Amnesia
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Antegrade amnesia is a type of memory loss where a person is unable to recall new information that occurs after a traumatic event, though they can recall events that happened before. Transient global amnesia is a passing episode of short-term memory loss without other neurological issues, where the person loses the ability to form new memories but motor function remains intact, with episodes typically lasting around 6 hours. The criteria for diagnosing transient global amnesia includes the episode being witnessed, clear anterograde amnesia present but no loss of identity or consciousness, no other neurological symptoms, and resolution within 24 hours.
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Amnesia Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
Amnesia is a form of memory loss. Some people with amnesia have difficulty forming new memories. Others can’t recall facts or past experiences. People with amnesia usually retain knowledge of their own identity, as well as motor skills. Mild memory loss is a normal part of aging. Significant memory loss, or the inability to form new memories, may indicate the presence of an amnestic disorder.
Amnesia 2018
Can be defined as a dense loss of memory for recent events but with preserved intelligence and personality ,memory can be either totally or partially lost according to the extent of damage that was caused .
Amnesia
The document discusses various types of amnesia including anterograde amnesia, where new memories cannot be formed; retrograde amnesia, where past memories cannot be recalled; and transient global amnesia, a temporary loss of all memory. It also outlines the evaluation process a healthcare provider would go through to diagnose amnesia, including gathering medical history, assessing memory, and ordering tests like MRI, CT, or EEG to check for physical brain abnormalities.
Amnestic disorders 2009
The document discusses various ways of understanding memory, including the length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages involved. It describes different memory models and then discusses various memory disturbances and disorders. Transient amnesias include transient global amnesia, transient epileptic amnesia, and alcoholic blackouts. Persistent memory disorders discussed include Korsakoff syndrome, herpes encephalitis, hypoxia, vascular disorders, and head injuries. Organic amnesic syndromes and their characteristics are also described.
Amnesia
Amnesia is a loss of memory that can be caused by organic factors like brain damage or drugs, or functional factors like psychological defenses. There are two main types: anterograde amnesia where new memories are not formed, and retrograde amnesia where past memories cannot be recalled. Post-traumatic amnesia is usually due to head injury and can be transient or permanent, while dissociative amnesia has psychological causes like repressed memories. Improving memory involves techniques like repeated studying, associating information with cues, and testing yourself to determine what you have not yet learned.
Neuropsysiology of amnesia
1) The document discusses the neuropsychology of amnesia, including different types like anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2) It summarizes a connectionist model called the TraceLink model that explains amnesia in terms of damage to different brain systems like the hippocampus and surrounding areas.
3) The model helps explain characteristics of amnesia like retrograde amnesia following Ribot gradients and preserved implicit memory in anterograde amnesia.
Types of-amnesia
The document describes different types of amnesia, including transient global amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Transient global amnesia involves the sudden inability to form new memories or recall recent events, while personal identity and cognition remain intact. Episodes typically resolve within 24 hours. Retrograde amnesia involves an inability to recall events prior to the onset of amnesia, while new memories can still form. Causes of amnesia include traumatic brain injuries, traumatic events, and controlled induction such as electroconvulsive therapy.
learning,memory and amnesia
The document discusses learning and memory. It explains that learning involves how experience changes the brain, while memory involves how these changes are stored and retrieved. It describes the different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term) and where memories are stored in the brain. The case of patient H.M., who had medial temporal lobe removal, demonstrated the role of these areas in forming new memories and provided evidence for separate short-term and long-term memory systems. Concussions can cause retrograde and anterograde amnesia, providing evidence that memories are consolidated over time.
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Amnesia Types, Symptoms, Causes & Treatment
Amnesia is a form of memory loss. Some people with amnesia have difficulty forming new memories. Others can’t recall facts or past experiences. People with amnesia usually retain knowledge of their own identity, as well as motor skills. Mild memory loss is a normal part of aging. Significant memory loss, or the inability to form new memories, may indicate the presence of an amnestic disorder.
Amnesia 2018
Can be defined as a dense loss of memory for recent events but with preserved intelligence and personality ,memory can be either totally or partially lost according to the extent of damage that was caused .
Amnesia
The document discusses various types of amnesia including anterograde amnesia, where new memories cannot be formed; retrograde amnesia, where past memories cannot be recalled; and transient global amnesia, a temporary loss of all memory. It also outlines the evaluation process a healthcare provider would go through to diagnose amnesia, including gathering medical history, assessing memory, and ordering tests like MRI, CT, or EEG to check for physical brain abnormalities.
Amnestic disorders 2009
The document discusses various ways of understanding memory, including the length of storage, type of information remembered, and stages involved. It describes different memory models and then discusses various memory disturbances and disorders. Transient amnesias include transient global amnesia, transient epileptic amnesia, and alcoholic blackouts. Persistent memory disorders discussed include Korsakoff syndrome, herpes encephalitis, hypoxia, vascular disorders, and head injuries. Organic amnesic syndromes and their characteristics are also described.
Amnesia
Amnesia is a loss of memory that can be caused by organic factors like brain damage or drugs, or functional factors like psychological defenses. There are two main types: anterograde amnesia where new memories are not formed, and retrograde amnesia where past memories cannot be recalled. Post-traumatic amnesia is usually due to head injury and can be transient or permanent, while dissociative amnesia has psychological causes like repressed memories. Improving memory involves techniques like repeated studying, associating information with cues, and testing yourself to determine what you have not yet learned.
Neuropsysiology of amnesia
1) The document discusses the neuropsychology of amnesia, including different types like anterograde and retrograde amnesia.
2) It summarizes a connectionist model called the TraceLink model that explains amnesia in terms of damage to different brain systems like the hippocampus and surrounding areas.
3) The model helps explain characteristics of amnesia like retrograde amnesia following Ribot gradients and preserved implicit memory in anterograde amnesia.
Types of-amnesia
The document describes different types of amnesia, including transient global amnesia and retrograde amnesia. Transient global amnesia involves the sudden inability to form new memories or recall recent events, while personal identity and cognition remain intact. Episodes typically resolve within 24 hours. Retrograde amnesia involves an inability to recall events prior to the onset of amnesia, while new memories can still form. Causes of amnesia include traumatic brain injuries, traumatic events, and controlled induction such as electroconvulsive therapy.
learning,memory and amnesia
The document discusses learning and memory. It explains that learning involves how experience changes the brain, while memory involves how these changes are stored and retrieved. It describes the different types of memory (sensory, short-term, long-term) and where memories are stored in the brain. The case of patient H.M., who had medial temporal lobe removal, demonstrated the role of these areas in forming new memories and provided evidence for separate short-term and long-term memory systems. Concussions can cause retrograde and anterograde amnesia, providing evidence that memories are consolidated over time.
Amnestic diorder wani
1) Amnestic disorders can be divided into three categories: those due to a general medical condition, substance-induced, or amnestic disorder not otherwise specified.
2) The most common causes are alcohol use disorders, head injuries, and thiamine deficiency from alcohol dependence. Memory impairment involves an inability to learn new information or recall past events while other cognitive abilities remain intact.
3) Diagnosis involves determining the etiology based on history, exam, and labs. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying medical condition causing the amnesia through supportive measures or psychotherapy after resolution.
A review on amnesia
This document provides a review of amnesia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
- Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma that can affect recent memories (anterograde) and past memories (retrograde).
- The six main types of amnesia are retrograde, anterograde, transient global, dissociative, infantile, and Wernicke-Korsakoff's.
- Amnesia can be caused by head injuries, stroke, alcoholism, viruses, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves cognitive tests, imaging, and ruling out other potential medical
Relational learning and amnesia
This document summarizes relational learning and amnesia. It defines relational learning as a complex form of learning involving relations among stimuli, including spatial, episodic, and observational learning. It describes two types of long-term memory - declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory, impaired in amnesia, involves facts and life events. Amnesia causes difficulty learning new information and remembering the past. There are two types of amnesia - anterograde involving new learning, and retrograde involving past memories. Damage to the hippocampus and related structures causes anterograde amnesia by impairing relational learning, or learning relationships among stimuli.
Cognitive Disorders: delirium, dementia, amnestic and other cognitive disorders
The document provides an outline on delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders. It discusses cognitive symptoms such as amnesia, aphasia, and apraxia. It then covers organic brain syndromes like delirium and dementia. Delirium is defined as a disturbance in consciousness and cognition that develops over a short period of time and fluctuates. It can present as hyperactive or hypoactive subtypes. Common causes of delirium include drug or alcohol intoxication/withdrawal, medical illnesses, and metabolic disturbances.
Disorders of memory
This document provides an overview of memory disorders. It discusses the biology of memory including long term potentiation and the role of the CREB protein in memory formation. It describes different types of memory like sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It also discusses various memory disorders like amnesia and distortions of memory. Organic amnesia can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the underlying brain disease. Psychogenic amnesia includes anxiety, katathymic, and hysterical amnesia. Memory can also be distorted through falsification, delusions, and confabulation.
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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and mental function. It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting over 4 million Americans aged 10% of the population. It affects people of all backgrounds. There is no single test to diagnose Alzheimer's, but doctors use exams, questions, and brain scans to evaluate symptoms and rule out other possible causes of cognitive decline.
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The document provides information about several topics related to the brain and memory:
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and storage and is located in the temporal lobe.
- Autism affects social and communication skills and may be linked to factors like diet, mercury, or vaccines.
- Hyperthymesia is a condition where individuals have exceptional autobiographical memory recall.
- Memory loss can range from normal forgetfulness to conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive brain disease leading to irreversible neuron loss and cognitive decline.
Memory disorders
This document discusses different types of memory disorders including amnesia. It describes several case studies of patients such as patient SP who had strokes damaging the medial temporal lobes. The document contrasts different types of amnesia such as anterograde vs. retrograde amnesia. It also discusses memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease where massive cell death occurs throughout the brain. The document analyzes what memory functions are typically spared or impaired in amnesia patients and Alzheimer's patients.
Disorders of memory
This document discusses memory processes and disorders of memory. It describes the stages of memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It then discusses types of long-term memory and different forms of amnesia, including organic amnesia which can cause anterograde or retrograde memory loss. The document also covers psychogenic amnesias like dissociative amnesia and distortions of memory such as confabulation and retrospective falsification.
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The document provides information on the aging brain including basic brain anatomy, the differences between normal aging, mild cognitive impairment, and dementia. It discusses factors that can affect memory and cognition with age as well as lifestyle habits and behaviors that can help maintain good brain health such as physical exercise, nutrition, sleep, and mental stimulation. The presentation outlines changes in memory and cognition that are normal with aging versus when further evaluation may be needed.
Pathophysiology of retrogradeamnesia
PREPARED BY: MUHAMMAD ARIFF B. MAHDZUB
BACHELOR MEDICINE AND SURGERY (MBBS)
UNIVERSITY COLLEGE SHAHPUTRA, KUANTAN
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Present alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disease that causes irreversible loss of neurons and intellectual abilities such as memory and reasoning. It is estimated that between 2.4-4.5 million Americans and 18 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's. The number of deaths from Alzheimer's has risen 68% from 2000-2010. Common symptoms include memory loss, problems with planning and problem-solving, difficulty speaking or writing, and confusion with time and place. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, Down syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing, MRI scans, and PET scans. Current treatments can slow progression and improve symptoms but do not stop the disease, and include medications, managing progression, and controlling behavioral
AP1 Presentation - Epilepsy
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Epilepsy
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Epilepsy – A Modern Day Perspective
More than 10 million people suffer from epilepsy in India.Seizures impact the lives of people with epilepsy and their family in many ways including creating barriers to employment and education and facing a sense of discrimination and isolation from their peers who donʼt understand what happens when they see a seizure occur. In India, epilepsy is still thought of as mental illness mainly due to lack of information on the condition among the general public.
This presentation touches every aspect of epilepsy
1. Overview of Epilepsy;
2. Type of Seizures;
3. Diagnosis and Management;
4. Psychological Issues; and
5. Social Perspectives.
Amnesia
La amnesia es el deterioro de la memoria que se manifiesta por la incapacidad para aprender información nueva o recordar información aprendida. Existen varios tipos de amnesia clasificados cronológicamente como retrograda o anterógrada y etiológicamente como traumática, global, lacunar, disociativa o de la niñez. Los síntomas incluyen no recordar eventos recientes u ocurridos hace mucho tiempo. Los tratamientos buscan identificar lesiones cerebrales o consumo excesivo de alcohol y drogas como causas
Amnesia
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Amnestic diorder wani
1) Amnestic disorders can be divided into three categories: those due to a general medical condition, substance-induced, or amnestic disorder not otherwise specified.
2) The most common causes are alcohol use disorders, head injuries, and thiamine deficiency from alcohol dependence. Memory impairment involves an inability to learn new information or recall past events while other cognitive abilities remain intact.
3) Diagnosis involves determining the etiology based on history, exam, and labs. Treatment focuses on addressing the underlying medical condition causing the amnesia through supportive measures or psychotherapy after resolution.
A review on amnesia
This document provides a review of amnesia, including its definition, types, causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment. The main points are:
- Amnesia is a loss of memory caused by brain damage or trauma that can affect recent memories (anterograde) and past memories (retrograde).
- The six main types of amnesia are retrograde, anterograde, transient global, dissociative, infantile, and Wernicke-Korsakoff's.
- Amnesia can be caused by head injuries, stroke, alcoholism, viruses, and neurological disorders. Diagnosis involves cognitive tests, imaging, and ruling out other potential medical
Relational learning and amnesia
This document summarizes relational learning and amnesia. It defines relational learning as a complex form of learning involving relations among stimuli, including spatial, episodic, and observational learning. It describes two types of long-term memory - declarative and non-declarative. Declarative memory, impaired in amnesia, involves facts and life events. Amnesia causes difficulty learning new information and remembering the past. There are two types of amnesia - anterograde involving new learning, and retrograde involving past memories. Damage to the hippocampus and related structures causes anterograde amnesia by impairing relational learning, or learning relationships among stimuli.
Cognitive Disorders: delirium, dementia, amnestic and other cognitive disorders
The document provides an outline on delirium, dementia, and amnestic and other cognitive disorders. It discusses cognitive symptoms such as amnesia, aphasia, and apraxia. It then covers organic brain syndromes like delirium and dementia. Delirium is defined as a disturbance in consciousness and cognition that develops over a short period of time and fluctuates. It can present as hyperactive or hypoactive subtypes. Common causes of delirium include drug or alcohol intoxication/withdrawal, medical illnesses, and metabolic disturbances.
Disorders of memory
This document provides an overview of memory disorders. It discusses the biology of memory including long term potentiation and the role of the CREB protein in memory formation. It describes different types of memory like sensory memory, short term memory, and long term memory. It also discusses various memory disorders like amnesia and distortions of memory. Organic amnesia can be acute, subacute, or chronic depending on the underlying brain disease. Psychogenic amnesia includes anxiety, katathymic, and hysterical amnesia. Memory can also be distorted through falsification, delusions, and confabulation.
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Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder that destroys memory and mental function. It is the most common cause of dementia, affecting over 4 million Americans aged 10% of the population. It affects people of all backgrounds. There is no single test to diagnose Alzheimer's, but doctors use exams, questions, and brain scans to evaluate symptoms and rule out other possible causes of cognitive decline.
Memory disorders
The document provides information about several topics related to the brain and memory:
- The hippocampus is involved in memory formation and storage and is located in the temporal lobe.
- Autism affects social and communication skills and may be linked to factors like diet, mercury, or vaccines.
- Hyperthymesia is a condition where individuals have exceptional autobiographical memory recall.
- Memory loss can range from normal forgetfulness to conditions like Alzheimer's disease, which is a progressive brain disease leading to irreversible neuron loss and cognitive decline.
Memory disorders
This document discusses different types of memory disorders including amnesia. It describes several case studies of patients such as patient SP who had strokes damaging the medial temporal lobes. The document contrasts different types of amnesia such as anterograde vs. retrograde amnesia. It also discusses memory impairments in Alzheimer's disease where massive cell death occurs throughout the brain. The document analyzes what memory functions are typically spared or impaired in amnesia patients and Alzheimer's patients.
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This document discusses memory processes and disorders of memory. It describes the stages of memory as sensory memory, short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. It then discusses types of long-term memory and different forms of amnesia, including organic amnesia which can cause anterograde or retrograde memory loss. The document also covers psychogenic amnesias like dissociative amnesia and distortions of memory such as confabulation and retrospective falsification.
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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures resulting from abnormal electrical discharges in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, affecting both sides of the brain, or partial, affecting one area. Epilepsy is diagnosed when a person has two or more unprovoked seizures more than 24 hours apart. While the specific cause is unknown in many cases, potential contributing factors include genetic predisposition, head injuries, brain tumors, infections, and developmental disorders. Treatment involves anticonvulsant medications to prevent seizures.
Present alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurological disease that causes irreversible loss of neurons and intellectual abilities such as memory and reasoning. It is estimated that between 2.4-4.5 million Americans and 18 million people worldwide have Alzheimer's. The number of deaths from Alzheimer's has risen 68% from 2000-2010. Common symptoms include memory loss, problems with planning and problem-solving, difficulty speaking or writing, and confusion with time and place. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, Down syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Diagnosis involves neuropsychological testing, MRI scans, and PET scans. Current treatments can slow progression and improve symptoms but do not stop the disease, and include medications, managing progression, and controlling behavioral
AP1 Presentation - Epilepsy
Epilepsy is a neurological condition characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal neuronal activity in the brain. Seizures occur when neurons fire excessively or synchronously. Epilepsy affects over 2 million Americans and can be caused by genetic factors or brain injury/disease. Treatments include anti-seizure medications, dietary therapies like the ketogenic diet, surgery, and vagus nerve stimulation. However, seizures remain uncontrolled in about one-third of epilepsy patients.
Epilepsy
This document provides an overview of epilepsy, including signs and symptoms, what causes it, and how it is managed. Epilepsy is a common neurological condition where the normal electrical activity in the brain is disrupted, causing seizures. There are two main types of seizures - partial seizures where the seizure activity starts in one area of the brain, and generalized seizures where the seizure activity involves the whole brain. Management strategies include medication, lifestyle changes, and first aid response during seizures.
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Epilepsy – A Modern Day Perspective
More than 10 million people suffer from epilepsy in India.Seizures impact the lives of people with epilepsy and their family in many ways including creating barriers to employment and education and facing a sense of discrimination and isolation from their peers who donʼt understand what happens when they see a seizure occur. In India, epilepsy is still thought of as mental illness mainly due to lack of information on the condition among the general public.
This presentation touches every aspect of epilepsy
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2. Type of Seizures;
3. Diagnosis and Management;
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Amnesia
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Amnesia
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Amnesia Frontal y Global Transitoria
Este trastorno de la memoria puede ser atribuible a una lesión que afecta las conexiones frontolímbicas y que interesa sobre todo a la memoria reciente y al aprendizaje verbal. Se observa una inercia de los trazos amnésicos; el sujeto está fácilmente distraído y no alcanza a mantener su atención sobre los datos recibidos ni sobre las metas a alcanzar. Hay una supresión de los programas que gobiernan la ejecución de las estrategias mentales que facilitan la evocación y la
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Este documento describe diferentes tipos de amnesia y sus causas. Explica tres tipos de memoria y dos tipos de amnesia semioógicamente: amnesia anterógrada e incapacidad para retener información luego de una perturbación, y amnesia retrógrada o imposibilidad de evocar información previamente aprendida. También describe la amnesia del hipocampo, la amnesia de Korsakoff asociada a lesiones diencefálicas, y la amnesia frontal con trastornos de la evocación.
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Este documento trata sobre las amnesias. Define la amnesia como la imposibilidad de recuperar información almacenada anteriormente. Describe el caso de Henry Molaison, quien vivió sin memoria después de una cirugía cerebral. Explica que existen al menos dos sistemas en el cerebro para crear nuevos recuerdos. Finalmente, clasifica los diferentes tipos de amnesia y sus correlatos anatómicos.
Amnesia (1)
La amnesia es un trastorno de la memoria causado por lesiones en estructuras cerebrales clave como el hipocampo y el sistema límbico. Existen varios tipos de amnesia como la anterógrada, retrógrada y lacunar, dependiendo de si afecta la memoria reciente o remota. Las causas pueden ser traumatismos, enfermedades degenerativas u orgánicas, y conducen a déficits específicos en el almacenamiento y recuperación de recuerdos.
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This document discusses disorders of memory and consciousness. It outlines seven stages of memory and three types: sensory, short-term, and long-term. It describes different memory systems like explicit and implicit memory. It also discusses various types of amnesia like psychogenic amnesia, organic amnesia, and transient global amnesia. Other topics covered include paramnesia, confabulation, misidentification, and changes in consciousness like lowering, restriction, and dream-like states.
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1. Neurological disorders affect the brain and nervous system and can result from structural, biochemical, or electrical abnormalities. Common neurological disorders include epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, and stroke.
2. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent seizures caused by abnormal nerve cell activity in the brain. Seizures can be generalized, affecting both sides of the brain, or focal, starting in one area. Common seizure types include tonic-clonic and absence seizures.
3. Dementia is a progressive syndrome involving cognitive decline beyond normal aging. It affects functions like memory, thinking, language, and judgment. Risk factors include genetic factors, cardiovascular conditions, head injuries, and lifestyle factors. Dementia progresses through mild
Long term managment of traumatic brain injury
This document discusses long term management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It outlines the goals of TBI rehabilitation as returning patients to functional independence and community participation. It describes common post-traumatic sequelae including amnesia, post-concussion syndrome, neurobehavioral changes, and various medical complications. Treatment involves a multidisciplinary rehabilitation approach, with non-pharmacological therapies targeting cognitive impairment and behavioral issues, as well as potential pharmacologic interventions. The document stresses the importance of a personalized approach based on each individual's needs and injuries.
Seminar on pharmacotherapy of alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia, a general term for memory loss and other intellectual abilities serious enough to interfere with daily life. Alzheimer's disease accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases.
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MRI is a painless imaging procedure that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed pictures of organs and tissues in the body without using radiation. It can take 15-90 minutes depending on the area being scanned. MRI provides high resolution images and can reconstruct 3D images. Advantages include lack of radiation exposure and ability to adjust settings based on lesion characteristics. Disadvantages include high cost, risk for patients with metallic implants, and potential for blurry images from movement. MRI is used to image conditions like tumors, trauma, infections, vascular anomalies, and neurological disorders.
Trigeminal Neuralgia and its cause and treatment
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition characterized by severe, sporadic facial pain caused by malfunction of the trigeminal nerve. The trigeminal nerve transmits sensory information from the face and triggers pain through its three branches. Episodes are usually unilateral and can be triggered by minor facial activities like eating or talking. Treatment involves managing triggers to reduce pain, medications like anticonvulsants, and in severe cases microvascular decompression surgery. Nursing care focuses on education, preventing infections or injuries due to sensory loss, and supporting quality of life.
Dementia
Dementia is a syndrome caused by brain diseases that affect memory, thinking, behavior and ability to perform everyday activities. Common symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty completing tasks and changes in mood and behavior. It has different causes but is most commonly due to Alzheimer's disease. There is currently no cure for dementia but medications and lifestyle interventions can help manage symptoms.
disordersofmemor .pptx.pdf
This document discusses various topics related to memory, including the biology of memory, types of memory, and disorders of memory. It covers long-term potentiation as the candidate mechanism for mammalian long-term memory. It also describes different types of amnesia like organic amnesia, which can be acute, sub-acute or chronic, and psychogenic amnesia, which includes anxiety, katathymic and hysterical amnesia. Distortions of memory are also discussed, including confabulations, Munchausen's syndrome, and disorders of recognition like déjà vu and jamais vu.
seizure seizure in medical surgical nursing
- Seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain that can be accompanied by various disorders or occur spontaneously. Epilepsy is characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures.
- Seizures can be generalized, involving both sides of the brain, or focal, beginning in one area. Common generalized seizures include tonic-clonic, absence, myoclonic, atonic, tonic, and clonic. Focal seizures affect a specific brain region.
- Diagnosis involves the seizure description, EEG, and tests to rule out underlying causes. Treatment includes antiseizure medications and possibly surgery for drug-resistant cases. The goals are preventing injury and status epilepticus while improving quality of
Epilepsy in elderly
Epilepsy is common in the elderly population and can be difficult to diagnose due to atypical presentations and symptoms that mimic other conditions. Seizures in the elderly are often caused by structural brain abnormalities like stroke. A thorough evaluation including history, physical exam, neuroimaging and EEG is needed to diagnose epilepsy, but EEG may be normal in many cases. Treatment involves antiepileptic drugs, though decisions around initiating treatment can be complex in elderly patients. Long-term video EEG monitoring may be helpful for difficult cases.
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Alzhmier's Disease.pptx
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that destroys memory and cognitive skills. It is the most common cause of dementia among older adults. The disease is characterized by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain that lead to loss of connections between neurons. This results in memory loss, problems with thinking and reasoning, and behavioral issues. A diagnosis involves medical exams, cognitive tests, and brain imaging to rule out other potential causes. While there is no cure, current treatments can temporarily slow the worsening of symptoms.
Management of concussions
The document discusses management of concussions and sport-related injuries. It defines concussions as alterations in consciousness caused by traumatic brain injury without structural damage. Concussions are graded on severity from 1 to 3 based on loss of consciousness and post-traumatic amnesia. For single sports-related concussions, guidelines recommend removal from play and a graduated return depending on severity. Athletes should not return to contact sports with persistent post-concussion symptoms or certain risk factors like multiple brain injuries.
Memory Disorders
Here we'll discuss the Memory Disorders and their types. We'll learn about 3 types of memories. We'll discuss Amnesia and the types of amnesia as well as the various other pathologies related to memory. Hope this will help you all
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Strong muscles
The strongest muscles in the body are arranged in a zigzag pattern from the lower to upper body, including the calves, quadriceps, back, chest, and neck muscles. The strongest individual muscle is the masseter muscle, which is responsible for mastication or chewing. The masseter muscle is stronger than other muscles like the calves, quadriceps, back, and chest muscles.
Step ups
To perform step ups, stand on the floor and step up with the left foot onto an elevated surface, followed by stepping up with the right foot. Then step down with the right foot first and follow with the left foot, completing one repetition. Repeat this process 10 times.
Slr
This exercise involves lying on the floor and propping yourself up on your elbows. You bend one knee and keep the other leg straight with the toe pointed up, then use your thigh muscles to raise the straight leg upwards for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times before switching legs. An easier option is to do quad sets if fully raising the leg is too difficult.
Sit to stand
Sit to stand makes standing easier by teaching you to sit and stand from a chair by bending your knees outside your toes. This allows you to use your leg muscles rather than your back to lift yourself from a seated to standing position.
Side leg rise
This exercise involves holding onto a chair for support, placing your weight on your left leg while lifting your right leg tensed and straight, holding it for 5 seconds before lowering and repeating the motion 10 times.
Seated hip march
This exercise strengthens hip and thigh muscles by having the person sit straight in a chair and kick one foot back while lifting the other foot off the floor and holding it for 5 seconds, then lowering it and repeating 10 times before switching legs.
Quad set
Tighten the thigh muscles of one leg for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, then switch legs and do the same tightening exercise to work the thigh muscles of the other leg.
Pillow squeeze
This exercise involves lying on your back with bent knees and a pillow placed between them, then squeezing the knees together around the pillow 10 times. The same motion can also be done while sitting up.
One leg balance
Balance on one leg for 20 seconds by shifting weight without locking the knee, then raise the other leg off the floor. Repeat twice on each leg to strengthen balance and core muscles. Switch legs and perform the same exercise to train both sides of the body.
Heel raise
This exercise involves standing straight and lifting the heels off the floor to rise up on the toes, holding for 5 seconds, then slowly lowering the heels back to the ground. The exercise should be repeated 10 times and can be done while holding onto a chair for support.
Hamstring stretch
Stretch the hamstring muscles by warming up with a 5 minute walk, then lying down and using a bedsheet to pull one leg up and hold the stretch for 20 seconds, repeating twice on each leg. Stretching helps increase muscle strength.
Anatomical motions
This document defines and describes various anatomical terms related to motion, including: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, elevation and depression, rotation, flexion and extension of the foot and hand, pronation and supination, inversion and eversion, motions of the eyes, motions of teeth and jaw, and motions of fingers and thumb. Key terms are defined, such as flexion referring to a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, abduction pulling away from the body's midline, and pronation turning the forearm or foot outward.
Calf stretch
This document provides instructions for performing a calf stretch exercise. The instructions are to use a chair for balance, bend one leg while stepping the other leg back to feel a stretch, and lean forward while bending the front leg deeper to increase the stretch, holding for 20 seconds and repeating twice before switching legs.
Vertigo
Vertigo is an abnormal sensation that feels like spinning or that the world is spinning. It is usually caused by problems in the inner ear. Our balance is controlled by three sensory systems - vision, the inner ear vestibular system, and proprioception sensors. Common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and inner ear trauma. Symptoms include spinning sensations, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. The Epley maneuver is an effective treatment for BPPV.
Vaso vagal syncope
Vasovagal syncope is a common cause of fainting caused by overstimulation of the vagus nerve which dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate, preventing the heart from supplying enough blood to the brain. Fainting involves a brief loss of consciousness due to low cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain. Common causes include the sight of blood, prolonged standing, heat exposure, straining during bowel movements, vigorous exercise, and certain medications. Tests can include ECG, stress test, and checking for low blood pressure when standing. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, keeping the head low, staying hydrated, and using medications if needed.
Tia
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, usually by a blood clot or fatty deposits in blood vessels. This causes symptoms similar to a stroke but the blockage is temporary. Risk factors include family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of the blockage but may include confusion, weakness, and numbness on one side of the body. Diagnosis involves assessing mental status, eye and facial movements, and listening to the neck. Treatment focuses on preventing another TIA through antiplatelet therapy like aspirin and addressing risk factors.
Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani bacterium found in soil and intestines. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated wounds and causes painful muscle spasms by interfering with signals from nerves to muscles. Symptoms include muscle spasms, lockjaw, breathing difficulties, and can be fatal if the breathing muscles are affected. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to stop toxin production, antitoxins to neutralize existing toxin, and sedation for muscle spasms. Active immunization through tetanus shots and passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin for at-risk individuals are effective prevention methods.
Syncope
Dr. Jignesh Vora discusses syncope, or temporary loss of consciousness followed by full wakefulness, which can be caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, cardiac issues like arrhythmias and structural problems, or abnormalities in the vertebrobasilar system. Evaluation includes taking a history, ECG, blood tests to check cell counts, blood sugar, electrolytes, and lipids, and an echocardiogram can help rule out valvular diseases as potential causes.
Stroke
Dr. Jignesh Vora's document discusses cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. CVAs occur when there is reduced oxygen and glucose to brain cells, usually due to atherosclerosis, infarction, embolism from the heart, or hemorrhaging caused by high blood pressure, injury, or anticoagulants. Risk factors for CVAs include hypertension, diabetes, high lipids, age, smoking, alcohol, and cardiac diseases. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or mini strokes, are short-lived and resolved attacks with similar symptoms to CVAs. Symptoms of a CVA can include weakness, tingling, confusion, reduced movement, slurred speech, headache, dizziness
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is protected by the sella turcica bone. It has three lobes and produces several important hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. These hormones regulate functions such as growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, and thyroid gland function.
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Amnesia
- 2. intro A lack of memory = memory loss Antegrade amnesia - a lack of memory of events occurring after a traumatic event retrograde amnesia – a lack of memory of events that occurred before the event.
- 3. Antegrade amnesia • Amnesia in which the loss of memory relates to events that occur after a traumatic event. • There is inability to recall new information. • Old information can be recalled. • Antegrade amnesia may follow brain trauma.
- 4. Transient global amnesia • A passing episode of short-term memory loss without other signs or symptoms of neurological impairment. • In transient global amnesia (TGA) the individual does not lose consciousness but does lose the ability to form new lasting memories. • Motor function is not affected. • the individual may be disoriented to place and time, may recognize that something is wrong, and may become distressed at this realization. • The average age of patients with TGA is 62 (range: 47-80) and t • the mean duration of the episode is 5.7 hours, with a range of 20 minutes to 20 hours.
- 5. The recommended criteria for the diagnosis of TGA are: • Attacks must be witnessed and information must be available from a capable observer. • Clear-cut anterograde amnesia must be present during the attack. • Clouding of consciousness and loss of personal identity must be absent and cognitive impairment must be limited to amnesia. • There must be no accompanying focal neurological symptoms or signs, and epileptic features must be absent. • Attacks must resolve within 24 hours. • Patients with a recent head injury or known active epilepsy are excluded.