Alanine review
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It is a description of alanine, how it is synthesized, comparison among five papers to discuss their experimental work, discussion about experimental work, and then the conclusion....
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Metabolism of alanine
Alanine is a non-essentia, aliphatic amino acid. This presentation is made for MBBS, MD and BDS students.
Amino acids metabolism new
1. The document discusses amino acid metabolism, including the digestion and absorption of proteins, nitrogen balance in the body, and pathways of amino acid catabolism.
2. Key aspects of protein digestion are outlined, from breakdown in the stomach by pepsin to further digestion by pancreatic enzymes like trypsin in the small intestine.
3. Amino acids are then absorbed across the intestinal mucosa using secondary active transport and transported to tissues via the bloodstream.
Purine and Pyrimidine biosynthesis
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Glycine and Serine Amino acid
Glycine and serine are both non-essential amino acids that can be synthesized in the body. Glycine is the smallest amino acid and is important for muscle tissue, central nervous system function, and collagen formation. Serine participates in biosynthesis of other amino acids and metabolites and has structural and signaling roles in enzymes and neurotransmitters. Both amino acids share metabolic pathways and deficiencies can impact growth and development. Studies show glycine and serine may help with sleep, fight cancer cell growth, and reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
Amino acid synthesis
This document summarizes the synthesis of amino acids. It discusses three main steps: 1) the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, 2) transamination reactions catalyzed by transaminases, and 3) the synthesis of amino acids from metabolic precursors like glycolysis intermediates. Amino acids are classified as nonpolar, polar, or sulfur-containing. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized de novo by humans and must be obtained through diet. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized from other compounds. The document provides examples of transamination reactions and outlines biosynthesis pathways from common precursors like 3-phosphoglycerate and alpha-ketoglutarate.
SERINE & THREONINE METABOLISM
Serine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized from glycolysis intermediates. It participates in one-carbon metabolism by donating methylene groups, and it is involved in the synthesis of several other amino acids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Serine can be converted to pyruvate through transamination and deamination reactions. Threonine is an essential amino acid that can be cleaved to form glycine, acetaldehyde, and derivatives that enter the citric acid cycle or form pyruvate and lactate. Both amino acids play important roles in biosynthesis as carriers of phosphate groups.
De novo fatty acid synthesis (Palmitic acid)
The document summarizes palmitate synthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Specifically, it notes that palmitate synthesis requires 8 acetyl-CoA molecules, 7 ATP molecules, 14 NADPH molecules, and 14 hydrogen ions to produce palmitate, 8 CoA molecules, 7 ADP molecules, 7 phosphate ions, and 6 water molecules. It further explains that in palmitate, only 2 carbon atoms come from acetyl-CoA, while the remaining 14 carbon atoms are from malonyl-CoA, which is produced from acetyl-CoA.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann during his studies of acetyl transfer in animals. It plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A has a complex structure consisting of pantothenic acid, beta-alanine, cysteamine, and adenosine triphosphate. It is synthesized in organisms through a five step process requiring cysteine, pantothenate, and ATP. Coenzyme A functions to transfer fatty acids and acetyl groups within cells to support fatty acid synthesis, energy production, and metabolic regulation.
Recommended
Metabolism of alanine
Alanine is a non-essentia, aliphatic amino acid. This presentation is made for MBBS, MD and BDS students.
Amino acids metabolism new
1. The document discusses amino acid metabolism, including the digestion and absorption of proteins, nitrogen balance in the body, and pathways of amino acid catabolism.
2. Key aspects of protein digestion are outlined, from breakdown in the stomach by pepsin to further digestion by pancreatic enzymes like trypsin in the small intestine.
3. Amino acids are then absorbed across the intestinal mucosa using secondary active transport and transported to tissues via the bloodstream.
Purine and Pyrimidine biosynthesis
Nucleotide Biosynthesis involves 2 processes. one is Denovo synthesis and other is Salvage pathway. An outline of both the processes has given in this presentation.
Glycine and Serine Amino acid
Glycine and serine are both non-essential amino acids that can be synthesized in the body. Glycine is the smallest amino acid and is important for muscle tissue, central nervous system function, and collagen formation. Serine participates in biosynthesis of other amino acids and metabolites and has structural and signaling roles in enzymes and neurotransmitters. Both amino acids share metabolic pathways and deficiencies can impact growth and development. Studies show glycine and serine may help with sleep, fight cancer cell growth, and reduce osteoarthritis symptoms.
Amino acid synthesis
This document summarizes the synthesis of amino acids. It discusses three main steps: 1) the reduction of nitrogen to ammonia, 2) transamination reactions catalyzed by transaminases, and 3) the synthesis of amino acids from metabolic precursors like glycolysis intermediates. Amino acids are classified as nonpolar, polar, or sulfur-containing. Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized de novo by humans and must be obtained through diet. Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized from other compounds. The document provides examples of transamination reactions and outlines biosynthesis pathways from common precursors like 3-phosphoglycerate and alpha-ketoglutarate.
SERINE & THREONINE METABOLISM
Serine is a non-essential amino acid that can be synthesized from glycolysis intermediates. It participates in one-carbon metabolism by donating methylene groups, and it is involved in the synthesis of several other amino acids, phospholipids, and sphingolipids. Serine can be converted to pyruvate through transamination and deamination reactions. Threonine is an essential amino acid that can be cleaved to form glycine, acetaldehyde, and derivatives that enter the citric acid cycle or form pyruvate and lactate. Both amino acids play important roles in biosynthesis as carriers of phosphate groups.
De novo fatty acid synthesis (Palmitic acid)
The document summarizes palmitate synthesis from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA. Specifically, it notes that palmitate synthesis requires 8 acetyl-CoA molecules, 7 ATP molecules, 14 NADPH molecules, and 14 hydrogen ions to produce palmitate, 8 CoA molecules, 7 ADP molecules, 7 phosphate ions, and 6 water molecules. It further explains that in palmitate, only 2 carbon atoms come from acetyl-CoA, while the remaining 14 carbon atoms are from malonyl-CoA, which is produced from acetyl-CoA.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A was discovered in 1946 by Fritz Lipmann during his studies of acetyl transfer in animals. It plays a key role in fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. Coenzyme A has a complex structure consisting of pantothenic acid, beta-alanine, cysteamine, and adenosine triphosphate. It is synthesized in organisms through a five step process requiring cysteine, pantothenate, and ATP. Coenzyme A functions to transfer fatty acids and acetyl groups within cells to support fatty acid synthesis, energy production, and metabolic regulation.
Metabolism of glycine
Glycine is a simple amino acid that plays many important roles in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of collagen, creatine, glutathione, heme, purines, and other specialized products. Glycine can be synthesized from carbon dioxide and ammonia in the liver, from glyoxylate, serine, and threonine. It can be broken down through the glycine cleavage complex to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia, or through oxidation to glyoxylate. Glycine participates in many transamination, decarboxylation, and conjugation reactions throughout the body. Excessive consumption of glycine can lead to kidney stones due to oxalate accumulation.
Amino acid pool
The document discusses amino acid metabolism and the amino acid pool. It makes the following key points:
1) The amino acid pool consists of around 100g of free amino acids in the adult body from different sources like dietary proteins and tissue breakdown.
2) Amino acids in the pool are in dynamic equilibrium, being used for protein synthesis, energy production, or excretion as urea.
3) The major contributors to maintaining the amino acid pool are turnover of body proteins, dietary protein intake, and non-essential amino acid synthesis.
TRANSDEAMINATION AND DEAMINATION
This document discusses transdeamination and deamination processes in the human body. It explains that transdeamination involves transamination followed by oxidative deamination, where the amino group is transported from tissues to the liver as glutamic acid and then deaminated in liver mitochondria. Transamination is the exchange of an amino group from one molecule, like an amino acid, to a keto group on another molecule like a keto acid. Deamination removes the amino group from a molecule, primarily through oxidative deamination of glutamic acid in the liver, converting the amino acid into a keto acid and ammonia. The ammonia is further processed in the urea cycle and excreted.
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
This document discusses the chemistry of proteins and amino acids. It begins by explaining that proteins are abundant organic molecules that make up 50% of cellular mass and are essential for structure and function. The document then goes into detail about the classification, structure, properties and roles of the 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. It describes how amino acids combine through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains and proteins. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry of proteins and amino acids.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
This document summarizes the process of de novo fatty acid synthesis. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, kidney, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. Acetyl-CoA is the starting material, which is transported from mitochondria to the cytosol via citrate. In the cytosol, fatty acid synthase complex catalyzes the reactions to produce palmitic acid (C16) through cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction. The process requires acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH as substrates and is regulated by enzymes and hormones.
Biosynthesis of Purine Ribonucleotide, Gout
This document summarizes purine nucleotide synthesis pathways. It discusses two main pathways: de novo synthesis and salvage pathway. De novo synthesis involves assembling the purine ring from various precursors on ribose-5-phosphate. The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from dietary sources or nucleic acid degradation. The committed step in de novo synthesis is controlled by the concentration of PRPP, which depends on the availability of ribose-5-phosphate and the activity of PRPP synthase.
Classif. amino acids proteins
Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by what is called
“ Peptide bond”.
Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
This document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It describes the precursors and reactions involved in synthesizing the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose phosphate to form the pyrimidine nucleotides CMP, UMP and TMP. It also discusses the conversion of UDP to CTP and dTMP, the regulation of pyrimidine synthesis, salvage pathways, catabolism of pyrimidines, and the genetic disorder orotic aciduria caused by a defect in the enzyme UMP synthase.
urea cycle & its regulation
The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the liver to convert excess nitrogen from amino acid catabolism into urea for excretion. It involves five enzymes and five steps to synthesize urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Defects in the urea cycle can cause hyperammonemia, where high ammonia levels impair the citric acid cycle and ATP production in the brain.
Sulphur containing amino acids metabolism
- Methionine and cysteine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Methionine is an essential amino acid while cysteine can be synthesized from methionine and serine.
- There are three major metabolic routes for methionine and cysteine: 1) methionine is used for transmethylation, 2) methionine is used for cysteine synthesis, and 3) cysteine is broken down to make specialized products.
- Deficiencies in enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism can cause inborn errors such as homocystinuria, cystathioninuria, and cystinosis.
Chemistry of amino acids
The document provides information about amino acids and their classification. It discusses that amino acids are the monomer units that make up protein polymers. They can be classified based on their structure, side chains, nutritional requirements, and metabolic fate. The 20 standard amino acids are discussed in detail, including their physical and chemical properties. Key reactions of amino acids involving their amino, carboxyl, and side chain groups are also summarized.
Biogenic amines
Biogenic amines are compounds produced through the decarboxylation of certain amino acids. They can form through protein autolysis or bacteria and include histamine from histidine, putrescine from ornithine, and cadaverine from lysine. Biogenic amines are indicators of spoilage in foods since they are stable to thermal processing and their presence in canned foods shows the raw material was spoiled prior to canning. Histamine in particular has been linked to scombroid poisoning from eating fish like tuna, mackerel, and mahimahi.
Amino acid metabolism
Amino acid metabolism involves several key reactions: transamination, deamination, and the urea cycle. Transamination is the transfer of amino groups between amino acids via pyridoxal phosphate. Deamination removes amino groups via oxidative or non-oxidative pathways, producing ammonia. The liver's urea cycle converts ammonia into urea for excretion to detoxify ammonia. Disorders of the urea cycle can cause high ammonia levels and neurological issues if not treated. Amino acids undergo breakdown and synthesis to form proteins, peptides, and other nitrogenous compounds essential for cellular metabolism and function.
GLYCINE METABOLISM
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in many biochemical processes. It can be synthesized from serine, threonine, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and glyoxylate. Glycine is important for the synthesis of heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, bile acids, and hippuric acid. It is metabolized through the glycine cleavage system or converted to serine and then gluconeogenic precursors. Elevated glycine levels can cause neurological issues while deficiencies are associated with hyperoxaluria and kidney stone formation.
Metabolism of Basic Amino Acids (Arginine, Histidine, Lysine)
This document summarizes amino acid metabolism, including the synthesis and degradation pathways of arginine, histidine, lysine, and their importance. It discusses how arginine is involved in nitric oxide synthesis and polyamine synthesis. Histidine degradation produces histamine. Lysine is involved in carnitine synthesis. Disorders are discussed for each amino acid pathway.
Metabolism of Glycine. .
Glycine is the simplest amino acid that can be synthesized from serine, threonine, carbon dioxide, or glyoxylate. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins, heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, and acts as a conjugating agent. Excess glycine is excreted in urine and can lead to renal stones if accumulated. A rare disorder is glycinuria where large amounts of glycine are excreted in urine due to defective renal reabsorption. Primary hyperoxaluria is an inborn error characterized by high urinary oxalate excretion resulting from a defect in glycine transaminase.
Fatty acid synthesis
The document discusses fatty acid synthesis. It begins by describing fatty acids and their roles in the body. It then covers the three main ways fatty acids are produced: diet, adipolysis, and de novo synthesis. The process of de novo synthesis occurs primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It involves acetyl-CoA being carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Fatty acid synthase then catalyzes the repeating cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction to elongate the fatty acid chain until a 16-carbon palmitate is produced. NADPH provides reducing equivalents for the reactions.
Urea cycle
it is about how ammonia is detoxified to urea and its biomedical significance. This PPT can be used by students of MBBS, MD, BDS and general Biochemistry students
TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is metabolized through two main pathways - the kynurenine pathway and serotonin pathway. The kynurenine pathway leads to the production of NAD+ and takes place mainly in the liver. This pathway involves the enzymes tryptophan pyrrolase and kynureninase. Deficiencies in these enzymes or vitamin B6 can cause reduced NAD+ synthesis and manifestations of pellagra. The serotonin pathway produces the neurotransmitter serotonin from tryptophan in various tissues like the brain, gut and blood platelets. Serotonin is involved in behaviors, sleep, and gastrointestinal function. Melatonin is also derived from serotonin metabolism and regulates circadian rhyth
Synthesis of 1,5 Benzodiazepines A Review
Benzodiazepines are bicyclic heterocycles having medicinal importance. As a result several greener procedures have been developed using mild conditions and recyclable catalysts, easy work up good yields, multi component reactions less wastage and solvent less synthesis. Deepali Mahajan | Abhishek Raina "Synthesis of 1,5- Benzodiazepines: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43842.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/43842/synthesis-of-15-benzodiazepines-a-review/deepali-mahajan
Paracetamol Synthesis
The document discusses the iodination of salicylamide through electrophilic aromatic substitution. Salicylamide was reacted with iodine and mercury(II) acetate in glacial acetic acid to form iodo-salicylamide. The iodine substitutes onto the aromatic ring activated by the hydroxyl and amide groups in the ortho or para positions. Recrystallization was used to purify the product, which was then characterized using melting point determination and NMR spectroscopy. The results confirmed the synthesis of iodo-salicylamide through electrophilic aromatic substitution.
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Metabolism of glycine
Glycine is a simple amino acid that plays many important roles in the body. It is involved in the synthesis of collagen, creatine, glutathione, heme, purines, and other specialized products. Glycine can be synthesized from carbon dioxide and ammonia in the liver, from glyoxylate, serine, and threonine. It can be broken down through the glycine cleavage complex to produce carbon dioxide and ammonia, or through oxidation to glyoxylate. Glycine participates in many transamination, decarboxylation, and conjugation reactions throughout the body. Excessive consumption of glycine can lead to kidney stones due to oxalate accumulation.
Amino acid pool
The document discusses amino acid metabolism and the amino acid pool. It makes the following key points:
1) The amino acid pool consists of around 100g of free amino acids in the adult body from different sources like dietary proteins and tissue breakdown.
2) Amino acids in the pool are in dynamic equilibrium, being used for protein synthesis, energy production, or excretion as urea.
3) The major contributors to maintaining the amino acid pool are turnover of body proteins, dietary protein intake, and non-essential amino acid synthesis.
TRANSDEAMINATION AND DEAMINATION
This document discusses transdeamination and deamination processes in the human body. It explains that transdeamination involves transamination followed by oxidative deamination, where the amino group is transported from tissues to the liver as glutamic acid and then deaminated in liver mitochondria. Transamination is the exchange of an amino group from one molecule, like an amino acid, to a keto group on another molecule like a keto acid. Deamination removes the amino group from a molecule, primarily through oxidative deamination of glutamic acid in the liver, converting the amino acid into a keto acid and ammonia. The ammonia is further processed in the urea cycle and excreted.
AMINO ACID AND PROTEIN CHEMISTRY
This document discusses the chemistry of proteins and amino acids. It begins by explaining that proteins are abundant organic molecules that make up 50% of cellular mass and are essential for structure and function. The document then goes into detail about the classification, structure, properties and roles of the 20 standard amino acids that make up proteins. It describes how amino acids combine through peptide bonds to form polypeptide chains and proteins. The document provides a comprehensive overview of the biochemistry of proteins and amino acids.
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism)
Metabolism of amino acids (general metabolism).
Part - I of amino acid metabolism.
This presentation covers Transamination, deamination, formation and Transport of Ammoniaand etc.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACIDS
This document summarizes the process of de novo fatty acid synthesis. It occurs in the cytosol of liver, kidney, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. Acetyl-CoA is the starting material, which is transported from mitochondria to the cytosol via citrate. In the cytosol, fatty acid synthase complex catalyzes the reactions to produce palmitic acid (C16) through cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction. The process requires acetyl-CoA, malonyl-CoA, ATP, and NADPH as substrates and is regulated by enzymes and hormones.
Biosynthesis of Purine Ribonucleotide, Gout
This document summarizes purine nucleotide synthesis pathways. It discusses two main pathways: de novo synthesis and salvage pathway. De novo synthesis involves assembling the purine ring from various precursors on ribose-5-phosphate. The salvage pathway recycles purine bases and nucleosides obtained from dietary sources or nucleic acid degradation. The committed step in de novo synthesis is controlled by the concentration of PRPP, which depends on the availability of ribose-5-phosphate and the activity of PRPP synthase.
Classif. amino acids proteins
Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by what is called
“ Peptide bond”.
Pyrimidine Synthesis and Degradation
This document summarizes the de novo synthesis of pyrimidine nucleotides. It describes the precursors and reactions involved in synthesizing the pyrimidine ring and then attaching it to ribose phosphate to form the pyrimidine nucleotides CMP, UMP and TMP. It also discusses the conversion of UDP to CTP and dTMP, the regulation of pyrimidine synthesis, salvage pathways, catabolism of pyrimidines, and the genetic disorder orotic aciduria caused by a defect in the enzyme UMP synthase.
urea cycle & its regulation
The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway that occurs in the liver to convert excess nitrogen from amino acid catabolism into urea for excretion. It involves five enzymes and five steps to synthesize urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide. Defects in the urea cycle can cause hyperammonemia, where high ammonia levels impair the citric acid cycle and ATP production in the brain.
Sulphur containing amino acids metabolism
- Methionine and cysteine are sulfur-containing amino acids. Methionine is an essential amino acid while cysteine can be synthesized from methionine and serine.
- There are three major metabolic routes for methionine and cysteine: 1) methionine is used for transmethylation, 2) methionine is used for cysteine synthesis, and 3) cysteine is broken down to make specialized products.
- Deficiencies in enzymes involved in methionine and cysteine metabolism can cause inborn errors such as homocystinuria, cystathioninuria, and cystinosis.
Chemistry of amino acids
The document provides information about amino acids and their classification. It discusses that amino acids are the monomer units that make up protein polymers. They can be classified based on their structure, side chains, nutritional requirements, and metabolic fate. The 20 standard amino acids are discussed in detail, including their physical and chemical properties. Key reactions of amino acids involving their amino, carboxyl, and side chain groups are also summarized.
Biogenic amines
Biogenic amines are compounds produced through the decarboxylation of certain amino acids. They can form through protein autolysis or bacteria and include histamine from histidine, putrescine from ornithine, and cadaverine from lysine. Biogenic amines are indicators of spoilage in foods since they are stable to thermal processing and their presence in canned foods shows the raw material was spoiled prior to canning. Histamine in particular has been linked to scombroid poisoning from eating fish like tuna, mackerel, and mahimahi.
Amino acid metabolism
Amino acid metabolism involves several key reactions: transamination, deamination, and the urea cycle. Transamination is the transfer of amino groups between amino acids via pyridoxal phosphate. Deamination removes amino groups via oxidative or non-oxidative pathways, producing ammonia. The liver's urea cycle converts ammonia into urea for excretion to detoxify ammonia. Disorders of the urea cycle can cause high ammonia levels and neurological issues if not treated. Amino acids undergo breakdown and synthesis to form proteins, peptides, and other nitrogenous compounds essential for cellular metabolism and function.
GLYCINE METABOLISM
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid that is involved in many biochemical processes. It can be synthesized from serine, threonine, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and glyoxylate. Glycine is important for the synthesis of heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, bile acids, and hippuric acid. It is metabolized through the glycine cleavage system or converted to serine and then gluconeogenic precursors. Elevated glycine levels can cause neurological issues while deficiencies are associated with hyperoxaluria and kidney stone formation.
Metabolism of Basic Amino Acids (Arginine, Histidine, Lysine)
This document summarizes amino acid metabolism, including the synthesis and degradation pathways of arginine, histidine, lysine, and their importance. It discusses how arginine is involved in nitric oxide synthesis and polyamine synthesis. Histidine degradation produces histamine. Lysine is involved in carnitine synthesis. Disorders are discussed for each amino acid pathway.
Metabolism of Glycine. .
Glycine is the simplest amino acid that can be synthesized from serine, threonine, carbon dioxide, or glyoxylate. It is involved in the synthesis of proteins, heme, purines, creatine, glutathione, and acts as a conjugating agent. Excess glycine is excreted in urine and can lead to renal stones if accumulated. A rare disorder is glycinuria where large amounts of glycine are excreted in urine due to defective renal reabsorption. Primary hyperoxaluria is an inborn error characterized by high urinary oxalate excretion resulting from a defect in glycine transaminase.
Fatty acid synthesis
The document discusses fatty acid synthesis. It begins by describing fatty acids and their roles in the body. It then covers the three main ways fatty acids are produced: diet, adipolysis, and de novo synthesis. The process of de novo synthesis occurs primarily in the liver, adipose tissue, and lactating mammary glands. It involves acetyl-CoA being carboxylated to malonyl-CoA by acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Fatty acid synthase then catalyzes the repeating cycles of condensation, reduction, dehydration, and reduction to elongate the fatty acid chain until a 16-carbon palmitate is produced. NADPH provides reducing equivalents for the reactions.
Urea cycle
it is about how ammonia is detoxified to urea and its biomedical significance. This PPT can be used by students of MBBS, MD, BDS and general Biochemistry students
TRYPTOPHAN METABOLISM
Tryptophan is an essential amino acid that is metabolized through two main pathways - the kynurenine pathway and serotonin pathway. The kynurenine pathway leads to the production of NAD+ and takes place mainly in the liver. This pathway involves the enzymes tryptophan pyrrolase and kynureninase. Deficiencies in these enzymes or vitamin B6 can cause reduced NAD+ synthesis and manifestations of pellagra. The serotonin pathway produces the neurotransmitter serotonin from tryptophan in various tissues like the brain, gut and blood platelets. Serotonin is involved in behaviors, sleep, and gastrointestinal function. Melatonin is also derived from serotonin metabolism and regulates circadian rhyth
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Metabolism of Basic Amino Acids (Arginine, Histidine, Lysine)
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So in summary, this
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab ReportN.docx
Synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacetone (E, E-DBA) Lab Report
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Abstract
The main purpose behind this experiment was to synthesize E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation reaction. Secondly, this experiment was aimed at identifying characteristics of crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination method. The results from this experiments showed that the synthesis process yielded 65% crude E, E-dibenzalacentone and 56% yield for purified E, E-dibenzalacentone. When it comes to the techniques that were used, the researchers employed Hirsch funnel and solid-liquid extraction as part of the separation techniques. Lastly, recrystallization of the E, E-dibenzalacentone was also used as a purification technique.
Introduction
The synthetic goal of this experiment was to make use of a based-catalyzed aldol condensation in the entire process of synthesizing o E, E-dibenzalacentone. The other main goal of this experiment was to identify or to characterize crude and purified samples of E, E-dibenzalacentone by use of the melting point determination
Results
The results of the synthesis of E, E-dibenzalacentone are summarized below
Compound
Molar mass(g/mol)
Volume/mass moles
Yield
Mp( °c)
Benzaldehyde (density1.043g/mL)
106.2 g/mol
0.250 mL
0.26 g
0.002 mol
N/A
N/A
Acetone(density 0.788g/mL)
58.08 g/mol
0.1 mL
0.07g
0.001 mol
N/A
N/A
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Theoretical
0.234g
0.001 moles
Literature Value
110-111 °c
E,E-DBA(a yellow solid)
234.24 g/mol
N/A
Actual
Crude: 0.65 g=65%
Purified:0.15 g=56%
Actual
101-103Co
Crude
108-109Co
Discussion
The E, E-dibenzalacentone was prepared by combining 0.250 mL of Benzaldehyde, 0.1mL of reaction grade acetone, 0.5 mL of 95% ethanol and 1 mL of a catalyst solution in a 10 mL round bottom flask. The catalyst solution that was used in this experiment has been prepared earlier by dissolving 10g of sodium hydroxide in 100 mL of water and 75 mL of 95% ethanol. The main purpose of this catalyst was to speed up the reaction process. A micro scale condenser was attached to the round bottom flask and the reactants were gently mixed for about 15 minutes, until a solid started forming. Then the crude solid was isolated by pouring the mixture into a Hirsch funnel attached to the vacuum filter, thus allowing the solid crude E, E-dibenzalacentone to be trapped by the filter paper in the Hirsch funnel.
An RB flask was de-attached from the condenser after which it was rinsed with 20 mL of de-ionized water at one time, 3 times totaling 60 mL, to gain any residue thus E, E- dibenzalacentone was left in the round bottom flask. The dried solid was transferred to a pre-weighed Erlenmeyer flask where its mass was measured and the results were 0.65 g=65%. A small sample of the crude solid was taken and smeared on a microscope slide by use of the flat end of the micro spatula after which a melting p ...
RamaleyPosterFinal_KRA
Poly(aryl ether)s (PAEs) are useful industrial polymers that can be synthesized via nucleophilic aromatic substitution (SNAr). One such PAE is poly(oxy-1,4-phenyleneethynylene-1,4-phenylene) (POPEP) which was polymerized from 4,4-Fluorophenylethynyl phenol (FPEP) via SNAr. The research aimed to characterize POPEP through NMR and TGA analysis and investigate reactions across the alkyne group, such as hydration. POPEP was successfully synthesized with a 55% yield but was insoluble in common NMR solvents. NMR and TGA analysis provided limited characterization. Attemp
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Selective Oxidation of Limonene over γ-Al2O3 Supported Metal Catalyst with H2O2
Liquid phase oxidation of limonene by hydrogen
peroxide over the CeO2 and Fe2O3 catalysts supported by γAl2O3 was reported. Etly acetate and acetone were used as
solvent to investigate the effect of the solvent on the
oxidation reaction. The experiments were carried out at 80
°C The conversion of limonene and the selectivities of the
carvone were calculated during the 10h reaction time.
According to experimental results, maximum conversion of
limonene and product selectivity of carvone were obtained
with CeO2-γAl2O3 catalyst as 85% and 41%, respectively
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γAl2O3 catalyst were performed.
Perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) Aryl Ether Polymers via Polycondensation of Oct...
ABSTRACT: A unique class of aromatic ether polymers
containing perfluorocyclopentenyl (PFCP) enchainment was
prepared from the simple step growth polycondensation of
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A unique class of aromatic ether polymers
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commercial bisphenols and octafluorocyclopentene (OFCP)
in the presence of triethylamine. Model studies indicate that
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cyclopentenyl) aryl ether monomers and their condensation
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Synthesis of at least two important members of the following groups of drugs: sulphonamides, antimalarials, antibiotics, barbiturates. adrenergic agents, antihistamines and antineoplastic agents.
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- 3. The main purpose of the following research was to compare and synthesized the alanine through different experimental works. Different methods were used to synthesis the alanine such as synthesis of alanine in Methanosarcina bakeri and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, by hydro formylation and hydro carboxylation of enamides, by template action of dissymmetric cobalt (III) complex, by smooth brucella abortus and by hydrogenolytic asymmetric transmination. Different substrates and catalysts were used as Schiff bases were catalytically hydrogenated in methanol, ethanol, t- butanol, tetrahydrofuran and benzene. The best method to synthesize the alanine is the hydrogenolytic asymmetric transmination which yields 97 % of alanine while showing both R,S configuration. Abstract
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- 8. from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids catalytical reactions or by degradation of oxidative deamination FROM WHERE ALANINE CAN BE SYNTHESIZED?
- 9. COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK Temperature Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 34 oC 60 oC 37 oC 23 oC 23 oC
- 10. COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK 34 C 60 C 37 C 23 C 23 C PAPER 1 PAPER 2 PAPER 3 PAPER 4 PAPER 5 Temperature Temperature
- 11. COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 Solvents Benzene/2- Butanone - Phenol-water solvent - MeOH, EtOH, t- BuOH,PhH Substrate N-vinylimides Methanosar cina bakeri Glutanic acid,Na Pyruvate, Na4P2 O7, MnSO4 Cobalt III complex Ethyl Pyruvate and ester SOLVENTS AND SUBSTRATE
- 12. Configuration Observed R,S Configuration COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK
- 13. Physical Appearance White crystalline solid COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK
- 14. OPTICAL ROTATION Synthesis of alanine was confirmed by the optical rotation. Optical purities of alanine were obtained by hydrogenolytic asymmetric transamination (Paper 5)by using various solvents MeOH, EtOH, t-BuOH, THF and PhH, are 32.7 %, 24.6 %, 12.5 %, 7.58 % and 2.28 % respectively. In Paper 1 optical purity noted was 88%.
- 15. Yield %age Paper 1 Paper 2 Paper 3 Paper 4 Paper 5 59 % 32.3 % 18 % 61 % 97 % COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK
- 16. 59% 32.30% 18% 61% 97% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% 120% PAPER 1 PAPER 2 PAPER 3 PAPER 4 PAPER 5 Yield Percentage COMPARISON OF THE EXPERIMENTAL WORK
- 17. • Paper 2 shows minimum time to synthesize the alanine but highest temperature. • Paper 1 is showing lowest temperature in the synthesis of alanine. • Optical purity in Paper 1 was highest while the yield percentage calculated in Paper 5 is highest. According to the prices of solvents, substrate and catalysts involved Paper 2 may have high rank on other papers but it required relatively high pressure. DISCUSSION
- 18. Alanine has been synthesized from different methods. According to all experimental work comparison we get that Paper 5 is showing the best yield of 97 % at room temperature, hence, the best synthesized method. CONCLUSION
- 19. REFERENCES • P1: Becker Y, Eisenstadt A , Stille J(1980)Asymmetric Hydroformylation and hydrocarboxylation of Enamides.Synthesis of Alanine and Proline. Journal of Organic Chemistry 45: 2145-2151 • P2: Kenealy W, Thompson T , Schubert K(1982) Ammonia Assimilation and Synthesis of Alanine, Aspartate, and Glutamate in Methanosarcina barkeri and Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum. Journal of Bactriology 150: 1357-1365 • P3. Altebern R, Housewright R (1951) Allanine synthesis and carbohydrate oxidation by smooth brucelia abortus. Journal of Bacteriology 62: 97-105 • P4. Asperger R, Liu C (1967) Asymmetric synthesis of alanine via template action of dissymmetric cobalt (III) complex. Inorganic Chemistry 6: 796-800 • P5. Harada K*, Katoka Y (1978) Asymmetric synthesis of alanine by hydrogenolytic asymmetric transmination. Tetrahedron Letters 19: 2103-2106