Abstract Now a days due to many civil engineering constructions through out the globe the usage of natural sand is very large and so it is slowly becoming scarce. Because of this main reason in the present days the usage of Robo sand or Crushed or artificial sand has gained momentum. This paper presents a brief study on the flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement elements made with artificial sand(Robo sand).Nearly 30 mortar cubes and 180 flexural specimens were cast and tested with the variables such as different percentages of steel fibre, number of wire mesh layers and different span to depth ratios (a/d) etc,. From the results it is observed that with the increase in percentage of fibres the compressive strength of mortar, first crack load, ultimate load in flexure, flexural stress at first crack load, flexural stress at ultimate load and energy absorption increase up to certain extent and afterwards get decreased. Also the above strength parameters are found to increase with number of wire mesh layers. More so the above strengths are found to decrease with the increase in a/d ratio except the flexural stresses at first crack load and ultimate load. Besides the paper presents the behaviour of load – deflection variation and crack pattern for number of variables studied. Further a comparative study of the behaviour of robo sand specimens with those of the natural sand has been studied. Finally an analytical model has been proposed for Mcr and Mu with the inclusion of the most of the variables used in the present investigation. Keywords: Robosand, Span to Depth ratio (a/d), Volume percentage of fibres (Vf), Number of Mesh Layers (N).
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of angle of repose of aggregate on strength of bituminous mixIJARIIT
The major constituent of the bituminous mix are
aggregates. The characteristics of the bituminous mix are
mainly affected by properties of aggregates. The angle of
repose of aggregates of different sizes and sources have
been designed in the present study. Further, an attempt has
been made to study the effect of angle of repose to the
strength of bituminous mix. Indirect tensile strength has
been used as the measure of the strength of bituminous mix,
subsequently, the statistical relationship has been proposed
between the overall angles of repose of the aggregates used
in the bituminous mix to its indirect tensile strength.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of angle of repose of aggregate on strength of bituminous mixIJARIIT
The major constituent of the bituminous mix are
aggregates. The characteristics of the bituminous mix are
mainly affected by properties of aggregates. The angle of
repose of aggregates of different sizes and sources have
been designed in the present study. Further, an attempt has
been made to study the effect of angle of repose to the
strength of bituminous mix. Indirect tensile strength has
been used as the measure of the strength of bituminous mix,
subsequently, the statistical relationship has been proposed
between the overall angles of repose of the aggregates used
in the bituminous mix to its indirect tensile strength.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Effect of naoh mercerisation on the cross linking of conventional and compact...eSAT Journals
Abstract An investigation of the effect of resin finishing on the properties of conventional and compact cotton yarn is reported. It is shown that compact yarns suffer greater weight losses than those of conventional yarns following cross linking treatment. Bending rigidity shows an increase with the concentration of sodium hydroxide prior to cross linking in both conventional and compact yarns. The yarn structure also plays an important role in resin finishing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Graphene is a material that attracts attention in technical textile applications as in many other areas due to its outstanding features. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the performance properties of graphene coated fabrics. Pre-treated polyester fabrics were coated with nano-graphene powders at different concentration rates (50, 100 and 200 g/kg) by knife-over-roll technique. According to test results, generally, the graphene coating had a positive effect on the performance properties of polyester fabrics.
Effect of naoh mercerisation on the cross linking of conventional and compact...eSAT Journals
Abstract An investigation of the effect of resin finishing on the properties of conventional and compact cotton yarn is reported. It is shown that compact yarns suffer greater weight losses than those of conventional yarns following cross linking treatment. Bending rigidity shows an increase with the concentration of sodium hydroxide prior to cross linking in both conventional and compact yarns. The yarn structure also plays an important role in resin finishing.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Prediction Models for Sliding Wear of AA3003/Al2O3 CompositesIJERA Editor
In the present work, the AA3003/Al2O3 metal matrix composites were manufactured at 10% and 30% volume
fractions of Al2O3. The composites were wear tested at different levels of normal load, sliding speed and sliding
distances. The microstructure of worn surfaces pertaining to AA3003/ Al2O3 composite reveals the fracture of
AA3033 alloy matrix as well as the detachment of Al2O3 particles from the matrix.
Energy Release Rate for Fiber Reinforced Polymer CompositeIOSRJAP
An experimental investigation using drag-out tensile test to calculate the interfacial shear strength for different embedded lengths and radius of Kevlar -49, carbon and ultra high polyethylene fibers reinforced epoxy matrix , the energy release rate calculated by using Nairn model . The energy release rate increase as the embedded fiber length increase and also for fiber radius for perfect adhesion , for specimens with bubbles at interface which seems to reduce the fracture toughness the energy release rate be less than specimens with perfect adhesion , the thermal stress and friction forces were included in the energy release rate in Kevlar-49 and carbon reinforced epoxy the interfacial shear force due to friction part decrease while in solid ultra high polyethylene the interfacial shear force due to friction part increase.
fiber strength and fiber fineness are described in detail about the machinery and discussed about new computerized testing machines which are used to determine the strength and fineness of the fiber.
A study on the performance of circular footing embedded in geogrid reinforced...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Evaluation of physico mechanical properties of 1×1 interlock cotton knitted f...Elias Khalil (ইলিয়াস খলিল)
The Physico-Mechanical properties of knitted fabric can be changed due to use of various count of yarn, type of yarn (ring, rotor, and compact), quality of yarn, Loop length / Stitch length, structural geometry, fibre composition of yarn etc. This study focused on the various Loop length effect of grey interlock knit structure. With an increase in Loop length, the dimensional properties like CPI, WPI, GSM, thickness & tightness factor will be decreased; while comfort properties like air permeability & water absorbency will be increased. Again shrinkage & spirality will be decreased with increased Loop length at grey stage. Other properties such as bursting strength, abrasion resistance & pilling resistance improved with increased Loop length. Though all the tests for fabric properties were carried out for grey stage, there properties can considerably vary after further finishing of the fabrics. As finishing is mandatory for fabric production, so now-a-days, these kinds of tests are carried out after finishing stage & proper controlling is done according desired quality. Sometimes, controlling of some properties of finished fabrics are beyond our trial. In that case, analysis of fabric properties at grey stage can help us to take various control & corrective actions when necessary.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Powerpoint Search Engine has collection of slides related to specific topics. Write the required keyword in the search box and it fetches you the related results.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
NONLINEAR FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR REINFORCED CONCRETE SLABS UNDER PUNCHIN...IAEME Publication
This paper presents an implementation of a three-dimensional nonlinear finite element model for evaluating the behavior of reinforced concrete slabs under centric load. The concrete was idealized by using eight-nodded solid elements. While flexural reinforcement and the shear were modeled as line elements, a perfected bond between solid elements and line elements was assumed. The nonlinear behavior of concrete in compression is simulated by an elasto-plastic work-hardening model, and in tension a suitable post-cracking model based on tension stiffening and shear retention models are employed. The steel was simulated using an elastic-full plastic model. The validity of the theoretical formulations and the program used was verified through comparison with available experimental data, and the agreement has proven to be good. A parametric study has been also carried out to investigate the influence of the slab thickness on column-slab connection response
Experimental and Analytical Study on Uplift Capacity -Formatted Paper.pdfSamirsinh Parmar
Horizontal Plate Anchor,
Cohesion less soil,
Uplift anchor,
The uplift capacity of the anchor,
Breakout factor,
ground anchors,
Experimental analysis,
Analytical Verification,
Embedment Ratio
Damage detection in cfrp plates by means of numerical modeling of lamb waves ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The paper presents an application of modeling acoustic waves propagation in a carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) plates for
damage detection. This task is a part of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods which are very important in many industry
branches. Propagation of Lamb waves is modeled using three-dimensional finite element method by means of commercial
software. In the paper three different cases of plate structures with and without flaws are considered to present review of selected
methods for the detection of defects in time and frequency domain. These are comparisons of: A-scans, B-scans, dispersion
curves, spectrograms, scalograms and energy plots. Developed numerical model first has been validated by means of analytical
solution for isotropic plate.
Keywords: Lamb waves, non-destructive testing, finite element method, damage detection
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Abstract The present research work is to determine buckling load per unit length in rectangular plate with circular cut-outs under bi-axial compression using 2D finite element analysis. The commercial finite element analysis software ANSYS has been successfully executed. The buckling factors are evaluated by changing the position of the holes, length to thickness ratio. The effect of changing the position of holes, a/b ratio, b/t ratio and buckling load per unit length is discussed. The results shows that buckling load per unit length is in clamped-clamped boundary conditions and buckling load is more at top positioned hole, decreases with increase in aspect ratio, decrease with increase breadth to thickness ratio. Keywords: Buckling analysis, Finite element method, Buckling load per unit length , carbon/epoxy composite plate, aspect ratio, b/t ratio, and Biaxial load.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Determination of Elastic Behavior of RCC Section by Experimentation and Valid...IJERA Editor
Experimental and Analytical study is conducted to check the elastic behavior of RCC and Fiber reinforced RCC
section. Standard size and shapes of specimen s are casted with combination of RCC with and without steel
fibers. Percentage of FRC is varied from 0.5% to 1.5% in RCC specimen. Elastic behavior of the specimen
tested and studied for different loading conditions (Axial and Flexural). Observed results are plotted in different
formats and validated using FEA.
Numerical modeling on behaviour of reinforced concrete exterior beam column j...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Experimental Study of the Flexural Behaviour of Damaged RC Beams Strengthened...IJERA Editor
This paper presents the flexural behaviour of basalt fiber reinforced polymer (BFRP) strengthened reinforced concrete (RC) beams. For flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams, total twenty-two beams were cast and tested over an effective span of 900 mm up to failure of the beam under two-point loading. The beams were designed as under-reinforced beams. The beams were bonded with BFRP sheets in single layer and double layers in the bending moment region at the bottom face of the beam. Out of the twenty-two beams two beams were control beams and remaining beams were strengthened after being damaged for various degrees of damage (0 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90% and 100 %). The experimental results show that the beams strengthened show high load carrying capacity.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Experimentation of Jute Fiber Supplemented with E-Glass in Various Layers Al...IJMER
Composites fiber are moving into the crucial stream of the automobile industry, with
manufacturers and suppliers finding different blends of bio composites, glass fibers and places to use
them. It has been observed that natural fibers such as flax, hemp, kneaf, jute and sisal help reducing in
weight, cost, and CO2, less dependence on other oil sources, and reusability. Also Fibers like flax, hemp
or jute are cheap, have better stiffness per unit weight, corrosion resistance, electrical insulation,
reduction in tooling and assembly costs, low thermal expansion, higher stiffness and strength, fatigue
resistance and have a lower impact on the environment. [1]
The present study/research focuses on exploring the possibility of using jute fiber, E-Glass and
embedding these in a biopolymer matrix system – epoxy – the task of which is to hold the fibers
together. This epoxy stabilizes the shape of the composite structure, transmits the shear forces between
the mechanically high-quality fibers, and protects them against radiation and other aggressive media.
The component is conditioned and prepared for testing and subjected to tensile, compression, hardness
and bending test calculating the element results with ANSYS by using the test results. Promising results
have been observed and this study enables for future study in the field of natural fiber composite
materials. Main aim of this paper is to reduce the impact on the environment, by using recyclable
natural fibers[6] [7].
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Soil stabilization has proven to be one of the oldest techniques to improve the soil properties. Literature review conducted revealed
that uses of natural inorganic stabilizers are found to be one of the best options for soil stabilization. In this regard an attempt has
been made to evaluate the influence of RBI-81 stabilizer on properties of black cotton soil through laboratory investigations. Black
cotton soil with varying percentages of RBI-81 viz., 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 percent were studied for moisture density relationships
and strength behaviour of soils. Also the effect of curing period was evaluated as literature review clearly emphasized the strength
gain of soils stabilized with RBI-81 over a period of time. The results obtained shows that the unconfined compressive strength of
specimens treated with RBI-81 increased approximately by 250% for a curing period of 28 days as compared to virgin soil. Further
the CBR value improved approximately by 400%. The studies indicated an increasing trend for soil strength behaviour with
increasing percentage of RBI-81 suggesting its potential applications in soil stabilization.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
Abstract
Increase in traffic along with heavier magnitude of wheel loads cause rapid deterioration in pavements. There is a need to improve
density, strength of soil subgrade and other pavement layers. In this study an attempt is made to improve the properties of locally
available loamy soil using twin approaches viz., i) increasing the compaction of soil and ii) treating the soil with chemical stabilizer.
Laboratory studies are carried out on both untreated and treated soil samples compacted by different compaction efforts. Studies
show that increase in compaction effort results in increase in density of soil. However in soil treated with chemical stabilizer, rate of
increase in density is not significant. The soil treated with chemical stabilizer exhibits improvement in both strength and performance
properties.
Keywords: compaction, density, subgradestabilization, resilient modulus
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
Abstract
Water resources projects are inherited with overlapping and at times conflicting objectives. These projects are often of varied sizes
ranging from major projects with command areas of millions of hectares to very small projects implemented at the local level. Thus,
in all these projects there is seldom proper coordination which is essential for ensuring collective sustainability.
Integrated watershed development and management is the accepted answer but in turn requires a comprehensive framework that can
enable planning process involving all the stakeholders at different levels and scales is compulsory. Such a unified hydrological
framework is essential to evaluate the cause and effect of all the proposed actions within the drainage basins.
The present paper describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) which is
intended to meet the specific information needs of the various line departments of a typical State connected with water related aspects.
The HIS consist of a hydrologic information database coupled with tools for collating primary and secondary data and tools for
analyzing and visualizing the data and information. The HIS also incorporates hydrological model base for indirect assessment of
various entities of water balance in space and time. The framework would be maintained and updated to reflect fully the most
accurate ground truth data and the infrastructure requirements for planning and management.
Keywords: Hydrological Information System (HIS); WebGIS; Data Model; Web Mapping Services
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
This paper presents an outlook on experimental behavior and a comparison with predicted formula on the behaviour of circular
concentrically loaded self-consolidating fibre reinforced concrete filled steel tube columns (HSSCFRC). Forty-five specimens were
tested. The main parameters varied in the tests are: (1) percentage of fiber (2) tube diameter or width to wall thickness ratio (D/t
from 15 to 25) (3) L/d ratio from 2.97 to 7.04 the results from these predictions were compared with the experimental data. The
experimental results) were also validated in this study.
Keywords: Self-compacting concrete; Concrete-filled steel tube; axial load behavior; Ultimate capacity.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Efficiency of the road network system is analyzed by travel time reliability measures. The study overlooks on an important measure of
travel time reliability and prioritizing Tiruchirappalli road network. Traffic volume and travel time were collected using license plate
matching method. Travel time measures were estimated from average travel time and 95th travel time. Effect of non-motorized vehicle
on efficiency of road system was evaluated. Relation between buffer time index and traffic volume was created. Travel time model has
been developed and travel time measure was validated. Then service quality of road sections in network were graded based on
travel time reliability measures.
Keywords: Buffer Time Index (BTI); Average Travel Time (ATT); Travel Time Reliability (TTR); Buffer Time (BT).
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
Abstract
Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental
impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic
information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of
watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the
watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is
Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52’08.77”E and
13⁰10’50.77”N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric
parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff
is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the
study shows there is a positive correlation.
Keywords: morphometric analysis, runoff, remote sensing and GIS, SCS - method
-
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
An experimental investigation on flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced robo sand ferrocement
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 85
AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON FLEXURAL BEHAVIOUR
OF FIBRE REINFORCED ROBO SAND FERROCEMENT
V. Bhaskar Desai1
, K. Lakshmi Pathi2
1
Professor & Director (ICS), Dept. of Civil Engineering, J.N.T.University, Anantapur, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Senior Lecturer, Government Polytechnic for Women, Hindupur, Department of Technical Education, Andhra
Pradesh, India
Abstract
Now a days due to many civil engineering constructions through out the globe the usage of natural sand is very large and so it is
slowly becoming scarce. Because of this main reason in the present days the usage of Robo sand or Crushed or artificial sand
has gained momentum. This paper presents a brief study on the flexural behaviour of fibre reinforced ferrocement elements made
with artificial sand(Robo sand).Nearly 30 mortar cubes and 180 flexural specimens were cast and tested with the variables such
as different percentages of steel fibre, number of wire mesh layers and different span to depth ratios (a/d) etc,. From the results
it is observed that with the increase in percentage of fibres the compressive strength of mortar, first crack load, ultimate load in
flexure, flexural stress at first crack load, flexural stress at ultimate load and energy absorption increase up to certain extent and
afterwards get decreased. Also the above strength parameters are found to increase with number of wire mesh layers. More so
the above strengths are found to decrease with the increase in a/d ratio except the flexural stresses at first crack load and ultimate
load. Besides the paper presents the behaviour of load – deflection variation and crack pattern for number of variables studied.
Further a comparative study of the behaviour of robo sand specimens with those of the natural sand has been studied. Finally an
analytical model has been proposed for Mcr and Mu with the inclusion of the most of the variables used in the present
investigation.
Keywords: Robosand, Span to Depth ratio (a/d), Volume percentage of fibres (Vf), Number of Mesh Layers (N).
--------------------------------------------------------------------***------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the present days due to heavy consumption of natural
sand in the civil engineering constructions through out the
globe, its availability in the near future is in question.
Because of this reason in the present days the usage of
Robo sand or Crushed sand has gained momentum.In the
present investigation an attempt has been made to study the
flexural behaviour of ferrocement elements with the
addition of artificial sand (Robo sand) completely replacing
the natural sand. Ferro cement is not a special type of
cement; it is a composite material made up of cement
mortar, wire mesh and/or skeletal steel reinforcement. When
fibres with some aspect ratio are added to this ferro cement,
fibre-reinforced ferro cement is obtained. Ferrocement
constructions in building industry began almost 60 years
back. In late nineties, Chien Hung Lin & Shyh ming Perng1
studied the flexural behaviour of concrete beams with
welded wire fabric as shear reinforcement. Also in late
nineties, Behaviour of Ferro cement beams under shear was
studied by M.A.Al-Kubaisy and P.T. Nedwell2
.
S.K.Kaushik3
et.al (+) conducted experimental
investigations on Ferro cement plates using super plasticized
fly ash mortar. Sheela.S and Ganesan.N4
, studied on the
Flexural Behaviour of Polymer Modified Ferrocement
Structural Elements. Sheela.S and Ganesan.N6
, conducted
study on the behaviour of Polymer Modified Channel
Shaped Ferrocement Elements.
2. MATERIALS & EXPERIMENTAL
PROGRAMME
2.1 Materials
In this investigation ordinary Portland of 43 Grade cement,
Artificial sand/ Robo Sand, Crimpled Steel Fibres and
Natural River Sand were used.
2.2 Experimental Programme
In this investigation 30 mortar cubes and 180 specimens of
size 860x200x30mm were cast (Natural sand completely
replaced by Robo sand) with varying volume percentages of
crimpled steel fibres(flat 30mm length) .i.e. 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5
and 2.0 with increasing number of chicken mesh layers .i.e.
1, 3 and 5.
Fig. 1: Elevation of Loading Arrangement
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 86
Constant water cement ratio of 0.5 was adopted. A constant
vibration of 10 seconds was applied for all castings. They
were allowed to cure for 28 days.
3. TESTING
The specimens were tested under two point loading as
shown in fig.1 through a pre calibrated 5 tonnes proving ring
.Three dial gauges were used as shown in fig.1 to measure
deflections. During testing all specimens were tested with
three span to depth ratios 5, 8 and11. A span to depth ratio
(a/d) is defined as the ratio of distance between the loading
point and support point of the specimen to the depth of the
specimen. More details of a sample loading are shown in fig
2. The specimens were tested up to failure.
4. DISCUSSION OF CRACK PATTERN
For almost all the specimens it was commonly observed that
the crack initiation was mostly at the bottom. As the load
was increased further already formed cracks got widened
and progressed towards the top edge of the specimen.
Also immaterial of a/d ratio, all most all the specimens with
one layer of wire mesh and with 0% of fibres failed
suddenly due to poor ductility with out any clear warning.
As the number of wire mesh layers was increased the
ductility got increased and specimens failed by showing
sufficient warning. However with the addition of fibres the
ductility was additionally increased and the decrease in the
crack width was noticed.
Regarding the failure of specimens for lower a/d ratios, the
cracks were found to form in the zone between the load
point and mid point of the specimen .For higher values of
a/d ratios the cracks were formed with in the vicinity of
midpoint.
5. DISCUSSION OF TEST RESULTS
Here the experimental results were analysed and discussed.
The variation of ultimate load in flexure of ferrocement
specimens with the number of wire mesh layers for a given
and percentage of fibre content and for a constant a/d ratio
are shown in fig-3.
0
125
250
375
500
625
750
875
1000
1125
1250
1375
1500
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No.of Mesh Layers
UltimateLoadN
Vf=0
Vf=0.5
Vf=1.0
Vf=1.5
Vf=2.0
Fig-3: Variation of Ultimate Load Vs Number of mesh
layers
From this figure it is seen that with the increase in number
of wire mesh layers and fibre content the ultimate load in
flexure is found to increase.
0
125
250
375
500
625
750
875
1000
1125
1250
1375
1500
0 3 6 9 12
Span to Depth Ratio (a/d)
UltimateLoadN
Vf=0
Vf=0.5
Vf=1.0
Vf=1.5
Vf=2.0
Fig- 4: Variation of Ultimate Load Vs Span to Depth Ratio
Secondly the variation of ultimate load in flexure with the
a/d ratio for any constant percentage of fibres, constant
number of mesh layers is presented in Fig-4. From this
figure it is observed that as the a/d ratio is increased the
ultimate load in flexure is decreased.
660
mm
Fig. 2: Loading Pattern for a/d=5
a=150
MM
d=3
0m
mdd
=
a/d=5
N=1
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 87
0
125
250
375
500
625
750
875
1000
1125
1250
1375
1500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Volume Percentage Of Fibres
(Vf)
UltimateLoadN
a/d=5
a/d=8
a/d=11
Fig-5: Variation of Ultimate Load Vs Volume Percentage of
Fibres
Thirdly the variation of ultimate load in flexure with the
percentage of fibres for any constant number of mesh layers
and constant a/d ratio is presented in fig-5.
From this figure it may be observed that as the percentage of
fibres is increased the ultimate load in flexure is increased
up to optimum content and there after it gets decreased. Also
the flexural stress at first crack load and ultimate loads are
calculated and the values at optimum fibre content are
presented in Table1.
The variation of flexural stresses with the number of
variables is observed to be more or less same as that with
the first crack and ultimate loads. How ever their variation
gets increased with the increase in a/d ratio.
In this investigation load deflection variations (P-
variation) for number of variables were also studied. The
sample load deflection variations are presented in Fig- 6and
Fig-7.
0
125
250
375
500
625
750
875
1000
1125
1250
1375
1500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Deflection mm
UltimateloadN
Vf=0
Vf=0.5
Vf=1.0
Vf=1.5
Vf=2.0
Fig-6: Load Vs Deflection Variation for constant N and a/d
Ratio
0
125
250
375
500
625
750
875
1000
1125
1250
1375
1500
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5
Deflection mm
UltimateloadN
a/d=5
a/d=8
a/d=11
Fig-7: Load Vs Deflection Variation for constant N and Vf.
From the Fig.6, it is seen that with the increasing volume
percentage of fibres the P- variation is increasing up to
optimum content and there after the variation gets
decreased. Besides from Fig.7 with the increase in a/d ratio,
the curves are found to become flatter and flatter. From this
it is also observed that with the increase in number of wire
mesh layers, the P- variation also gets increased. Finally
energy absorpted by the ferro cement specimens have been
calculated as the area under P- diagrams. Sample diagram
is presented in Fig: 8.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
0
125
250
375
Y =-0.18008+668.12985 X-232.69242 X
2
N=3,Vf=0,a/d=8
Area=212 N-mm
R
2
=0.99963
UltimateloadN
Deflection mm
Fig:8 Area under the Ultimate Load Vs Deflection (Energy
absorbed by the specimen)
Its behaviour and variation are observed to be same as the P-
variation as discussed above. From the study it is also
noticed that more number of wire mesh layers and fiber
addition up to certain extent increase the ductility, load
carrying capacity etc.
N=1
a/d=5
N=1
Vf=0
.5
N=1
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 88
6. PROPOSED REGRESSION MODEL
Here an attempt has been made to formulate a regression
model incorporating most of the variables studied in this
experimental study.
In the present investigation the assumed dependent variables
are Mu/fcu
-
bd2
and Mcr /fcu
-
bd2
. Independent variables are 1)
Ratio of area of contact of hexagonal chicken mesh wire
layer to the unit plan area of wire mesh layer (ar) 2) Volume
percentage of fibres (Vf) and 3) Span to depth ratio (a/d).
Applying multiple regression model analysis taking all the
experimental values studied in this chapter into account,
following regression equations are proposed for cracking
moment (Mcr) and ultimate moment (Mu).
Mcr /fcu
-
bd2
=4.88X10-5
+0.000192 ar -1.75X10-5
Vf
+0.000357 a/d ------- (1)
Regression coefficient: 0.994, S.D= 9.6X10-5
Mu/fcu
-
bd2
= -0.0007+0.00029 ar +0.001419 Vf +0.000745
a/d ----------(2)
Regression coefficient:0.986, S.D=0.00037
Where
Mcr = Cracking moment or First crack moment,
Mu = Ultimate moment,
fcu
-
= Compressive strength of cement mortar cube for 28
days curing,
b = Breadth of the specimen,
d = Depth of the specimen,
ar = Ratio of area of contact of hexagonal chicken mesh
wire layer to the unit
plan area of wire mesh layer,
Vf = Volume percentage of fibres,
a/d = Span to depth ratio,
S.D = Standard deviation.
From these equations generally it is possible to calculate Mcr
and Mu values for known values of ar ,Vf and a/d and for the
type of chicken mesh adopted in this investigation and for
the type of crimpled steel fibres used in this investigation,
7. COMPARATIVE STUDY
An attempt has made to study the comparison of various
loads, strengths etc., obtained using two types of fine
aggregates such as natural sand and robo sand. Table: 1
presents the various salient strength parameters obtained in
the present study.
From this table of values it can be under stood that all the
strength parameters (observed at optimum fibre content) are
marginally higher for the crimpled steel ferrocement with
robo sand. This may be due to fact that robo sand is
manufactured under strict quality controlled conditions
which is usually free from deleterious materials and so it
exhibits better gradation compared to other.
8. CONCLUSION
On the basis of limited experiments conducted in this
investigation the following tentative conclusions seem to be
valid.
1. The compressive strengths of mortar specimens
increase with the addition of fibres up to some extent
called optimum content (1.5%) and there after
decrease.
2. Both the first crack and ultimate loads in flexure
increase with the addition of fibres up to some extent
called optimum content (1.5%) and after wards
decrease for a given number of mesh layers and for a
given a/d ratio.
3. Both the first crack and ultimate loads in flexure
increase with the increase in number of mesh layers,
for a given a/d ratio and for a given volume
percentage of fibres.
4. The first crack load and ultimate loads in flexure are
found to increase with the decrease in a/d ratio for a
given volume percentage of fibres and for a given
number of wire mesh layers.
5. The flexural stress values at first crack load and
ultimate load are found to increase with the addition
of fiber up to some extent called optimum content
(1.5%) and after wards decrease.
6. The flexural stress values at first crack load and
ultimate load are found to increase with the increase
of number of mesh layers and a/d ratio.
7. With the increasing volume percentage of fibres up
to optimum content (1.5%) the energy absorption of
specimen increases and there after gets decreased.
8. It may be observed that with the increasing number
wire mesh layers the energy absorption of specimen
gets increased.
9. It may be observed that with the increasing a/d ratio
the energy absorption of specimen gets decreased..
10. From load-deflection (P-δ) diagrams, in general it is
observed that as the load increases deflection also
increases. Up to first crack the P-δ diagrams are more
or less straight and after wards the curvature gets
changed. Beyond the first crack, the rate of increase
of deflection is more compared to the un cracked
range.
11. From the P-δ diagrams it may be observed that with
the increasing volume percentage of fibres up to
optimum content (1.5%) the P- δ variation is
increasing and afterwards the variation gets declined
for higher volume %ge of fibres beyond the above
optimum content.
12. Besides from the P-δ diagrams it may be observed
that with the increase in a/d ratio, the P- δ variation
gets decreased.
13. More so from the P-δ diagrams it may be observed
that with the increase in number of wire mesh layers
the variation is maximum for the specimens with
maximum number of wire mesh layers.
14. Finally analytical models have been proposed for Mcr
and Mu incorporating most of the variables used in
the present investigation .The regression coefficient
for the analytical models is almost unity. Hence these
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 89
models are supposed to predict the Mcr & Mu values
for any given set of variables with in the frame work
of present investigation with satisfactory accuracy.
15. By comparing the experimental results of crimpled
steel fibre reinforced ferro cement mortar prepared
with natural sand and artificial sand, it has been
observed that even though the optimum fibre content
is same for the two, the various strength values are
marginally higher for the ferro cement with artificial
sand (robo sand). This may be due to fact that since it
is machine crushed under satisfactory controlled
conditions it is free from impurities.
16. Higher volume fraction of reinforcement in the form
of chicken mesh provides more effective control of
cracking and also improves the strength properties of
the specimens.
17. Also introduction of fibers increases ductility, crack
control and load carry capacity of the member of the
ferrocement.
18. Thus the combination of chicken mesh and fibers
improves load carrying capacity of the specimen in
flexure and in addition improves the crack arresting
mechanism
REFERENCES
[1] Chien Hung Lin and Shyh ming Perng : Studied
the flexural behaviour of concrete beams with
welded wire fabric as shear reinforcement in 1998.
[2] Al-Kubaisy M.A. and Needwell P.J.: “Behaviour
and strength of ferrocement rectangular beams in
shear”, Journal of ferrocement, Vol.29, No.1,
January, 1999.
[3] Kaushik S.K., Pankaj, Akhtar S. and Arif M.:
“Experimental investigations on Ferro cement
plates using super plasticized fly ash mortar.” Journal
of Ferro cement Vol.32 No.2, April 2002.
[4] Sheela.S and Ganesan.N, "Flexural Behaviour of
Polymer Modified Ferrocement Structural Elements",
Proceedings of the International Seminar on Civil
and Infrastructure Engineering ISCIE '06, University
Teknologi Mara, Malaysia, 13-14, June 2006.
[5] Sheela.S and Ganesan.N, " Behaviour of Polymer
Modified Channel Shaped Ferrocement Elements",
5th Asian Symposium on Polymers in Concrete,
September 11&12, 2006, SERC, Chennai- 600113,
India, pp.195-203
BIOGRAPHIES
Dr.V. Bhaskar Desai has vast experience in the teaching
and research work, in the Technical Education, he did his
Ph.D in the prestigious institute IISC, Bangalore and he has
guided dozens of Ph.D and now act as Director
( ICS) at JNTUniversity , Anantapur, A.P.
Dr.K.Lakshmi Pathi, joined in the Department of
Technical education and he has 18 years of teaching
experience, He did his Ph.D at JNTU , Hyderabad, Now
presently working as Senior lecturer ,Govt.Polytechnic
,Hindupur,Anantapur ,(Dist),A.P.
Table-1: Comparision of salient strength parameters of
Natural Sand and Robosand (Natural sand Completely
Replaced by RoboSand)ferrocement at optimum fibre
content.
S.no. Description Natural sand Robosand
1 Optimum
fiber
content
1.50% 1.50%
2 compressive
strength of
the mortar,
N/mm2
62 63
3 First crack
load in
flexure , N
340 350
4 Ultimate
load in
flexure ,N
790 875
5 Flexural
stress at
first crack
load,
N/mm2
0.85 0.88
6 Flexural
stress at
ultimate
load ,
N/mm2
1.97 2.19
7 Energy
absorption
,N-mm
733.25 825.63