De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |kiransharma204
This presentation contains De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids & Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+books+biochemistry&qid=1590834248&sr=8-1
De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids | Biosynthesis Of Fatty Acids |kiransharma204
This presentation contains De Novo Synthesis of fatty acids & Regulation of fatty acid synthesis
Books referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&keywords=satyanarayan+books+biochemistry&qid=1590834248&sr=8-1
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. ... In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle.
This PPT is on Amino acid metabolism. And the topics covered under this ppt are Transamination, deamination
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591608419&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
explains the palmitate synthesis- which is most common FA stored in Adipose tissue , elongation system and Desaturation system, compares oxidation with synthesis.
Protein metabolism denotes the various biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. ... In humans, non-essential amino acids are synthesized from intermediates in major metabolic pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle.
This PPT is on Amino acid metabolism. And the topics covered under this ppt are Transamination, deamination
Book referred: https://www.amazon.in/Biochemistry-2019-Satyanarayana-Satyanarayana-Author/dp/B07WGHCTKZ/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&qid=1591608419&refinements=p_27%3AU+Satyanarayana&s=books&sr=1-1
explains the palmitate synthesis- which is most common FA stored in Adipose tissue , elongation system and Desaturation system, compares oxidation with synthesis.
Fate of Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acid
Amino acid are the currency of of nitrogen and protein economy of the host, hence they are used in many pathways beyond protein synthesis, including energy production and neurotransmitter synthesis.
All amino acid are comprised of an amino group and a carbon skeleton. During metabolism these two parts are separated as they have different ‘fates’
Of the liberated amino acid approximately 75% are utilized while remainder serve as precursors for important biological compound and those not utilized are degraded to amphibolic intermediates
The pathway of amino acid catabolism is quite similar in most organism
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)Ashok Katta
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
Amino acid oxidation and the production of urea,
Catabolic pathways for phenylalanine and tyrosine.
Summary of the glucogeneic and ketogenic amino acids.
disorders of amino acids
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
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The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve Thomason
Amino acid metabolism 1.pdf
1.
2. Metabolism of Amino Acids
The proteins on degradation (proteolysis) release individual amino acids. Amino acids are not
just the structural components of proteins. Each of the 20 naturally occurring amino acids
undergoes its own metabolism and performs specific functions.
Protein metabolism is more appropriately learnt as metabolism of amino acids.
The amino acids undergo certain common reactions like transamination followed by
deamination for the liberation of ammonia. The amino group of the amino acids is utilized for
the formation of urea which is an excretory end product of protein metabolism.
The carbon skeleton of the amino acids is first converted to keto acids (by
transamination) which meet one or more of the following fates:
1. Utilized to generate energy.
2. Used for the synthesis of glucose.
3. Diverted for the formation of fat or ketone bodies.
4. Involved in the production of non-essential amino acids.
4. TRANSAMINATION
Transamination means transfer of amino group from α -amino acid to α-keto acid
with formation of a new α-amino acid and a new α-keto acid.
The liver is the main site for transamination. All amino acids can be transaminated
except lysine, threonine, proline and hydroxy proline. All transamination reactions
are reversible. It is catalyzed by aminotransferases (transaminases). It needs
pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme.
5. Role of pyridoxal phosphate in Transamination
Pyridoxal phosphate acts as an intermediate carrier for amino group. Pyridoxal
phosphate accepts the amino group from amino acid to form pyridoxamine
phosphate, which in turn gives the amino group to α-keto acid.
6. Examples of transaminases
A. Alanine transaminase
B. Aspartate transaminase
C. Glutamate transaminase
A. Alanine transaminase
•It is also called glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT).
•It catalyzes the transfer of amino group from glutamic acid to pyruvic acid to form alanine and
α-ketoglutaric acid.
•It also catalyzes the reverse reaction.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme.
•It is present in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
7. B. Aspartate transaminase (AST)
•It is also called glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT).
•It catalyzes the transfer of amino group from glutamic acid to oxalacetic acid to form
aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid.
•It also catalyzes the reverse reaction.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme.
•It is present in liver, heart and skeletal muscle cells.
•It is present in both cytoplasm and mitochondria.
8. C. Glutamate transaminase
•It catalyzes the transfer of amino group from any amino acid (except lysine, threonine,
proline and hydroxy proline) to α-ketoglutaric acid to form glutamic acid and the
corresponding α-keto acid.
•It also catalyzes the reverse reaction.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme.
•It is widely distributed in all tissues.
9. Clinical significance of serum transaminases
Transaminases are intracellular enzyme.
Their levels in blood plasma are low under normal conditions.
ALT (GPT) is present mainly in the cytoplasm of liver cells.
AST (GOT) is present in both cytoplasm and mitochondria in liver, heart and skeletal
muscle
Any damage to these organs will increase the level of transaminases in blood.
In liver diseases, there is an increase in both serum ALT (SGPT) and AST (SGOT) levels.
In acute liver diseases, e.g. acute viral hepatitis, the increase is more in SGPT.
In chronic liver diseases, e.g. liver cirrhosis the increase is more in SGOT.
In heart diseases, e.g. myocardial infarction, there is an increase in SGOT only.
In skeletal muscle diseases, e.g. myasthenia gravis, there is an increase in SGOT only.
10. DEAMINATION
Deamination means the removal of amino group from α-amino acid in the form of
ammonia with formation of α-keto acid
The liver and kidney are the main sites for deamination .
Deamination may be oxidative or non-oxidative
A. Oxidative deamination
It is catalyzed by one of the following enzymes:
1.L-amino acid oxidases
2.D-amino acid oxidases
3.Glutamate dehydrogenase
B. Non-oxidative deamination
It is catalyzed by one of the following enzymes:
1.Dehydratases
2.Desulfhydrases
11. A. Oxidative deamination
1- L amino acid oxidase
•This enzyme is present in the liver and kidney. Its activity is low.
•It is an aerobic dehydrogenase that needs FMN as a coenzyme.
•It deaminates most of the naturally occurring L-amino acids
2- D amino acid oxidase
•D- amino acids are present in plants and bacterial cell wall.
•They are not used in protein biosynthesis in humans and animals.
•D-amino acids are deaminated by D-amino acid oxidase resulting in ammonia and α-
keto acids.
•D-amino acid oxidase is present in the liver.
•It is an aerobic dehydrogenase.
•It needs FAD as a coenzyme.
12. 3- Glutamate dehydrogenase
•This enzyme is present in most tissues.
•It is present both in cytoplasm and mitochondria.
•Its activity is high.
•It is an anaerobic dehydrogenase.
•It needs NAD or NADP as a coenzyme.
•It deaminates glutamic acid resulting in α-ketoglutaric acid and ammonia.
13. B. Non-oxidative deamination
1. Dehydratase
•This enzyme deaminates amino acids containing hydroxyl group e.g.
serine, homoserine and threonine.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as coenzyme.
2-Desulfhydrase
•This enzyme deaminates sulpher containing amino aids e.g. cysteine and
cystine, methionine.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme.
14. Note- Most of the naturally occurring α-amino acids are catabolized by
transamination with α-ketoglutaric acid followed by deamination of the produced
glutamic acid, a condition called transdeamination
15. DECARBOXYLATION
•Decarboxylation means removal of CO2 from amino acid with formation of
corresponding amines.
•It is catalyzed by decarboxylase enzyme.
•It needs pyridoxal phosphate as a coenzyme.
Examples of decarboxylation reaction include:
1. Decarboxylation of histidine to form histamine
2. Decarboxylation of tyrosine to form tyramine
16. UREA (ORNITHINE) CYCLE
•Ammonia (which is produced as a result of deamination of amino acid) is a polar and
very toxic substance freely passing through physical barriers, as well as the blood-brain
barrier. When its concentration increases in the body result in ammonia toxicity and may
lead to the coma.
•It is removed from the tissues, mainly as urea, which is formed in the liver by the
process called UREA (ORNITHINE) CYCLE.
• It is also removed as glutamine from the brain.
•Urea cycle is the process by which ammonia a high toxic water insoluble substances is
converted into less toxic and water soluble as excretory product.
Reactions in urea cycle:
•Urea, a non-toxic compound, is transported via the bloodstream to the kidneys where it
is excreted with the urine. Urea cycle is located in the matrix of mitochondria and cytosol
of liver cells. This pathway is an energy-consuming process in which the three
substrates enter – ammonia, carbon dioxide (bicarbonate) and aspartate (its amino
group). Mitochondrial carbamoyl phosphate synthetase is the regulatory enzyme.
Ornithine cycle communicates with the Krebs cycle via oxaloacetate and fumarate.
17. Urea formation involves five reactions:
1) Carbamoyl phosphate formation is catalyzed by mitochondrial carbamoyl
phosphate synthetase.
NH4+ + HCO3– + ATP → carbamoyl phosphate + 2 ADP + Pi
2) Citrulline formation is catalyzed by ornithine transcarbamoylase:
Ornithine + carbamoyl phosphate → citrulline + Pi
Citrulline is passed into the cytosol.
3) Argininosuccinate formation is catalyzed by argininosuccinate synthetase:
Citrulline + Asp + ATP → argininosuccinate + AMP + PPi
4) Argininosuccinate break down is catalyzed by argininosuccinate lyase:
Argininosuccinate → arginine + fumarate
5) Hydrolysis of arginine is catalyzed by arginase:
Arginine + H2O → ornithine + urea.
Ornithine returns into the mitochondrial matrix.
18.
19. Regulation of Ornithine cycle:
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, the main regulatory enzyme of ornithine cycle, is
activated by N-acetylglutamate. Enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthetase catalyzes the
reaction between AcCoA and glutamate which produces N-acetylglutamate. The amino
acid arginine increases the enzyme activity. Transcription of urea cycle enzymes is
increased in high-protein diet or by increasing protein catabolism (e.g. starvation),
therefore in the increased supply of amino acids. The urea cycle belongs among proton-
producing reactions, its activity is reduced at lower pH – acidosis.
Metabolic disorders of urea cycle
Various disorders due to the deficiencies of the enzymes of the urea cycle have been
reported.