Vaso vagal syncope
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Vasovagal syncope is a common cause of fainting caused by overstimulation of the vagus nerve which dilates blood vessels and lowers heart rate, preventing the heart from supplying enough blood to the brain. Fainting involves a brief loss of consciousness due to low cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure resulting in reduced blood flow to the brain. Common causes include the sight of blood, prolonged standing, heat exposure, straining during bowel movements, vigorous exercise, and certain medications. Tests can include ECG, stress test, and checking for low blood pressure when standing. Treatment focuses on avoiding triggers, keeping the head low, staying hydrated, and using medications if needed.
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The document summarizes key principles of the adaptive immune response. It describes how adaptive immunity arose due to limitations of innate immunity, including lack of specificity and memory. The adaptive response involves T and B lymphocytes that recognize specific antigens through cell surface receptors. Activation of T and B cells requires recognition of antigen along with costimulatory signals. This leads to clonal expansion and generation of effector cells and immunological memory. Adaptive immunity allows for tailored, amplified responses with self/non-self discrimination and immunological memory.
Immunity types and compliment system ppt
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T cells and b-cells
The document discusses T cells and B cells. It explains that T cells mature in the thymus gland and recognize antigens bound to MHC molecules, while B cells mature in the bone marrow and recognize free antigens. The document then describes the processes of T cell and B cell activation, differentiation, positive and negative selection, and how they contribute differently to the adaptive immune response.
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Strong muscles
The strongest muscles in the body are arranged in a zigzag pattern from the lower to upper body, including the calves, quadriceps, back, chest, and neck muscles. The strongest individual muscle is the masseter muscle, which is responsible for mastication or chewing. The masseter muscle is stronger than other muscles like the calves, quadriceps, back, and chest muscles.
Step ups
To perform step ups, stand on the floor and step up with the left foot onto an elevated surface, followed by stepping up with the right foot. Then step down with the right foot first and follow with the left foot, completing one repetition. Repeat this process 10 times.
Slr
This exercise involves lying on the floor and propping yourself up on your elbows. You bend one knee and keep the other leg straight with the toe pointed up, then use your thigh muscles to raise the straight leg upwards for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times before switching legs. An easier option is to do quad sets if fully raising the leg is too difficult.
Sit to stand
Sit to stand makes standing easier by teaching you to sit and stand from a chair by bending your knees outside your toes. This allows you to use your leg muscles rather than your back to lift yourself from a seated to standing position.
Side leg rise
This exercise involves holding onto a chair for support, placing your weight on your left leg while lifting your right leg tensed and straight, holding it for 5 seconds before lowering and repeating the motion 10 times.
Seated hip march
This exercise strengthens hip and thigh muscles by having the person sit straight in a chair and kick one foot back while lifting the other foot off the floor and holding it for 5 seconds, then lowering it and repeating 10 times before switching legs.
Quad set
Tighten the thigh muscles of one leg for 5 seconds and repeat 10 times, then switch legs and do the same tightening exercise to work the thigh muscles of the other leg.
Pillow squeeze
This exercise involves lying on your back with bent knees and a pillow placed between them, then squeezing the knees together around the pillow 10 times. The same motion can also be done while sitting up.
One leg balance
Balance on one leg for 20 seconds by shifting weight without locking the knee, then raise the other leg off the floor. Repeat twice on each leg to strengthen balance and core muscles. Switch legs and perform the same exercise to train both sides of the body.
Heel raise
This exercise involves standing straight and lifting the heels off the floor to rise up on the toes, holding for 5 seconds, then slowly lowering the heels back to the ground. The exercise should be repeated 10 times and can be done while holding onto a chair for support.
Hamstring stretch
Stretch the hamstring muscles by warming up with a 5 minute walk, then lying down and using a bedsheet to pull one leg up and hold the stretch for 20 seconds, repeating twice on each leg. Stretching helps increase muscle strength.
Anatomical motions
This document defines and describes various anatomical terms related to motion, including: flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, elevation and depression, rotation, flexion and extension of the foot and hand, pronation and supination, inversion and eversion, motions of the eyes, motions of teeth and jaw, and motions of fingers and thumb. Key terms are defined, such as flexion referring to a bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts, abduction pulling away from the body's midline, and pronation turning the forearm or foot outward.
Calf stretch
This document provides instructions for performing a calf stretch exercise. The instructions are to use a chair for balance, bend one leg while stepping the other leg back to feel a stretch, and lean forward while bending the front leg deeper to increase the stretch, holding for 20 seconds and repeating twice before switching legs.
Vertigo
Vertigo is an abnormal sensation that feels like spinning or that the world is spinning. It is usually caused by problems in the inner ear. Our balance is controlled by three sensory systems - vision, the inner ear vestibular system, and proprioception sensors. Common causes of vertigo include benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), labyrinthitis, Meniere's disease, acoustic neuroma, and inner ear trauma. Symptoms include spinning sensations, hearing loss, tinnitus, and nausea. The Epley maneuver is an effective treatment for BPPV.
Tia
A transient ischemic attack (TIA) occurs when blood flow to the brain is temporarily blocked, usually by a blood clot or fatty deposits in blood vessels. This causes symptoms similar to a stroke but the blockage is temporary. Risk factors include family history, smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and diabetes. Symptoms depend on the location of the blockage but may include confusion, weakness, and numbness on one side of the body. Diagnosis involves assessing mental status, eye and facial movements, and listening to the neck. Treatment focuses on preventing another TIA through antiplatelet therapy like aspirin and addressing risk factors.
Tetanus
Tetanus is a potentially fatal disease caused by a toxin produced by the Clostridium tetani bacterium found in soil and intestines. The bacterium enters the body through contaminated wounds and causes painful muscle spasms by interfering with signals from nerves to muscles. Symptoms include muscle spasms, lockjaw, breathing difficulties, and can be fatal if the breathing muscles are affected. Treatment focuses on antibiotics to stop toxin production, antitoxins to neutralize existing toxin, and sedation for muscle spasms. Active immunization through tetanus shots and passive immunization with tetanus immunoglobulin for at-risk individuals are effective prevention methods.
Stroke
Dr. Jignesh Vora's document discusses cerebral vascular accidents (CVAs), also known as strokes. CVAs occur when there is reduced oxygen and glucose to brain cells, usually due to atherosclerosis, infarction, embolism from the heart, or hemorrhaging caused by high blood pressure, injury, or anticoagulants. Risk factors for CVAs include hypertension, diabetes, high lipids, age, smoking, alcohol, and cardiac diseases. Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), or mini strokes, are short-lived and resolved attacks with similar symptoms to CVAs. Symptoms of a CVA can include weakness, tingling, confusion, reduced movement, slurred speech, headache, dizziness
Pituitary gland
The pituitary gland is a pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain that is protected by the sella turcica bone. It has three lobes and produces several important hormones, including growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and others. These hormones regulate functions such as growth, blood pressure, pregnancy, breast milk production, sex organ functions, and thyroid gland function.
Persistent vegetative state
A persistent vegetative state is a disorder of consciousness where a patient is awake but not aware due to an absence of cognitive functions despite intact brain stem activity allowing for vegetative functions like breathing and digestion. Key signs include unresponsiveness to external stimuli while displaying sleep-wake cycles through actions like opening eyes during feeding or shedding tears. Common causes are hypoxic-ischemic brain injuries, trauma, degenerative changes, or metabolic disorders.
Migraine
1. Migraines are caused by complex interactions between neurons and the vascular system, often resulting from vasodilation of blood vessels.
2. Common triggers for migraines include hormonal changes, stress, changes in sleep habits, foods like cheese and caffeine, and environmental factors such as bright lights and odors.
3. The phases of a migraine include a premonition stage, prodrome which may involve aura, the headache phase, and a postdrome phase after the headache subsides.
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Vaso vagal syncope
- 1. VASO VAGAL SYNCOPE Dr jignesh vora
- 2. intro common cause of fainting vagus N. is overstimulated & dilates blood vessels and < HR (antiadreanaline effect) so heart can't supply blood to brain balance between adrenaline and Ach is disrupted
- 3. what is fainting? brief loss of consciousness < cardiac o/p < HR hypotention brain ischemia
- 4. Causes sight of blood standing for long time heat exposure straining @ bowel movement vigorous exercise due to beta blockers, anti depressant
- 5. Tests ECG TMT postural hypotention
- 6. Rx avoid triggers low head position due adequate hydration