This exercise involves holding onto a chair for support, placing your weight on your left leg while lifting your right leg tensed and straight, holding it for 5 seconds before lowering and repeating the motion 10 times.
This exercise involves lying on the floor and propping yourself up on your elbows. You bend one knee and keep the other leg straight with the toe pointed up, then use your thigh muscles to raise the straight leg upwards for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times before switching legs. An easier option is to do quad sets if fully raising the leg is too difficult.
This document provides instructions for performing a calf stretch exercise. The instructions are to use a chair for balance, bend one leg while stepping the other leg back to feel a stretch, and lean forward while bending the front leg deeper to increase the stretch, holding for 20 seconds and repeating twice before switching legs.
This exercise strengthens hip and thigh muscles by having the person sit straight in a chair and kick one foot back while lifting the other foot off the floor and holding it for 5 seconds, then lowering it and repeating 10 times before switching legs.
A 20-year-old female with type 1 diabetes presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough for 1 week. She was found to have hypotension, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory tests confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis. She was treated with intravenous fluids, insulin, and antibiotics. Her condition improved with treatment and she was discharged after 6 days.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. It commonly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, especially young individuals, during times of poor blood sugar control or lack of insulin. DKA results from a lack of insulin leading to increased breakdown of fats which produces ketone bodies, causing a metabolic acidosis. Risk factors include young age, non-compliance with insulin therapy, infection, and previous episodes of DKA. Patients present with signs of dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, and a fruity odor. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood and urine tests showing high glucose, ket
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old girl brought to the emergency department with vomiting, breathlessness, fever, and altered mental status due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Her history of type 1 diabetes and discontinuing insulin therapy for 2 days contributed to the development of DKA. On examination, she had a low blood pressure, tachycardia, and altered mental status. Laboratory findings showed high blood glucose, low bicarbonate, and ketones in the urine, consistent with DKA. She was treated according to the Milwaukee protocol for DKA, which involves slow correction of dehydration with intravenous fluids, administration of insulin, and monitoring of electrolytes and mental status. Her
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring of glucose and acid-base levels until the condition is resolved. Complications can include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, and complications related to underlying illnesses. Strict diabetes management and patient education are needed to prevent DKA.
This exercise involves lying on the floor and propping yourself up on your elbows. You bend one knee and keep the other leg straight with the toe pointed up, then use your thigh muscles to raise the straight leg upwards for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times before switching legs. An easier option is to do quad sets if fully raising the leg is too difficult.
This document provides instructions for performing a calf stretch exercise. The instructions are to use a chair for balance, bend one leg while stepping the other leg back to feel a stretch, and lean forward while bending the front leg deeper to increase the stretch, holding for 20 seconds and repeating twice before switching legs.
This exercise strengthens hip and thigh muscles by having the person sit straight in a chair and kick one foot back while lifting the other foot off the floor and holding it for 5 seconds, then lowering it and repeating 10 times before switching legs.
A 20-year-old female with type 1 diabetes presented with abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and cough for 1 week. She was found to have hypotension, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Laboratory tests confirmed diabetic ketoacidosis. She was treated with intravenous fluids, insulin, and antibiotics. Her condition improved with treatment and she was discharged after 6 days.
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by hyperglycemia, ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis. It commonly occurs in patients with type 1 diabetes, especially young individuals, during times of poor blood sugar control or lack of insulin. DKA results from a lack of insulin leading to increased breakdown of fats which produces ketone bodies, causing a metabolic acidosis. Risk factors include young age, non-compliance with insulin therapy, infection, and previous episodes of DKA. Patients present with signs of dehydration, Kussmaul breathing, and a fruity odor. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood and urine tests showing high glucose, ket
This document describes the case of an 8-year-old girl brought to the emergency department with vomiting, breathlessness, fever, and altered mental status due to diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). Her history of type 1 diabetes and discontinuing insulin therapy for 2 days contributed to the development of DKA. On examination, she had a low blood pressure, tachycardia, and altered mental status. Laboratory findings showed high blood glucose, low bicarbonate, and ketones in the urine, consistent with DKA. She was treated according to the Milwaukee protocol for DKA, which involves slow correction of dehydration with intravenous fluids, administration of insulin, and monitoring of electrolytes and mental status. Her
Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a life-threatening complication of diabetes caused by relative or absolute insulin deficiency that results in hyperglycemia, ketosis, and acidosis. It occurs most often in patients with type 1 diabetes but can also affect those with type 2 diabetes. Treatment of DKA involves fluid resuscitation, intravenous insulin therapy, electrolyte replacement, and monitoring of glucose and acid-base levels until the condition is resolved. Complications can include hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, cerebral edema, and complications related to underlying illnesses. Strict diabetes management and patient education are needed to prevent DKA.
The strongest muscles in the body are arranged in a zigzag pattern from the lower to upper body, including the calves, quadriceps, back, chest, and neck muscles. The strongest individual muscle is the masseter muscle, which is responsible for mastication or chewing. The masseter muscle is stronger than other muscles like the calves, quadriceps, back, and chest muscles.
To perform step ups, stand on the floor and step up with the left foot onto an elevated surface, followed by stepping up with the right foot. Then step down with the right foot first and follow with the left foot, completing one repetition. Repeat this process 10 times.
Sit to stand makes standing easier by teaching you to sit and stand from a chair by bending your knees outside your toes. This allows you to use your leg muscles rather than your back to lift yourself from a seated to standing position.
Tighten the thigh muscles of one leg for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, then switch legs and do the same tightening exercise to work the thigh muscles of the other leg.
This exercise involves lying on your back with bent knees and a pillow placed between them, then squeezing the knees together around the pillow 10 times. The same motion can also be done while sitting up.
Balance on one leg for 20 seconds by shifting weight without locking the knee, then raise the other leg off the floor. Repeat twice on each leg to strengthen balance and core muscles. Switch legs and perform the same exercise to train both sides of the body.
This exercise involves standing straight and lifting the heels off the floor to rise up on the toes, holding for 5 seconds, then slowly lowering the heels back to the ground. The exercise should be repeated 10 times and can be done while holding onto a chair for support.
Stretch the hamstring muscles by warming up with a 5 minute walk, then lying down and using a bedsheet to pull one leg up and hold the stretch for 20 seconds, repeating twice on each leg. Stretching helps increase muscle strength.
This document defines and describes various anatomical terms related to motion, including: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, elevation and depression, rotation, flexion and extension of the foot and hand, pronation and supination, inversion and eversion, motions of the eyes, motions of teeth and jaw, and motions of fingers and thumb. Key terms are defined, such as flexion referring to a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, abduction pulling away from the body's midline, and pronation turning the forearm or foot outward.
Vertigo is an abnormal sensation that feels like spinning or that the world is spinning. It is usually caused by problems in the inner ear. Our balance is controlled by three sensory systems - vision, the inner ear vestibular system, and proprioception sensors. Common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and inner ear trauma. Symptoms include spinning sensations, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. The Epley maneuver is an effective treatment for BPPV.
Vasovagal syncope is a common cause of fainting caused by overstimulation of the vagus nerve which dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate, preventing the heart from supplying enough blood to the brain. Fainting involves a brief loss of consciousness due to low cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain. Common causes include the sight of blood, prolonged standing, heat exposure, straining during bowel movements, vigorous exercise, and certain medications. Tests can include ECG, stress test, and checking for low blood pressure when standing. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, keeping the head low, staying hydrated, and using medications if needed.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, usually by a blood clot or fatty deposits in blood vessels. This causes symptoms similar to a stroke but the blockage is temporary. Risk factors include family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of the blockage but may include confusion, weakness, and numbness on one side of the body. Diagnosis involves assessing mental status, eye and facial movements, and listening to the neck. Treatment focuses on preventing another TIA through antiplatelet therapy like aspirin and addressing risk factors.
Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani bacterium found in soil and intestines. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated wounds and causes painful muscle spasms by interfering with signals from nerves to muscles. Symptoms include muscle spasms, lockjaw, breathing difficulties, and can be fatal if the breathing muscles are affected. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to stop toxin production, antitoxins to neutralize existing toxin, and sedation for muscle spasms. Active immunization through tetanus shots and passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin for at-risk individuals are effective prevention methods.
Dr. Jignesh Vora discusses syncope, or temporary loss of consciousness followed by full wakefulness, which can be caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, cardiac issues like arrhythmias and structural problems, or abnormalities in the vertebrobasilar system. Evaluation includes taking a history, ECG, blood tests to check cell counts, blood sugar, electrolytes, and lipids, and an echocardiogram can help rule out valvular diseases as potential causes.
Dr. Jignesh Vora's document discusses cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. CVAs occur when there is reduced oxygen and glucose to brain cells, usually due to atherosclerosis, infarction, embolism from the heart, or hemorrhaging caused by high blood pressure, injury, or anticoagulants. Risk factors for CVAs include hypertension, diabetes, high lipids, age, smoking, alcohol, and cardiac diseases. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or mini strokes, are short-lived and resolved attacks with similar symptoms to CVAs. Symptoms of a CVA can include weakness, tingling, confusion, reduced movement, slurred speech, headache, dizziness
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is protected by the sella turcica bone. It has three lobes and produces several important hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. These hormones regulate functions such as growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, and thyroid gland function.
A persistent vegetative state is a disorder of consciousness where a patient is awake but not aware due to an absence of cognitive functions despite intact brain stem activity allowing for vegetative functions like breathing and digestion. Key signs include unresponsiveness to external stimuli while displaying sleep-wake cycles through actions like opening eyes during feeding or shedding tears. Common causes are hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries, trauma, degenerative changes, or metabolic disorders.
1. Migraines are caused by complex interactions between neurons and the vascular system, often resulting from vasodilation of blood vessels.
2. Common triggers for migraines include hormonal changes, stress, changes in sleep habits, foods like cheese and caffeine, and environmental factors such as bright lights and odors.
3. The phases of a migraine include a premonition stage, prodrome which may involve aura, the headache phase, and a postdrome phase after the headache subsides.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), refers to diseases of the blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It develops when arteries become blocked by atherosclerosis, a buildup of cholesterol plaques in the artery walls. Over time, atherosclerosis can severely narrow arteries and limit blood flow, potentially leading to leg pain with walking, skin ulcers, gangrene, and amputation. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication to reduce risk factors, supervised exercise to stimulate collateral blood vessels, and potentially angioplasty or bypass surgery for severe cases.
Mysthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease caused by antibodies blocking or reducing acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in fluctuating muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. It can affect any muscle and occur at any age or gender. Symptoms may include ptosis, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and weakness of facial or eye muscles. Diagnosis involves testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies and imaging for potential thymoma. Treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to increase acetylcholine levels, immunosuppressants to reduce antibody levels, plasma exchange to remove antibodies, and immunoglobulins for crisis situations.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
The strongest muscles in the body are arranged in a zigzag pattern from the lower to upper body, including the calves, quadriceps, back, chest, and neck muscles. The strongest individual muscle is the masseter muscle, which is responsible for mastication or chewing. The masseter muscle is stronger than other muscles like the calves, quadriceps, back, and chest muscles.
To perform step ups, stand on the floor and step up with the left foot onto an elevated surface, followed by stepping up with the right foot. Then step down with the right foot first and follow with the left foot, completing one repetition. Repeat this process 10 times.
Sit to stand makes standing easier by teaching you to sit and stand from a chair by bending your knees outside your toes. This allows you to use your leg muscles rather than your back to lift yourself from a seated to standing position.
Tighten the thigh muscles of one leg for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, then switch legs and do the same tightening exercise to work the thigh muscles of the other leg.
This exercise involves lying on your back with bent knees and a pillow placed between them, then squeezing the knees together around the pillow 10 times. The same motion can also be done while sitting up.
Balance on one leg for 20 seconds by shifting weight without locking the knee, then raise the other leg off the floor. Repeat twice on each leg to strengthen balance and core muscles. Switch legs and perform the same exercise to train both sides of the body.
This exercise involves standing straight and lifting the heels off the floor to rise up on the toes, holding for 5 seconds, then slowly lowering the heels back to the ground. The exercise should be repeated 10 times and can be done while holding onto a chair for support.
Stretch the hamstring muscles by warming up with a 5 minute walk, then lying down and using a bedsheet to pull one leg up and hold the stretch for 20 seconds, repeating twice on each leg. Stretching helps increase muscle strength.
This document defines and describes various anatomical terms related to motion, including: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, elevation and depression, rotation, flexion and extension of the foot and hand, pronation and supination, inversion and eversion, motions of the eyes, motions of teeth and jaw, and motions of fingers and thumb. Key terms are defined, such as flexion referring to a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, abduction pulling away from the body's midline, and pronation turning the forearm or foot outward.
Vertigo is an abnormal sensation that feels like spinning or that the world is spinning. It is usually caused by problems in the inner ear. Our balance is controlled by three sensory systems - vision, the inner ear vestibular system, and proprioception sensors. Common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and inner ear trauma. Symptoms include spinning sensations, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. The Epley maneuver is an effective treatment for BPPV.
Vasovagal syncope is a common cause of fainting caused by overstimulation of the vagus nerve which dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate, preventing the heart from supplying enough blood to the brain. Fainting involves a brief loss of consciousness due to low cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain. Common causes include the sight of blood, prolonged standing, heat exposure, straining during bowel movements, vigorous exercise, and certain medications. Tests can include ECG, stress test, and checking for low blood pressure when standing. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, keeping the head low, staying hydrated, and using medications if needed.
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, usually by a blood clot or fatty deposits in blood vessels. This causes symptoms similar to a stroke but the blockage is temporary. Risk factors include family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of the blockage but may include confusion, weakness, and numbness on one side of the body. Diagnosis involves assessing mental status, eye and facial movements, and listening to the neck. Treatment focuses on preventing another TIA through antiplatelet therapy like aspirin and addressing risk factors.
Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani bacterium found in soil and intestines. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated wounds and causes painful muscle spasms by interfering with signals from nerves to muscles. Symptoms include muscle spasms, lockjaw, breathing difficulties, and can be fatal if the breathing muscles are affected. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to stop toxin production, antitoxins to neutralize existing toxin, and sedation for muscle spasms. Active immunization through tetanus shots and passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin for at-risk individuals are effective prevention methods.
Dr. Jignesh Vora discusses syncope, or temporary loss of consciousness followed by full wakefulness, which can be caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, cardiac issues like arrhythmias and structural problems, or abnormalities in the vertebrobasilar system. Evaluation includes taking a history, ECG, blood tests to check cell counts, blood sugar, electrolytes, and lipids, and an echocardiogram can help rule out valvular diseases as potential causes.
Dr. Jignesh Vora's document discusses cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. CVAs occur when there is reduced oxygen and glucose to brain cells, usually due to atherosclerosis, infarction, embolism from the heart, or hemorrhaging caused by high blood pressure, injury, or anticoagulants. Risk factors for CVAs include hypertension, diabetes, high lipids, age, smoking, alcohol, and cardiac diseases. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or mini strokes, are short-lived and resolved attacks with similar symptoms to CVAs. Symptoms of a CVA can include weakness, tingling, confusion, reduced movement, slurred speech, headache, dizziness
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is protected by the sella turcica bone. It has three lobes and produces several important hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. These hormones regulate functions such as growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, and thyroid gland function.
A persistent vegetative state is a disorder of consciousness where a patient is awake but not aware due to an absence of cognitive functions despite intact brain stem activity allowing for vegetative functions like breathing and digestion. Key signs include unresponsiveness to external stimuli while displaying sleep-wake cycles through actions like opening eyes during feeding or shedding tears. Common causes are hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries, trauma, degenerative changes, or metabolic disorders.
1. Migraines are caused by complex interactions between neurons and the vascular system, often resulting from vasodilation of blood vessels.
2. Common triggers for migraines include hormonal changes, stress, changes in sleep habits, foods like cheese and caffeine, and environmental factors such as bright lights and odors.
3. The phases of a migraine include a premonition stage, prodrome which may involve aura, the headache phase, and a postdrome phase after the headache subsides.
Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral arterial disease (PAD), refers to diseases of the blood vessels outside the heart and brain. It develops when arteries become blocked by atherosclerosis, a buildup of cholesterol plaques in the artery walls. Over time, atherosclerosis can severely narrow arteries and limit blood flow, potentially leading to leg pain with walking, skin ulcers, gangrene, and amputation. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, obesity, and physical inactivity. Treatment involves lifestyle changes, medication to reduce risk factors, supervised exercise to stimulate collateral blood vessels, and potentially angioplasty or bypass surgery for severe cases.
Mysthenia gravis is an autoimmune neuromuscular disease caused by antibodies blocking or reducing acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, resulting in fluctuating muscle weakness that worsens with activity and improves with rest. It can affect any muscle and occur at any age or gender. Symptoms may include ptosis, difficulty swallowing or speaking, and weakness of facial or eye muscles. Diagnosis involves testing for acetylcholine receptor antibodies and imaging for potential thymoma. Treatment options include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to increase acetylcholine levels, immunosuppressants to reduce antibody levels, plasma exchange to remove antibodies, and immunoglobulins for crisis situations.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
10 Benefits an EPCR Software should Bring to EMS Organizations Traumasoft LLC
The benefits of an ePCR solution should extend to the whole EMS organization, not just certain groups of people or certain departments. It should provide more than just a form for entering and a database for storing information. It should also include a workflow of how information is communicated, used and stored across the entire organization.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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Side leg rise
1. Side leg rise
1) hold back chair for support
2) place yr wt on Lt leg
3) lift Rt leg tensed and straight
4) hold for 5 secs
5) lower Rt leg
6) repeat 10 times