Benzodiazepines are bicyclic heterocycles having medicinal importance. As a result several greener procedures have been developed using mild conditions and recyclable catalysts, easy work up good yields, multi component reactions less wastage and solvent less synthesis. Deepali Mahajan | Abhishek Raina "Synthesis of 1,5- Benzodiazepines: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43842.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/43842/synthesis-of-15-benzodiazepines-a-review/deepali-mahajan
Terpene and structure elucidation of monoterpeneShalini jaswal
This document discusses the structure elucidation of three monoterpenoids: citral, menthol, and camphor. It provides details on their isolation, constitution, and synthesis. Citral is an acyclic monoterpene with a molecular formula of C10H16O and contains two double bonds and an aldehyde group. Menthol is a monocyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H20O that contains a secondary alcoholic group. Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H16O that contains a ketone group and a six-membered ring. Oxidation and reaction studies were used to determine the structures and constituents of these three important mon
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetinSurendraKumar338
# Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonoid. It has been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
# Flavonoids any of large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of flavone.
1) Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid isolated from the Chinese camptotheca tree that was found to inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase I.
2) Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani at Research Triangle Institute discovered and developed camptothecin and its analogs as promising anticancer agents in the 1960s-1980s.
3) Since then, over 100 derivatives have been synthesized using modern organic chemistry techniques like Diels-Alder reactions, radical annulations, and asymmetric syntheses.
4) Two FDA-approved camptothecin analogs, irinotecan and topotecan, are now important cancer drugs, with worldwide sales of $800
Synthesis and characterization of complexes of schiff base [1, 2 diphenyl -...Alexander Decker
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a Schiff base ligand and its complexes with various metal ions. The ligand (HL) was prepared in two steps by reacting 3-aminoacetophenone with hydrazine monohydrate to form an intermediate, which was then reacted with salicylaldehyde. The ligand was characterized using various techniques. The metal complexes were prepared by reacting the ligand with metal chlorides in a 1:1 molar ratio. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, conductivity, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Based on the data, the complexes were found to have tetrahedral geometry except for the nickel complex which was square planar.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of supramolecular chemistry. It describes supramolecular chemistry as the study of intermolecular interactions and self-assembly of molecules into higher order structures. It notes that supramolecular systems act as a bridge between living and non-living matter. The document also outlines different ways of studying supramolecular systems, such as investigating synthetic or natural systems. It provides examples of applications like sensing, drug delivery, and molecular imaging.
This presentation gives us an information regarding the protease enzyme and its development ,development of agents using molecular modelling techniques
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
Terpene and structure elucidation of monoterpeneShalini jaswal
This document discusses the structure elucidation of three monoterpenoids: citral, menthol, and camphor. It provides details on their isolation, constitution, and synthesis. Citral is an acyclic monoterpene with a molecular formula of C10H16O and contains two double bonds and an aldehyde group. Menthol is a monocyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H20O that contains a secondary alcoholic group. Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene with the formula C10H16O that contains a ketone group and a six-membered ring. Oxidation and reaction studies were used to determine the structures and constituents of these three important mon
Chemsitry of Natural Products-Flavonoids and quercetinSurendraKumar338
# Quercetin is the most abundant dietary flavonoid. It has been linked to improved exercise performance and reduced inflammation, blood pressure, and blood sugar level.
# Flavonoids any of large class of plant pigments having a structure based on or similar to that of flavone.
1) Camptothecin is a natural alkaloid isolated from the Chinese camptotheca tree that was found to inhibit the enzyme topoisomerase I.
2) Monroe Wall and Mansukh Wani at Research Triangle Institute discovered and developed camptothecin and its analogs as promising anticancer agents in the 1960s-1980s.
3) Since then, over 100 derivatives have been synthesized using modern organic chemistry techniques like Diels-Alder reactions, radical annulations, and asymmetric syntheses.
4) Two FDA-approved camptothecin analogs, irinotecan and topotecan, are now important cancer drugs, with worldwide sales of $800
Synthesis and characterization of complexes of schiff base [1, 2 diphenyl -...Alexander Decker
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of a Schiff base ligand and its complexes with various metal ions. The ligand (HL) was prepared in two steps by reacting 3-aminoacetophenone with hydrazine monohydrate to form an intermediate, which was then reacted with salicylaldehyde. The ligand was characterized using various techniques. The metal complexes were prepared by reacting the ligand with metal chlorides in a 1:1 molar ratio. The complexes were characterized using techniques such as elemental analysis, conductivity, IR spectroscopy, UV-Vis spectroscopy, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. Based on the data, the complexes were found to have tetrahedral geometry except for the nickel complex which was square planar.
This document discusses the history and key concepts of supramolecular chemistry. It describes supramolecular chemistry as the study of intermolecular interactions and self-assembly of molecules into higher order structures. It notes that supramolecular systems act as a bridge between living and non-living matter. The document also outlines different ways of studying supramolecular systems, such as investigating synthetic or natural systems. It provides examples of applications like sensing, drug delivery, and molecular imaging.
This presentation gives us an information regarding the protease enzyme and its development ,development of agents using molecular modelling techniques
NOESY (Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy) is a 2D NMR technique used to identify nuclear spins undergoing cross-relaxation and measure their rates. It provides information about which proton resonances are from protons close in space. NOESY experiments exploit the nuclear Overhauser effect to observe through-space dipolar couplings. One application is in protein NMR to assign structures by sequential walking. It is useful for determining the stereochemistry of biomolecules in solution.
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
This document describes the benzoin synthesis reaction. Benzoin synthesis involves the condensation of two molecules of benzaldehyde to form a new carbon-carbon bond between the two aromatic rings. This reaction can be catalyzed by cyanide ions or thiamine hydrochloride. The document outlines the reaction mechanism, provides steps for the synthetic procedure using each catalyst, and discusses results and precautions for the reaction. It also describes other applications for benzoin condensation reactions and alternative synthetic routes.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
This document discusses metathesis reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It begins with definitions and examples of different types of metathesis reactions including alkene, alkyne, and enyne metathesis. It then covers the key catalysts used, such as Grubbs and Schrock catalysts, as well as the 2005 Nobel Prize awarded for the development of metathesis reactions. The document concludes by outlining several important applications of metathesis in synthesizing biologically active compounds and natural products.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
Global and local restrictions Peptidomimetics ASHOK GAUTAM
Peptidomimetics are small protein-like chains designed to mimic peptides but with greater stability and specificity. They are created either by modifying existing peptides or designing new structures that mimic peptides. Peptidomimetics incorporate conformational constraints locally or globally to restrict flexibility and exclude potential conformations, allowing for more targeted interaction with biological targets. Conformational constraints are needed to improve properties like stability, activity, and selectivity for applications like drug development and targeted cancer therapies. Common constraints include cyclization, disulfide bonds, and restricted amino acids.
This document discusses heterogeneous catalysis. It notes that 65% of world GDP and 90% of chemicals by volume are influenced or assisted by solid catalysis. It also notes that 144 million tons of ammonia are produced annually, with 130 billion kilograms produced in 2018 alone. It defines catalysis as the process of altering a chemical reaction rate by adding a catalyst and defines the differences between homogeneous, heterogeneous, and bio-catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase than the reactants or products. The Haber-Bosch process and platinum catalyst are discussed as examples. Surface reactions like Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanisms are also summarized. The document
The document discusses alkaloids, which are naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. It covers their classification (including by biosynthesis, chemistry, pharmacology, and taxonomy), isolation, purification, biological activity, and structural determination. Methods for structural elucidation include functional group determination, degradation reactions like Hoffman exhaustive methylation, oxidation, and physical methods like spectroscopy. Specific alkaloids discussed include morphine, emetine, and reserpine.
This document provides information on the topic of homogeneous catalysis. It discusses several types of homogeneous catalysis including hydrogenation, hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, and Wilkinson catalysts. Hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen to organic compounds using molecular hydrogen and a catalyst. Hydroformylation adds a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene. Hydrocyanation converts alkenes to nitriles. Wilkinson's catalyst is [RhCl(PPh3)3] and is widely used for hydrogenation reactions.
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which is a chemical reaction that produces stereoisomeric products in unequal amounts by creating new chiral centers. It provides examples of important biological molecules that are enantiopure, such as amino acids, sugars, and proteins. Common methods for obtaining enantiopure compounds include isolation from natural sources, resolution of racemic mixtures, and asymmetric synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis is described as a reaction where a chiral reagent, auxiliary, or solvent directs the formation of new stereocenters. Examples of important asymmetric reactions mentioned include Sharpless epoxidation and asymmetric reductions.
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques, specifically HETCOR. It discusses the principles behind 2D NMR, describing how it plots data in two frequency axes rather than one, providing more information about a molecule's structure. It then explains the four periods that occur in a 2D NMR experiment: preparation, evolution, mixing, and detection. The document focuses on HETCOR, describing it as a heteronuclear experiment that provides correlations between different nuclei like protons and carbons. Examples of HETCOR spectra are provided to show how they indicate couplings between protons and the carbons they are attached to. Related techniques like HSQC and HMBC are also briefly described.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
The document discusses solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods using different protecting groups. It describes the t-Boc and Fmoc protecting group strategies, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. The t-Boc strategy uses acid-labile protecting groups removed by TFA, while the Fmoc strategy uses a base-labile Fmoc group and acid-labile side chain protecting groups, allowing milder acidic conditions. The document outlines the different protocols used in SPPS, including resin attachment, amino acid coupling and protecting group removal steps. It also discusses side reactions that can occur and strategies to minimize them, such as using orthogonal protecting groups or modified amino acid derivatives.
Nitrenes are nitrogen analogues of carbenes that contain no charge and are highly reactive and electrophilic. They exist in both singlet and triplet states, with the triplet state being more stable due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Nitrenes can be generated from acyl and alkyl azides, from sulphinylamine, or through insertion reactions. Important reactions involving nitrenes include the Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann bromamide reaction, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, and Schmidt rearrangement.
Importance of Stereochemistry in Drug Design.pptxYogesh Chaudhari
This document outlines a seminar presentation on the importance of stereochemistry in drug design. It discusses key stereochemistry concepts like chirality, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It then covers the clinical relevance of stereoselectivity, noting how individual patient responses and drug interactions can vary based on a drug's stereochemistry. Several examples are provided of how the different enantiomers of drugs like thalidomide and adrenaline can have different biological effects and safety profiles. The document concludes by discussing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic stereoselectivity, specifically how stereochemistry can impact absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
Recombinant DNA Technology and Drug DiscoveryDivya V
Recombinant DNA technology and hybridoma technology have led to important advances in drug discovery and development. Recombinant DNA involves combining DNA segments from different organisms to produce novel genes and proteins. Key tools include restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Genes can be inserted into vectors and expressed in host cells. This allows production of therapeutic proteins like insulin and monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology fuses antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells to generate cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses such as cancer treatment. Other biotechnology applications discussed include oligonucleotide therapy, gene therapy, and methods for analyzing and quantifying DNA and RNA.
Ephedrine and morphine by Bharat (m. pharmacy).pptxParmodKumar978323
This document discusses the structural elucidation and stereochemistry of ephedrine and morphine. It provides background on the history and traditional uses of ephedrine. The chemistry, appearance, mechanism of action, and extraction process of ephedrine are described. The structure elucidation of ephedrine is explained through determination of molecular formula, presence of functional groups, confirmation through degradation studies and synthesis. Similarly, the structure elucidation of morphine is summarized through determination of molecular formula, detection of unsaturation, identification of functional groups, and degradation studies to identify the phenanthrene ring structure.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
1) Self-assembled monolayer coated gold nanoparticles catalyze the aerobic oxidation of alpha-hydroxy ketones to aryl 1,2-diketones in water.
2) This provides an efficient one-pot synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives by in situ oxidation of alpha-hydroxy ketones and subsequent condensation with aryl 1,2-diamines in water.
3) 4-Aminothiophenol self-assembled monolayer coated gold nanoparticles were found to be an effective catalyst for these reactions, providing good to excellent yields of products under mild conditions in water.
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES [M.PHARM, M.SC, BSC, B.PHARM]Shikha Popali
THE CHEMISTRY OF PEPTIDES THE DIFFICULT TO COLLECT DATA FOR READERS , THREFORE HERE WE HAVE COLLECTED ALL THE DATA AT A PLACE AND PROVIDED EASIER TO CHEMISTRIANS.
This document describes the benzoin synthesis reaction. Benzoin synthesis involves the condensation of two molecules of benzaldehyde to form a new carbon-carbon bond between the two aromatic rings. This reaction can be catalyzed by cyanide ions or thiamine hydrochloride. The document outlines the reaction mechanism, provides steps for the synthetic procedure using each catalyst, and discusses results and precautions for the reaction. It also describes other applications for benzoin condensation reactions and alternative synthetic routes.
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of flavonoids: QuercetinMohammad Khalid
Extraction, isolation and structure elucidation of- Flavonoids Quercetin
Introduction
FLAVONOIDS & THEIR EXAMPLES
Quercetin
general isolation method
Extraction and isolation
Extraction from neem leaves
Isolation of Quercetin Methanolic Extract of Azadirachta indica leaves
Structure elucidation of Quercetin
Health benefits
Side Effects of Quercetin
This document discusses metathesis reactions and their applications in organic synthesis. It begins with definitions and examples of different types of metathesis reactions including alkene, alkyne, and enyne metathesis. It then covers the key catalysts used, such as Grubbs and Schrock catalysts, as well as the 2005 Nobel Prize awarded for the development of metathesis reactions. The document concludes by outlining several important applications of metathesis in synthesizing biologically active compounds and natural products.
Terpenoids are a class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from five-carbon isoprene units. They are volatile essential oils found in many plants and flowers which give them their distinctive fragrances. There are many different classes of terpenoids classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain, such as monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, and diterpenoids. Common terpenoids include limonene, menthol, and camphor. Spectroscopic techniques such as UV, IR, NMR and mass spectrometry are used to determine terpenoid structures and functional groups.
Global and local restrictions Peptidomimetics ASHOK GAUTAM
Peptidomimetics are small protein-like chains designed to mimic peptides but with greater stability and specificity. They are created either by modifying existing peptides or designing new structures that mimic peptides. Peptidomimetics incorporate conformational constraints locally or globally to restrict flexibility and exclude potential conformations, allowing for more targeted interaction with biological targets. Conformational constraints are needed to improve properties like stability, activity, and selectivity for applications like drug development and targeted cancer therapies. Common constraints include cyclization, disulfide bonds, and restricted amino acids.
This document discusses heterogeneous catalysis. It notes that 65% of world GDP and 90% of chemicals by volume are influenced or assisted by solid catalysis. It also notes that 144 million tons of ammonia are produced annually, with 130 billion kilograms produced in 2018 alone. It defines catalysis as the process of altering a chemical reaction rate by adding a catalyst and defines the differences between homogeneous, heterogeneous, and bio-catalysis. Heterogeneous catalysis involves a catalyst in a different phase than the reactants or products. The Haber-Bosch process and platinum catalyst are discussed as examples. Surface reactions like Langmuir-Hinshelwood and Eley-Rideal mechanisms are also summarized. The document
The document discusses alkaloids, which are naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. It covers their classification (including by biosynthesis, chemistry, pharmacology, and taxonomy), isolation, purification, biological activity, and structural determination. Methods for structural elucidation include functional group determination, degradation reactions like Hoffman exhaustive methylation, oxidation, and physical methods like spectroscopy. Specific alkaloids discussed include morphine, emetine, and reserpine.
This document provides information on the topic of homogeneous catalysis. It discusses several types of homogeneous catalysis including hydrogenation, hydroformylation, hydrocyanation, and Wilkinson catalysts. Hydrogenation involves adding hydrogen to organic compounds using molecular hydrogen and a catalyst. Hydroformylation adds a formyl group and hydrogen to an alkene. Hydrocyanation converts alkenes to nitriles. Wilkinson's catalyst is [RhCl(PPh3)3] and is widely used for hydrogenation reactions.
This document discusses asymmetric synthesis, which is a chemical reaction that produces stereoisomeric products in unequal amounts by creating new chiral centers. It provides examples of important biological molecules that are enantiopure, such as amino acids, sugars, and proteins. Common methods for obtaining enantiopure compounds include isolation from natural sources, resolution of racemic mixtures, and asymmetric synthesis. Asymmetric synthesis is described as a reaction where a chiral reagent, auxiliary, or solvent directs the formation of new stereocenters. Examples of important asymmetric reactions mentioned include Sharpless epoxidation and asymmetric reductions.
This document provides an overview of 2D NMR spectroscopy techniques, specifically HETCOR. It discusses the principles behind 2D NMR, describing how it plots data in two frequency axes rather than one, providing more information about a molecule's structure. It then explains the four periods that occur in a 2D NMR experiment: preparation, evolution, mixing, and detection. The document focuses on HETCOR, describing it as a heteronuclear experiment that provides correlations between different nuclei like protons and carbons. Examples of HETCOR spectra are provided to show how they indicate couplings between protons and the carbons they are attached to. Related techniques like HSQC and HMBC are also briefly described.
Triterpenes are classified based on the number of isoprene units they contain. Squalene is a 30-carbon triterpene containing six double bonds. Its structure was elucidated through reactions showing the presence of double bonds and the absence of conjugated double bonds. Oxidation and ozonolysis reactions provided further insight into its structure. Carotenoids are tetraterpenoids containing 9-11 double bonds that may terminate in rings. Alpha and beta carotene are prominent carotenoids, with beta carotene being the most well-known and a provitamin A.
The document discusses solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) methods using different protecting groups. It describes the t-Boc and Fmoc protecting group strategies, comparing their advantages and disadvantages. The t-Boc strategy uses acid-labile protecting groups removed by TFA, while the Fmoc strategy uses a base-labile Fmoc group and acid-labile side chain protecting groups, allowing milder acidic conditions. The document outlines the different protocols used in SPPS, including resin attachment, amino acid coupling and protecting group removal steps. It also discusses side reactions that can occur and strategies to minimize them, such as using orthogonal protecting groups or modified amino acid derivatives.
Nitrenes are nitrogen analogues of carbenes that contain no charge and are highly reactive and electrophilic. They exist in both singlet and triplet states, with the triplet state being more stable due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Nitrenes can be generated from acyl and alkyl azides, from sulphinylamine, or through insertion reactions. Important reactions involving nitrenes include the Beckmann rearrangement, Hofmann bromamide reaction, Curtius rearrangement, Lossen rearrangement, and Schmidt rearrangement.
Importance of Stereochemistry in Drug Design.pptxYogesh Chaudhari
This document outlines a seminar presentation on the importance of stereochemistry in drug design. It discusses key stereochemistry concepts like chirality, enantiomers, and diastereomers. It then covers the clinical relevance of stereoselectivity, noting how individual patient responses and drug interactions can vary based on a drug's stereochemistry. Several examples are provided of how the different enantiomers of drugs like thalidomide and adrenaline can have different biological effects and safety profiles. The document concludes by discussing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic stereoselectivity, specifically how stereochemistry can impact absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs.
Recombinant DNA Technology and Drug DiscoveryDivya V
Recombinant DNA technology and hybridoma technology have led to important advances in drug discovery and development. Recombinant DNA involves combining DNA segments from different organisms to produce novel genes and proteins. Key tools include restriction enzymes and DNA ligase. Genes can be inserted into vectors and expressed in host cells. This allows production of therapeutic proteins like insulin and monoclonal antibodies. Hybridoma technology fuses antibody-producing cells with myeloma cells to generate cell lines that produce monoclonal antibodies for diagnostic and therapeutic uses such as cancer treatment. Other biotechnology applications discussed include oligonucleotide therapy, gene therapy, and methods for analyzing and quantifying DNA and RNA.
Ephedrine and morphine by Bharat (m. pharmacy).pptxParmodKumar978323
This document discusses the structural elucidation and stereochemistry of ephedrine and morphine. It provides background on the history and traditional uses of ephedrine. The chemistry, appearance, mechanism of action, and extraction process of ephedrine are described. The structure elucidation of ephedrine is explained through determination of molecular formula, presence of functional groups, confirmation through degradation studies and synthesis. Similarly, the structure elucidation of morphine is summarized through determination of molecular formula, detection of unsaturation, identification of functional groups, and degradation studies to identify the phenanthrene ring structure.
This document provides an overview of alkaloids. It defines alkaloids as basic, nitrogen-containing compounds found in plants. Alkaloids are classified in several ways, including by their chemical structure, biosynthetic pathway, pharmacological effects, and the taxonomic plant family they are found in. Methods for isolating and purifying individual alkaloids from crude mixtures are also described. The molecular modification of opioid alkaloids like morphine to enhance their medical usefulness is discussed. Finally, the document outlines some of the biological activities that alkaloids can have in plants and humans, ranging from protective effects to therapeutic applications to toxicity.
1) Self-assembled monolayer coated gold nanoparticles catalyze the aerobic oxidation of alpha-hydroxy ketones to aryl 1,2-diketones in water.
2) This provides an efficient one-pot synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives by in situ oxidation of alpha-hydroxy ketones and subsequent condensation with aryl 1,2-diamines in water.
3) 4-Aminothiophenol self-assembled monolayer coated gold nanoparticles were found to be an effective catalyst for these reactions, providing good to excellent yields of products under mild conditions in water.
The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidiz...ijtsrd
Epoxidized vegetable oil have drawn much attention in recent yearrs, especially in the polymer industry as they are economical, available, environmentally friendly, non noxious and renewable. Cashew nut shell liquid CNSL , an agricultural by product abundantly available in tropical countries such as Vietnam, India, is one of the major and economical resources of naturally occurring phenols. Cardanol a byproduct of CNSL could be epoxidized by reacting carbon carbon double bonds of long unsaturated chain with peracids via the Prileshajev epoxidation process or the conventional process. This paper deals with the epoxidized reaction of cardanol take place in formic acid and hydrogen peroxyde. The results shown that the conversion efficiency of the epoxidized reaction reacheres 80 at 600C, stirring rates 1800 rpm, 2 p toluenesulfonic acid catalyst and rate of double bonds DB HCOOH AF H2O2 = 1.0 0.5 1.5. The product of epoxidized cardanol is also characterized by FT IR, 1H NMR and13C NMR. Bach Trong Phuc | Nguyen Thanh Liem "The Effect of Formic Acid, Hydrogen Peroxyde and Other Conditions on Epoxidized Reaction of Cardanol Extracted from Cashew Nut Shell Liquid of Vietnam" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-3 , April 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49624.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/polymer-chemistry/49624/the-effect-of-formic-acid-hydrogen-peroxyde-and-other-conditions-on-epoxidized-reaction-of-cardanol-extracted-from-cashew-nut-shell-liquid-of-vietnam/bach-trong-phuc
Quinoxaline as a potent heterocyclic moietyiosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Water as a solvent in microwave assisted organic synthesisPrashantChavan93
Prashant Chavan
Reserach Scholar
M.S.(Pharm) in Medicinal Chemistry
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali, Punjab (India) 160062
mcm20_prashant@niper.ac.in
Nucleoside analogues synthesis using natural phosphate doped with i2 (npi2) i...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes research on the synthesis of nucleoside analogues using natural phosphate doped with iodine (NP/I2) as a catalyst. Several D-ribonucleosides were prepared from 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside and silylated nucleobases under mild conditions using NP/I2. Yields of the desired nucleosides ranged from 35-62% depending on the nucleobase and amount of iodine used. NP/I2 was shown to be a more effective solid catalyst than silica or alumina doped with iodine. The reaction is proposed to
Copper catalyzed synthesis of N-Heterocycles containing one M-atomssusercbfc01
This document summarizes copper-catalyzed methods for synthesizing various N-heterocycles containing one nitrogen atom. It discusses the synthesis of pyrrole, pyrrolidine, indole, and indolone derivatives using copper catalysts under mild conditions. Various studies are reviewed that achieve these syntheses with good yields and functional group tolerance. Copper catalysts offer advantages over other metals like palladium in providing cost-effective routes for producing valuable pharmaceutical compounds. Future work may focus on developing more sustainable and efficient copper-catalyzed methods.
This document describes a one-pot, three-component reaction to synthesize densely substituted benzofurans from methyl ketones, phenols, and nucleophiles. Specifically, it details:
1) The reaction of phenylglyoxal monohydrate, phenols like sesamol, and indoles produces benzofurans in good to excellent yields with acid catalysis.
2) Replacing phenylglyoxal with methyl ketones and using I2/DMSO allows an in situ generation of arylglyoxal from the methyl ketone for the reaction.
3) Various substituted benzofurans can be synthesized from different methyl ketones, phenols
Heterogeneous solid liquid catalysis of n-glycosylation by natural phosphate ...Alexander Decker
This document describes a study that investigated using natural phosphate doped with potassium iodide (NP/KI) as a heterogeneous solid-liquid catalyst for the one-step synthesis of several β-D-ribonucleosides. The reaction of 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-D-ribofuranoside with various nucleobases including uracil, thymine, cytosine, adenine, and N-acetyl-guanine in the presence of NP/KI produced the corresponding ribonucleosides in good yields ranging from 45-55% after refluxing overnight. The use of NP/KI as the catalyst resulted in higher yields
IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS in Organic synthesis with Introduction, General Mechanism, and their synthetic application covering more than 20 named reactions in it.
This document summarizes research on immobilizing palladium nanoparticles with a functional ionic liquid grafted onto a cross-linked polymer for solvent-free Heck reactions. Specifically:
1) A functional ionic liquid containing an amine group was synthesized and copolymerized with divinylbenzene to produce a cross-linked polymer support.
2) Palladium nanoparticles were immobilized on this polymer using aqueous palladium chloride, then reduced with sodium borohydride.
3) Characterization with FTIR, TGA, TEM, XPS showed the palladium nanoparticles were successfully supported on the polymer through amine binding.
4) This catalyst was tested for Heck
This document describes a study that developed an efficient method for synthesizing 2-amino-3-cyano-4H-pyran derivatives using a three-component reaction. The reaction involves the cyclocondensation of aldehydes, malononitrile, and ethyl acetoacetate using ammonium hydroxide as a catalyst under infrared irradiation. The method offers high yields, short reaction times of 10 minutes, and does not require hazardous reagents or conditions. Various substituted aromatic, heteroaromatic, and aliphatic aldehydes successfully provided the desired pyran products in good to excellent yields. The reaction mechanism is proposed to occur through initial Knoevenagel condensation and subsequent Michael addition and cyclization
Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydrideijtsrd
One pot synthesis of acid esters by Stobbe condensation of alkylidene / arylidene succinates and aldehydes or ketones, their subsequent hydrolysis to diacids hasreported. TheStobbe condensation of various aromatic aldehydes or ketones with dimethyl succinate gives different types of cyclized productsthrough green approach. The improved yields of Fulgenic acid and its anhydridehave observed by the green approach method as compared with other classical methods employed so far.The antioxidant activity of anhydride compounds have done by using DPPH. Yadav Hanuman Singh | Gani Saba"Antioxident Activity of Greenly Synthesized Anhydride" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5847.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/5847/antioxident-activity-of-greenly-synthesized-anhydride/yadav-hanuman-singh
1) An efficient protocol has been developed for the synthesis of biaryls via Pd/Cu catalyzed coupling of phenylhydrazines in water without using any ligands.
2) Both Pd and Cu catalysts were found to be essential for the reaction, with Pd(TFA)2 and Cu(OAc) providing the best results.
3) A range of substituted phenylhydrazines underwent homo- and cross-coupling reactions under the optimized conditions to provide the biaryl products in good to excellent yields.
Immobilization of Glucose oxidase on PANI-2 Amino Pyridine composite film by ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Chemistry (IOSR-JAC) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of applied chemistry and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Chemical Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document describes a one-pot synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones and thiones using 4-nitrophthalic acid as a catalyst under solvent-free conditions. Various aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds, and urea or thiourea reacted smoothly in good to excellent yields. The reaction conditions were optimized to use a 2 mol% catalyst loading at 90°C for 30 minutes. 4-Nitrophthalic acid proved to be an effective and inexpensive catalyst for this Biginelli reaction, providing advantages over other reported catalysts such as higher yields, simpler workup, and an environmentally friendly procedure. The products were characterized
The document discusses an experiment that investigated the effect of temperature on the catalytic conversion of Kraft lignin using near-critical water. Kraft lignin was converted at temperatures ranging from 290 to 370°C using ZrO2/K2CO3 as the catalytic system and phenol as a co-solvent. The yields of water-soluble organics, bio-oil and char were measured. The bio-oil had higher heating value and lower oxygen and sulfur content than the raw lignin. Increasing the temperature significantly increased the yield of single-ring aromatic compounds in the bio-oil and water-soluble fraction, while moderately increasing char formation.
A green synthesis of isatoic anhydrides from isatins with urea–hydrogen perox...fer18400
The document describes a green synthesis method for producing isatoic anhydrides from isatins using urea-hydrogen peroxide complex and ultrasound irradiation. Four reaction procedures were tested using urea-hydrogen peroxide as the oxidizing agent and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The procedures used either acetic anhydride/acetic acid or formic acid as solvents. Ultrasound irradiation was found to dramatically reduce reaction times from 2-24 hours down to 20-135 minutes. The method provides isatoic anhydrides in good yields and with high purity under mild conditions. Combining formic acid and ultrasound yielded the best results for most isatins tested.
Preparation of pyrimido[4,5 b][1,6]naphthyridin-4(1 h)-one derivativeselshimaa eid
This document describes the preparation of pyrimido[4,5-b][1,6]naphthyridin-4(1H)-one derivatives using a zeolite-nanogold catalyst. An efficient one-pot synthesis is developed involving the cyclocondensation of 6-amino-2-thioxo-2,3-dihydropyrimidin-4(1H)-one, aromatic aldehydes, and 1-benzylpiperidin-4-one in ethanol at 80°C. The nanogold catalyst is characterized and found to contain 4-6 nm gold nanoparticles dispersed on zeolite. Several derivatives are synthesized in good yields and characterized. Molecular dock
The document outlines a proposed synthesis of N-alkenylated 2-pyridone containing isoquinoline alkaloids. The approach involves installing an aryl bromide via Suzuki coupling, followed by an asymmetric reduction of the tetrasubstituted alkene and a final Heck coupling to form the isoquinoline ring system. While initial attempts to reduce the alkene under achiral conditions showed trace amounts of the desired product by NMR, further optimization is needed to isolate it. Previous work established methods for synthesizing β-iodo-N-alkenyl 2-pyridones, which could then undergo Suzuki couplings to install various aryl groups for constructing the target alkaloids.
This document provides an overview of cosmetic science, summarizing different types of cosmetics including skin, hair, face, eye, and nail cosmetics. It describes key ingredients and formulations for different cosmetic products like moisturizers, cleansers, hair conditioners, mascara, lipstick, and nail polish. The document also discusses trends in cosmetic use throughout history and how cosmetics help beautify and care for skin, hair, nails, and facial features.
Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis ProceraYogeshIJTSRD
Plants growing in arid regions have elicited increased attention, because the hostile environment, in which these plants survive, forces them to develop chemical protective systems through adaptation which is rarely found in vegetation of other ecosystems. Furthermore, many of the plants grow in areas, where the dependence on traditional, plant based medicines over industrially produced pharmaceuticals persists to this day. The two plants, Calotopris Procera giant milkweed, also named C. Persica and Calotropis gigantea crown ower , have been used widely in traditional medicine in North Africa, the Middle East, and South and South East Asia. This has led to extensive research on the chemical constituents of the plants. Both plants are known to be sources of cardenolides, and newer research has yielded a number of interesting cancer active constituents. In addition, extracts of both plants have remarkable nematocidal, molluscidal and insecticidal activities. In many regions, the wood of Calotropis plants has been used as a building material and as a source of fuel. In addition, certain parts of the plants have been used as feed for livestock. In other regions, Calotropis plants are seen as invasive species that threaten local plant life and that due to their toxicity also pose a threat to grazing eld animals. Jaffar Khan | Pankaj Chasta | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "Standardization and Formulations of Calotropis Procera" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45145.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45145/standardization-and-formulations-of-calotropis-procera/jaffar-khan
Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of ParalysisYogeshIJTSRD
Paralysis is a complete loss of motor power in any muscle group. When paralysis affects all four extremities, it is called quadriplegia when it affects only the lower extremities, paraplegia and when it affects the extremities on one side of the body, hemiplegic. For this reason, the term paralysis is generally reserved for more focal, less stereotyped weakness, for instance, affecting all the muscles innervated by a peripheral nerve. Many different anatomical lesions and etiologies can cause paralysis and determine its treatment. Bikash Debsingha | Dr. Gourav Kr. Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Review of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Paralysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45108.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/45108/review-of-the-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-paralysis/bikash-debsingha
Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods A...YogeshIJTSRD
Cooling towers make use of evaporation whereby some of the water is evaporated into a moving air stream and subsequently discharged into the atmosphere which results in cooling of the remainder water. The current research reviews various studies conducted on cooling tower using experimental and numerical techniques. Different design configuration and operating conditions on cooling towers are evaluated by various researchers. Significant findings from researches have shown new and improved design of cooling tower with much better performance as compared to conventional design. Neetish Kumar Sao | Dr. Surendra K. Dwivedi "Comparative Analysis of Forced Draft Cooling Tower Using Two Design Methods: A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45100.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/45100/comparative-analysis-of-forced-draft-cooling-tower-using-two-design-methods-a-review/neetish-kumar-sao
Criminology Educators Triumphs and StrugglesYogeshIJTSRD
This document summarizes a research study about the triumphs and struggles of criminology educators in the Philippines. It finds that most respondents enjoy seeing their students succeed but find grading and dealing with difficult students stressful. Financially, only one respondent felt stable while others said their salaries were just enough to get by. Respondents did not initially intend to become teachers but stayed for reasons like family and valuing the teaching profession. While teaching had rewards, low salaries and qualifications impacted job satisfaction for some. Overall, the study provides insights into criminology educators' experiences in the Philippines.
A Review Herbal Drugs Used in Skin DisorderYogeshIJTSRD
The human bodys skin is an organ that allows it to interact with the environment while also shielding it from harmful external influences. People of all ages suffer from skin diseases all over the world. Its vital to keep your skin in good form for a healthy physique. Plants have been employed in some form or another since the beginning of time. This research has highlighted some prevalent skin disease issues, as well as the herbals utilized in disease therapy and the various formulations accessible in the pharmaceutical industry. Some medicinal plants have been shown to be quite effective in removing or reducing skin infection disorders. Chandramita Borah | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kaushal Kishore Chandrul "A Review: Herbal Drugs Used in Skin Disorder" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45118.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/other/45118/a-review-herbal-drugs-used-in-skin-disorder/chandramita-borah
Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectiv...YogeshIJTSRD
The aim of information retrieval systems is to retrieve relevant information according to the query provided. The queries are often vague and uncertain. Thus, to improve the system, we propose an Automatic Query Expansion technique, to expand the query by adding new terms to the user s initial query so as to minimize query mismatch and thereby improving retrieval performance. Most of the existing techniques for expanding queries do not take into account the degree of semantic relationship among words. In this paper, the query is expanded by exploring terms which are semantically similar to the initial query terms as well as considering the degree of relationship, that is, “fuzzy membership- between them. The terms which seemed most relevant are used in expanded query and improve the information retrieval process. The experiments conducted on the queries set show that the proposed Automatic query expansion approach gave a higher precision, recall, and F measure then non fuzzy edge weights. Tarun Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Automatic Query Expansion Using Word Embedding Based on Fuzzy Graph Connectivity Measures" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45074.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/45074/automatic-query-expansion-using-word-embedding-based-on-fuzzy-graph-connectivity-measures/tarun-goyal
A New Proposal for Smartphone Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System f...YogeshIJTSRD
This paper proposes a Smartphone based system for the detection of drowsiness in automotive drivers. The proposed system uses three stage drowsiness detection technique. The first stage uses the percentage of eyelid closure PERCLOS which is obtained by capturing images with the front camera of the Smartphone with a modified eye state classification method. The system uses near infrared lighting for illuminating the face of the driver during night driving. The second step uses the voiced to the unvoiced ratio VUR obtained from the speech data from the microphone, in the event PERCLOS crosses the threshold. The VUR is also compared with a threshold and if it is a value greater than that of the threshold, it moves on to the next verification stage. In the final verification stage, touch response is required within the stipulated time to declare whether the driver is drowsy or not and subsequently sound an alarm. To awake the driver, a vibrating mechanism is done and also the live GPS location is also sent to an emergency contact. We have studied eight other reference papers for the literature review. The system has three advantages over existing drowsiness detection systems. First, the three stage verification process makes the system more reliable. The second advantage is its implementation on an Android smart phone, which is readily available to most drivers or cab owners as compared to other general purpose embedded platforms. The third advantage is the use of SMS service to inform the control room as well as the passenger regarding the loss of attention of the driver. Abishek K Biju | Godwin Jolly | Asif Mohammed C A | Dr. Paul P Mathai | Derek Joseph "A New Proposal for Smartphone-Based Drowsiness Detection and Warning System for Automotive Drivers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45083.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/computer-engineering/45083/a-new-proposal-for-smartphonebased-drowsiness-detection-and-warning-system-for-automotive-drivers/abishek-k-biju
Data Security by AES Advanced Encryption StandardYogeshIJTSRD
Now a days with the rapid development of multimedia technologies, research on safety and security are becoming more important. Multimedia data are generated and transmitted through the communication channels and the wireless media. The efficiencies of encryption based on different existing algorithms are not up to the satisfactory limit. Hence researchers are trying to modify the existing algorithm or even develop new algorithms that help to increase security with a little encryption time. Here in this paper, we have furnished a new technology to modify the AES algorithm which gives more security with a little encryption time and which can be used to encrypt using 128 bit key. Theoretical analysis on the proposed algorithm with the existing reveals the novelty of our work. Here we have proposed a technique to randomize the key and hidden the key data into an encrypted digital image using the basics concept of cryptography and also using the concept of digital watermarking, the concept of key hide has also been encrypted. We have also proposed a new technique to reposition the pixels to break the correlation between them. So, the proposed scheme offers a more secure and cost effective mechanism for encryption. Next on the AES criteria list good performance. Widespread market adoption will require reasonably good performance on a variety of platforms, ranging from easy tocrack smart cards to the largest servers. Good algorithm performance includes speed for the encryption and decryption process as well as the key schedule. Prateek Goyal | Ms. Shalini Bhadola | Ms. Kirti Bhatia "Data Security by AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45073.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/45073/data-security-by-aes-advanced-encryption-standard/prateek-goyal
Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus NiruriYogeshIJTSRD
Theorigin of Phyllanthus niruri is tropical America from there it spread as a weed to other tropic and sub tropics. It is a tropical annual herb shrub which grows as weed in moist humid waste land. Phyllanthus niruri is among more than 500 Phyllanthus species that are widely spread in temperate and tropical climates region Lizuka et al., 2007. It grows 30 40 cm in height, has small leaves and yellow flowers the stem has green capsule, and blooms with flowers with 5 white sepals and apical acute anther.38g of Mueller Hinton Agar was dissolved in 1000ml distilled water in a conical flask, the mouth of the conical flask was plugged with cotton woo wrapped in aluminium foil. This was sterilized in an autoclave at 121oC for 15mns. The media was removed and allowed to cool to 45oC, later poured into a sterilized plastic petri plates which were appropriately labeled. The present study revealed the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of phyllanthus niruri. The antimicrobial activity of phyllanthus niruri shows great significant against pathogens which are responsible for common infections of skin, respiratory, urinary and gastrointestinal tracts. The phytochemical screening of oxalate, terpenoids, tannins, phenols, quinones, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and steroids were all found to be active within the plant. This bioactive phytochemicals present in P. niruri can be useful for further researches on the plant P. nururi since the phytochemicals have shown preclinical efficacies for treating human diseases’ which include hepatitis and HIV AIDS. This work has compiled the chemical constituents present and can be useful for further researches Dr. Mohammed Musa Lawan | Yusuf Sale Baba "Antimicrobial and Phytochemical Screening of Phyllantus Niruri" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44948.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/chemistry/other/44948/antimicrobial-and-phytochemical-screening-of-phyllantus-niruri/dr-mohammed-musa-lawan
There is a need for temperature drop in a buried pipeline based on the media and process. Need of some methodology and design requirement for a set of conditions by reducing pipeline surface temperature and the temperature drops to atmospheric temperature at a particular distance of pipeline. Based on the conduction principle, desire reduction up to atmospheric temperature can be possible. Let us understand by below methods and design of Heat sink for buried pipe line. Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Heat Sink for Underground Pipe Line" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45117.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45117/heat-sink-for-underground-pipe-line/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber Optic Cable CoreYogeshIJTSRD
Fiber optic cables have single core and multiple core options, but single and multiple core fiber cable -˜s core design need to be updated. Newly proposed design gives facilities to multiple usage than traditional design of cable core. Cable core design needs improvement by using present technology for decreasing material and cost and by improving efficiency of cable. Research need to be carried out in this direction. What do you think Natvarbhai Prabhudas Gajjar "Newly Proposed Multi Channel Fiber-Optic Cable Core" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45116.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/other/45116/newly-proposed-multi-channel-fiberoptic-cable-core/natvarbhai-prabhudas-gajjar
Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and PoliceYogeshIJTSRD
The need to understand and at the same time give prescriptions for the direction of security reform in Third world countries after the end of World War II has prompted the emergence of a big project called the study of security reform SSR . Within this framework emerge various theories and strategies for security reform, with various variations, including ideological variations that underlie these theories. The reform of the structural aspect is a reform of the institutional and structure of an institution, the instrumental reform includes the reform of the system, laws and regulations, while the reform of the cultural aspect is a reform of the habits or organizational culture in institutions in general and in particular the Timor Leste’s security institutions, both military and police. Arquimino Ramos "Security Sector Reform toward Professionalism of Military and Police" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45061.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/45061/security-sector-reform-toward-professionalism-of-military-and-police/arquimino-ramos
Stress An Undetachable Condition of LifeYogeshIJTSRD
Stressful life events affects human body, which may lead to cardiovascular diseases and effect metabolism and immune system. Recent studies showed increase in stress levels in developing countries. This study aimed to determine the stress levels in MBBS students. The objectives of the study are a To determine the current stress level, b To assess relation between stress level and lifestyle of college students. The present study was carried out in Ahmedabad City of Gujarat State. A total of 400 medical students were included in the study, which were selected using multi stage sampling aged between 18 years to 25 years. Students were questioned regarding their socioeconomic and life style parameters. The results showed that physical activity such as walking, exercise, yoga, meditation etc. were associated to stress levels. College students showed high stress levels with more satisfaction were mostly smokers. Their major reason for eating junk food and smoking was, increase in stress. Conclusion Majority of students suffered from moderate stress levels. Despite of having stress they were happy and satisfied with life with less no internet addiction. Spirituality and stress scales had a positive correlation as most of the students were averagely highly spiritual. Discriminant function can be used to determine the stress level of a person using age, BMI, internet addiction, spirituality, happiness scale and life satisfaction scale of that person. Jayshree N. Tolani | Dr. Nitinkumar D. Shah "Stress: An Undetachable Condition of Life" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45054.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45054/stress-an-undetachable-condition-of-life/jayshree-n-tolani
Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians Lipid Profile and Antioxid...YogeshIJTSRD
The study sought to determine the extent to which the usage of social media in the marketing of agricultural products in South West Nigeria can enhance farmers turnover. It employed the survey research design to collect data with the help of a structured questionnaire to elicit information from respondents selected from six 6 south western states. Research data were analysed using structural equation modelling. The results showed that the use of social media WhatsApp and Facebook in marketing of agricultural products significantly enhances farmers turnover. The managerial implication is that use of Whatsapp and Facebook in the marketing of agricultural products for the enhancement of farmers’ turnover was found to have significant influence on the enhancement in farmers’ turnover from agricultural products. Policy makers in government should provide the enabling environment for the telecommunication companies to enhance their reach by installing their facilities across the length and breadth of the country so that the network coverage will be strong at all times so that the benefits of social media usage will not be constrained. Egejuru, Leonard O | Akubugwo, Emmanuel I | Ugorji, Beatrice N "Comparative Studies of Diabetes in Adult Nigerians: Lipid Profile and Antioxidants Vitamins (A and C)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biochemistry/45021/comparative-studies-of-diabetes-in-adult-nigerians-lipid-profile-and-antioxidants-vitamins-a-and-c/egejuru-leonard-o
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
Novel Drug Delivery System An OverviewYogeshIJTSRD
In present scenario evolution of an existing drug molecule from a old form to a novel delivery system can significantly improve its performance in terms of patient compliance, safety and efficacy. In the form of a control drug delivery system an existing drug molecule can get a new life. An appropriately designed Novel Drug Delivery System can be a major advance for solving the problems related towards the release of the drug at specific site with specific rate. The porpuse for delivering drugs to patients efficiently and with fewer side effects has prompted pharmaceutical companies to engage in the development of new drug delivery system. This article covers the basic information regarding Novel Drug Delivery Systems and also advantages, factor etc. Chiranjit Barman | Dr. Gaurav Kumar Sharma | Dr. Kausal Kishore Chandrul "Novel Drug Delivery System: An Overview" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45068.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/novel-drug-delivery-sys/45068/novel-drug-delivery-system-an-overview/chiranjit-barman
With the growth of technology their grows threat to our data which is just secured by passwords so to make it more secure biometrics came into existence. As biometric systems are adopted and accepted for security purpose for various information and security systems. Hence it is immune to attacks. This paper deals with the security of biometric details of individuals. In this paper we will be discussing about biometrics and its types and the threats and security issues which is not talked about usually. The different technologies evolved and had contributed to biometrics in long run and their effects. Sushmita Raulo | Saurabh Gawade "Security Issues Related to Biometrics" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd44951.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/44951/security-issues-related-to-biometrics/sushmita-raulo
Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initi...YogeshIJTSRD
A mathematical equation which involves a function and its derivatives is called a differential equation. We consider a real life situation, from this form a mathematical model, solve that model using some mathematical concepts and take interpretation of solution. It is a well known and popular concept in mathematics because of its massive application in real world problems. Differential equations are one of the most important mathematical tools used in modeling problems in Physics, Biology, Economics, Chemistry, Engineering and medical Sciences. Differential equation can describe many situations viz exponential growth and de cay, the population growth of species, the change in investment return over time. We can solve differential equations using classical as well as numerical methods, In this paper we compare numerical methods of solving initial valued first order ordinary differential equations namely Euler method, Improved Euler method, Runge Kutta method and their accuracy level. We use here Scilab Software to obtain direct solution for these methods. Vibahvari Tukaram Dhokrat "Comparative Analysis of Different Numerical Methods for the Solution of Initial Value Problems in First Order Ordinary Differential Equations" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45066.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/mathemetics/applied-mathematics/45066/comparative-analysis-of-different-numerical-methods-for-the-solution-of-initial-value-problems-in-first-order-ordinary-differential-equations/vibahvari-tukaram-dhokrat
Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing ContentYogeshIJTSRD
Bituminous mixes are most commonly used all over the world in flexible pavement construction. It consists of asphalt or bitumen used as a binder and mineral aggregate which are mixed together, laid down in layers and then compacted. Under normal circumstances, conventional bituminous pavements if designed and executed properly perform quite satisfactorily but the performance of bituminous mixes is very poor under various situations. Today’s asphaltic concrete pavements are expected to perform better as they are experiencing increased volume of traffic, increased loads and increased variations in daily or seasonal temperature over what has been experienced in the past. In addition, the performance of bituminous pavements is found to be very poor in moisture induced situations. Considering this a lot of work has been done on use of additives in bituminous mixtures and as well as on modification of bitumen. Research has indicated that the addition of polymers to asphalt binders helps to increase the interfacial cohesiveness of the bond between the aggregate and the binder which can enhance many properties of the asphalt pavements to help meet these increased demands. However, the additive that is to be used for modification of mix or binder should satisfy both the strength requirements as well as economical aspects. Naveen Kumar | Ms. Shivani "Evaluation of Different Paving Mixes Using Optimum Stabilizing Content" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45089.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/45089/evaluation-of-different-paving-mixes-using-optimum-stabilizing-content/naveen-kumar
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
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D.Lloyd et.al in [1965]5
reported pH dependence synthesis of
benzodiazepines; pH being 4-6.
Baakrishna and Kaboudin in [2001] 6
introduced the solvent free method for the synthesis of Benzodiazepines
that had an operationally simple procedure. A mixture of o-phenylenediamine, magnesia/phosphorus
oxychloride and ketone were reacted under solvent-free conditions was capable of producing high yields of 2,3-
dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by condensation of o-phenylenediamine with acetone under
mild reaction conditions with 90% yield.
Curini et.al in [2001] 7
, synthesized 2, 3-Dihydro-1H-1, 5
benzodiazepines in very good yield in solvent-free
conditions from o-phenylendiamine and ketones in the
presence of Ytterbium (III) trifluoromethanesulfonate as
catalyst. The method is applicable to both cyclic and
acyclic ketones.
Chen et.al in [2001] 8
introduced applications of samarium diiodide (SmI2) as a mild, neutral, selective and
versatile single-electron transfer reducing and
coupling reagent in organic synthesis which has
grown significantly in the last decade. When o-
nitrophenylazide was treated with SmI2 at room
temperature, the simultaneous reduction of nitro group and azide group resulted in the formation of trivalent
samarium species.
Pozarentzi et.al in [2002]9
, reported a simple reaction for
the synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by
condensation of ketones with o-phenylenediamines by
application of microwave irradiation without using
solvent.
Roman et.al in [2002]10
, synthesized 4-aryl-2,3-
dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by
cyclocondensation of ketonic Mannich bases
hydrochlorides with o-arylenediamines and
reactions proceeded smoothly in ethanol in the
presence of anhydrous sodium acetate which led
to fused diazepines.
Jarikote et.al in [2003]11
, introduced the reaction of o-
phenylenediamines with both acyclic and cyclic
Ketones in 1,3-di-n-butylimidazolium bromide as
anionic liquid to afford 1,5-benzodiazepines in
excellent isolated yields in the absence of a catalyst at
ambient temperature.
Reddy et.al in [2003]12
synthesized 2, 3-dihydro-1H-1,5-
benzodiazepines by taking a 1:2.5 mole ratio mixture of
o-phenylenediamine and the ketone along with a catalytic
amount of sulfated zirconia in a round bottom flask and
stirred it at the ambient temperature for appropriate time.
Yadav et.al in [2004]13
, introduced a new approach for the synthesis of benzodiazepines in which treatment of o-
phenylenediamine with ketone in the presence of 10 mol% indium (III) bromide as Lewis acid for 1.5 h afforded
2, 3-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-1,5-benzo [b] [1,4]-diazepine in 95% yield. This method was effective for
preparation of benzodiazepines from electron deficient o-phenylenediamines. The reactions proceeded well at
room temperature under solvent free conditions but InBr3 was found to be superior in terms of conversion and
reaction rates.
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Sivamurugan et.al in [2004]14
, carried out the synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by mixing o-
phenylenediamine with ketones in the presence of a catalytic amount of [Proline]2Zn
Gowravaram et.al in [2004]15
, introduced a novel and
green approach for the synthesis of 2, 3-dihydro-1H-
1,5-benzodiazepines from o-phenylenediamines and
ketones using Cerium (III) chloride/ Sodium iodide
under mild and heterogeneous conditions.
Sucheta and Rao in [2005]16
, described an effective and
operationally simple method for the synthesis of 1,5-
benzodiazepine compounds under microwave irradiation
versus conventional thermal cyclisation for comparative
purposes. The procedure consists of reacting an intimately
ground equimolar proportion of o-phenylenediamine and α, β-
unsaturated enones with silica gel in the presence of catalytic amount of mesoporous zeolite MCM-41 with 90-
98% yield.
Bandgar et.al in [2006]17
, introduced the reaction which was very slow and low yielding in the absence of
catalyst. In the presence of silica as a catalyst yields
were poor at 25°C. After doing the optimization of
the quantity of the catalyst at room temperature
under solvent free conditions and it was observed
that the use of just 2 mol% of HBF4-SiO2 was sufficient to give the desired products in excellent yields.
Alibeck et.al in [2006]18
introduced the application of
silica supported 12-tungstophosphoric acid (HPW/SiO2)
as solid acid catalyst for the synthesis of 1,5-
benzodiazepines by reaction of o-phenylenediamines
with ketones.
De and Gibbs in [2005]19
introduced the reaction which were carried out in neat at room temperature for 3 h by
taking a 1:2.2 mol ratio mixture of o-phenylenediamine and the ketone in the presence of 5mol% Scandium (III)
triflate Sc OTf)3 to give the desired products in excellent yield.
Chari and Syamsundar in [2005]20
introduced a new procedure in which polymer (PVP) supported ferric
chloride catalyzed efficiently the condensation of o-
phenylenediamines with ketones under solvent free
conditions to afford the corresponding 1,5-
benzodiazepine derivatives in high yields. The reaction
proceeded efficiently under ambient conditions giving excellent yields (85–96%)
Tajbakhsh et.al in [2006]21
They reported organic synthesis using solid acid heterogeneous catalyzes as a
synthetic route for synthesis of 2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepine from acetone and o-
phenylenediamine (4:1) in acetonitrile or dichloromethane using Zeolite as a catalyst.
Nagawade and Shindein [2006]22
o-phenylenediamines undergo rapid condensation with ketones having
hydrogens at the α-position in the presence of 10 mol% zirconyl (IV) chloride under extremely mild reaction
conditions to afford the corresponding 1,5-
benzodiazepines in excellent yields with high selectivity.
This method works well for both electron-rich as well as
electron-deficient o-phenylenediamines. Zirconyl (IV)
chloride is moisture stable, readily available and inexpensive oxy salt of zirconium and versatile lewis acid
catalyst.
Chandra et.al in [2006]23
introduced the reactions which
were carried out by treating a 1: 2.5 molar ratio mixture of
o-phenylenediamine and the ketone with a catalytic
amount of silver nitrate.
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Wu in [2006]24
introduced Ytterbium trichloride catalyzed condensation of o-phenylenediamines and cyclic and
acyclic ketones under solvent-free conditions afforded 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives in excellent yields.
Thakuria et.al in [2006]25
introduced one pot method for the synthesis of a 2, 3-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazepines by
the condensation of acetone with o-
phenylenediamine using an organic acid as the
catalyst under solvent-free conditions at room
temperature using 1,3,5-benzene-tri-carboxylic acid
(Trimesic acid) as catalyst.
Pasha and Jayashankara in [2006]26
reported synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by the
condensation of o-phenylenediamine with cyclic/ acyclic ketones in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-
TSA) as catalyst at 80-85°C temperature.
Kuo et.al in [2006]27
introduced the reaction which was performed by reacting o-phenylenediamine and acetone
in the presence of 2 mol% NBS as a catalyst without any solvent at room temperature. Under these conditions,
1,5-benzodiazepine was obtained.
Yuying et.al in [2006]28
introduced a novel and simple ionic
liquid methodology for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines. 1-
Butylpyridinium hydrogen sulphate ([BPy]HSO4), an acidic
room-temperature ionic liquid, as a novel and efficient catalyst,
was synthesized and used in the preparation of a series of 1,5-
benzodiazepine derivatives by the reaction of o-phenylenediamine with chalcones under mild conditions.
Varala et.al in [2006]29
introduced ceric ammonium nitrate (CAN) as an efficient reagent for the preparation of
1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives of a wide range of
substituted o-phenylenediamines and electronically
divergent ketones in moderate to excellent isolated
yields (60-98%) under mild conditions using
methanol as solvent at ambient temperature.
Das et.al in [2006]30
reported an efficient solvent-free
synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines by condensation of o-
phenylenediamines with ketones in the presence of
catalytic amount of bromodimethyl sulfonium bromide.
Heravi et.al in [2006]31
synthesized 2, 3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines by condensation of o-
phenylendiamine and various ketones in the presence of ferric per chlorate (Fe(ClO4)3) under solvent free
conditions.
Guzen et.al in [2006]32
reported a new method for the
synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines which were
synthesized by a reaction of o-phenylenediamines
with a diketone or ketone series by ultrasound
irradiation in presence of APTS. The condensation occurred in a mild condition with good to excellent yields.
Shaabani and Malekiin [2007] 33
introduced the new approach for both the linear and cyclic ketones that react
with the diamines containing both electron donating and electron-withdrawing groups on aromatic rings, without
any significant difference, gave the corresponding
1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives in quantitative
yields under solvent-free conditions. A mixture of
o-phenylenediamine (1 mmol) and acetophenone
(2.1 mmol) was stirred at room temperature in the presence of silica sulfuric acid (0.05 g) for 1.2 h to afford 93%
pure compound.
Pandit et.al in [2007]34
reported reaction between o-phenylenediamine and aliphatic, aromatic and cyclic
ketones in the presence of LaCl3.7H2O.
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Reddy et.al in [2007]35
reported the catalytic activity of zirconium (IV) tetrachloride for the cyclo-condensation
reaction of o-phenylenediamine and a ketone in refluxing 1,2-dichloroethane to afford the corresponding 2, 3-
dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine in high yield.
Jung et.al in [2007]36
reported the synthesis of 1H-1,5-
benzodiazepine derivatives with heteroaromatic ketone (2-
acetylfuran, 2-acetylthiophene, 2-acetylpyridine, 3-
acetylpyridine, 4-acetylpyridine) by using conc. HCl, SiO2,
or polyphosphoric acid (PPA).
Zhenjiang et.al in [2007]37
synthesized 2, 3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines in good to excellent yield from
direct condensation of o-phenylenediamines with ketones promoted by sulfamic acid at room temperature under
neat condition or in acetonitrile.
Varala et.al in [2007]38
introduced p-nitrobenzoic acid promoted synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines by taking a
mixture of o-phenylenediamine and cyclic and acyclic ketones.
Sangshetti et.al in [2007]39
reported the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines using o-phenylenediamine and the
ketone substrates and varying the mol% of sulfanilic acid. Among the results obtained, using 10 mol% sulfanilic
acid gave better yield (97%) for the synthesis.
Heravi et.al in [2007]40
reported a new method in which mixture of ketone, o-phenylenediamine derivative and
H14[NaP5W30O110] (0.1 mol %) was refluxed in ethanol at 78°C. But in the case of cyclohexanone as a cyclic
ketone the reaction times were longer than others, it may be because of the steric effect of cyclic ketones.
Fazaeli and Aliyan in [2007]41
introduced aluminium
dodeca tungsto phosphate promoted synthesis of 1,5
benzodiazepine derivatives under solvent free
conditions.
Fazaeli and Aliyan in [2007]42
introduced a simple and versatile method for the synthesis of 1,5-
benzodiazepines via condensation of 1,2-phenylenediamines and ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of
clay (K10 and KSF montmorillonite)-supported polyoxometalates (POMs). The method was applicable to both
cyclic and acyclicketones without significant differences.
Sharma et.al in [2007]43
introduced a simple, efficient, mild and green method which has been developed for the
synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines employing dodecyl sulfonic acid (DSA) as an excellent surfactant-type
Bronsted acid catalyst in aqueous media at room temperature.
Gholap et.al in [2008]44
described a clean solvent free synthesis of 2, 3-dihydro-(1H)-1,5-benzodizepines by
condensation of ketones possessing at least one α-hydrogen with o-phenylenediamine was mixed, heated and
stirred at 80°C temperature catalyzed by silica supported perchloric acid (HClO4-SiO2).
Tao and Yi in [2008]45
introduced a method in which Amberlyst-21, a kind of well-known and cheap polymeric
material, was treated with ytterbium perfluorooctanesulfonate [Yb (OPf)3] giving a reagent with ytterbium
loading of 1.34 (wt%). The polymer-supported fluorous ytterbium catalyzed the highly efficient synthesis of 1,5-
benzodiazepine derivatives. The catalyst was recovered by simple filtration under fluorous-solvent-free
conditions and used again without a significant loss of catalytic activity. Amberlyst A-21-Yb (OPf)3 was very
tolerant and stable to water. The robustness of the catalyst for recycling may partly be attributed to the water
repellent nature of the perfluoroalkane
chain “(-CF2-CF2-)n”ofYb(OPf)3
which refuses the approach of water
molecules to the central metal cation,
thus maintaining its high catalytic
activity.
Pan et.al in [2008]46
reported the condensation reactions of o-phenylenediamine and two equivalents of
acetophenone under Gallium (III) triflate catalysis which produced biaryl substituted 1,5-benzodiazepines.
Similar reactions of o-phenylenediamine or o-aminothiophenol and o-hydroxychalcones lead to formation of
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functionalized 1,5-benzodiazepines and 1,5-
benzothiazepines in good to excellent yields. The
o-hydoxy group of chalcones is crucial for this
unprecedented condensation process.
Kumar and Shandhu in [2008]47
introduced the use of Gallium (III) chloride for the synthesis of 1,5-
benzodiazepines from o-phenylenediamine and α-methylene ketones. Diamines with electron releasing and o-
naphthylenediamine reacted smoothly with ketones to afford products in excellent yields. GaCl3 is an established
water scavenger and seems to help both in the formation of imines and the cyclisation step.
Murai et.al in [2008]48
reported the novel three
component reaction of aromatic aldehydes,
ethylenediamine, and β-keto esters producing seven
membered 1,4-azepane compounds. This reaction was
very unique because β-keto esters reacted at the
generally unreactive γ-positions.
D. Mahajan et.al in [2008]49
introduced the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine from the condensation of 1 mole of
o-phenylenediamine with 2 moles of ketone under
solvent-free conditions catalyzed by alum
[KAl(SO4)2·12H2O] which was found to be an
efficient, non-toxic, cheap, and environmentally
benign and gave good to excellent yields.
Heravi et.al in [2008]50
reported a simple method for the condensation of o-phenylenediamines (o-PDA) with
1,3-diketones using catalytic amounts of different types of HPAs including H14[NaP5W30O110], H5[PMo10V2O40]
and H6[P2W18O62] as the catalyst to synthesize 3H-1,5-benzodiazepines.
Li-Tao et.al in [2008] 51
introduced the synthesis of
2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines which have been
synthesized under solvent-free conditions in good
yields from o-phenylenediamine and ketones catalyzed
by montmorillonite K10.
Kuo et.al in [2008] 52
introduced 2,4,6-trichloro-
1,3,5-triazine (TCT) efficiently catalyzed the
condensation reactions between 1,2-diamines and
various enolizable ketones to afford 1,5-
benzodiazepines in good to excellent yields.
Prakash et.al in [2009] 53
introduced the
synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives by the
condensation of o-phenylenediamines and ketones
in the presence of Gallium (III) triflate in catalytic
amount.
Pawar et.al in [2009] 54
reported the reaction
of o-phenylenediamine (1 mmol) and ketone
(1.2 mmol)) in water which was carried in the
presence of MgBr2, stirred with respective
time at room temperature to afford the
corresponding 2,3-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-
1H-1,5-benzodiazepine in good yield. The reaction proceeds rapidly at ambient temperature with 10 mol% of
catalyst.
Gao et.al in [2009]55
introduced the synthesis of
1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives in moderate to
excellent isolated yields by the condensation
reactions of o-phenylenediamine and
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ketones catalyzed by Niobium pentachloride (NbCl5) under mild conditions using n-hexane as solvent at 50°C.
Gopala krishanapanicker et.al in [2009]56
reported a
method in which tetranitrile silver complex was prepared
and used as homogeneous catalyst for one pot thee
component. Mannich reaction and benzodiazepine
synthesis from o-phenylenediamine and various ketones.
Vijayashankar et.al in [2010]57
introduced a facile method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines by the
condensation of o-phenylenediamine with ketones with an amorphous mesoporous iron aluminophosphate (Fe-
AIP) catalyst in the presence of a solvent and under solvent-free conditions heated with stirring in a temperature-
controlled oil bath at 80°C.
Shi et.al in [2010]58
, described an efficient and clean method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines from o-
phenylenediamine and ketones catalyzed by sodium tetrachloroaurate(III) dihydrate under mild conditions.
Parveen et.al in [2011]59
described the synthesis of 2, 3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine by taking a solution of
OPD/substituted OPD and the ketone in I2 (10 mol%) by adding 3-4 drops of ethanol for well mixing and stirred
at ambient temperature for appropriate time.
Baseer and Khan in [2011]60
introduced a
method in which zirconium oxychloride
efficiently catalyzed the condensation of
ketones (cyclic and acyclic) with o-
phenylenediamine at room temperature,
under solvent free conditions, in short reaction time with excellent yield of the product. OPD, ketones and
zirconium oxychloride (catalytic amount) were ground well using mortar and pestle at room temperature.
Sharma et.al in [2011]61
designed the synthesis of benzodiazepines using anhydrous tin (II) chloride as efficient
catalyst in which substituted ketone (20 mmoles), o-phenylenediamine (10 mmoles), and tin (II) chloride
anhydrous (0.5 mmoles) were ground well using mortar and pestle and transferred to a 50 ml round bottomed
flask and heated at 80-85°C for 40 min to 1H.
Konda et.al in [2011]62
described a new method in which a mixture of substituted chalcone (1 mmol), o-
phenylenediamine (1.5 mmol) and piperidine (1 ml) in polyethylene glycol (PEG-400) (15 mL) was heated at
60°C.
Chaskar et.al [2011]63
reported bismuth (III) salts
catalyzed synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-
benzodiazepine from o-phenylenediamine and acyclic
and cyclic and aromatic ketones in mild conditions.
Majid et.al in [2012]64
reported a simple and versatile method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines is via
condensation of o-phenylenediamines and ketones in the presence of catalytic amount of H-MCM-22 using
acetonitrile as solvent at room temperature.
Makone and Vayavaharein [2012]65
introduced sodium perchlorate as an efficient agent for the preparation of
2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine derivatives by the condensation of o-phenylenediamine and various ketones
in the presence of stoichiometric amount of NaClO4 in an aqueous media.
Shushizadeh and Dalbandin [2012]66
introduced a green
method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines by the
application of silica resin with acid functional moieties,
during which they found that SiO2/H2SO4 mixture was a
simple and efficient catalyst for this method under microwave irradiation.
Singla et.al in [2012]67
reported a simple and versatile
method for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines via
condensation of o-phenylenediamines and ketones in the
presence of catalytic amount of potassium aluminium
sulfate dodecahydrate (KAl(SO4)2.12H2O) as a non-toxic
and cheap catalyst.
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Sandhar and Singh in [2012]68
introduced a rapid and efficient environment friendly multicomponent one-pot
synthesis of 2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepines catalyzed by tannic acid under solvent free condition by
simple condensation of o-phenylenediamine with different ketones.
Munoz et.al in [2012]69
explored the catalytic activity of Argentinean bentonite as catalysts for the synthesis of
1,5-benzodiazepines though a condensation reaction between o-phenylenediamine and excess of acetone as
reactive and solvent at room temperature.
Based on the work of Munoz et.al , Kurane et.al in [2013]70
designed an ionic liquid film of [Bmim]Cl
containing an organometallic catalyst (Cp2ZrCl2) has been anchored on the porous matrix of an aerogel by
adsorption interactions and successfully used for the synthesis of medicinally relevant 1,5-benzodiazepines.
Ilango et.al in [2013]71
described the synthesis of (4-methyl-1,5-dihydro-1,5 benzodiazepine-2-ylidene)-aryl-
amines using o-phenylenediamine and acetoacetanilide catalyzed by CdCl2 under thermal and microwave
irradiation.
Alinezhad et.al in [2013]72
described the synthesis of 1,5-benzodizepinederivative using (2-MPyH)OTf as a
catalyst. They reported a method for synthesis of 1,5-benzodizapine.
Sajadiffer and Rezayati in [2013]73
described the synthesis of 1,5-benzodizepine derivatives using boron
sulfonic acid
Goswami et.al in [2013]74
introduced the synthesis of 1,5-benzodizepine via condensation of o-
phenylenediamine with ketone in the presence of catalytic amount of phenylboronic acid in acetonitrile solvent
under reflux condition.
Li and Wang in [2014]75
introduced the one pot
synthesis of 1, 5 benzodizepine derivative
containing thiophene and COOCH2CH3 groups. The
reaction preceded by the component condensation of
substituted thiophenecarboxaldehyde, o-
phenylenediamine and ethylacetoacetate in ethanol at 0°C.
Zhao et.al in [2014]76
described the one-pot three-components condensation reaction of o-phenylenediamines
with α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to form a derivatives of 1,5-benzodiazepines by using TFA
(trifluoroacetic acid) as a catalyst.
N. Sudhapriya et.al [2015]77
An efficient diversity oriented
synthesis of [1,2,3]triazolo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepines has been
developed by sequential diazotization, azidation and
cycloaddition reactions in a one-pot fashion.
Khodairy et al [2016]77
reported the synthesis of new 3-pyrimidinyl- and imidazolyl-1,5-benzodiazepines from
3-bromo-4-phenyl-1H-[1,5]benzodiazepin-2-one (a) as a substrate. They synthesized 2-oxo-4-phenyl-2,3-
dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-3-ylimidothiocarbamate (b) and 1-(2-oxo-4-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-
benzodiazepin-3-yl)guanidine (c) by reacting
with thiourea or guanidine in the presence of
potassium carbonate. Intermediate upon
reaction withnitriles, diethyl malonate or
mixture of an aldehyde and β-keto esters or
acetylacetone in the presence of ceric
ammonium nitrate provided pyrimidyl
thiobenzodiazepines (d) in good to excellent
yields. On the other hand, intermediate (b) upon reaction with α-haloesters, nitriles, and/or ketones yielded new
imidazole in moderate to good yield.
Weers et al [2016]78
developed a novel and alternative one-pot efficient methodology for the synthesis of
pharmacologically relevant 1,5-benzodiazepines from N-allyl-2-bromoanilines.
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD43842 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 505
T.D. Le et.al [2016]79
did cyclocondensation of 1,2-
phenylenediamine with acetone to form 2,3-
dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine
using MOF-235 as catalyst.
J. Wang et.al [2017]80
efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed C–
H activation protocol has been developed for the
synthesis of 2,3-benzodiazepines with use of N-Boc
hydrazones and diazoketoesters as substrates.
Indalkar et al [2017]81
developed environmentally
benign one-pot solvent-free procedure for the synthesis
of 4-substituted 1,5-benzodiazepines via three-
component reaction of o-phenylenediamine, dimedone
and aldehyde catalyzed by sulphated polyborate.
Jamatia et al [2017]82
developed a green synthetic
protocol for the synthesis of 1,5-benzodiazepines
via condensation of α,β-unsaturated ketone or aryl
ketone with various diamines using graphite oxide
(GO) as a catalyst.
B.P. Sathe et.al [2018]83
did reactions between various
substituted o-phenylenediamines (10 mmol) and ketones (20
mmol) in presence of Fe3O4@SiO2SO3H (20 mol%) in
methanol (Scheme 1 & 2).
V.I. Isaeva et.al [2018]84
synthesized physiologically active 1,5-benzodiazepines from 1,2-phenylenediamine
and ketones (acetone, acetophenone, methyl ethyl ketone). Catalytic properties of MIL/K-SO3H and MIL/Ks-
CN composites
A.Savari et al.[2019]85
reacted o-phenylenediamine (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), and 4-chlorobenzaldehyde(1
mmol) in the presence of CoFe2O4@SiO2@NH-NH2-PCuW as a catalyst.
Physical properties and Spectral Details
2,2,4-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine
Yellow crystals; m.p. Found 137-38ºC, Reported:136-38ºC
IR (KBr): 3343, 1657, 1610 cm-1
1
H NMR CDCl₃): δ 1.35 (s, 6H), 2.20(s, 2H), 2.35 (s, 3H), 2.95 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.65-7.3 (m, 4H)
13
C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 29.7, 30.4, 45.0, 67.8, 121.6, 122.0, 125.4, 126.7, 137.8, 140.6, 171.8; MS: m/z 188 (M+).
2,4-Diethyl-2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine.
Yellow solid; m.p. Found 138ºC, Reported 137-39ºC
IR (KBr): 3335, 1648, 1605 cm-1
1
H NMR (CDCl₃): δ 0.99 (t, 3H, J = 6.9 Hz), 1.25 (t, 3H, J = 7.0 Hz), 1.70 (q, 2H, J=6.9 Hz), 2.15 (m, 2H), 2.35
(s, 3H), 2.69 (q, 2H, J= 7.0 Hz), 3.25 (br s, 1H, NH), 6.78-7.35 (m, 4H)
13
C NMR (CDCl₃): δ 8.7, 10.8, 26.9, 35.5, 35.7, 42.1, 70.5, 121.8, 125.4, 126.2, 127.0, 137.9, 140.8, 175.6; MS:
m/z 216 (M+).
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