Abstract Road safety is a major transport, health and social issue worldwide as an estimated 1.3 million road users are killed on the roads every year, of which 90% are in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), where 72% of the world’s population lives but only half of the world’s registered vehicles are owned and driven. In terms of cost, it is estimated that USD 518 billion of lost yearly has been recorded according to the World Health Organisation, WHO (2009). These poor road safety records require immediate actions to be taken in areas of management, institutional reform and funding. Malaysia is an established dynamic and progressive LMIC seeking to improve its road safety performance and until today it depends mostly on the government’s revenues to finance its road safety plans. This practice however may cause burden to the government yearly budget which also need to cater for other sectors such as education, health and defence. To this end, this paper explores and critically evaluates the current situation of road safety inclusive of its funding mechanisms on a global scale as well as in Malaysia. In an effort to improve the situation, the paper aims at analysing the effectiveness of funding mechanism in enhancing road safety. A number of examples of successful road funding mechanism worldwide are presented together with implementation issues with the view to suggest options to improve road safety management and financing at both national and local level in Malaysia. Index terms: Road safety funding, Road safety in Malaysia, Second generation road fund.
IRJET- Cause and Remedial Measures of Road Traffic Accidents: A Case Study of...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the causes and trends of road traffic accidents in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia from 2013-2017. Some key findings:
- Over speeding and reckless overtaking were the leading causes of accidents, followed by failure to give priority and pedestrian factors.
- Motorcycles accounted for the highest number of accidents, followed by trucks.
- The study developed a multiple nonlinear regression model to analyze the relationship between various contributing factors and accident occurrence.
- Recommendations are made to implement road safety awareness programs, enforcement of traffic laws, improvement of road infrastructure and vehicle safety standards to reduce accidents in the zone.
IRJET- Evaluation of Social Cost Benefit of Samruddhi MahamargIRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the social cost-benefit analysis of the Samruddhi Mahamarg, an upcoming eight lane expressway in Maharashtra state that is 706 km long and connects 10 districts.
2) It provides background on the importance of infrastructure and transport for economic development. Rapid urbanization is increasing pressure on infrastructure in India.
3) A literature review covers studies showing how cost-benefit analysis can achieve more equitable distribution when accompanied by social evaluation, and how such analyses have been used to evaluate the economic viability of expressway projects in other countries.
Impact of integrated transport system (its) on the productivity of smes in se...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of integrated transport systems on the productivity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in selected states in Southwestern Nigeria. The study revealed a strong inverse relationship between SME productivity and the Nigerian government's slow responsiveness to implementing integrated transport systems. Based on the findings, the study concluded that it is important for the Nigerian government to accelerate the adoption and implementation of integrated transport systems to help SMEs operate more effectively and contribute more to economic development.
This document summarizes a study on road crashes and losses in Surat City and Umra, India between 2007-2012. Some key findings:
- Fatal crashes accounted for 18% of total crashes in Umra on average. The majority (77%) of crash victims in Umra were males aged 18-44.
- Total losses due to crashes in Umra decreased from INR 13.8 million in 2007 to INR 3.5 million in 2011 but increased again to INR 5.5 million in 2012 despite fewer total crashes.
- Crashes involving younger age groups (18-44) resulted in greater potential future losses as these groups are major economic contributors.
So in summary, the
This webinar was hosted on October 17, 2014 and was presented by Amit Bhatt, Strategy Head - Urban Transport, EMBARQ India. Globally, 1.4 million people die each year in road traffic crashes. India accounts for 10% of those fatalities, and the majority of victims are pedestrians and cyclists. The new (draft) Road Transport and Safety Bill 2014, a huge step up from the previous Motor Vehicles Act 1988, was published for public comment by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Amit Bhatt, who has been actively involved in discussions around this Act, presented the details of the same, highlighting the salient features and what it would mean for India if this bill were to be passed. The webinar addressed key issues relating to the current situation of road transport and safety in India, and showcased a comparison of the existing Motor Vehicles Act and the proposed new one. Amit also discussed the key provisions of the new Bill, its possible impact, and the road ahead.
The webinar recording can be accessed here - http://embarqindiahub.org/webinars/why-governments-latest-draft-road-transport-and-safety-bill-matters-india
This document examines the development and contributions of Nigeria's transport sector to economic growth from 1970-2018. It employs regression analysis using the Solow growth model to analyze the relationship between transport sector output (road, rail, air, water) and gross domestic product (GDP). The results found that transport sector investment positively impacts GDP. It is recommended that the government invest more in developing transportation infrastructure like railways and water transport to ease road congestion and support economic growth.
The draft Civil Aviation Policy aims to promote the efficient and orderly growth of air transport in India to contribute to social and economic development. The key objectives are to establish a competitive regulatory framework, encourage private investment, and upgrade airport infrastructure, especially at major airports. The policy also seeks to develop specific cargo infrastructure, modernize air navigation services, promote aviation support industries, and establish an aviation university to train pilots, maintenance staff, and others. An overarching goal is to ensure a safe, reliable, and affordable air transport system for passengers and cargo.
IRJET- Cause and Remedial Measures of Road Traffic Accidents: A Case Study of...IRJET Journal
This document analyzes the causes and trends of road traffic accidents in Wolaita Zone, Ethiopia from 2013-2017. Some key findings:
- Over speeding and reckless overtaking were the leading causes of accidents, followed by failure to give priority and pedestrian factors.
- Motorcycles accounted for the highest number of accidents, followed by trucks.
- The study developed a multiple nonlinear regression model to analyze the relationship between various contributing factors and accident occurrence.
- Recommendations are made to implement road safety awareness programs, enforcement of traffic laws, improvement of road infrastructure and vehicle safety standards to reduce accidents in the zone.
IRJET- Evaluation of Social Cost Benefit of Samruddhi MahamargIRJET Journal
1) The document evaluates the social cost-benefit analysis of the Samruddhi Mahamarg, an upcoming eight lane expressway in Maharashtra state that is 706 km long and connects 10 districts.
2) It provides background on the importance of infrastructure and transport for economic development. Rapid urbanization is increasing pressure on infrastructure in India.
3) A literature review covers studies showing how cost-benefit analysis can achieve more equitable distribution when accompanied by social evaluation, and how such analyses have been used to evaluate the economic viability of expressway projects in other countries.
Impact of integrated transport system (its) on the productivity of smes in se...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a research paper that examines the impact of integrated transport systems on the productivity of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in selected states in Southwestern Nigeria. The study revealed a strong inverse relationship between SME productivity and the Nigerian government's slow responsiveness to implementing integrated transport systems. Based on the findings, the study concluded that it is important for the Nigerian government to accelerate the adoption and implementation of integrated transport systems to help SMEs operate more effectively and contribute more to economic development.
This document summarizes a study on road crashes and losses in Surat City and Umra, India between 2007-2012. Some key findings:
- Fatal crashes accounted for 18% of total crashes in Umra on average. The majority (77%) of crash victims in Umra were males aged 18-44.
- Total losses due to crashes in Umra decreased from INR 13.8 million in 2007 to INR 3.5 million in 2011 but increased again to INR 5.5 million in 2012 despite fewer total crashes.
- Crashes involving younger age groups (18-44) resulted in greater potential future losses as these groups are major economic contributors.
So in summary, the
This webinar was hosted on October 17, 2014 and was presented by Amit Bhatt, Strategy Head - Urban Transport, EMBARQ India. Globally, 1.4 million people die each year in road traffic crashes. India accounts for 10% of those fatalities, and the majority of victims are pedestrians and cyclists. The new (draft) Road Transport and Safety Bill 2014, a huge step up from the previous Motor Vehicles Act 1988, was published for public comment by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Amit Bhatt, who has been actively involved in discussions around this Act, presented the details of the same, highlighting the salient features and what it would mean for India if this bill were to be passed. The webinar addressed key issues relating to the current situation of road transport and safety in India, and showcased a comparison of the existing Motor Vehicles Act and the proposed new one. Amit also discussed the key provisions of the new Bill, its possible impact, and the road ahead.
The webinar recording can be accessed here - http://embarqindiahub.org/webinars/why-governments-latest-draft-road-transport-and-safety-bill-matters-india
This document examines the development and contributions of Nigeria's transport sector to economic growth from 1970-2018. It employs regression analysis using the Solow growth model to analyze the relationship between transport sector output (road, rail, air, water) and gross domestic product (GDP). The results found that transport sector investment positively impacts GDP. It is recommended that the government invest more in developing transportation infrastructure like railways and water transport to ease road congestion and support economic growth.
The draft Civil Aviation Policy aims to promote the efficient and orderly growth of air transport in India to contribute to social and economic development. The key objectives are to establish a competitive regulatory framework, encourage private investment, and upgrade airport infrastructure, especially at major airports. The policy also seeks to develop specific cargo infrastructure, modernize air navigation services, promote aviation support industries, and establish an aviation university to train pilots, maintenance staff, and others. An overarching goal is to ensure a safe, reliable, and affordable air transport system for passengers and cargo.
Impact of Roadway Condition, Traffic and Manmade Features on Road SafetyIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that impact road safety, including roadway conditions, traffic, and manmade features. It summarizes various studies that have examined the relationship between these factors and road accidents. Some key findings of the studies include: accident rates decrease with more homogeneous traffic flows, driver performance is reduced by phone use, and accident risk increases with higher speeds. The objectives of the proposed work are to study accident rates in relation to traffic volume, road capacity, and road/shoulder maintenance and to develop an accident prediction model. Road safety can be improved by raising awareness, developing such a model, and considering roadway, traffic, and manmade factors.
Study of causal factors of road accidents on panipat samalkha section of nh-1eSAT Journals
now a day. Road accidents stop social and economic development of
the society. Accidents trends are on the rise and issues should be addresse
factors resulting in road accidents on Panipat
1(Toll-Tax-Sanjaychowk), Stretch -2 (Gohanamor
involves the collection of F.I.R data (2011-2013) from various Police Stations i.ePanipat City (Stretch
2), Samalkha (Stretch-3) Police Station &to identify, survey and analysis the bla
out the type of injuries the road users had gone through from 2011
accidents and then, to suggest preventive measures to reduce number of road acc
traffic crash numbers are on the rise. Major Black spot identified during analysis are NangalKheri, Siwah, Police line, Chokk
Petrol Pump, Manana Mor, Bus Stand (Panipat) & Toll Plaza. The fatality rate
37% respectively .Rear end collision & collision during crossing are the main causes of accident & the percentage of crashes
Stretch-1 & Stretch-2 is 52% & 59% resp. The percentage of crashes in Stretch
Cars, jeeps category is now the most involved in crashes; they constitute 26% of total crashes in Panipat city,42% of all cra
in Chandnibagh section and 41% crashes in Samalkha section. A truck constitutes 2
crashes in Chandnibagh& 35% of crashes in Samalkha section.The main victims of road crashes are
(34.1%), bikers etc. The spot speeds observed towards higher side of posted
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tamil Nadu has a diversified economy with strong growth in GSDP. The state's per capita GSDP and NSDP have increased at a CAGR of around 10% between 2005-06 and 2016-17. The services sector is the largest contributor to the state's GSDP, accounting for over 60% in 2015-16, followed by industry and agriculture. Tamil Nadu has a large industrial base and is a leader in several industries such as automobiles, textiles, leather products, and pharmaceuticals.
AMTID International Conference: Road Safety Audit of Palm Beach Road, Navi Mu...Jatin Solanki
- Performed road safety audit on 10km stretch of Palm Beach Road for the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC)
- Developed a mathematical model and presented ‘Road Safety Audit for Indian Roads’ at proceedings of Advances in Materials and Techniques for Infrastructure Development (AMTID 2011), NIT Calicut
- Recommended redesigning of a rotary junction which was implemented by the NMMC
The document discusses Thailand's growing role as a key logistics hub in ASEAN. It notes that Thailand has extensive multimodal transport networks and its central location has made it a manufacturing powerhouse able to meet rising regional demand for cross-border logistics. The development of economic corridors and emphasis on infrastructure is improving connectivity. The Thai government supports expanding Thailand's logistics systems through incentives and the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity aims to further regional transport facilitation. Thailand's strategic location and efforts to decrease logistics costs position it to emerge as a major ASEAN logistics center.
The document provides an overview of the roads sector in India. It mentions that India has one of the largest road networks in the world spanning over 5.5 million km. The government has allocated Rs 1.12 trillion in the 2019-20 budget for road development. Private sector involvement is growing with investment of US$ 31 billion expected in national highways projects by 2020. Construction of national highways is also rising rapidly with the target to complete 200,000 km of national highways by 2022.
The document summarizes port development projects at Laem Chabang Port in Thailand. It outlines plans to expand the port's capacity through three phases, with Phase III construction planned from 2017-2022 to accommodate growing throughput. It also details two specific projects - a single rail transfer operator project to increase rail transport volume, and a coastal terminal project to serve coastal and inland shipping. Both projects are slated to begin operations in 2017 after construction from 2016-2017.
This document provides an overview of transportation trends in China from 1980 to 2010. It discusses the rapid growth of China's population and economy during this period, which drove increasing demand for transportation. All major modes of transportation, including railways, highways, waterways and airports expanded significantly. However, this growth also caused environmental issues like air pollution and increased China's share of global energy use and carbon emissions. The document analyzes transportation and emissions data over this period and discusses the government's efforts to address problems and encourage more sustainable transportation.
A Coordinated, Risk-based Approach to Improving Global Aviation SafetySeda Eskiler
globalaviaitonaerospace.com
Regional Accident Statistics
Analysis of Harmonized Accidents
Harmonized Accident Categories
Accidents by Region of Occurrence
In general, urban accessibility shows the ease of reaching destinations and the
interaction between the land-use and transportation systems. Integrating transport
and land-use mix is one of the goals of planning policies around the world. In this
paper, an attempt is made to assess the urban accessibility through commuters’ travel
behavior for shopping trip only. The effects of trip characteristics like trip length, trip
time and trip cost and socio-economic characteristics like gender, age, income,
occupation and vehicle ownership on travel behavior and mode choice are studied for
shopping trips for different mixed land use zones (wards) of Vadodara city. Urban
accessibility Index is prepared for different neighborhoods. It is found that the change
in the land-use mix affects the commuters' travel behaviour and mode choice selection
For A Safe and Sustainable Chennai Pedestrian Safety is the KeyRoshan Toshniwal
1) Road accidents have increased in Chennai despite safety measures, with pedestrians and motorcyclists comprising over 60% of fatalities.
2) Pedestrian infrastructure is inadequate, with only 25km of footpaths meeting standards and over 150 one-way streets lacking safe crossings.
3) While large sums are collected through road taxes, little is spent on enforcement and pedestrian infrastructure, compromising pedestrian safety.
IRJET- Identification and Mapping of Accident Blackspots and Nearby Hospitals...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that aims to identify the most vulnerable accident black spots in Alappuzha district, India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It also aims to identify and map the geographical distribution of hospitals and their proximity to accident-prone areas. The study involves collecting accident data, conducting a road inventory survey, traffic volume counts, and speed and delay studies at identified black spots. The black spots will then be analyzed and prioritized using GIS software. The results can help plan improvements and inform decision making to reduce accidents and improve emergency response times.
The document provides an overview of the logistics industry in India and its contribution to the country's GDP. It discusses how economic growth and logistics are related, with export-led growth being a crucial component of sustainable economic development. Key drivers for growth in the logistics sector are streamlining of indirect taxes, increased demand for 3PL services, globalization of manufacturing, and investments in transportation infrastructure. The logistics industry is expected to grow at 15-20% annually. Special economic zones and logistics parks have led to increased logistics activities due to good port and transportation connectivity.
Development of intelligent road maintenance system mobile apps for a highwayjournalBEEI
Roads are one of the main assets of a country where the network infrastructure offers economic and social benefits. It is understood that road maintenance would improve economic development and social benefits, and the poorly maintained road network would destruct mobility, raise accident rates, intensify isolation, poverty and vehicle operating costs. Unidentified road environment covers many aspects and based on that matter, it is important to improve the quality of inspection reports, whereby the efficiencies by mobile application shall be utilized. Developed system mobile apps have been found to be effective, versatile to use, as they can be used anywhere and at any time. The goal was therefore to recognize the types of defects, issues and deficiencies in current road maintenance practices and to develop a computerized highway maintenance program. The scope of the research will be limited to a case study at PLUS highway, connecting the north and south highway of peninsular Malaysia. The findings showed that road maintenance work is not adequately and effectively designed because it requires more time and includes a lot of paperwork. Due to this matter, the proposed mobile application would provide an invaluable added benefit to intelligent system of PLUS highway.
This document summarizes the work of the RIPCORD-ISEREST project, which aims to improve road safety in Europe through research on road infrastructure measures. Workpackage 2 focused on accident prediction models (APMs) and road safety impact assessments (RIAs) as tools to help practitioners manage road safety. The document reports that APMs relate crash statistics to explanatory variables like traffic volume and road length. Pilot studies found these two factors are most important for APMs of road sections and intersections. RIAs assess the safety impact of plans like road works or safety schemes. The document provides recommendations for using APMs to identify unsafe roads and for conducting RIAs at various levels from single projects to national networks.
BOI recognizes the importance of the aerospace industry and offers a wide range of tax and non-tax incentives for projects that meet national development objectives.
The document discusses trends in India's travel and tourism industry from 2012-2023. Some key points:
- The travel & tourism industry is forecast to grow from $119 billion in 2012 to $270.5 billion by 2023. Business travel is estimated to increase from $25.9 billion to $58.6 billion over this period, while leisure travel is projected to rise from $67.5 billion to $152 billion.
- Passenger traffic at Indian airports is expected to increase from 160 million currently to 450 million by 2020, making India the third largest aviation market. Freight traffic is also projected to rise significantly.
- India's middle class population is projected to grow from 160 million
A research on significance of kalman filter approach as applied in electrical...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, AC distribution systems have experienced high harmonic pollution due to the fact that electrical power system
parameters are often mixed with noise. In an ideal situation, AC power system is supposed to have a constant frequency at
specific voltage but owing to presence of connected nonlinear loads and injection into the grid from non-sinusoidal output active
sources etc., have immensely contributed to the total distortion of the both current and voltage waveforms. This has increased the
system loses and consequently affected other connected equipment in the system. Therefore there is a need to mitigate these effects
if they cannot be eliminated intoto, hence the proposition of Kalman filter. It has been very useful in the aspect of electrical power
discipline particularly in harmonic estimation. It has also find it way in the application of power system dynamics, optimal
operation and control of motor, relay operation and protection, and also for accurate prediction of short and medium term
electrical load forecasting. This paper is to highlight on the significant of Kalman filter methodological approach as adopted in
electrical power system.
Keywords: Kalman Filter; Electrical Power System; Electrical Load; Harmonic Estimation.
Performance evaluation of modified modular exponentiation for rsa algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract
Authentication is a very important application of public-key cryptography. Cryptographic algorithms make use of secret keys
known to send and receive information. When the keys are known the encryption / decryption process is an easy task, however
decryption will be impossible without knowing the correct key. The shared public key is managed by the sender, to produce a
message authentication code (MAC) for every transmitted message. There are many algorithms to enable security for message
authentication (secret key). RSA is one such best algorithm for public key based message authentication approaches. But it takes
more time for encryption and/or decryption process, when it has large key length. This research work evaluates the performance
of RSA algorithm with modified modular exponentiation technique for message authentication. As a result modified modular
exponent based RSA algorithm reduces execution time for encryption and decryption process.
Key Words: Cryptography, Message authentication, RSA, Modular Exponentiation.
Nonlinear prediction of human resting state functional connectivity based on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrated that neuronal activity derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relates to the
underlying anatomical circuitry measured by diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI). However, exploring the relationship
between functional connectivity (FC) and structural connectivity (SC) remains challengeable and thus has motivated a number of
computational models to investigate the extent to which the dynamics depend on the topology. Nevertheless, most of the models
are complex and difficult to treat analytically. In this paper, for simplicity, we utilize four network communication measures
extracted from SC as well as polynomial curves fitting method to predict FC. Our results indicate that all of these measures
predict FC via the nonlinear fitting method. Besides, compared with the linear method, the fitting value between predicted FC and
empirical FC attains higher after applying nonlinear process on communication measures which may help to shed light on the
function-structure relationship.
Key Words: brain connectivity; fMRI; DTI/DSI; network communication measure; nonlinear fitting
Fault diagnosis using genetic algorithms and principal curveseSAT Journals
Abstract Several applications of nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) have appeared recently in process monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper a new approach is proposed for fault detection based on principal curves and genetic algorithms. The principal curve is a generation of linear principal component (PCA) introduced by Hastie as a parametric curve passes satisfactorily through the middle of data. The existing principal curves algorithms employ the first component of the data as an initial estimation of principal curve. However the dependence on initial line leads to a lack of flexibility and the final curve is only satisfactory for specific problems. In this paper we extend this work in two ways. First, we propose a new method based on genetic algorithms to find the principal curve. Here, lines are fitted and connected to form polygonal lines (PL). Second, potential application of principal curves is discussed. An example is used to illustrate fault diagnosis of nonlinear process using the proposed approach. Index Terms: Principal curve, Genetic Algorithm, Nonlinear principal component analysis, Fault detection.
Impact of Roadway Condition, Traffic and Manmade Features on Road SafetyIRJET Journal
This document discusses factors that impact road safety, including roadway conditions, traffic, and manmade features. It summarizes various studies that have examined the relationship between these factors and road accidents. Some key findings of the studies include: accident rates decrease with more homogeneous traffic flows, driver performance is reduced by phone use, and accident risk increases with higher speeds. The objectives of the proposed work are to study accident rates in relation to traffic volume, road capacity, and road/shoulder maintenance and to develop an accident prediction model. Road safety can be improved by raising awareness, developing such a model, and considering roadway, traffic, and manmade factors.
Study of causal factors of road accidents on panipat samalkha section of nh-1eSAT Journals
now a day. Road accidents stop social and economic development of
the society. Accidents trends are on the rise and issues should be addresse
factors resulting in road accidents on Panipat
1(Toll-Tax-Sanjaychowk), Stretch -2 (Gohanamor
involves the collection of F.I.R data (2011-2013) from various Police Stations i.ePanipat City (Stretch
2), Samalkha (Stretch-3) Police Station &to identify, survey and analysis the bla
out the type of injuries the road users had gone through from 2011
accidents and then, to suggest preventive measures to reduce number of road acc
traffic crash numbers are on the rise. Major Black spot identified during analysis are NangalKheri, Siwah, Police line, Chokk
Petrol Pump, Manana Mor, Bus Stand (Panipat) & Toll Plaza. The fatality rate
37% respectively .Rear end collision & collision during crossing are the main causes of accident & the percentage of crashes
Stretch-1 & Stretch-2 is 52% & 59% resp. The percentage of crashes in Stretch
Cars, jeeps category is now the most involved in crashes; they constitute 26% of total crashes in Panipat city,42% of all cra
in Chandnibagh section and 41% crashes in Samalkha section. A truck constitutes 2
crashes in Chandnibagh& 35% of crashes in Samalkha section.The main victims of road crashes are
(34.1%), bikers etc. The spot speeds observed towards higher side of posted
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Tamil Nadu has a diversified economy with strong growth in GSDP. The state's per capita GSDP and NSDP have increased at a CAGR of around 10% between 2005-06 and 2016-17. The services sector is the largest contributor to the state's GSDP, accounting for over 60% in 2015-16, followed by industry and agriculture. Tamil Nadu has a large industrial base and is a leader in several industries such as automobiles, textiles, leather products, and pharmaceuticals.
AMTID International Conference: Road Safety Audit of Palm Beach Road, Navi Mu...Jatin Solanki
- Performed road safety audit on 10km stretch of Palm Beach Road for the Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation (NMMC)
- Developed a mathematical model and presented ‘Road Safety Audit for Indian Roads’ at proceedings of Advances in Materials and Techniques for Infrastructure Development (AMTID 2011), NIT Calicut
- Recommended redesigning of a rotary junction which was implemented by the NMMC
The document discusses Thailand's growing role as a key logistics hub in ASEAN. It notes that Thailand has extensive multimodal transport networks and its central location has made it a manufacturing powerhouse able to meet rising regional demand for cross-border logistics. The development of economic corridors and emphasis on infrastructure is improving connectivity. The Thai government supports expanding Thailand's logistics systems through incentives and the Master Plan on ASEAN Connectivity aims to further regional transport facilitation. Thailand's strategic location and efforts to decrease logistics costs position it to emerge as a major ASEAN logistics center.
The document provides an overview of the roads sector in India. It mentions that India has one of the largest road networks in the world spanning over 5.5 million km. The government has allocated Rs 1.12 trillion in the 2019-20 budget for road development. Private sector involvement is growing with investment of US$ 31 billion expected in national highways projects by 2020. Construction of national highways is also rising rapidly with the target to complete 200,000 km of national highways by 2022.
The document summarizes port development projects at Laem Chabang Port in Thailand. It outlines plans to expand the port's capacity through three phases, with Phase III construction planned from 2017-2022 to accommodate growing throughput. It also details two specific projects - a single rail transfer operator project to increase rail transport volume, and a coastal terminal project to serve coastal and inland shipping. Both projects are slated to begin operations in 2017 after construction from 2016-2017.
This document provides an overview of transportation trends in China from 1980 to 2010. It discusses the rapid growth of China's population and economy during this period, which drove increasing demand for transportation. All major modes of transportation, including railways, highways, waterways and airports expanded significantly. However, this growth also caused environmental issues like air pollution and increased China's share of global energy use and carbon emissions. The document analyzes transportation and emissions data over this period and discusses the government's efforts to address problems and encourage more sustainable transportation.
A Coordinated, Risk-based Approach to Improving Global Aviation SafetySeda Eskiler
globalaviaitonaerospace.com
Regional Accident Statistics
Analysis of Harmonized Accidents
Harmonized Accident Categories
Accidents by Region of Occurrence
In general, urban accessibility shows the ease of reaching destinations and the
interaction between the land-use and transportation systems. Integrating transport
and land-use mix is one of the goals of planning policies around the world. In this
paper, an attempt is made to assess the urban accessibility through commuters’ travel
behavior for shopping trip only. The effects of trip characteristics like trip length, trip
time and trip cost and socio-economic characteristics like gender, age, income,
occupation and vehicle ownership on travel behavior and mode choice are studied for
shopping trips for different mixed land use zones (wards) of Vadodara city. Urban
accessibility Index is prepared for different neighborhoods. It is found that the change
in the land-use mix affects the commuters' travel behaviour and mode choice selection
For A Safe and Sustainable Chennai Pedestrian Safety is the KeyRoshan Toshniwal
1) Road accidents have increased in Chennai despite safety measures, with pedestrians and motorcyclists comprising over 60% of fatalities.
2) Pedestrian infrastructure is inadequate, with only 25km of footpaths meeting standards and over 150 one-way streets lacking safe crossings.
3) While large sums are collected through road taxes, little is spent on enforcement and pedestrian infrastructure, compromising pedestrian safety.
IRJET- Identification and Mapping of Accident Blackspots and Nearby Hospitals...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study that aims to identify the most vulnerable accident black spots in Alappuzha district, India using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It also aims to identify and map the geographical distribution of hospitals and their proximity to accident-prone areas. The study involves collecting accident data, conducting a road inventory survey, traffic volume counts, and speed and delay studies at identified black spots. The black spots will then be analyzed and prioritized using GIS software. The results can help plan improvements and inform decision making to reduce accidents and improve emergency response times.
The document provides an overview of the logistics industry in India and its contribution to the country's GDP. It discusses how economic growth and logistics are related, with export-led growth being a crucial component of sustainable economic development. Key drivers for growth in the logistics sector are streamlining of indirect taxes, increased demand for 3PL services, globalization of manufacturing, and investments in transportation infrastructure. The logistics industry is expected to grow at 15-20% annually. Special economic zones and logistics parks have led to increased logistics activities due to good port and transportation connectivity.
Development of intelligent road maintenance system mobile apps for a highwayjournalBEEI
Roads are one of the main assets of a country where the network infrastructure offers economic and social benefits. It is understood that road maintenance would improve economic development and social benefits, and the poorly maintained road network would destruct mobility, raise accident rates, intensify isolation, poverty and vehicle operating costs. Unidentified road environment covers many aspects and based on that matter, it is important to improve the quality of inspection reports, whereby the efficiencies by mobile application shall be utilized. Developed system mobile apps have been found to be effective, versatile to use, as they can be used anywhere and at any time. The goal was therefore to recognize the types of defects, issues and deficiencies in current road maintenance practices and to develop a computerized highway maintenance program. The scope of the research will be limited to a case study at PLUS highway, connecting the north and south highway of peninsular Malaysia. The findings showed that road maintenance work is not adequately and effectively designed because it requires more time and includes a lot of paperwork. Due to this matter, the proposed mobile application would provide an invaluable added benefit to intelligent system of PLUS highway.
This document summarizes the work of the RIPCORD-ISEREST project, which aims to improve road safety in Europe through research on road infrastructure measures. Workpackage 2 focused on accident prediction models (APMs) and road safety impact assessments (RIAs) as tools to help practitioners manage road safety. The document reports that APMs relate crash statistics to explanatory variables like traffic volume and road length. Pilot studies found these two factors are most important for APMs of road sections and intersections. RIAs assess the safety impact of plans like road works or safety schemes. The document provides recommendations for using APMs to identify unsafe roads and for conducting RIAs at various levels from single projects to national networks.
BOI recognizes the importance of the aerospace industry and offers a wide range of tax and non-tax incentives for projects that meet national development objectives.
The document discusses trends in India's travel and tourism industry from 2012-2023. Some key points:
- The travel & tourism industry is forecast to grow from $119 billion in 2012 to $270.5 billion by 2023. Business travel is estimated to increase from $25.9 billion to $58.6 billion over this period, while leisure travel is projected to rise from $67.5 billion to $152 billion.
- Passenger traffic at Indian airports is expected to increase from 160 million currently to 450 million by 2020, making India the third largest aviation market. Freight traffic is also projected to rise significantly.
- India's middle class population is projected to grow from 160 million
A research on significance of kalman filter approach as applied in electrical...eSAT Journals
Abstract Recently, AC distribution systems have experienced high harmonic pollution due to the fact that electrical power system
parameters are often mixed with noise. In an ideal situation, AC power system is supposed to have a constant frequency at
specific voltage but owing to presence of connected nonlinear loads and injection into the grid from non-sinusoidal output active
sources etc., have immensely contributed to the total distortion of the both current and voltage waveforms. This has increased the
system loses and consequently affected other connected equipment in the system. Therefore there is a need to mitigate these effects
if they cannot be eliminated intoto, hence the proposition of Kalman filter. It has been very useful in the aspect of electrical power
discipline particularly in harmonic estimation. It has also find it way in the application of power system dynamics, optimal
operation and control of motor, relay operation and protection, and also for accurate prediction of short and medium term
electrical load forecasting. This paper is to highlight on the significant of Kalman filter methodological approach as adopted in
electrical power system.
Keywords: Kalman Filter; Electrical Power System; Electrical Load; Harmonic Estimation.
Performance evaluation of modified modular exponentiation for rsa algorithmeSAT Journals
Abstract
Authentication is a very important application of public-key cryptography. Cryptographic algorithms make use of secret keys
known to send and receive information. When the keys are known the encryption / decryption process is an easy task, however
decryption will be impossible without knowing the correct key. The shared public key is managed by the sender, to produce a
message authentication code (MAC) for every transmitted message. There are many algorithms to enable security for message
authentication (secret key). RSA is one such best algorithm for public key based message authentication approaches. But it takes
more time for encryption and/or decryption process, when it has large key length. This research work evaluates the performance
of RSA algorithm with modified modular exponentiation technique for message authentication. As a result modified modular
exponent based RSA algorithm reduces execution time for encryption and decryption process.
Key Words: Cryptography, Message authentication, RSA, Modular Exponentiation.
Nonlinear prediction of human resting state functional connectivity based on ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Mounting evidence demonstrated that neuronal activity derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) relates to the
underlying anatomical circuitry measured by diffusion tensor/spectrum imaging (DTI/DSI). However, exploring the relationship
between functional connectivity (FC) and structural connectivity (SC) remains challengeable and thus has motivated a number of
computational models to investigate the extent to which the dynamics depend on the topology. Nevertheless, most of the models
are complex and difficult to treat analytically. In this paper, for simplicity, we utilize four network communication measures
extracted from SC as well as polynomial curves fitting method to predict FC. Our results indicate that all of these measures
predict FC via the nonlinear fitting method. Besides, compared with the linear method, the fitting value between predicted FC and
empirical FC attains higher after applying nonlinear process on communication measures which may help to shed light on the
function-structure relationship.
Key Words: brain connectivity; fMRI; DTI/DSI; network communication measure; nonlinear fitting
Fault diagnosis using genetic algorithms and principal curveseSAT Journals
Abstract Several applications of nonlinear principal component analysis (NPCA) have appeared recently in process monitoring and fault diagnosis. In this paper a new approach is proposed for fault detection based on principal curves and genetic algorithms. The principal curve is a generation of linear principal component (PCA) introduced by Hastie as a parametric curve passes satisfactorily through the middle of data. The existing principal curves algorithms employ the first component of the data as an initial estimation of principal curve. However the dependence on initial line leads to a lack of flexibility and the final curve is only satisfactory for specific problems. In this paper we extend this work in two ways. First, we propose a new method based on genetic algorithms to find the principal curve. Here, lines are fitted and connected to form polygonal lines (PL). Second, potential application of principal curves is discussed. An example is used to illustrate fault diagnosis of nonlinear process using the proposed approach. Index Terms: Principal curve, Genetic Algorithm, Nonlinear principal component analysis, Fault detection.
Design and development of intelligent electronics travelling aid for visually...eSAT Journals
Abstract The dynamic nature of the environment poses a big challenge to the visually impaired in navigation. This compels most of the visually impaired persons in the developing countries, who generally do not get any technology support, to depend on the visual sense of others, thus, undermining their independence. The intelligent electronic travelling aid for the visually impaired (IETA-VI) designed and developed by the authors and reported here, intends to provide solution to the navigational challenges of the visually impaired individuals. The system utilizes the ultrasonic detection technology for detecting any obstacle in his/her path, and then converts the distance to the obstacle into voice using voice synthesis technology so as to inform the visually impaired user. The device uses GPS and GSM technologies to determine the location of the user and to send this location to his/her care givers on mobile phone, respectively. The device also recognizes the voice signals of the visually impaired when in distress, by making use of voice recognition technology and send SMS to his care givers giving his location and asking them to help him. In a moment of emergency, when the visually impaired requires the attention of his/her care givers, the device provides three alternatives: The first alternative it provides is an emergency key, which when pressed will automatically send the location of the visually impaired to the care givers. The second alternative is that the visually impaired shouts (gives a voice command), the device responds by sending the location of the visually impaired to the care givers. The third alternatives take care of the situation when the user is unconscious or cannot even speak. This is provided by the display device, which displays the names and contact details of his/her care givers, so that someone can offer a helping hand. KEYWORDS: Ultrasonic detection, Voice recognition, Voice synthesis, GPS, GSM.
Fpga implementation of wireless data logger systemeSAT Journals
Abstract This Project describes the design and development of hardware and software modules for wireless data logger system using ZigBee.. FPGA firmware is developed in VHDL using Xilinx ISE 14.7 and the design is simulated using ModelSim Simulator and the code is synthesized on Altera Cyclone IV FPGA.End user can change remotely the data logger settings such as date and time. The Advent of Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) has made compact realization of embedded system possible. As FPGAs are high density logic devices. It is possible to realize certain software functions in hardware in an efficient way. Keywords: Data logger; FPGA; ZigBee; Real time clock; ADC.
G code based data receiving and control systemeSAT Journals
Abstract Today in engineering field technical research among the students are increased. To design and develop such hardware projects we may need to collect real time data from Data Acquisition System. These Systems are manufactured by very few companies in India. These systems are very expensive for the students. Hence students are in need of low cost data acquisition system to perform their research work. In this paper we have explained and implemented a Data Acquisition system (DAQ) using ATmega16 microcontroller. The GUI and data processing for DAQ system has been designed on LabVIEW and the system has been tested for different tasks. Keywords : Data Acquisition; LabVIEW; G-code; AVR ATmega-16;
An input enhancement technique to maximize the performance of page replacemen...eSAT Journals
Abstract One of the main goals of the memory management is to allow multiprogramming. Several strategies are used to allocate a memory to the process needed. These strategies require the entire process should be in the memory before execution and some of these strategies suffer from fragmentation. Virtual memory does not require entire process to be in memory before execution. It loads only those pages of the process in to the memory that are needed for execution. This can be achieved using paging scheme having number of frames in the memory to accommodate for each pages. Whenever one of the page in the memory need to be replaced, one of the page replacement algorithms are used. The performance of these page replacement algorithms depends on the total number of page faults achieved. In this paper, a new algorithm called Comparison Counting FIFO (CC-FIFO) and Distribution Counting FIFO (DC-FIFO) has been proposed using input enhancement technique. Our results and calculations show that the proposed algorithm minimizes the page fault rate compared to FIFO, LRU and Optimal page replacement algorithms. Keywords-Page replacement; Page fault; FIFO; OPT; LRU; Comparison Counting; Distribution Counting;
Developing an actual very high frequency antenna using genetic algorithmseSAT Journals
Abstract Antenna for the 88-108MHz Very high frequency (VHF) broadcast audio frequency-modulation (FM) band. The antenna is intended tofit in the flat area inside the head-band of an over ear hearing-protector headset. The space for the antenna is limited by an existing head-band design, where the unused internal area is the space studied in this thesis. A genetic algorithm is described for the multiple objective optimization of the antenna matching and radiation pattern optimization. The results of multiple genetic algorithm evaluations are described, and possible further improvements outlined. Progress is made on the development of the antenna. The antenna radiation pattern is evolved in desirable way, but a difficulty in solving the antenna matching problem is identified. Research for resolving the antenna matching problem is described in this paper Keywords: Antenna, Modulation, Genetic Algorithm, Frequency, Head-Band, Very High Frequency Broadcast.
An experimental investigation on flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced robo ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Now a days due to many civil engineering constructions through out the globe the usage of natural sand is very large and so it is slowly becoming scarce. Because of this main reason in the present days the usage of Robo sand or Crushed or artificial sand has gained momentum. This paper presents a brief study on the flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement elements made with artificial sand(Robo sand).Nearly 30 mortar cubes and 180 flexural specimens were cast and tested with the variables such as different percentages of steel fibre, number of wire mesh layers and different span to depth ratios (a/d) etc,. From the results it is observed that with the increase in percentage of fibres the compressive strength of mortar, first crack load, ultimate load in flexure, flexural stress at first crack load, flexural stress at ultimate load and energy absorption increase up to certain extent and afterwards get decreased. Also the above strength parameters are found to increase with number of wire mesh layers. More so the above strengths are found to decrease with the increase in a/d ratio except the flexural stresses at first crack load and ultimate load. Besides the paper presents the behaviour of load – deflection variation and crack pattern for number of variables studied. Further a comparative study of the behaviour of robo sand specimens with those of the natural sand has been studied. Finally an analytical model has been proposed for Mcr and Mu with the inclusion of the most of the variables used in the present investigation. Keywords: Robosand, Span to Depth ratio (a/d), Volume percentage of fibres (Vf), Number of Mesh Layers (N).
3 d mrf based video tracking in the compressed domaineSAT Journals
Abstract Object tracking is an interesting and needed procedure for many real time applications. But it is a challenging one, because of the presence of challenging sequences with abrupt motion, drastic illumination change, large pose variation, occlusion, cluttered background and also the camera shake. This paper presents a novel method of object tracking by using the algorithms spatio-temporal Markov random field (STMRF) and online discriminative feature selection (ODFS), which overcome the above mentioned problems and provide a better tracking process. This method is also capable of tracking multiple objects in video sequence even in the presence of an object interactions and occlusions that achieves better results with real time performance. Keywords: Video object tracking, spatio-temporal Markov random field (ST-MRF), online discriminative feature selection (ODFS).
Water quality index for groundwater of southern part of bangalore cityeSAT Journals
Abstract Combining different water quality parameters into one single number leads an easy interpretation of an index, thus providing an important tool for management and decision making purposes. Water quality index is a statistical index and is based on the rank order of observation. The purpose of an index is to transform the complex water quality data into information that is easily understandable and useable by the general public. As a part of research work, 14 important water viz., pH, Ec, Cl, Fe, F, SO4, T.H, Ca, Mg, TDS, Na, K, Zn, NO3 were used to evaluate WQI of Southern part of Bangalore City. The water quality index number varies between (19 to122).The indices is classified as Excellent at range less than 10, Good at range 10 to 30, Medium at a range 30 to 50, Bad at a range 50 to 75, and Very Bad at a range greater than 75and the corresponding range contributed by each group is 0%, 18%, 18%, 28%, and 36% respectively. Keywords: WQI, Bangalore
Finite element modeling and bending stress analysis of non standard spur geareSAT Journals
Abstract Gears are toothed wheels, transmitting power and motion from one shaft to another by means of successive engagement of teeth. Having a higher degree of reliability, compactness, high velocity ratio and finally able to transmit motion at a very low velocity, gears are gaining importance as the most efficient means for transmitting power. A gearing system is susceptible to problems such as interference, backlash and undercut. The contact portions of tooth profiles that are not conjugate is called interference. Furthermore due to interference and in the absence of undercut, the involute tip or face of the driven gear tends to dig out the non-involute flank of the driver. The response of a spur gear and its wear is an engineering problem that has not been completely overcome yet. With the perspective of overcoming such defects and for increase the efficiency of gearing system, the use of a non-standard spur gear i.e., an asymmetric spur gear having different pressure angles for drive and coast side of the tooth comes into picture. This paper emphasis on the generation of an asymmetric spur gear tooth using modeling software and bending stress at the root of Asymmetric spur gear tooth is estimated by finite element analysis using ANSYS software and results were compared with the standard spur gear tooth. Keywords: Asymmetric spur gear, Bending stress, Finite element method, Pressure angle
Fatigue life estimation of rear fuselage structure of an aircrafteSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on estimating the fatigue life of the rear fuselage structure of an aircraft. The researchers created a finite element model of the rear fuselage structure in CATIA and analyzed it in MSC.PATRAN and MSC.NASTRAN to identify high stress regions. They found the maximum stress locations were at cut-out corners and rivet holes in the skin. A local model with finer meshing around the cargo door cut-out was also analyzed. Fatigue life was then estimated using Miner's rule and an S-N curve, accounting for factors like surface roughness and reliability. Damage was accumulated over the expected load cycles to predict fatigue life until crack initiation.
A study on the marshall properties of dbm mix prepared using vg 30 and crmb-5...eSAT Journals
produce a mix which is supposed to be sufficiently sturdy, long-lasting,
resistive.DBM is used as a binder course in the highway pavement. Binder is a prime material in the bituminous mix. Marshall
properties of bituminous mix varies from binder to binder. In this work an effort has been ended to evaluate the Marshall
properties of dense bituminous macadam prepared using VG-30 and CRMB-55 as binder materials. DBM mix is prepared using
2% lime as filler material and VG-30, CRMB-55 as binder material. Marshall method of bituminous mix design is adopted to
decide the optimum bitumen content (OBC )and Marshall properties were determined at optimum bitumen content. On the basis
of limited laboratory studies carried out, it is conclude that CRMB-55 is superior binder material in terms of Marshall properties.
Key Words: VG-30, CRMB-55, Lime, and DBM.
Implementation of ac induction motor control using constant vhz principle and...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents the hardware implementation of V/f control of induction motor using sine wave PWM method. Because of its
simplicity, the V/F control also called as the scalar control, is the most widely used speed control method in the industrial
applications. In this method the ratio between stator voltage to frequency is maintained constant so that the stator flux is
maintained constant. As the stator flux is maintained constant, the torque developed by the motor depends only on the slip speed
and is independent of the supply frequency. Thus we can control the speed and torque of induction motor by simply controlling the
slip speed of induction motor. The complete control is achieved with the help of TMS320F28027 Development Board. One of the
basic requirements of this scheme is the PWM inverter. The gating signals are generated using sine wave PWM technique.
Implementation issues such as PWM signal generation, ramp control, v/f control, inverter design are discussed. The results are
discussed based on the various waveforms.
KeyWords: v/f control, Induction motor, PWM, and Scalar control
Design & analysis of needle roller bearing at gudgeon pin of ginning machineeSAT Journals
Abstract
Needle roller bearings have high load carrying capacity although it have small cylindrical roller having low cross section,
thus it used in application where space limitation is the important factor along with high dynamic loading capacity. So in
ginning machine where space is limited for driving the mechanism a Needle roller bearing having diameter of 20 mm is
used in between connecting rod and head pin to give the relative motion between parts. As the continuous impacting of
repetitive load on bearing, it fails with in shorter period of time if proper lubricant is not supplied by grease gun after 2 to 3
hours. While bearing are considered under observation it is found that bearing are fail due to brinnelling. So design and
analysis of needle roller bearing is vital to calculate the life of bearing and to make sure whether this bearing is suitable or
not. So it becomes mandatory in designing to calculate radial load applied on bearing as the bearing is rolling contact
bearing, from this life of the bearing can be calculated and finally analysis by ANSYS software is done to find the result so
that we can conclude for bearing.
Key Words: brinneling, connecting rod, dynamic load capacity, head pin, life, radial load, repetitive load
Weed and crop segmentation and classification using area thresholdingeSAT Journals
Abstract In the agricultural industry, the weed and crop identification and classification are major technical and economical importance. Two classification algorithms are focused in this paper. And the better classification algorithm has been selected to classify weed and crop from the images. There are three main parts of proposed system are segmentation, classification and error calculation. The developed algorithm based on area thresholding has been tested on weeds and various locations. Forty one sample images have been tested and the result of some weed coverage rate is illustrated. Moreover, the misclassification rate is also computed. An algorithm has been done to automate the tasks of segmentation and classification. The overall process is implemented in MATLAB. Keywords - Objects segmentation, Image processing, Plant classification, Area Thresholding
Wdm based fso link optimizing for 180 km using bessel filtereSAT Journals
Abstract Free space optical link is a growing field in communication due to its advantage of wide bandwidth, high security and easy installation. A wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) access network using free space optical (FSO) communication in different weather conditions like haze and rain are discussed in this article and find out the possibility of communication link up to 180 km in clear weather with 2.5 Gbps data rate on the wavelength of 1550 nm and up to 54 km in haze condition using same data rate & wave length. Further the effect of using two different low pass filter (Gaussian and Bessel) at the receiver are discussed and conclude that Bessel filter is better on 2.5 Gbps data rate for WDM based FSO link. Keywords: optical communications, wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), free space optics (FSO)
Publication: RITES Journal July 2010
Organization: Rail India Technical and Economic Service (RITES)
Source: www.rites.com
Date: July 2010
Summary: RITES Ltd., Government of India Enterprise was established in 1974, under the aegis of Indian Railways. It publishes an annual journal and discusses topics of contemporary significance.
Note: Please visit www.compad.in for more information
IRJET-Road Traffic Accident Analysis and Prediction Model: A Case Study of Va...IRJET Journal
This document discusses road traffic accidents in Vadodara City, India. It analyzes accident data from 2010-2016 collected from local police stations. Key findings include:
- Accident severity, the number of people killed per 100 accidents, increased over this period.
- The highest numbers of accidents occurred in March-April and involved two and four-wheelers.
- Factors contributing to accidents included lack of median barriers, footpaths, traffic signals and signs.
- The study aims to identify causes of accidents, develop an accident prediction model, and propose safety improvements to reduce accidents.
An Overview Of The Trucking Sector In India Significance And StructureJose Katab
The document provides an overview of the trucking sector in India, including its significance and structure. It describes how road transport now accounts for 65% of freight traffic in India, up from rail's previous dominance. The trucking industry comprises various actors like trucking companies, brokers, and pure truck owners who are supported by manufacturers, drivers, and others. The causes of this industry structure include the "unholy equilibrium" between stakeholders. The consequences are a fragmented ownership pattern and poor service quality. The paper concludes that any transport system should aim for speed, sustainability, safety, security, and stresslessness.
Road Safety Audit of Balsamand Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107ijtsrd
Now a days, in each ten minutes, we tend to lose one human life because of road accidents. Within the world, Bharat has world’s largest weighty traffic and accidents too its necessary to provide the safety to roads. Road Safety Audit RSA could be a practice or methodology within which identification of existing or future road on basis of questions of safety and provision of safety remedial measures on that. Road Safety Audit RSA is a formal method for assessing accident potential and safety performance within the provision of latest road schemes and schemes for the improvement and maintenance of existing roads.In this study, the section of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 †is undertaken. Road taken having appreciable traffic throughout day time and a few black spots on the road wherever accidents could happen and in depth analysis of road from “Balsamand – Hisar Bypass Road MDR 107 †is administered on the premise of information assortment like traffic behaviour study, road safety signs and symbols, etc. The purpose of study is to examine the road within the terms of the security measures, road situation, any kind of flaws and to counsel the alleviative and preventive actions for the chosen section of road for audit. Ravi Saharan | Vikas "Road Safety Audit of Balsamand-Hisar Bypass Road (MDR 107)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-5 , August 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50419.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/50419/road-safety-audit-of-balsamandhisar-bypass-road-mdr-107/ravi-saharan
A REVIEW ON EFFECTIVE SOLUTION OF TRAFFIC CONGESTION ISSUES OCCURRING IN THE ...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of traffic congestion issues occurring in urban areas and potential solutions. It discusses that traffic congestion has increased substantially worldwide since the 1950s due to factors like increased vehicle ownership and poor road planning. The main causes of congestion identified are increased vehicle-road capacity ratio, poor road geometry, illegal parking, and insufficient road capacity during peak hours. Congestion leads to increased travel time, fuel consumption, vehicle maintenance costs, and air pollution. Several measures to reduce congestion are discussed, including improving road infrastructure, developing public transportation systems, and implementing congestion pricing.
Survey on Enhancing Accident Safety: Technological SolutionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using IoT and deep learning technologies to enhance accident safety. It discusses how IoT sensors can detect factors like alcohol consumption and drowsiness in real-time and how deep learning algorithms can analyze data to predict accidents. The document reviews literature on different technological solutions for accident prevention, including alcohol detection systems that use sensors to monitor drivers and prevent intoxicated driving. It highlights the potential of integrating IoT and deep learning to develop comprehensive accident prevention and detection systems.
Towards Smart Cities Development: A Study of Public Transport System and Traf...sarfraznawaz
Increasing number of privately owned vehicles are depicting Malaysians preferred mode of mobility and lack of interest in the public transport system. In most developing countries such as Malaysia, motorized vehicles are the major contributors to air pollution in urban zones. Air pollution is a silent killer as it infiltrates the vital organs, leading to serious diseases and death. This research critically analyses the emissions of air pollutants such as CO, NO2, SO2, hydrocarbon, and PM from various sources in Malaysia with emphasis mainly on the emission of pollutants from motor vehicles. This research also discusses the public transport initiatives undertaken by the government of Malaysia such as enhancing the bus and rail system, transforming Malaysia’s taxi system, managing travel demand and enhancing the integration of urban public transport system. Furthermore, considering the smart cities initiatives, this research identified that weather, safety, security and inappropriate infrastructure are major barriers in Malaysia’s move towards the implementation of smart and eco-friendly mobility practices such as cycling, carpooling and car sharing.
An effective road safety management system covers three linked elements: institutional management functions, interventions and results. All countries should ensure that an effective road safety management system is in place.
The document discusses the role of corporates in promoting road safety in India. It notes that road accidents cost the Indian economy billions each year. It outlines the key stakeholders involved in road safety efforts, including government agencies, educational institutions, media, police, health services, transport authorities, insurance companies and corporates. The document suggests road safety measures corporates can implement at the employee level, corporate level and for third parties to help reduce accidents and support broader road safety initiatives.
Global Plan for the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020EasySonho
The document outlines a global plan for a Decade of Action for Road Safety from 2011-2020 with the overall goal of stabilizing and reducing forecasted global road traffic fatalities. It details five pillars of activities for countries to implement at the national level to work towards this goal: 1) road safety management, 2) safer roads and mobility, 3) safer vehicles, 4) safer road users, and 5) post-crash response. These include adhering to UN conventions, designating a lead road safety agency, developing national strategies, and coordinating multi-sector partnerships to improve road safety management and activities.
2. case study 2 land transportation effects on manufacture and regional eco...Farel Adhitabima
This study examined the effects of land transportation and manufacturing industry on the economic improvement of Sumatra, Indonesia from 2006-2015. Regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between these variables. The results showed that land transportation and manufacturing industry had a positive and significant combined effect on economic improvement. Specifically, land transportation was found to have a positive and significant partial effect, while the manufacturing industry did not have a significant partial effect. The study utilized secondary data from the central statistics agency of Labuhan Batu Regency to analyze these relationships and their implications for the regional economy of Sumatra, Indonesia.
This Global Plan has been developed by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Regional Commissions, in cooperation with partners in the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration and other stakeholders, as a guiding document to support the implementation of the Decade of Action 2021–2030 and its objectives.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Toolkit decade of action for road safety 2011 2020 englishNETWORKVIAL MEXICO
The document provides information about launching the Decade of Action for Road Safety 2011-2020, including a toolkit for organizing launch events. It outlines the background and vision for the Decade, which aims to stabilize and reduce the nearly 1.3 million annual road traffic deaths. The Global Plan for the Decade includes five pillars for coordinated global action: building road safety management capacity; improving road and transport infrastructure safety; developing safer vehicles; enhancing road user behavior; and improving emergency response. The toolkit provides ideas and guidance for organizing local launch events to promote and support the goals of the Global Plan.
A Basic Frame Work For Formulation Of Road Safety Improvement Programijcite
Road accidents have increased and reached to an alarming point in past
few years in most of the developing countries including India. The
continued steep increase in the number of road accidents indicates that
these losses are undoubtedly inhibiting the economic and social
development of the countries and adding to the poverty and hardships of
the poor. Thus, there is an urgent need to take preventive measures to
reduce accidents and to develop road safety improvement program. This
study proposes a basic frame work for formulation of road safety
improvement program. The framework consist of four major stages i.e
Stage I ranking of safety hazardous location, stage II evaluation of
safety hazardous condition at different Section in road network, Stage III
prioritization of remedial safety measures and Stage IV selection of
safety measures (formulation of road safety improvement program) .
This study also presents the basic concepts to develop a methodology for
formulation of road safety improvement program. Thus, this study will
be useful for researcher and policy makers to develop a methodology for
formulation of road safety improvement program to select remedial
safety measures to improve safety on hazardous location in the road
network
Sustainability in Highway Projects: A Concise ReviewIRJET Journal
This document discusses sustainability in highway projects. It provides an overview of sustainable highway design and construction, which aims to limit the environmental impact of highways through practices like maximizing a highway's lifetime while restricting emissions. The document reviews various challenges with conventional highway construction that impact the environment. It also examines approaches for improving sustainability, such as prioritizing access over mobility, providing transportation options like walking/biking, and considering environmental and resource needs. Key aspects of sustainable highways discussed include self-awareness, information interaction, self-adaptation, and energy harvesting. The environmental impacts of highway construction activities like earthmoving are also addressed.
IRJET- Analysis of Risk Factors Affecting Management and Maintenance of Urban...IRJET Journal
This document discusses analyzing risk factors that affect the management and maintenance of urban transportation infrastructure. It begins with an abstract that outlines challenges facing urban transportation systems in developing countries, including high demand that exceeds existing road capacity. The document then aims to identify risk factors that influence the performance and lifespan of transportation facilities over their lifecycle. It discusses conducting a survey of experts to determine common and frequently occurring risks. Key risks identified through literature review include management risks, operational risks, environmental risks, political/government risks, technological risks, construction risks, project finance risks, and other risks like natural disasters. The methodology involves collecting data on risks through questionnaires, analyzing the responses using a Likert scale to rate the likelihood and impact of each risk,
This document discusses the design of a traffic signal for Agrasen Chowk intersection in India. It first provides background on the increasing traffic volumes and resulting congestion problems at intersections. It then describes conducting traffic volume studies to collect data on vehicle types, flows, and patterns. This data is used to predict future traffic volumes and design the signal timing by calculating the green time and pedestrian walk times needed. The document outlines the specific traffic surveys and analyses conducted to design the traffic signal for Agrasen Chowk intersection.
Roads carry 85% of passenger traffic in India but are congested and of poor quality, while rail networks face capacity constraints. Transportation challenges also include road accidents, inefficient ports, and poor rural connectivity. The government is taking steps like increasing funding, developing national highways, and promoting electric vehicles and green transportation. Moving forward, India needs intelligent transportation systems, green awareness campaigns, and to prioritize public transport sustainability, equity and resilience through strategies like expanding electric vehicle infrastructure and positioning as a green mobility manufacturing hub.
Similar to Alternative fundings to improve road safety in malaysia (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Alternative fundings to improve road safety in malaysia
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 119
ALTERNATIVE FUNDINGS TO IMPROVE ROAD SAFETY IN
MALAYSIA
Md. Zarulazam Md. Eusofe1
, H. Evdorides2
1
Doctoral Researcher, 2
Lecturer, School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University
of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
1
zxe310@bham.ac.uk, 2
H.Evdorides@bham.ac.uk
Abstract
Road safety is a major transport, health and social issue worldwide as an estimated 1.3 million road users are killed on the roads
every year, of which 90% are in low and middle-income countries (LMIC), where 72% of the world’s population lives but only
half of the world’s registered vehicles are owned and driven. In terms of cost, it is estimated that USD 518 billion of lost yearly
has been recorded according to the World Health Organisation, WHO (2009). These poor road safety records require immediate
actions to be taken in areas of management, institutional reform and funding. Malaysia is an established dynamic and progressive
LMIC seeking to improve its road safety performance and until today it depends mostly on the government’s revenues to finance
its road safety plans. This practice however may cause burden to the government yearly budget which also need to cater for other
sectors such as education, health and defence. To this end, this paper explores and critically evaluates the current situation of
road safety inclusive of its funding mechanisms on a global scale as well as in Malaysia. In an effort to improve the situation, the
paper aims at analysing the effectiveness of funding mechanism in enhancing road safety. A number of examples of successful
road funding mechanism worldwide are presented together with implementation issues with the view to suggest options to
improve road safety management and financing at both national and local level in Malaysia.
Index terms: Road safety funding, Road safety in Malaysia, Second generation road fund.
---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
As of 2011, World Health Organisation (WHO) reported
that injuries arising from road traffic were ranked as ninth in
the world that led to death. The poorly practiced road safety
measures require urgent improvement, where the specific
areas that can be looked into are the areas of management,
institutional reform and funding. Globally, the issue of poor
road safety impacts the social and health factors, because it
directly affects the critical trade and economic sectors. As a
result, recently road safety became a priority for the central
governments and all the associated governing agencies.
Apart from that, the significant economic growth in the last
decade altered the lifestyle of ordinary citizens, hence
resulted in increased personal vehicle and public
transportation usages. Since the number of vehicles has
increased, the reckless driving attitudes and poor driving
skills have been amplified, and resulted in increased road
accidents and proportionally as well as the death rates and
uncounted serious fatalities on road[8].
In order to overcome the serious road safety malfunction,
various measures have been introduced by most
governments, namely legislative and institutional
frameworks on improving the road safety management.
Additionally, many governmental or private agencies were
initiated to solve the road safety malfunction[13]. However,
the agencies were not effective in reducing the road safety
incidents, which can be observed from the increasing road
carnage.
In 2009, WHO predicted that LMICsproduced increasing
fatality rates that are prone from road accidents (low-income
countries resulted in 21.5 per every 100, 000 population,
while middle-income countries resulted in 19.5 per every
100, 000 population). In the case first world countries, the
fatality rate due to road traffic resulted in approximately
10.3 per every 100,000 population. As of 2009, the WHO
presumes, “Over 90% of the world’s fatalities on the roads
occur in LMIC, which have only 48% of the world’s
registered vehicles.”
Accidents related to road traffic was failed to be reduced by
LMICs, simply because the institutional road safety
management was poorly conducted by LMICs. The poor
conduct of LMIC was brought to limelight by Road Traffic
Injury Prevention 2004 within the World Report[4]. As a
solution, several approaches were proposed by the World
Bank, including the supply of financial and human resources
to support the increase of road safety.However, it was found
that without supplying actual funding and required skills, the
proposed road safety structures and relative processes by
government are unproductive, and eventually fails to
provide the necessary impact.
2. ROAD SAFETY SCENARIOIN MALAYSIA
Malaysia, a country located in the South East Asia region, is
a well-established and dynamic LMIC. After 1957, which is
when Malaysia attained her independence, massive
economic growth was demonstrated by Malaysia in the areas
of population, industrialization, and motorization. The
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 120
average population growth of Malaysia demonstrated a
surging pattern, where the population was 24.7 million in
2002 and increased to 29.4 million in 2012, with an
incremental rate of 2.5% (Department of Statistics Malaysia,
2013). Similar to other developing nations, Malaysia
demonstrated significant economic growth and supported
new economic activities, including construction and
transportation industries. Figure 1 illustrates the total
registered motor vehicles within Malaysia, where an
increasing trend can be observed from 6.18 million in 1994
to 22.7 million in 2012 (Department of Road Transport
Malaysia, 2013).
Fig-1: Total number of motor vehicles in Malaysia (1994-2012) (Source: Department of Road Transport Malaysia, 2013)
As indicated earlier, one of the impact of having a growing
economy is the increasing number of vehicles used, which
incidentally leads to a higher probability for Malaysians to
get into an accident. Therefore, even though government
accommodated the rapid development, there is concurrent
increase in the number of road traffic accidents. This can be
observed through the total road fatalities rate at 250,429 in
the year of 2000 that increased to 414,421 in the year of
2010 (Malaysia Institute of Road Safety (MIROS), 2013).
However, in order to address the growth in vehicle usage,
Malaysian government introduced new facilities and
infrastructures, namely construction of relevant roads and
highways to solve the congestions As of the year of 2013,
new highways, federal and state roads, and private roads that
span up to approximately 180,000 km had been constructed
in Malaysia, as shown in Table 1.
Table-1: Malaysia road network
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(Source: Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works &
Malaysia Highway Authority, 2013)
According to the estimation of MIROS, the failure of
Malaysian government in introducing a solution on
enhancing the road safety by the year of 2020 will result in
more than 10,000 road fatalities. The estimated figure of
fatalities is alarming, hence requires immediate strategic
efforts that are applicable before the situation becomes
critical
During the 80s era, campaigns related to road safety were
conducted by various agencies as part of their main tasks as
allowed by law. Additionally, the government itself applied
some immediate solutions to solve the significantly
increasing road accidents. One of the important measure
introduced by Malaysian government was the formation of
the multi sectorial non-statutory advisory board, also known
as the Road Safety Council, which directly helped the
government to reduce the road fatalities
After the establishment of the Road Safety Department,
Malaysian government introduced the first Road Safety Plan
of Malaysia (RSPM) in the year of 2006 that covers from
2006 to 2010. The framework of RSPM unveils the road
safety implementation approaches through the four E‟s,
namely engineering, education, enforcement and
environment, while supplementary items include
coordination, funding and mechanisms that operate based on
the areas prioritized by the plan (RSD 2006).If this plan was
achieved, the government targeted the road accident to be
reduced by the year of 2010, as illustrated in Box 1.
[1]. Reduce the number of road deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles by 52.4% from 4.2 in 2005 to 2.0 in 2010
[2]. 10 deaths per 100,000 population as compared to the current 23 deaths per 100,000 population and
[3]. 10 deaths per 1.0 billion vehicle kilometre travelled compared to the current 18 deaths per 1.0 billion vehicle kilometre
travelled
Box-1: Target for Road Safety Plan 2006-2010(Source: Road Safety Department of Malaysia, 2006)
The outcome of the plan measured in the year of 2010 is
shown inTable 2. It is clear that the goals set out in RSPM
2006 to 2010 were not completely achieved, however some
degree of improvements related to road safety can be
observed during the RSPM. As reported by RSD, the key
reason that the plan was not achieved is related to the
implementation delay of some important initiatives.
Table-2: The RSPM 2006-2010- Targets and Outcomes
Road Fatalities Indicator Road Fatalities
2006
Road Fatalities Target
2010
Road Fatalities
2010
Per 10,000 Registered Vehicles 4.0 2.0 3.4
Per 100,000 Population 23.6 10.0 23.8
Per Billion Vehicle Kilometre Travelled (VKT) 18.9 10.0 17.3
(Source: Road Safety Department of Malaysia, 2011)
3. THE PRESENT STATE OF FUNDING FOR ROAD SAFETY IN MALAYSIA
The WHO published an article titled “The World Report on
Road Traffic Injury Prevention”in 2004, which provided six
important measures that have to be implemented by a
country to improve the respective level of road safety (see
Box 2).Among the recommendations, financial and technical
resources are important to effectively improve the level of
road safety. However, the WHO realized that when
manpower and financial resources are limited in an LMIC,
then practicing the recommendations will be complex. This
finding is similar to the outcome ofBliss and Breen‟s (2009)
research, whereby agreed that financial and manpower
allocations were important to effectively implement
measures to improve a road safety management system.
Box-2: The World Report Recommendations
[1]. Identify a lead agency in government to guide the national road traffic safety effort
[2]. Assess the problem, policies and institutional settings relating to road traffic injury and the capacity for road traffic
injury prevention in each country
[3]. Prepare a national road safety strategy and plan of action
[4]. Allocate financial and human resources to address the problem
[5]. Implement specific actions to prevent road traffic crashes, minimize injuries and their consequences and evaluate the
impact of these actions
[6]. Support the development of national capacity and international cooperation
(Source: The World Report on Road Traffic Injury Prevention, 2004)
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Volume: 04 Issue: 11 | Nov-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 122
In any country, without sufficient amount and sustainable
mode of funding, the road safety improvement would not be
possible. As described by Downing (2004), road safety plans
had been failed to be implemented bymany countries due to
lack of funding. Such phenomenon is worrying and further
complicates the implementation of road safety processes,
and as a result sustains the fatalities occurred due to road
accidents.Heggie (1999) indicated thateconomic sector that
is related to road grows at face pace, hence such sector
relying solely on government funding would not be
efficient. Some of the key factors that reduce the
government fund allocation for road are as follows:
[1]. Defence, health and education sectors require more
funding for strategic reasons;
[2]. Higher tax cannot be imposed on tax payers as it will
burden the common citizens;
[3]. Delay in road maintenance will have minimal impact;
and
[4]. The costs pertaining to road construction and
maintenance increases on yearly basis, hence cannot
be completely supported by the government.
To successfully achieve every road safety related initiatives,
the related budget has to be sufficiently and logically scaled.
This statement can be supported by the finding of Bishai et
al., (2003), which reveals that road safety related investment
is correlated to the envisaged positive aspects. Furthermore,
the case studies conducted in Uganda and Pakistan, which is
two different LMICs, demonstrated that road accidents can
be drastically reduced relative to the increasing investment
on improving road safety infrastructure.
It is important to state that the situation is similar in
Malaysia, where road construction and infrastructure
improvement budgets are sponsored by the government
through annual allocation. Although annual budget includes
both careful planning and sufficient fund, but considering
the current road safety requirement with aggressive
initiatives and public awareness campaigns, over time the
budget would be insufficient and results in requiring
additional fund. However, it is true that theoretically funds
from other sectors can be channeled into road safety
initiatives, but practically it will be complex to reroute the
funds from strategic sectors, namely health, education, and
defence.
4. SOURCES OF ROAD SAFETY FUNDING
Some of the major sources for road safety funding arethe
general tax revenues, which are considered part of the
government budget;specific taxes, one of the example is the
fines related to traffic offencethatare allocated to spend on
road safety;levies arising from insurance premiums;private
industries sponsorships; and contribution from road user
charges, also known as road funds.
Although there are various sources of funding on road
safety, only a number of countries realize the importance of
investing on road safety. Some these countries are The
United Kingdom (UK), which carried out a case study on
the road safety expenses and costs, followed by New
Zealand that prioritized the monitoring of the funding
sources for road safety improvement. Furthermore, the
government allocated funding is also utilized for road
repairing rather than improving road safety, which
effectively defeats the entire purpose of the funding.
However, there are also LICs that allocate funds for
corrective mechanisms programs, which can be observed
from National Road Safety Councils (NRSCs) that receives
support directly from government. But, again dedicated
funding for road safety is not widely practiced.
4.1 Government Budget Through General Tax
Revenues
In the eye of the public, any tasks related to road safetyare
perceived as the obligation of public sector. Any
development on road safety will be a collective budgeted
across the sectors that are involved, namely the transport
ministry, state and central governments road departments,
medical sector and public safety sector. But, it is important
to state that there won‟t be a clear number on the exact
funding required by individual sector. The findings of a
study conducted by the government of UK revealed that
private sector consumes 57% of the allocated fund on road
safety, where the spending is on driver training and testing,
and vehicle inspection[1]. In the public sector, the
expenditure related to the ambulance and hospital services is
50 %, while police division spends about 27 %. The heavy
lobbying from the health sector forced a major development
on the road infrastructure; as a result insurance claims for
health treatment in hospitals are easier now. The remaining
fund of 33% is utilized by the transport ministry, the
national road agency and local authorities. On the other
hand, the NRSCs or the equivalent bodies usually suffer
from insufficient fund due to none direct budget allocation
for road safety.
4.2 Levies Added To Insurance Premiums
From the allocated budget, the fund also covers the
accumulated levy or surcharge of the required insurance
premium for road safety events. This is because insurance
premiums are directly affected from road accidents due to
payouts, therefore the insurance agencies provide incentives
to lower accident rates. Both the public and the insurance
companies must accept any additional surcharge on
insurance premiums. One way of improving this scenario is
by not excluding any parties from paying levy (e.g., some
countries exclude government vehicles). Therefore, the
money earned from imposing levy should be managed
without prejudice and upkeep fairness among the
participating insurance companies.
However, the complexity in implementing such a funding
scheme is that LICs are having too many vehicles without
licenses or insurances that can reach up to 50% of the total
existing vehicles. Two problems arise from this scenario,
where firstly the fund produced by the levy can be reduced,
and secondly, which is a bigger issue is that the higher levy
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increases the insurance fee and directly produces more
uninsured vehicles. As a solution, South Africa utilizes fuel
levy scheme to generate fund for third party injury
premiums.The benefit of this scheme is basically linking
between the frequent road users that pays higher petrol levy,
and in return contributes more towards insurance levy. The
fuel levy to insurance levy scheme had been adopted and
practiced by four different South African nations and being
considered by Mauritiusfor implementation [1].
4.3 Partnership/ Sponsorship
Many private industries sponsors road safety related
activities to generate positive image for good product
marketability, create new line-of-businesses through
demonstrations of developments, and also to provide a
perception that their products are safe. Fewer road crashes
and safer driving practices may also give them benefit from
the lower costs associated with it. The sponsorship can be
either provided directly, or in kind, or both simultaneously.
Such corporate sponsors focuses on delivering four major
agendas, namely road safety education and knowledge
transfer, road safety awareness campaigns, enforcement
campaigns, and driver training and awareness. One of the
corporate members is the car manufacturers that contribute
widely by providing materials and monetary investment on
road safety education. On the other hand, the UK
government co-financed the public transportation sector and
provided more taxi services and late night buses as means of
transport for intoxicated drivers. Concurrently, UK
government also sponsors free non-alcoholic drinks for
selected drivers.Educational and publicity of the naming,
packaging, and merchandising of alcohol beverages strictly
follows the code of practice. Corporate sponsorships also
involve in the law enforcement sector, where polices are
supported by the supplies of special vehicles and
breathalysers. Additionally, the training for drivers are
normally conducted by private sectors, where defensive
driving lessons and occasional organizing of driving
competitions are carried out to support safer driving
campaign[1].
4.4 Earmarked Taxes (First Generation Road
Funds)
Introducing specific tax system for a specific purpose is
known as earmarking. In this case, earmarking does not
come from government budget, therefore the allocated
budget for all sectors will be reduced to contribute towards
earmarking scheme. Therefore, both finance ministries and
IMF are not warmed up to the idea of earmarking [14], and
will only agree if the additional fund required comes from
the road users and consequently neutralizes the scheme,
because then the budget from other sectors will stay
unchanged First generation road funds adopted this
earmarking scheme. The money generated from traffic
tickets is occasionally used for earmarking purpose, where
the additional money is used to fund the activities of traffic
law enforcement. However, the earmarking scheme based
on first generation reduces the profit that supposedly
returned to government, thus not actually neutralising the
budget. Furthermore, improving the law enforcement will
result in better road usage and will directly reduce the traffic
offense related incomes. Therefore, applying earmarking
methods on traffic related offenses must be carefully
considered by taking into account the potential income and
profit[5].
By recognizing all the drawbacks of earmarking scheme on
traffic related offenses resulted in the scheme not being
widely applied, with Vietnam being the only exceptional
case that completely applies the earmarking scheme for road
safety funding. Semi-earmarking scheme is applied in
Malaysia and the Philippines, where the payment received
for traffic related offenses are partly absorbed by the police,
while Ethiopia completely stopped earmarking scheme for
traffic related offenses[1]. One of the recent achievement via
earmarking scheme is the installation of number of red light
enforcement and speed control cameras to assure that drivers
follow the procedures of traffic signals. These particular
cameras introduced new measures in curbing traffic
offenders and generate additional revenue that is used for
road safety improvement. Apart from that, Western
Australia government moves one third of the red light and
speed traps fines into the Road Trauma Trust Fund. In the
case of UK, speed traps are being introduced and the
revenue generated will be directed towards additional speed
traps installations at specific areas. On the other hand, some
states in the United States of America (USA) tunnel part of
the traffic fines into specific trainings on law enforcement,
while additional surcharges are introduced for high risk
movement violations in the state of Mississippi and revenue
generated will be used for emergency medical care. The
final goal of the implementation of various measures is to
directly decrease the traffic fines in future.
4.5 Road Funds (Second Generation Road Funds)
After the year of 1990, a general platform for road funds
were built to generate a long term plan that successfully
improves road safety measures[14]. Part of the long term
plan is to connect roads into business districts and
incorporate a fee-for-service basis. These specific roads
collect fees from users, and the fees are used toward
improving the road infrastructure and safety aspects (New
Zealand is a prime example in collecting the road fund,
subsequently emerged as „good‟ practice)[1]. A board that
comprise of representatives of road users and business
owners usually manages the road fund. The road funds are
also collected through levying the fuel price, fee related to
vehicle registration, vehicle license fees and direct road user
charges (e.g., tolls and weight-distance fees), and the levy
category varies according to the country.
Some of the collected funds are also channeled as subsidies
for road safety aspects. Generally, the road safety subsidies
and spendings are decided by a central board. Wherever a
board is applicable, the local road and transport agencies
that require the road fund needs to prepare supporting
documents with a well-prepared road safety programs.
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Some road funds directly allocate a specific budget on road
safety to provide continuous support. Recently, the
Ethiopian Road Fund Board reported that up to 3 % of the
road fund could be freely direct towards the road safety[15].
Considering other nations, Ghana has already created a road
fund to initiate a monetary source to maintain the road safety
support the NRSC, and data collection approach for major
road crashes.
4.6 Second Generation Of Road Funds As A
Solution To Road Safety
Compared to the earmarking scheme of the first generation
road funds,the second generation earmarking scheme has
been improved with additional legal frameworks. The
improvements comprise of efficient management of the
collected funds and proper accountability for the
government and the general public. Benmaamar (2006)
reported on the second generation road funds with the
following statements, “Thus governed by specific legislation
which sets out the roles and responsibilities of a
representative management board to oversee operations and
a secretariat to manage the business of the road fund on a
day-to-day basis.”The legislation was primarily introduced
to initiate an institution that controls the resources related to
the scheme and assure that the road funds are utilised for the
right purpose. Additionally, Heggie and Vickers (1998)
created a framework for second generation funds with
possibility of being subjected to change:
precise legal framework that covers clear regulations,
rules, with a separate administrator for road fund;
an agency that specifically purchase services related to
road maintenance and does not provide services related
to road maintenance;
an administrative structure that is viable financially,
and both efficient and lean;
regular and increased financial and technical audits;
and
generate more revenue from charges related to road use
and store the fund in a bank account dedicated for road
fund bank.
The second generation road fund scheme is being adopted
by most developing countries to solve the lack of funding
issue on road maintenance and the inefficient system that
carry out the road maintenance tasks. As specified earlier,
the second generation scheme receives fund from fuel
levies, while the management of the fund is the responsible
of the board that upholds the interest of general public.
However, according toGwilliam and Kumar (2003), most
economists did not agree with the idea of second generation
funds, and the exact reported statement was
that“Macroeconomists often oppose such funds, arguing
that this earmarking of revenue reduces fiscal flexibility”.
On the other hand, some researchers reported that such road
fund schemes should be an intermediate solution before
forming a full scale commercialized road maintenance
system, therefore it is subject to sunset provisions. Gwilliam
and Kumar (2003) also stated that prior to deciding on the
usage of second generation scheme, the impact of such
scheme on the resource allocation, rent seeking and
operational efficiency should be thoroughly analysed.
However, it is also possible to apply the second generation
road funds in various approaches to solve road safety
problems. Furthermore, the application of second generation
road funds can be diverse due to the increased accountability
and improved management prospect compared to the first
generation roads funds [17]. As reported by Transportation
& Development Institute (American Society of Civil
Engineers) and American Society of Civil Engineers (2009),
road safety is not widely successful because of the
insufficient fund allocated for road safety improvement and
as well as the poor management of the insufficient fund for
road safety development. However, this is not applicable
with the second generation road funds as the scheme
practices efficient fund management that assures the funds
are directed towards the right purpose.
From the perspective of Fan and Chan-Kang (2005), poor
roads were prone to produce more road accidents compared
to the good conditioned roads. Such remark reveals the idea
that more road accidents can be observed in the upcoming,
middle and low income countries due to the chances of
having increased poor conditioned roads. In order to justify
such claim, the finding ofDahdah (2008) can be taken as a
reference, where it was found that road accidents were low
in developed countries owing to better road infrastructures.
The second generation roads funds are managed on the
grounds of administrative autonomy, financial autonomy
and regular auditing. The management processes are
important to provide increased transparency, accountability
and reporting for the fund used to perform the
roadmaintenance activities, so that safer roads can be
successfully achieved. Furthermore, there are also sets of
rules and regulations within the second generation road
funds, which provide the processes of properly utilizing the
funds towards improving the road safety via various options.
An additional approach taken by the second generation
scheme is to improve the road infrastructure by separating
the channels for the service provider and the purchaser. The
purchaser is basically the road fund, while the service
provider is the road agencies and relevant departments, and
the separation among the purchaser and the service provider
assures a smooth and quality delivery of service owing to
the decreasing nature of the conflict of interest.Benmaamar
(2006) remarked the following statements on the separation,
“Road fund boards tend to cumulate too many conflicting
responsibilities, which often include funding, planning and
managing road works. In such cases, they act both as the
customer for the services provided, as well as the provider
of those services. This creates an obvious conflict of interest,
which weakens financial discipline and compromises efforts
to control costs and maintain quality”.
5. CONCLUDING DISCUSSION
From the thorough review carried out in the proposed work,
it is clear that the road safety level is at high risk, especially
in the region of LMICs. This is due to the weak enforcement
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of law, loosely created legislation and legal frameworks that
supposed to ensure the proper usage of the funding for road
safety. The only approach of improving every aspects of the
road safety management is by applying immediate and
imminent changes to the areas of management, institutional
reform and funding. Solving road carnage is not a
straightforward process.
Furthermore, it is clear from this proposed review that
funding is the ultimate bottleneck towards improving the
road infrastructure to attain safer roads, where many plans
were made to achieve safer roads and mostly became
unsuccessful due to the lack of funding[7]. It is envisaged
that by exploring and using the mechanism of second
generation road funds, a sufficient and sustainable funding
for road safety can be proposed in order to ensure the
effectiveness of a road safety management plan such as that
in Malaysia. However, this requires a systematic
investigation to examine the factors that affect the
implementation of second generation road funds,
appropriate communication within authorities concerned,
political support and a comprehensive plan to establish the
funding mechanism in a sustainable manner.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to take this opportunity to
acknowledge the Government of Malaysia for the research
funding, the Malaysian Highway Authority and the senior
officials participates in the study for their contributions and
ideas.
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