exportation, increasing employment opportunity,
generating foreign exchange and enhancing Malaysia’s image (Abdul Razak, et al 2010).
Omar (2008) mentioned that the strength of one industry depends on the governance of the industry.
Malaysian Construction industry has governance adopted by the government of Malaysia and plans and
policies have been practiced. For instance, Abdul Razak et al. (2010) mentioned that the government of
Malaysia has launched Vision 2020 to make Malaysia a fully developed country in the year 2020. The main
focus to achieve vision 2020 is by providing budget for infrastructures particularly in the Kuala Lumpur
metropolitan area and the Economic Transformation Programme (ETP) with the intention to propel economy to
a better level.
In the Malaysian Construction Industry, Traditional General Contracting method (with BQ) has been used
worldwide by majority of clients in the construction projects at least for the past 150 years (Maizon, 1999).
This shows that construction industry is a strength sector and the BQ is used worldwide and by most of the
clients in the construction projects because of its importance and functions as mentioned by The Aqua Group
(2003) that,
“new techniques and procedures aimed at supplanting them (bills of quantities) are tried frequently. However,
bills of quantities have survived thus far, no doubt because in addition to their two primary functions they
contain vast amounts of information that can be of use in many ways”.
b. The importance of BQ in the Construction Industry
As previously mentioned by Rosli et al. (2006), BQ is a multipurpose document and can be useful in many
ways (Brook, 1998; 2004; 2008). Proven by The Aqua Group (2003) the imperative of information contained in
the BQ is known by the people in the construction industry because the document is still being using even
though many alternatives were introduced to replace it.
BQ is a very important document and there are a lot of advantages to have a BQ in a construction project
because BQ “provides the best basis for estimating, tender comparisons and contract administration” (Ashworth
and Hogg, 2002). The Aqua Group (1999) explained that the contract with bills of quantities has a lot of
advantages as follows:
i.Contractor’s estimating risks are considerably lower.
ii.The competition is much fairer as all contractors are tendering on the same basis
iii.Contractor’s overheads in tendering are reduced and therefore the whole building
industry works more economically.
iv.The measurement of quantities allows the total price to be analyzed in great detail, thus providing
cost feedback on the job, which in turn can be used statistically in cost planning other work.
v.Bills of quantities provide the best means of controlling the cost of variations in the contract.
vi.Although neither the Standard Form of Contract nor the Standard Method of
Measurement dictates that quantities will be used for management purposes, they do in fact provide
documents which are a great help on the site, particularly for ordering and the management of sub-
contract work. It is likely that new methods of measurement, coupled with computer technology, will
lead to their more extensive use for management purposes in the future.
vii.The process of measuring quantities before tender is a useful test as to whether what has been
drawn and specified can in fact be built. Having someone from a different profession examine the
drawings and analyze construction in detail is undoubtedly helpful in identifying problems not apparent
at first sight.
The BQ is used in the traditional procurement system(Rosli et al., 2006) and the advantages of the
procurement method rely on the BQ. Ashworth and Hogg (2002) mentioned that, there are advantages to
opt for traditional procurement system which are as follows:
i.A high level of price certainty of a construction project since cost is known before the
construction starts;
ii. Allow to offer for a low tender price;
iii.Adapts with design changes and assists the cost management process;
iv. High quality of tender document
3. Importance and Functions of Bills of Quantities…
www.ijesi.org 31 | Page
Lee et al. (2011) also agreed that the BQ continues to be important because even though the BQ has declined
in usage for large projects, 50% of the value of all building projects in the UK still uses traditional contracts.
They also mentioned that, other procurement routes also require quantifications of the work that involve
measurement processes, a similar process in preparing BQ document and the end product is as concise as a BQ
document (Rosli et al., 2006).
BQ is very efficient and sufficient as a reference for any changes and variations in construction projects
(Davis et al., 2009; Ashworth and Hogg, 2007; The Aqua Group, 2003). As stated by Muhammad, et al., (2010),
variations are unavoidable in any construction project and a change is a fact of life in construction (Dmaidi,
2003). This is proven by Adnan (2008) and Ogunsanmi, et al (2011), and Chritamara, et al (2002), in which they
stated that design and build projects are at risk to cost overrun.
Moreover, Lenard (1992, as cited in Khairuddin, 2011) conveyed opinions of Australian Institute of Quantity
Surveyor on the projects that have not used the BQ. He claimed many problems would occur in the projects that
are not using BQ and some of the riskier problems are as follows:
i. Contractors can wield the information in the BQ for their own purposes;
ii. It leads to more choosy work in comparison of tenders because the scope of works is a variety
among the tenderers;
iii. Riskier in terms of both time and cost because the projects are estimated based on overall floor
area;
iv. The valuation of progress payment would be more difficult without detailed information as
provided in the BQ;
v. There is the tendency of contractor to form a conspire group and bid high for projects.
c. Functions Of Bills Of Quantities
In general, Bills of Quantities (BQ) has two primary functions (Brook, 1998, 2004, 2008; Davis and
Baccarini, 2004; Davis et al., 2009) in which during pre-contract administration, the function of BQ is to
assist contractors in the formulation of their tenders as the BQ breaks down the contract works in a formal,
detailed, and structured manner for tendering purposes, whereas during post contract administration, the BQ
is useful in assisting the contractors and quantity surveyors in valuing progress payments and variations and
it provides a financial structure for contract administration.
BQ is a multipurpose document (Rosli et al., 2006), and the functions are as many as listed in Table 1.
Based on Table 1, there are sixteen functions of the BQ.
Table 1: Functions of BQ
No. Functions of BQ Researchers
1 Tendering document Willis and Trench (1998); Seeley (1997); Ashworth and
Hogg (2007)
2 Valuing progress payments The Aqua Group (2003); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
3 Valuing variations Davis et al. (2009); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
4 Project Costing Rosli et al. (2006)
5 Database Davis et al. (2009)
6 Fee calculation Davis et al. (2009)
7 Asset Management Davis et al. (2009)
8 Ordering of materials Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
9 Elemental Cost Planning Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
10 Quality analysis Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
11 Quotations Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
12 Fairest Competition for tender Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
13 Planning for site program Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
14 Final account Ashworth and Hogg, 2007; Cartlidge, 2013a
15 Cost Information Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008); Ashworth and Hogg (2007)
16 Cost Control Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008)
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All of the functions of BQ listed in the table are in both during pre-contract and post contract administration as
simplified in Figure 1. Figure 1 shows the functions of BQ in a construction project from pre-contract
administration until post contract administration via initiation of a construction project until its completion.
Figure 1 proved that the BQ is a multipurpose and very useful document. Some of the data in the BQ is useful
during pre-contract administration, some data only useful during post-contract administration and some of the
data is useful during both the pre and post contract administration. Besides, functions of the BQ in the middle
part of Figure 1 which has been with red dotted lines showed that such functions can be references for other
construction projects.
Figure 1: Functions of Bills of Quantities during Contract Administration
(Source: Invented based content analysis)
Below are the functions of the BQ reviewed in detail:
i. Tendering Document
Originally, the bill of quantities is used as a tendering document (Willis and Trench, 1998; Seeley, 1997;
Ashworth and Hogg, 2007). Commonly, BQ is used as a tender document for construction project with
traditional procurement system (Rosli et al., 2006). The BQ tender is used in open tendering method (Mudd,
1984). The BQ documents enable the contractors to price the work on precisely the same information with
the minimum amount of effort (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007).
ii. Valuing Progress Payments
BQ is frequently used to valuate construction works that have been done for the issuance of interim
certificates and progress payments (The Aqua Group, 2003; Ashworth and Hogg, 2007). This is supported
by Davis et al. (2009), in which they stated that BQ is a basis for the evaluation of progress payment. Based
on PWD Form 203A, clause 28.0, the valuation works of progress payment for the issuance of interim
certificates including contractor executed work, unfixed materials or goods delivered to site for the
construction project.
iii. Valuing Variations
Based on The Aqua Group (2003), one of the principal functions of bills of quantities is providing rates
schedule that can be a basis to evaluate variations (Davis et al., 2009; Ashworth and Hogg, 2007).
According to PWD Form 203A, clause 24.2, variation means “a change in the contract document which
necessitates the alteration or modification of the design, quality or quantity of the works” that affects the
contract sum. In clause 25.0, it has been mentioned that the valuation of variation are in accordance with the
rates provided in the BQ.
iv. Ordering of Materials
It was stated by Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008) that the BQ is useful for contractors to order and purchase
materials (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007). This is because BQ contains complete information of quantities and
descriptions of materials for construction projects to be procured (RISM, 2000) from local or imported
suppliers. As mentioned by Wang (1987), the use of materials in construction projects is above 50% such as
cement, steel, timber etc. Therefore, the information of materials and quantities provided in the BQ made it
easier for contractors to call for quotations from sub-contractors (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007).
v. Elemental Cost Planning
PRE-CONTRACT POST-CONTRACT
Tendering document
Project costing
Cost planning
Fairest Competition of tenders
Cost planning
Fee calculation
Valuing progress payment
Valuing variations
Ordering materials
Quality analysis
Planning and progressing
site programme
Final account
Cost control
Database
Cost information
Quotations
Asset
Management
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Elemental BQ is helpful to assist the consultant to plan for the cost of construction projects (Brook, 1998,
2004 & 2008; Ashworth and Hogg, 2007). Elemental cost planning provides detailed project cost by
elements of works purposely for budgeting and cost control (Wang, 1987). According to Cartlidge (2013a),
cost planning is a costing process during pre-contract stage which became important during the 1970s and
the cost plan prepared based on standard list of elements developed by The Building Cost Information
Service (BCIS).
vi. Planning for Site Programme
Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008) stated that BQ is a convenient document in planning for site program
(Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) such as preparing resource programmes, preparing work breakdown structure
(Rosli et al., 2006) and critical path network analysis with various activities and easier for monitoring
progress of works at site (Wang, 1987).
vii. Final Account
According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007) and Cartlidge (2013a), BQ is practical for final accounting prior
to completion of a construction project. Final account is the final part of the audit trail of all financial
transactions relating to the contract by referring to the BQ and the process of final account stage might
consume time. The final account includes all the following (Cartlidge, 2013a):-
[1] Statement of Final Account
[2] Final Account Summary
[3] Adjustment of Prime Cost Sums
[4] Adjustment of Provisional Sums
[5] Adjustment of Provisional Items
[6] Adjustment of Variation Account
[7] Adjustment for Fluctuations
[8] Adjustment for Contractor’s Claims
The Standard Form of Contract PWD 203 A has provided a clause for final account process, clause 31.0 in
which is stated that prior to the preparation of final account the final certificate will be issued and final
payment will be made to the contractor, if any.
d. Cost Information
Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008) mentioned that the BQ can be used in many ways by contractors, for instance,
data collected during construction can be cost information (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007) for estimators. The
JCT 98 private with quantities has provided a clause 5.7, to mention that to only use the rates or prices of
materials from the BQ as part of the contract as cost information.
e. Project Costing
Stated by Rosli et al. (2006), for traditional procurement system, the BQ is mainly used for project costing
which is to estimate or price the work on precisely. According to Ashworth and Hogg (2002 & 2007),
project costing covers the whole cost of construction project activities in starting from the inception
process until the final account agreement purposely to match the cost estimation with the client’s budget.
The estimation during project costing is useful for cost advice prepared by the QS to the client (Ashworth
and Hogg, 2002 & 2007) and also to forecast cost and value of the project (Cartlidge, 2013a). The
processes included during the project costing are cost advice, cost planning, cost control, cost analysis, risk
analysis, whole life cost and value management analysis (Ashworth and Hogg, 2002 & 2007; Cartlidge,
2013a).
f. Database
Based on Davis et al. (2009), one of the uses of BQ is as a database for future estimation that has similar
type of construction projects. Moreover, Cruywagen (2010) mentioned that the price in the BQ can be a
reference to derive weights for a new Tender Price Index (TPI). According to Gorse, et al (2012), a
database is “a collection of computer data that can be sorted or manipulated in various ways”. The database
that is provided by the BQ such as the detail description of materials, workmanships, rates or prices of
materials, quantities and unit of materials as mentioned in the sub-heading definition.
g. Fee Calculation
Davis et al. (2009)mentioned that the BQ provides an absolute basis for the calculation of consultants’
fees. The consultant fees include various experties such as architects, engineers, planners, QS and many
more (Forster, 1986; Wang, 1987). There are few ways to determine the consultation fees and one of the
ways is by multiplying certain amount of percentages with the contract sum of the project estimated from
the BQ (Manual Perolehan Perkhidmatan Perunding, 2011). Ashworth and Hogg (2002 & 2007) refer fees
as charge of services provided by the consultants to the client depending on the factor of complexity,
volume and duration of the project.
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h. Asset Management
Davis et al. (2009) stated that the BQ provides readily available data for asset management of the
completed building, life cycle costing studies, maintenance schedules, general insurance and insurance
replacement cost.
i. Quality Analysis
Ashworth and Hogg (2007) stated that BQ is also used for quality analysis by reference to the trade
preamble clauses. The terms “analysis” means a thorough investigation, “quality” is a standard of service
or product and “preamble” is information provided in the BQ on the rules of measurement and description
of trade (Gorse et al., 2012).
j. Quotations
Besides that, BQ is also used to call for quotations from sub-contractors (Ashworth and Hogg, 2007).
Quotations are prices given to undertake work (Gorse et al., 2012). In the construction industry, the
quotations are given by suppliers to supply resources for construction projects such as materials,
equipment, machineries and etc. (Cartlidge, 2013b). Usually, the suppliers are the sub-contractors which
are selected based on certain criteria. In order to request for quotations from suppliers, various processes
are involved (Cartlidge, 2013b).
k. Fairest Competition for Tenders
According to Ashworth and Hogg (2007), the BQ enables contractors to price the work precisely on the
same information with minimum amount of effort and promote for the fairest type of competition (Rosli et
al., 2006b; The Aqua Group, 2003; Brook, 1998, 2004 & 2008). Cartlidge (2013a) mentioned that, BQ is
provided in the traditional procurement system that commonly practice single state competitive tendering
which beneficial to get offer for lower tender price (Ashworth and Hogg, 2002; 2007). The BQ gives fair
competition because all tenderers price the work on the same information of projects (Ashworth and Hogg,
2002 & 2007) and the competition among the tenderers (Cartlidge, 2013b) can lead to lower price offer of
the project.
l. Cost Control
Brook (1998, 2004 & 2008) agreed that BQ is helpful for cost control during the contract to ensure work is
within budget. According to Cartlidge (2013a), BQ provides cost of the construction project during pre-
contract phase, planning cost and cost target which cannot be spiral out of control.
VI. CONCLUSION
As a conclusion, the importance of a BQ is as follows:
i. Contractor’s estimating risk are considerably lower
ii. The competition is much fairer as all contractors are tendering on the same basis
iii. Contractor’s overheads in tendering are reduced and therefore the whole building industry works more
economically
iv. The measurement of quantities allows the total price to be analysed in great detail, thus providing cost
feedback on the job, which in turn can be used statistically in cost planning of other works
v. Bills of quantities provide the best means of controlling the cost of variations in the contract
vi. Although neither the Standard Form of Contract nor the Standard Method of Measurement dictates that
quantities will be used for management purposes, they do in fact provide documents which are a great
help on the site, particularly for ordering and the management of sub-contract work. It is likely that
new methods of measurement, coupled with computer technology, will lead to their more extensive use
for management purposes in the future.
vii. The process of measuring quantities before tender is a useful test as to whether what has been drawn
and specified can in fact be built. Having someone from a different profession examine the drawings
and analyse construction in detail is undoubtedly helpful in identifying problems not apparent at first
sight.
viii. A high level of price certainty of a construction project since cost is known before the construction
starts.
ix. Allow to offer for a low tender price
x. Adapts with design changes and assists the cost management process
xi. High quality of tender document
xii. Reduce risk of Contractors wielding the information in the BQ for their own purposes
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xiii. May avoid choosy work in comparison of tenders because the scope of works is a variety among the
tenderers
xiv. May avoid risks in terms of both time and cost because the projects are estimated based on overall floor
area.
xv. The valuation of progress payment would be easier with detail information as provided in BQ.
xvi. May avoid the tendency of contractor to form a conspire group and bid high for projects.
The functions of BQ are divided into 3 phases:
i. At pre contract stage, the functions are as follows:
a. Tendering document
b. Project costing
c. Cost planning
d. Fairest Competition of tenders
e. Consultant Fee calculation
ii. At all the time, the functions are as follows:
a. BQ can be a Database for new projects
b. Cost information
c. The BQ can be used for Quotations
d. BQ can be useful for Asset Management
iii. At post contract stage, the functions are as follows:
a. Valuing progress payment
b. Valuing variations
c. Ordering materials
d. Quality analysis
e. Planning and progressing site programme
f. BQ as source of Final account
g. Cost control
VII. Acknowledgements
Special thanks to faculty members of Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design, International
Islamic University Malaysia for their suggestions and recommendation
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