A low-level AM transmitter performs amplitude modulation early in the transmitter circuit, near the oscillator and buffer amplifier stages, where power levels are low. A high-level AM transmitter performs amplitude modulation in the final power amplifier stage, where higher power levels allow for greater transmission efficiency but limit the modulation to AM. Both approaches have advantages - low-level transmitters can produce different modulation types but are less efficient, while high-level transmitters are more efficient but restricted to AM modulation. The document discusses the components, signal paths, and operation of both low-level and high-level AM transmitter circuits.
This document provides information about FM transmitters and receivers. It discusses what frequency modulation is, how it works, and the advantages it has over AM such as greater efficiency and noise reduction. It describes the components of an FM transmitter, including the crystal oscillator, phase modulator, frequency multiplier, and power amplifier. It also describes the components of an FM receiver, including the RF tuned amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, limiters, discriminator, de-emphasis circuit, and volume and tone controls. It discusses the applications of FM and provides an estimated bill of materials and costs for building a basic FM transmitter.
This document discusses audio processing using a digital VU meter and spectrum analyzer. It provides information on what each tool is, how it works, and its applications. A VU meter displays signal levels in audio equipment and is used to avoid overloading and ensure consistent sound levels. A spectrum analyzer displays the amplitude of signals over a frequency range in real-time, allowing analysis of signal properties like frequency, power, and distortion. It uses fast Fourier transforms and is applied to analyze transmitter performance and signals in various fields.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Frequency modulation and its applicationDarshil Shah
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
This document discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation. It defines amplitude modulation as varying the amplitude of a carrier wave linearly with a message signal while keeping frequency and phase constant. Modulation is used to transmit signals over long distances and allow multiple signals over the same channel. Demodulation recovers the signal intelligence by reversing the modulation process through rectification and filtering. The document describes amplitude modulation and different types of AM demodulation techniques.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in communication systems. It defines key concepts like signals, carriers, modulation and demodulation. There are three main types of analog modulation covered - amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Each works by varying a different property of the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency, or phase respectively) according to the information-bearing signal.
In this presentation we described about Signal Filtering. If you have any query regarding signal filtering or this presentation then feel free to contact us at:
http://www.siliconmentor.com/
This document provides information about FM transmitters and receivers. It discusses what frequency modulation is, how it works, and the advantages it has over AM such as greater efficiency and noise reduction. It describes the components of an FM transmitter, including the crystal oscillator, phase modulator, frequency multiplier, and power amplifier. It also describes the components of an FM receiver, including the RF tuned amplifier, mixer, intermediate frequency amplifier, limiters, discriminator, de-emphasis circuit, and volume and tone controls. It discusses the applications of FM and provides an estimated bill of materials and costs for building a basic FM transmitter.
This document discusses audio processing using a digital VU meter and spectrum analyzer. It provides information on what each tool is, how it works, and its applications. A VU meter displays signal levels in audio equipment and is used to avoid overloading and ensure consistent sound levels. A spectrum analyzer displays the amplitude of signals over a frequency range in real-time, allowing analysis of signal properties like frequency, power, and distortion. It uses fast Fourier transforms and is applied to analyze transmitter performance and signals in various fields.
RF Carrier oscillator
To generate the carrier signal.
Usually a crystal-controlled oscillator is used.
Buffer amplifier
Low gain, high input impedance linear amplifier.
To isolate the oscillator from the high power amplifiers.
Modulator : can use either emitter collector modulation
Intermediate and final power amplifiers (pull-push modulators)
Required with low-level transmitters to maintain symmetry in the AM envelope
Coupling network
Matches output impedance of the final amplifier to the transmission line/antenn
Applications are in low-power, low-capacity systems : wireless intercoms, remote control units, pagers and short-range walkie-talkie
Modulating signal is processed similarly as in low-level transmitter except for the addition of power amplifier
Power amplifier
To provide higher power modulating signal necessary to achieve 100% modulation (carrier power is maximum at the high-level modulation point).
Same circuit as low-level transmitter for carrier oscillator, buffer and driver but with addition of power amplifier
Frequency modulation and its applicationDarshil Shah
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) including its definition, modulation index, spectrum characteristics, types of FM modulation, generation of FM using phase modulation, advantages and disadvantages compared to other modulation techniques, and applications of FM such as in radio broadcasting, television sound, and satellite television. FM provides noise immunity and allows adjusting the noise level by changing the frequency deviation. It is widely used for radio but requires more complex transmission and reception equipment than other modulation methods.
This document provides an overview of various types of signal generators and signal analyzers used in electronics. It describes the basic components and functions of audio and radio frequency signal generators, function generators, square wave and pulse generators. It also discusses considerations for choosing a signal generator such as frequency range, output voltage, resolution, accuracy, and stability. Signal analyzers described include audio/radio frequency wave analyzers, harmonic distortion analyzers, and spectrum analyzers.
This document discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation. It defines amplitude modulation as varying the amplitude of a carrier wave linearly with a message signal while keeping frequency and phase constant. Modulation is used to transmit signals over long distances and allow multiple signals over the same channel. Demodulation recovers the signal intelligence by reversing the modulation process through rectification and filtering. The document describes amplitude modulation and different types of AM demodulation techniques.
This document discusses different types of analog modulation techniques used in communication systems. It defines key concepts like signals, carriers, modulation and demodulation. There are three main types of analog modulation covered - amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, and phase modulation. Each works by varying a different property of the carrier signal (amplitude, frequency, or phase respectively) according to the information-bearing signal.
In this presentation we described about Signal Filtering. If you have any query regarding signal filtering or this presentation then feel free to contact us at:
http://www.siliconmentor.com/
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM). It begins by defining the angle of a carrier signal and how that angle can be varied to achieve FM or phase modulation. It then provides key details about FM, including that the message signal controls the carrier frequency. The FM signal equation is presented using Bessel functions. Important parameters like modulation index and frequency deviation are defined. Signal waveforms are shown for different input signals. The spectrum of an FM signal is discussed, including the Bessel coefficients and significant sidebands. Narrowband and wideband FM are differentiated. An example of VHF/FM radio transmission parameters is provided. Finally, power in FM signals is addressed.
Modulation involves combining a carrier signal with a message signal for transmission. There are three main types of analog modulation: frequency modulation, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation. Frequency modulation varies the carrier frequency based on the message signal frequency. It has good noise resistance but requires more complex receivers. Phase modulation varies the carrier phase based on the message signal amplitude. It has less interference but can cause phase ambiguity. Amplitude modulation varies the carrier amplitude based on the message signal, requiring simple circuits but more power. Each type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications in radio, recording, and telecommunications.
Pre-emphasis refers to boosting higher audio frequencies between 2-15 kHz at the transmitter. De-emphasis means attenuating those same frequencies by the same amount at the receiver. This is done to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception. Both pre-emphasis and de-emphasis use either an RC or L/Z network with a time constant of 75 microseconds to boost then attenuate the higher frequencies.
This document discusses telemetry, which is the remote measurement and transmission of data from its source. It involves converting measured values to signals, transmitting those signals over a channel, and reconverting the signals at the receiving end. There are two main types of telemetry systems: landline systems which can transmit over short distances like wires, and radio frequency systems which can transmit over longer distances using radio links. The document provides examples and diagrams of voltage and current landline telemetry systems, as well as discussing modulation techniques like amplitude, frequency, and pulse modulation used in radio frequency systems.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and GPS systems. It defines what a satellite is, describes different orbit types including GEO, MEO and LEO. It explains how communication satellites work by receiving and transmitting signals via transponders. The document also discusses the global positioning system (GPS) network of satellites and how GPS is used to determine location. Advantages of satellite communication include coverage of remote areas while disadvantages include signal delay and high costs.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
Frequency modulation was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1890 and comes in two types: narrow band FM and wide band FM. It works by varying the frequency of the carrier signal based on the modulating signal. FM has advantages like being resilient to noise and signal strength variations while not requiring linear amplifiers, and it allows for greater transmission efficiency than some other modulation modes. However, it requires a more complex demodulator and has lower data spectral efficiency than some other modes since its sidebands extend to infinity. Narrow band FM has a modulation index of less than 1 and a maximum modulating frequency of 3kHz with a maximum frequency deviation of 75kHz.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses amplitude modulation (AM). It defines AM as a process where the amplitude of a carrier signal is altered according to information in a message signal. Common applications of AM include broadcasting and aircraft communications. The presentation explains key aspects of AM signals such as the carrier signal, modulating signal, envelope, and modulation index. It also covers bandwidth, power measurements, and advantages of AM such as reducing antenna height and increasing communication range.
Receivers are devices that receive radio signals at their destination. There are two main types of receivers: tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. TRF receivers were once widely used but are now limited to fixed frequency applications due to issues with selectivity and instability at higher frequencies. Superheterodyne receivers mix the incoming radio signal with a local oscillator signal to convert it to a lower intermediate frequency, addressing the issues with TRF receivers and providing more uniform gain and selectivity across frequencies.
The document discusses spectrum analyzers, which measure the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency. It describes the basic components and theory of operation of spectrum analyzers. The key components are the RF input, mixer, IF filter, detector, video filter and local oscillator. It also compares spectrum analyzers to oscilloscopes, describes common measurements, and types of analyzers including Fourier transform and swept analyzers. Finally, it discusses the front panel functions of spectrum analyzers.
Pulse Amplitude (PAM)
Pulse Width (PWM/PLM/PDM)
Pulse Position (PPM)
Comparison of PAM, PWM and PPM
Pulse Code (PCM)
Delta (DM)
Comparison of DM and PCM
1. The document discusses different types of AM radio receivers in their historical order: crystal receivers, tuner radio frequency (TRF) receivers, and superheterodyne receivers.
2. TRF receivers are described as containing 5 basic components: antenna, one or more tuned radio frequency amplifier stages, detector, optional audio amplifier, and they amplify the desired radio signal while rejecting others.
3. The advantages of TRF receivers are their simplicity and high sensitivity, while the disadvantages include instability, poor audio quality, and difficulty designing for higher frequencies.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) principles and advantages. It provides details on:
1) How FM works by varying the carrier frequency, not amplitude, in proportion to the modulating signal to transmit information.
2) The benefits of FM include resilience to noise and interference, making it suitable for high-quality audio broadcasts. It also allows modulation at low transmitter power stages using efficient non-linear amplifiers.
3) Additional topics covered are phase modulation which indirectly produces FM, frequency deviation rates and amounts, and sidebands generated during modulation.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
Thermal noise is random voltage fluctuations generated within electrical components due to the thermal motion of charge carriers like electrons. The three main types of internal noise are thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise. Thermal noise, also called Johnson noise, arises from the random thermal motion of electrons in electrical conductors. Its spectral density is flat and does not depend on frequency. Shot noise results from the discrete nature of electrical current in components like diodes and transistors. Flicker noise, also known as 1/f noise, increases at lower frequencies and its source is not fully understood. External noise sources include atmospheric noise from lightning, solar noise from the Sun, and industrial noise from electrical equipment.
Transmitters and receivers were discussed. Transmitters were classified based on modulation type, service, frequency range, and power. The key components of a transmitter were identified as the modulator, RF oscillator, and power amplifier. Their basic functions are modulation, carrier generation, and amplification. Low-level and high-level AM transmitters were described. Low-level transmitters modulate at low power levels then amplify, while high-level transmitters modulate directly at high power for better efficiency. Audio processing before modulation was also outlined.
This document provides an overview of communication basics and amplitude modulation. It discusses how communication involves transmitting and receiving information, and how modulation translates signals to higher frequencies for long-distance transmission. It then describes various amplitude modulation techniques like AM, DSB, and SSB. Key aspects covered include the AM envelope, frequency spectrum of AM waves, AM modulation indexes, and different AM modulation and demodulation methods.
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
A voltage amplifier circuit is a circuit that amplifies the input voltage to a higher voltage. So, for example, if we input 1V into the circuit, we can get 10V as output if we set the circuit for a gain of 10. Voltage amplifiers, many times, are built with op amp circuits.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM). It begins by defining the angle of a carrier signal and how that angle can be varied to achieve FM or phase modulation. It then provides key details about FM, including that the message signal controls the carrier frequency. The FM signal equation is presented using Bessel functions. Important parameters like modulation index and frequency deviation are defined. Signal waveforms are shown for different input signals. The spectrum of an FM signal is discussed, including the Bessel coefficients and significant sidebands. Narrowband and wideband FM are differentiated. An example of VHF/FM radio transmission parameters is provided. Finally, power in FM signals is addressed.
Modulation involves combining a carrier signal with a message signal for transmission. There are three main types of analog modulation: frequency modulation, phase modulation, and amplitude modulation. Frequency modulation varies the carrier frequency based on the message signal frequency. It has good noise resistance but requires more complex receivers. Phase modulation varies the carrier phase based on the message signal amplitude. It has less interference but can cause phase ambiguity. Amplitude modulation varies the carrier amplitude based on the message signal, requiring simple circuits but more power. Each type has advantages and disadvantages for different applications in radio, recording, and telecommunications.
Pre-emphasis refers to boosting higher audio frequencies between 2-15 kHz at the transmitter. De-emphasis means attenuating those same frequencies by the same amount at the receiver. This is done to improve the signal-to-noise ratio for FM reception. Both pre-emphasis and de-emphasis use either an RC or L/Z network with a time constant of 75 microseconds to boost then attenuate the higher frequencies.
This document discusses telemetry, which is the remote measurement and transmission of data from its source. It involves converting measured values to signals, transmitting those signals over a channel, and reconverting the signals at the receiving end. There are two main types of telemetry systems: landline systems which can transmit over short distances like wires, and radio frequency systems which can transmit over longer distances using radio links. The document provides examples and diagrams of voltage and current landline telemetry systems, as well as discussing modulation techniques like amplitude, frequency, and pulse modulation used in radio frequency systems.
This document provides an overview of satellite communication and GPS systems. It defines what a satellite is, describes different orbit types including GEO, MEO and LEO. It explains how communication satellites work by receiving and transmitting signals via transponders. The document also discusses the global positioning system (GPS) network of satellites and how GPS is used to determine location. Advantages of satellite communication include coverage of remote areas while disadvantages include signal delay and high costs.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) and its types: phase modulation and frequency modulation. It describes the key characteristics of FM including its constant amplitude, higher signal-to-noise ratio, and infinite bandwidth. FM is classified as narrowband FM (NBFM) or wideband FM (WBFM) based on the modulation index. The document also covers pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuits, methods for generating NBFM and WBFM signals including the direct and indirect (Armstrong's) methods.
Frequency modulation was invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong in 1890 and comes in two types: narrow band FM and wide band FM. It works by varying the frequency of the carrier signal based on the modulating signal. FM has advantages like being resilient to noise and signal strength variations while not requiring linear amplifiers, and it allows for greater transmission efficiency than some other modulation modes. However, it requires a more complex demodulator and has lower data spectral efficiency than some other modes since its sidebands extend to infinity. Narrow band FM has a modulation index of less than 1 and a maximum modulating frequency of 3kHz with a maximum frequency deviation of 75kHz.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses amplitude modulation (AM). It defines AM as a process where the amplitude of a carrier signal is altered according to information in a message signal. Common applications of AM include broadcasting and aircraft communications. The presentation explains key aspects of AM signals such as the carrier signal, modulating signal, envelope, and modulation index. It also covers bandwidth, power measurements, and advantages of AM such as reducing antenna height and increasing communication range.
Receivers are devices that receive radio signals at their destination. There are two main types of receivers: tuned radio frequency (TRF) receivers and superheterodyne receivers. TRF receivers were once widely used but are now limited to fixed frequency applications due to issues with selectivity and instability at higher frequencies. Superheterodyne receivers mix the incoming radio signal with a local oscillator signal to convert it to a lower intermediate frequency, addressing the issues with TRF receivers and providing more uniform gain and selectivity across frequencies.
The document discusses spectrum analyzers, which measure the magnitude of an input signal versus frequency. It describes the basic components and theory of operation of spectrum analyzers. The key components are the RF input, mixer, IF filter, detector, video filter and local oscillator. It also compares spectrum analyzers to oscilloscopes, describes common measurements, and types of analyzers including Fourier transform and swept analyzers. Finally, it discusses the front panel functions of spectrum analyzers.
Pulse Amplitude (PAM)
Pulse Width (PWM/PLM/PDM)
Pulse Position (PPM)
Comparison of PAM, PWM and PPM
Pulse Code (PCM)
Delta (DM)
Comparison of DM and PCM
1. The document discusses different types of AM radio receivers in their historical order: crystal receivers, tuner radio frequency (TRF) receivers, and superheterodyne receivers.
2. TRF receivers are described as containing 5 basic components: antenna, one or more tuned radio frequency amplifier stages, detector, optional audio amplifier, and they amplify the desired radio signal while rejecting others.
3. The advantages of TRF receivers are their simplicity and high sensitivity, while the disadvantages include instability, poor audio quality, and difficulty designing for higher frequencies.
This document discusses frequency modulation (FM) principles and advantages. It provides details on:
1) How FM works by varying the carrier frequency, not amplitude, in proportion to the modulating signal to transmit information.
2) The benefits of FM include resilience to noise and interference, making it suitable for high-quality audio broadcasts. It also allows modulation at low transmitter power stages using efficient non-linear amplifiers.
3) Additional topics covered are phase modulation which indirectly produces FM, frequency deviation rates and amounts, and sidebands generated during modulation.
The document discusses amplitude modulation (AM), which is the simplest and earliest form of modulation. AM involves varying the amplitude of a carrier signal based on the instantaneous amplitude of an information signal. It describes the basic principles of AM, including modulation index and different types of AM such as double sideband suppressed carrier AM and single sideband AM. Advantages of AM include its simplicity of implementation, while disadvantages include inefficiency in power and bandwidth usage and susceptibility to noise.
Thermal noise is random voltage fluctuations generated within electrical components due to the thermal motion of charge carriers like electrons. The three main types of internal noise are thermal noise, shot noise, and flicker noise. Thermal noise, also called Johnson noise, arises from the random thermal motion of electrons in electrical conductors. Its spectral density is flat and does not depend on frequency. Shot noise results from the discrete nature of electrical current in components like diodes and transistors. Flicker noise, also known as 1/f noise, increases at lower frequencies and its source is not fully understood. External noise sources include atmospheric noise from lightning, solar noise from the Sun, and industrial noise from electrical equipment.
Transmitters and receivers were discussed. Transmitters were classified based on modulation type, service, frequency range, and power. The key components of a transmitter were identified as the modulator, RF oscillator, and power amplifier. Their basic functions are modulation, carrier generation, and amplification. Low-level and high-level AM transmitters were described. Low-level transmitters modulate at low power levels then amplify, while high-level transmitters modulate directly at high power for better efficiency. Audio processing before modulation was also outlined.
This document provides an overview of communication basics and amplitude modulation. It discusses how communication involves transmitting and receiving information, and how modulation translates signals to higher frequencies for long-distance transmission. It then describes various amplitude modulation techniques like AM, DSB, and SSB. Key aspects covered include the AM envelope, frequency spectrum of AM waves, AM modulation indexes, and different AM modulation and demodulation methods.
Common emitter amplifier by YEASIN NEWAJYeasinNewaj
This slide has been created for students who are studying electrical engineering and who want to gain knowledge of basic electronics. The topic is COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER OF BJT
A voltage amplifier circuit is a circuit that amplifies the input voltage to a higher voltage. So, for example, if we input 1V into the circuit, we can get 10V as output if we set the circuit for a gain of 10. Voltage amplifiers, many times, are built with op amp circuits.
Electrical signal processing and transmissionBishal Rimal
The document discusses operational amplifiers and electrical signal processing. It begins by defining an operational amplifier as a differential amplifier that amplifies the difference between voltages at its two input terminals. It then discusses key characteristics of op-amps like input resistance, output resistance, and bandwidth. The document also covers op-amp configurations like inverting amplifiers, non-inverting amplifiers, and instrumentation amplifiers. It discusses applications of op-amps in signal amplification, integration, differentiation and noise reduction. Finally, it provides an overview of optical communication systems and how data is transmitted using optical fibers.
A complete description of including circuit diagram, gain equation, features of Instrumentational amplifier , its working principle, applications, practical circuits, Proteus simulation and conclusion.
Uet, Peshawar Pakistan
Batch-06
Electrical current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance are a few of the basic elements of electronics and radio. Apart from current, voltage, resistance, capacitance, and inductance, there are many other interesting elements to electronic technology. ... Use Electronics Notes to learn electronics online.
Automatic doorbell with object detectionAnurag Alaria
This document describes an automatic doorbell system that uses ultrasonic sensors to detect movement and ring a doorbell. It provides details on the components and circuit design of the transmitter and receiver modules that use ultrasonic waves to detect a person. The system is intended to automatically sense someone's presence and ring the doorbell, saving time and enhancing security compared to a traditional doorbell. The document includes circuit diagrams and descriptions of the main integrated circuits used, including the IC 555 timer and LM324 op-amp. It provides specifications and characteristics for the transistors and other components in the design.
An infrared remote control is used to control the speed of an induction motor in 8 steps. A microcontroller reads coded data from the remote control and activates output pins to change the firing time of thyristors, which drives the fan motor. The microcontroller receives signals from IR sensors connected to the remote and controls the system. A regulated power supply provides power and a transformer steps down the voltage.
AM Radio Receiver with Automatic Gain Control UnitCem Recai Çırak
This document summarizes the design and implementation of an AM radio receiver circuit with an automatic gain control (AGC) unit. It includes:
- A block diagram of the full circuit including an antenna, tuned filter, peak detector, AGC unit, RF amplifier, audio amplifier, and loudspeaker.
- Descriptions of each circuit block, including simulations of the tuned filter, peak detector, RF amplifier, and audio amplifier.
- Issues encountered in implementing the peak detector, AGC unit, and audio amplifier circuits experimentally that differed from simulations.
- An overview of the experimental setup and limitations encountered with certain circuit elements like the peak detector time constant and heating in the audio amplifier transistors.
This document discusses the characteristics and applications of operational amplifiers (op-amps). It begins with a block diagram showing the typical components of an op-amp, including the differential amplifier stage, intermediate stage, level shifting stage, and output stage. It then covers ideal and practical characteristics of op-amps such as high input impedance, low output impedance, high voltage gain, and finite bandwidth. Common op-amp configurations like the inverting and non-inverting amplifiers are explained. The document provides detailed descriptions and circuit diagrams to illustrate op-amp characteristics and applications.
An instrumentation amplifier is used in heart monitoring devices to amplify small biomedical signals from electrodes on the skin. It provides very low noise and high common mode rejection. The amplified signal is processed by a microcontroller which calculates heart rate in beats per minute and displays it on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries to allow for portability.
Instrumentation amplifier in heart beat monetering.Shrikant Chandan
The document discusses the use of an instrumentation amplifier in heart monitoring applications. An instrumentation amplifier is used as the initial stage to amplify the small voltage signals from the heart. It provides high gain while rejecting common mode noise. The amplified signal is then processed using a microcontroller to calculate heart rate, which is displayed on an LCD screen. Power is supplied from batteries using voltage regulators to provide the necessary voltages to different stages of the circuit.
- In 1904, the vacuum tube diode was introduced, leading to the development of the triode amplifier in 1906 and the tetrode and pentode tubes in the early 1930s. The first transistor was demonstrated in 1947 at Bell Labs.
- Amplifiers must have at least three terminals, with one controlling the flow between the other two. They are used to amplify weak signals from transducers into a stronger form suitable for processing.
- Amplifier gain is defined as the ratio of output to input signal levels and can be expressed logarithmically in decibels. The linear operating range of amplifiers is limited by saturation levels.
This chapter discusses amplitude modulation and demodulation circuits. It covers topics like diode, transistor, and PIN diode modulators; balanced modulators; synchronous and diode detectors; and single sideband generation techniques like the filter and phasing methods. The key circuits covered are amplitude modulators that vary the carrier amplitude, such as diode and transistor modulators, and amplitude demodulators that recover the original signal, like diode and synchronous detectors.
The document discusses signal conditioning circuits used in biomedical recorders. It covers topics like:
- The requirements of biomedical amplifiers including high gain, avoiding distortion, and good frequency response.
- Types of amplifiers used like differential, AC coupled, and carrier amplifiers.
- What bio-amplifiers are and their purpose in amplifying low amplitude bio signals.
- The functional requirements of preamplifiers like boosting signal strength without degrading signal-to-noise ratio.
An operational amplifier (op-amp) is an electronic voltage amplifier that produces an output voltage much larger than the difference between its input voltages. Op-amps are widely used as they can be configured to perform many functions through external components with little dependence on temperature or manufacturing variations. An ideal op-amp has infinite gain, infinite input impedance, zero output impedance, and zero offset voltage. It works to make the difference between its input voltages zero according to the op-amp golden rule.
The document discusses oscillators and feedback amplifiers. It defines positive and negative feedback, and describes their effects on gain. Oscillators generate an output signal without an external input through the use of positive feedback in an amplifier circuit. The two main types of oscillators are sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal oscillators. Common oscillator circuits discussed include the RC phase shift oscillator, Hartley oscillator, and common emitter amplifier configuration.
The document discusses modulation index and amplitude modulation power signals. It defines modulation index as a measure of how much a carrier voltage is varied by a modulating signal. It distinguishes three types of AM based on modulation index: under modulated for m < 1, ideal AM for m = 1, and over modulated for m > 1. It also discusses calculating modulation index from AM waveforms and formulas for carrier power, sideband power, and total transmitted power in AM signals.
Negitive Feedback in Analog IC Design 02 April 2020 Javed G S, PhD
The webinar discusses the topics of negative feedback and its importance across the Analog IC design spectrum. In the talk, we discuss about the variations of feedback (Shunt and Series combinations) and their usage. It has applications in many control circuit design for power management, reference designs, regulator design, noise reduction in the system, gain desensitization and PLL design among many other systems.
And the end of the talk, the audience is expected to understand the need for the feedback and its applications
This document discusses the key components and functioning of radio receivers. It begins with an introduction and overview of the main stages - the RF stage, mixer stage, IF stage, and detector stage. It then provides more detailed explanations of each stage. The RF stage discusses RF amplifiers and tuning circuits. The mixer stage covers additive and multiplicative mixing. The IF stage focuses on stagger tuning and automatic gain control circuits. Key points about each stage's role in selecting, amplifying and downconverting signals are summarized.
This document describes the design of a 16-channel audio mixer. It begins with an introduction to audio mixers and their uses. It then discusses the design methodology, considering factors like the number of input/output channels, power requirements, cost, and portability. The design is divided into several stages: a power stage using a step-down transformer and rectification circuit, a stereo stage for each channel with gain, bass, and treble controls, an auxiliary stage to boost the output signal, and a volume control stage to jointly control the levels. Block diagrams and circuit diagrams are provided to illustrate the design. In conclusion, the 16-channel audio mixer is tested by connecting it to an external amplifier and speakers.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Information and Communication Technology in EducationMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 2)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐈𝐂𝐓 𝐢𝐧 𝐞𝐝𝐮𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧:
Students will be able to explain the role and impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in education. They will understand how ICT tools, such as computers, the internet, and educational software, enhance learning and teaching processes. By exploring various ICT applications, students will recognize how these technologies facilitate access to information, improve communication, support collaboration, and enable personalized learning experiences.
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐛𝐥𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐬 𝐨𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐭:
-Students will be able to discuss what constitutes reliable sources on the internet. They will learn to identify key characteristics of trustworthy information, such as credibility, accuracy, and authority. By examining different types of online sources, students will develop skills to evaluate the reliability of websites and content, ensuring they can distinguish between reputable information and misinformation.
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THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.