International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
This paper describes an experimental study of using the waste heat from a Panasonic Under-
Ceiling split room air - conditioner had a rated capacity of 3.51 kW (12,000 Btu/h). An under – ceiling
split type air conditioning for heating domestic water in private homes. Energy recovery improved the
performance, and the recovered energy could replace electricity completely for heating domestic water
use. An extra charge of refrigerant in the air-conditioner could prevent its compressor from over heating
during energy recovery. The experimental conducted on varies capacity of the range from 22.5 litres to
120 litres storage tank. Results show the water temperature increased lies in the range of 50 OC to 65
OC. It was found that, when the initial water temperature in the 22.5 litres storage tank 27 OC, the water
temperature reached 65 OC in 105 minutes. For 120 litres water, temperature increased from 27 OC to 62
OC,5 in 240 minutes.
Heat engines for 10th standard new syllabusSwasthik Udupa
Introduction to heat engines .Working of 4 stroke engines, 2 stroke engines, petrol engines, diesel engines. Some advantages and disadvantages of these engines.
“SEMINAR REPORT ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
Design of Neural Network Controller for Active Vibration control of Cantileve...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
“SEMINAR REPORT ON SOLAR ASSISTED VAPOUR ADSORPTION REFRIGERATION SYSTEM”Bhagvat Wadekar
SUMMARY
The range of COP for the Solar VAdRS is 0.2 - 0.7. The development of adsorption system for refrigeration is promising. An overall thermodynamics-based comparison of sorption systems shows that the performance of adsorption systems depends highly on both the adsorption pairs and processes. The technology continues to develop and the cost of producing power with solar thermal adsorption refrigeration is falling. If the costs of fossil fuels, transportation, energy conversion, electricity transmission and system maintenance are taken into account, the cost of energy produced by solar thermal adsorption systems would be much lower than that for conventional refrigeration systems.
The intermittent system has its simplicity and cost effectiveness. However, the main disadvantages such as long adsorption/desorption time have become obstacles for commercial production of the system. Hence, to compete with conventional vapor compression technologies, more efforts should be made in enhancing the COP and SCP. The environmental benefits of this technology and its non-dependence on conventional energy sources makes it highly attractive for further developments and a potential alternative to conventional systems in the future. The future of solar refrigeration and air conditioning seems to be a very good proposition and no doubt will find its place in future industrial applications. The major limiting factor at present is the shape of energy so as to make it available whenever it is required, for example at nights and extended cloudy days when we cannot attain a high enough temperature.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
Design of Neural Network Controller for Active Vibration control of Cantileve...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Prediction of groundwater quality in Selected Locations in Imo StateIJMER
The prediction of groundwater quality in selected locations was carried out in Owerri-West
L.G.A. of Imo State. The Physical, chemical and biological parameters of groundwater samples from
Nekede (Ward A), Ihiagwa (Ward B), Eziobodo (Ward C), Obinze (Ward D) and Avu (Ward E) were
analysed using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). A total of three replicates of fifteen
different borehole water samples were collected based on distances from closest potential sources of
contamination. All parameters were detected up to 61m from pollution source and most of them
increased in concentration during the periods, pointing to infiltrations from storm water. The results
for Iron, pH and TVC decreased as distance increases while for nitrate and BOD increased as distance
increases. Results also showed that most of the boreholes were polluted and not suitable for human
consumption without adequate treatment, Regular monitoring of groundwater quality, abolishment of
unhealthy waste disposal practices and introduction of modern techniques are recommended.
A Comparative Study on Privacy Preserving Datamining TechniquesIJMER
Privacy protection is very important in the recent years for the reason of increasing in the
ability to store data. In particular, recent advances in the data mining field have lead to increased
concerns about privacy. Data in its original form, however, typically contains sensitive information about
individuals, and publishing such data will violate individual privacy. The current practice in data
publishing based on that what type of data can be released and use of that data. Recently, PPDM has
received immersed attention in research communities, and many approaches have been proposed for
different data publishing scenarios. In this comparative study we will systematically summarize and
evaluate different approaches for PPDM, study the challenges ,differences and requirements that
distinguish PPDM from other related problems, and propose future research directions
Complex test pattern generation for high speed fault diagnosis in Embedded SRAMIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Optimal Converge cast Methods for Tree- Based WSNsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
MCDM Techniques for the Selection of Material Handling Equipment in the Autom...IJMER
Abstract: Material Handling Equipments are utilized in different shops of an automobile industry.
For culling congruous Material Handling Equipment, it is felt that some Multi Criteria Decision
Making Methods must be used due to their ability of converting an intricate quandary to a paired
comparison. These methods are predicated on some relative Criteria and Sub-criteria. Certain
methods such as; Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP), and
Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) Method have to be utilized
for solving the quandary of Material Handling Equipment cull in different shops of automobile
industry. For solving these quandaries, some criteria (Material, Move, and Method) are culled.
The main conclusions drawn from this study are that, Method criteria is more consequential for
culling Material Handling Equipment, and Conveyor System is more efficient and precise Equipment
for Handling the Material in shop floor of any automobile industry. The focus of this research is in
the area of Cull of Material Handling Equipment in automobile industry. Cull of congruous Material
Handling Equipment is very paramount for reducing manufacturing cycle time, and cost of
manufacturing.
Experimental Investigation of Twin Cylinder Diesel Engine Using Diesel & Met...IJMER
In view of increasing pressure on crude oil reserves and environmental degradation as an
outcome, fuels like methanol may present a sustainable solution as it can be produced from a wide
range of carbon based feedstock. The present investigation evaluates methanol as a diesel engine fuel.
The objectives of this report is to analyze the fuel consumption and the emission characteristic of a
twin cylinder diesel engine that are using Methanol & compared to usage of ordinary diesel that are
available in the market. This report describes the setups and the procedures for the experiment which
is to analyze the emission characteristics and fuel consumption of diesel engine due to usage of the
both fuels. Detail studies about the experimental setup and components have been done before the
experiment started. Data that are required for the analysis is observed from the experiments.
Calculations and analysis have been done after all the required data needed for the thesis is obtained.
The experiment used diesel engine with no load which means no load exerted on it. A four stroke Twin
cylinder diesel engine was adopted to study the brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy
consumption, and emissions at zero load & full load with the fuel of methanol. In this study, the diesel
engine was tested using 100% methanol. By the end of the report, the successful of the project have
been started which is Diesel engine is able to run with Methanol but the engine needs to run by using
diesel fuel first, then followed by methanol and finished with diesel fuel as the last fuel usage before the
engine turned off. The performance of the engine using Methanol fuel compared to the performance of
engine with diesel fuel. Experimental results of Methanol and Diesel fuel are also compared.
Minimization of Shrinkage Porosity in A Sand Casting Process By Simulation I...IJMER
There is an increasing demand in manufacturing environment for the best quality of casting
products at the right time and quantity. In order to survive in the competitive market and to achieve
customer satisfaction trial-and-error method to produce defect free casting products from design to
manufacturing is too costly and not effective [1]. Modernization is the only key to improve casting quality
and productivity. This paper discusses the simulation process of casting solidification with the AutoCAST-X
software of a intricate shape small size casting of LM6 (Al alloy) metal. With the help of simulation study
hot spot in the casting has been identified. This has immensely helped in locating the optimum position and
size of the feeder required. This paper also shows the application of feeding aids as exothermic sleeve. The
simulation study has shown the improvement in feeding yield and quality of the casting.
Visual Quality for both Images and Display of Systems by Visual Enhancement u...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Sender Authentication with Transmission Power Adjustment Method Using RSSI in...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Different Types of heat pump water heaters, technological advancements and efficiency changes in each type with their advantages / disadvantages and future prospects.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Energy and Exergy Analysis of a Cogeneration Cycle, Driven by Ocean Thermal E...theijes
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) is a technology by which thermal energy from the ocean is harnessed and converted into electricity. It is one of the renewable energy technologies being researched into, as part of solutions to the challenge of global warming and climate change. A major setback of this technology, however, is that it has a very low cycle efficiency. In this work a cogeneration cycle is proposed which is driven by the temperature difference between the warm surface layer and the cold bottom layer of the ocean. The work is aimed at improving the overall cycle efficiency of OTEC systems by reducing the depth at which cold water is captured from the ocean. To achieve this, the cycle employs a binary mixture of ammonia and water as the working fluid and uses the mechanism of absorption to obtain the liquid phase of the working fluid after expansion through the turbine. The effects of varying cycle parameters such as the depth of cold-water capture, heat source temperature and mixture composition of the working fluid were investigated. With a basic solution mixture concentration of 0.40 kg/kg NH3/H2O, and under operating conditions of 30oC as the warm surface water temperature and a cold water temperature of 10oC, captured at a depth of 600m the proposed cycle produced a net power output of 42 kW, and a refrigeration capacity of 370 kW. The thermal efficiency computed was 1.94% and the exergy efficiency was 13.78%, both higher than the case where the depth of cold water capture was 1000m.
วารสารวิชาการเทคโนโลยีพลังงานและสิ่งแวดล้อม บัณฑิตวิทยาลัย วิทยาลัยเทคโนโลยีสยาม
Journal of Energy and Environment Technology of Graduate School Siam Technology College
Refrigeration and air conditioning (full note)shone john
Principles of refrigeration: Thermodynamics of refrigeration - Carnot cycle,
reversed carnot cycle, heat pump, and refrigerating machine- coefficient of
performance - unit of refrigeration - refrigeration methods- conventional
refrigeration systems. Air refrigeration system- Bell Coleman cycle - C.O.P.
capacity work and refrigerant flow requirements in Bell - Coleman cycle.
Module 2
Vapour compression system: simple cycle -comparison with Carnot cycle -
theoretical, actual and reactive - COP effect of operating parameters on
COP - wet, dry and superheated compression - under cooling - actual cycle
representation on TS and PH diagrams simple problems. Advanced
vapour compression systems - multistage vapour compression systems -
flash chamber multiple compression and evaporation systems cascading -
simple problems.
Module 3
Vapour absorption systems: simple, cycles - actual cycle - ammonia water
and lithium bromide water systems - COP - electrolux system. Refrigerant
and their properties: Nomenclature - suitability of refrigerants for various
applications - unconventional refrigeration methods- Vortex tube, steamjet, magnetic (cryogenics) refrigeration and thermoelectric refrigeration -
applied refrigeration house hold refrigerators - unit air conditioners andModule 4
Refrigeration system components: condensers - water and air cooled
condensers - evaporative condensers - expansion devises - capillary tubeconstant pressure expansion valve - thermostatic expansion valve - float
valve and solenoid valve - evaporators - natural convection coils - flooded
evaporators - direct expansion coils. Reciprocating compressors: single
stage and multistage compressors - work done optimum pressure ratioeffect of interfolding - volumetric efficiency -effect of clearance -
isothermal and adiabatic efficiency - compressed air motors. Rotodynamic
compressors: Screw and vane type compressors - principle of operation -
hermetic, semihermetic and open type refrigeration compressors.
Module 5
Principles of air conditioning: Psychrometry and psychrometric chart
thermodynamics of human comfort - effective temperature - comfort chart
applied psychrometry - sensible heat factor - psychometric processproblems. Winter air conditioning: heating load calculations humidifiers
and humidistat. Summer air conditioning: cooling load calculations - year
round air conditioning - unitary and central systems - principles of air
distribution - design of air duct systems.
References
1. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Ballaney P. L.
2. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Stocker W. F.
3. Refrigeration and air conditioning - Jordan and Protester
4. Principles of Refrigeration - Roy J. Dossat
Performance optimization assessment for a proper heat pump technology functio...Premier Publishers
This investigation represents a thermodynamic assessment of thermal performance optimization for a proper heat pump technology suitable for district hot water production at (60-65) °C. The clean energy sources integrated with environment friendly refrigerants were studied to optimize and validate the use of Cascade heat pump technology at various configurations. Three pure, R744, R600a and R134a, and one azeotropic mixture R410A refrigerants were circulated at different cycle arrangements. Two Cascade systems (Three Cycles), single Cascade system (Two Cycles), and compound Cascade system (Three Cycles) were proposed for the present assessment. The low temperature cycle operated at evaporator temperature of (-15 to -2) °C and the high temperature condenser was set at a temperature of (70) °C. The single Cascade heat pump circulating R410A/R134a and the two Cascade R410A/R717/R134a systems showed the best heating coefficient of performance (COP). The former refrigerant pair exhibited higher heating (COP) than that of the latter by (3.6-5) % calculated at (22.5) °C low temperature cycle intermediate temperature for the whole range of test conditions. The lowest (COP) was experienced by the two Cascade heat pump technology circulating R744/R717/R134a and R744/R717/R600a refrigerant pairs. The compound Cascade heat pump is definitely a promising option for low temperature heat source technology on the long term basis due to its low running cost for heating load generation. The heating (COP) showed a range of (2 to 2.7) at (70 %) compressor isentropic efficiency according to the system type, refrigerant pair and operating conditions considered in the present work. Any improvement for the compressor isentropic efficiency provides a valuable augmentation for the heating (COP) of the Cascade heat pump.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
From Daily Decisions to Bottom Line: Connecting Product Work to Revenue by VP...
Upgrading of Low Temperature Solar Heat with Cascade Vapor Compression and Absorption Heat Pump
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1923 | Page
Nattaporn Chaiyat1
School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
Abstract: The objective of this project is to study a method to upgrade a low temperature heat form solar energy by
cascaded vapor compression heat pump/absorption heat pump. The modified system could be used to produce high
temperature heat such as high temperature hot water with full replacement or partial support for boiler in hotel, hospital
and other related industries. The input energy comes from solar energy which is clean and friendly to environment.
In this study, a solar water heating system was designed and constructed. The unit had 10 units of flat-plate solar collectors
(1 unit = 2.3 m2
) each generated hot water at a temperature range of 40-60 oC and a storage tank of 1,500 liter. After that
these hot water temperature was upgraded by 2 units of R-123 vapor compression heat pumps each having a heating
capacity of 10 kW. Hot water at a higher temperature of around 60-80 o
C was produced and kept in a 200 liter hot water
tank. Then a 10 kW water-Libr absorption heat pump upgraded the final hot water temperature to be around 90-110 o
C kept
in a 200 liter tank. Since the water temperature might be over the boiling point then glycol was mixed in the water with a
concentration of around 40%,
Mathematical correlations of the related parameters from the experimental data could be set up and these could be
used to predict outputs of the studied system under various operating conditions. The final outputs such as the system COP
and the final hot water temperature simulated by the models were found to be close with those of the experimental results.
From the economic results, the modified system was used to partially support a boiler for generating hot water at 5 Ton/d
compared up to fully support at 35 Ton/d. For the partially support, the energy saving and the payback period for the
modified system were around 2,675,434 Baht/y (1 USD = 30.6535 Baht) and 1 year 2 months, respectively. The payback was
longer with the higher load of the system.
Keywords: Absorption heat transformer; Vapor compression heat pump; Solar collector; Boiler, Economical analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
In tropical area, even solar radiation level is rather high but diffuse solar radiation component is also very
significant thus only solar flat-pate solar collector could be competitive with conventional energy for heat generation.
Normally, the flat-plate one will not supply heat with a temperature over 60 o
C, otherwise its thermal efficiency is very low,
therefor, a technique to boost-up the temperature is needed.
Absorption heat transformer (AHT) and vapor compression heat pump (VCHP) are a method for upgrading heat to
a higher temperature level. For the VCHP, this technology is used to upgrade a low temperature heat (around 40-60 ºC) to a
medium temperature level (around 60-80 ºC). In a conventional AHT, the absorption system is used to upgrade a medium
temperature heat (around 70-80 ºC) to a high temperature level (around 90-120 ºC). In a conventional AHT, low temperature
heat is absorbed at the AHT generator and the AHT evaporator while high temperature heat is delivered at the AHT absorber
and there is waste heat rejected at the AHT condenser. Theoretical and experimental studies of the AHT have been reported
by various literatures. Kiatsiriroat et al. [1] reported thermal performance of a water-LiBr AHT for upgrading low
temperature heat such as waste heat from industrial processes or solar heat. The coefficient of performance (COP) did not
exceed 0.5 because there was a high heat rejection at the AHT condenser. Florides et al. [2] modeled and simulated an
absorption solar cooling system in Cyprus which used 3 types of solar collectors, flat plate solar collectors, compound
parabolic collectors (CPC) and evacuated tube collectors for comparison by the TRNSYS simulation program. It could be
seen that the compound parabolic collector was appropriate for solar absorption cooling in a house during the whole year.
The final optimized system consisted of a 15 m2
compound parabolic collector tilted 30o
from the horizontal plane and a 600
L hot water storage tank. Xuehu et al. [3] also reported the test results of an industrial-scale water-LiBr AHT in China which
was used to recover waste heat released from organic vapor at 98 o
C in a synthetic rubber plant. The recovered heat was used
to heat hot water from 95-
110 o
C. The AHT system was operating with a heat rate of 5,000 kW with a mean COP of 0.47.
Chaiyat et al. [4] reported a concept of a single-stage H2O-LiBr absorption heat transformer (AHT) when it was coupled with
a vapor compression heat pump (VCHP) for upgrading low temperature heat (CAHT). Heat rejected at the AHT condenser
was recovered by the VCHP and transferred to the AHT evaporator. It could be seen that a simulation results of the modified
system could be increased around 0.8 compared with 0.5 of the normal AHT. Moreover, Chaiyat et al. [5] also reported a
simulation result of a H2O-LiBr absorption heat transformer performance having an R-123 vapor compression heat pump
(CAHT). The CAHT unit was used to upgrade heat from a set of flat-plate solar collectors. It could be found the number of
the solar collectors could be decreased 30 units which is about 50 % of that without the VCHP. Moreover, the COP of the
modified AHT is about 0.8 compared with 0.5 of the conventional AHT. But this technique could be upgraded the maximum
temperature around 90 o
C.
The objective of this study is to study a method to upgrade a low temperature heat form solar energy by the vapor
compression heat pump cascaded with the absorption heat pump to generate a high temperature level at over 100 o
C. The
modified system could be used to produce high temperature heat such as high temperature hot water with full replacement or
Upgrading of Low Temperature Solar Heat with Cascade
Vapor Compression and Absorption Heat Pump
2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1924 | Page
partial support for boiler in hotel, hospital and other related industries. The input energy comes from solar energy which is
clean and friendly to environment. For the VCHP, an appropriate working fluid has been selected. The seven parameters for
evaluating the thermal performance of the VCHP will be considered and compared with those of the common VCHP.
II. SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
Fig.1 shows a schematic sketch of a general solar-absorption heat transformer (Solar-AHT). Solar heat is supplied
to the AHT generator and the AHT evaporator at a medium temperature (around 60-80
C). At the AHT generator, binary
liquid mixture consists of a volatile component (absorbate) and a less volatile component (absorbent) is heated at a medium
temperature. Part of the absorbate boils at a low pressure (PC) and a generator temperature (TG) at state 1. The vapor
condenses in the AHT condenser at a condenser temperature (TC) to be liquid at state 2 and rejected heat at a lower
temperature (around 35-45
C). After that the absorbate in liquid phase is pumped to the AHT evaporator at state 3 of which
the pressure (PE) is higher than that of the AHT condenser. The AHT evaporator is heated at the medium temperature (TE)
and the absorbate in a form of vapor enters the AHT absorber which has the same pressure as the AHT evaporator at state 4.
Meanwhile liquid mixture from the AHT generator, at state 5 is pumped through a heat exchanger (state 6) into the AHT
absorber to a high pressure at state 7. In the AHT absorber, the strong solution absorbs the absorbate vapor and the weak
solution leaves the absorber at state 8. During absorption process, heat is released at a high temperature (TA) which is higher
than those at the generator and the evaporator (around 80-110
C). This liberated heat is the useful output of the AHT. The
weak solution at state 8 from the AHT absorber is then throttled to a low pressure through the AHT heat exchanger at state 9
into the AHT generator again at state 10 and new cycle restarts.
At the AHT condenser, high amount of heat rate is rejected to the environment thus the coefficient of performance (COP) of
the normal AHT system is rather low. Moreover, when the solar collectors generates the high water temperature which
results to its higher heat loss too.
Refrigerant of the AHT
Strong solution
Weak solution
Water
Type fluid
Solar
collector
Hot water tank
Collector
pump
12
3 4
5
6
10
9
8
7
16
17
18
Water-Glycol
Condenser
Generator
Evaporator
Absorber
Solution
pump
Heat exchanger
Water pump
PRV
Cooling tower
Cooling pump
1s
2s
3s
5s
6s
7s
Solar
11
Storage water tank
12
13
Storage pump
8s
4s
9s
Hot water pump
Useful
hot water inlet
14
15
Useful
hot water outlet
)I,Q( TSC
)P,T,Q( CCC
)P,T,Q( EEE
)T,Q( AA
)T,Q( GG
Liquid
Phase states
Mixture
Vapour
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of a solar-absorption heat transformer.
Fig.2 shows a schematic sketch of a solar water heating system (SWHS) combined with a vapor compression heat pump
(VCH) cascaded an absorption heat transformer (AHT). Solar heat is supplied to the VCHP evaporator at a low temperature
(around 40-60 o
C) and upgraded heat at a medium temperature (around 60-80 o
C) at the VCHP condenser. After that, a
medium temperature heat is obtained at the AHT generator and evaporator for boosting heat to a high temperature level
(around 100-120 o
C) at the AHT absorber. Besides, the solar collector will supply heat at a low temperature level compared
with the normal system since the solar collector operates at a higher efficiency.
3. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1925 | Page
Refrigerant of the AHT
Strong solution
Weak solution
Water
Refrigerant of the VCHP
Type fluid
12
3 4
5
6
10
9
8
7
16
17
18
Water-Glycol
Condenser
Generator
Evaporator
Absorber
Solution
pump
Heat exchanger
Water pump
PRV
Cooling tower
Cooling pump
9r
Solar
11
Storage water tank
12
13
Storage pump
10r
Useful
hot water inlet
14
15
Useful
hot water outlet
)P,T,Q( CCC
)P,T,Q( EEE
)T,Q( AA
)T,Q( GG
Liquid
Phase states
Mixture
Vapour
Solar
collector
Hot water tankCollector
pump 1s
2s
3s 4s
Hot water pump
Auxiliary
Heater
)I,Q( TSC
Evaporator
TXV
Compressor
)Q( Er )W( Comp
)Q( CrCondenser
5s
6s
1r
2r
4r
3r 5r
6r
7r8r
10r
11r
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of a solar absorption heat transformer.
III. SELECTION WORKING FLUID OF THE VCHP
For the method to select the suitable working fluid of the VCHP, the mathematical simulation has been used [6].
For the VCHP, the main components are compressor, condenser, evaporator and expansion valve as shown in Fig.2. At the
VCHP evaporator, the working fluid in liquid phase is boiled at a low pressure and temperature to be vapor at state 1r. After
that, the fluid in vapor phase is compressed in the compressor to state 2r and the vapor condenses in the VCHP condenser at
a high pressure and temperature to be liquid at state 3r. The liquid is then throttled to a low pressure at state 4r and the
temperature drops down thus the fluid could absorbed low temperature heat at the VCHP evaporator again and the new cycle
restarts. The basic equations for using to simulate the behavior of each component in the VCHP cycle are as follows:
Evaporatorr
)hh(mQ r4r1rEr , (1)
r4r3r2r1r mmmmm . (2)
Compressorr
)hh(mW r1r2rComp , (3)
r2r1 ss (Isentropic process), (4)
r1r2
r1r2
'
Comp
hh
hh
. (5)
Condenserr
)hh(mQ r3r2rCr . (6)
Expansion valver
r4r3 hh (Throttling process). (7)
Coefficient of performance ( COP)
Comp
Cr
VCHP
W
Q
COP . (8)
4. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1926 | Page
Table 1. Physical properties of working fluids.
Working Fluid R-22 R-290 R-134a R-717 R-123
Chemical formulae CHClF2 C3H8 CF3CH2F NH3 CHCl2CF3
Molecular mass (kg/kmol) 86.46 44.10 102.03 17.03 152.93
Critical temperature (o
C) 96.14 96.68 101.06 132.25 183.68
Critical pressure (MPa) 4.99 4.25 4.06 11.33 3.66
Critical density (kg/m3
) 523.84 218.50 511.90 225.00 550.00
Boiling point (o
C) -40.81 -42.09 -26.07 -33.33 27.82
Latent heat of vaporization at 40 o
C (kJ/kg) 164.24 302.30 160.88 1089.82 164.04
Flammability NO YES NO YES NO
Toxicity NO NO NO YES YES
ALT (Year, Atmosphere Life Time) 13.3 < 1 14 < 1 1.4
ODP (CO2-related, Ozone Depletion Potential) 0.034 0 0.0015 0 0.02
GWP (100 Years, Global Warming Potential) 1780 0 1320 0 76
Five working fluids, R-22 (Chlorodifluoromethane), R-290 ( Propane), R-134a ( 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), R-717
(Ammonia) and R-123 (2,2-Dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) have been considered as working fluid in the VCHP. Table 1
shows physical properties of the working fluids [6]. The working conditions for the evaluation are:
1. The VCHP evaporator temperature (TEr) is at 40 o
C.
2. Total cooling capacity (QEr) is 10 kW.
3. The VCHP condenser temperature (TCr) is at 90 o
C
4. No pressure drops at the VCHP condenser and the VCHP evaporator.
5. Isentropic efficiency of compressor ( Comp
η ) is 80%.
6. Degree of superheating (SH) is 5 o
C.
7. Degree of subcooling (SC) is 5 o
C.
8. The properties of working fluids are based upon REFPROP [6].
A
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
C C C
C
C
D
D
D
D
D
E E E
E
E
F F
F F
F
G
G
G
G
G
A) Mass of refrigerant per unit heat output, (g/kJ)
B) Vapor volume flow rate, (10-2
m3/kg)
C) Displacement volume, (10 m3
/h)
D) Discharge pressure, (10 bar)
E) Discharge temperature, (102 o
C)
F) Pressure ratio, (-)
G) COPhp, (-).
Figure 3. The results for the selected refrigerants.
The indicators used to identify the appropriate working fluid are mass of refrigerant per unit heat output, volume flow rate of
refrigerant, high-side pressure, refrigerant temperature at the compressor outlet, pressure ratio and heating COP. Fig.3 shows
the results of the selected refrigerants.
Form the simulation results, it could be seen that R-123 gives the suitable refrigerant in terms of energy consumption for the
heat pump for generating heat at about 70-80 o
C due to its low maximum pressure for the heat pump compressor, the cycle
pressure ratio is not high and highest COP is obtained.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND SIMPLIFIED MODEL
For the experimental procedures, the constructed of solar water heating system combined with the vapor
compression heat pump cascaded with the absorption heat pump AHT is tested its thermal performances to upgrade heat
from the installed flat-plate solar collector. The objective of this experiment is to find out a simplified model which is the
5. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1927 | Page
correlation between the input parameters and the thermal efficiency of the VCHP and the AHT. For the correlation model,
thermal performance could be predicted under various operating conditions and decreased the complicated simulation
compared with the old procedure too.
For the solar water heating system, a set of 10 unit solar collectors each in parallel connection and an auxiliary heater of 10
kW were integrated with a 1,500 liter of hot water tank for supplying heat to the absorption system at temperature around 40-
60 o
C. The description of each components of the solar water heating system are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. The description of the main components of the solar water heating system.
Component Type Specification
1. Solar collector Flat-plate solar collector Area 2.3 m2
/unit
10 units
)τα(FR = 0.802
FRUL= 10.37 W/m2
.K
2. Hot water tank Vertical tank Capacity 1,500 liter
Thickness of insulator 1 in
3. Double tube heater Water heater Double tube heat exchanger
Capacity 10 kW
Thickness of insulator 0.5 in
For the VCHP system, hot water temperature form solar water heating system is upgraded by 2 units of R-123 vapor
compression heat pumps each having a heating capacity of 10 kW. Hot water at a higher temperature of around 60-80 o
C
(system could be increased hot water temperature around 20 o
C) is produced and kept in a 200 liter hot water tank. The
descriptions of the heat pump components are given in Table 2 and Fig.4 also shows the R-123 heat pump.
Table 3. The descriptions of the 10 kW heat pump components.
Component Type Specification
Compressor Scroll compressor Power input 1.50 A
Displacement volume 12.7 m3
/h
Evaporator Plate heat exchanger Capacity 8.00 kW
Area 1.64 m2
Condenser Plate heat exchanger Capacity 10.00 kW
Area 1.64 m2
Expansion valve Thermo static orifice 02 Capacity 10.00 kW
Pressure ratio 3.00
Figure 4. 10 kW of R-123 vapor compression heat pump.
For the AHT system, a 10 kW water-Libr absorption heat pump upgrades the final hot water temperature form the VCHP
system to be around 90-110 o
C (system could be increased temperature around 20-30 o
C) and keeps in a 200 liter tank. Since
the water temperature might be over the boiling point then glycol is mixed in the water with a concentration of around 40%.
The descriptions of the absorption heat transformer components are shown in Table 4 and Fig.5 shows the assembly of the
absorption system.
Table 4. The description of the 10 kW absorption heat transformer.
Component Type Specification
1. Generator Flooded shell and tube heat
exchanger
Capacity 10.3 kW
Weak solution 50 %LiBr
Strong solution 55 %LiBr
Generator temperature 85 o
C
Tube diameter 4/8 in
6. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1928 | Page
Component Type Specification
Number of Tube passes 4
Length 1.24 m
Area 1.02 m2
2. Condenser Shell and tube heat
exchanger
Capacity 10.6 kW
Condenser temperature 55 o
C
Tube diameter 4/8 in
Number of Tube passes 2
Length 1.01 m
Area 0.42 m2
3. Absorber Flooded shell and tube heat
exchanger
Capacity 10 kW
Weak solution 50 %LiBr
Strong solution 55 %LiBr
Absorber temperature 115 o
C
Tube diameter 3/4 in
Number of Tube passes 6
Length 1.1 m
Area 1.44 m2
4. Evaporator Shell and tube heat
exchanger
Capacity 10.8 kW
Evaporator temperature 85 o
C
Tube diameter 4/8 in
Number of Tube passes 9
Length 0.94 m
Area 1.16 m2
5. Pressure relief device Orifice type Capacity 10 kW
Pressure ratio 6.00
6. Lithium bromide - Main content 50-55%
Light yellow transparent liquid
Chloride = 0.05% max
Sulphate = 0.05% max
Bromate = Non reaction
Ca = 0.0001% max
Mg = 0.0001% max
Na = 0.03% max
PH = 9.0-10.5
Lithium chromate = 0.2-0.3%
7. Solution pump Inline pump Flow rate 0.6-3.7 m3
/h
Maximum head 6 m
Maximum temperature 110 o
C
Maximum pressure 10 bar
Capacity 78 W
Current 0.34 A
Voltage 230 V
Figure 5. The prototype of absorption heat transformer.
7. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1929 | Page
Mathematical correlations of the related parameters from the experimental data is set up and used to predict the thermal
performance under various operating conditions.
For the VCHP system, the mathematical model shows the related data between an energy efficiency ratio (EERVCHP) and the
different temperature of the entering water temperature at the VCHP condenser and the VCHP evaporator. This correlation is
called performance curve and used to predict the thermal performance of the VCHP as shown in Fig.6.
y = 0.0041x + 1.7198
R
2
= 0.8437
y = -0.0816x + 4.6483
R
2
= 0.9154
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34
THW,i-TCW,i (Celcius)
EERVCHP(kWth/kWe)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
WVCHP(kWe)
Electric power
Performance curve
Figure 6. Performance curve of the 10 kW of R-123 vapor compression heat pump.
Fig.6 shows the correlations between thermal efficiency in term of EERVCHP and the entering hot water temperature at the
VCHP and the VCHP condenser. It could be found that when increased the hot water temperature different effects the
EERVCHP reduced because the electrical power consumption of the compressor is increased at nearly constants of heating
capacity at the VCHP condenser. The mathematical model of the heat pump performances are shown as follow:
EERVCHP = -0.0816(THW,i – TCW,i) + 4.6483, (kWth/kWe), (9)
WVCHP = 0.0041(THW,i – TCW,i) + 1.7193, (kWe). (10)
Fig.7 shows EERAHT with (TA,i - TE)/(TG,i - TC) when water in the storage tank (AHT side) is used and non-used. In both
cases, use and non-use of hot water, when the value of (TA,i - TE)/(TG,i - TC) increases the COPAHT and the EERAHT decreased
due to lower extracted heat at the absorber. When hot water is used, the COPAHT and EERAHT are higher than those of
another case since the hot water temperature in the storage tank is lower thus the absorption could supply more heat. The
empirical correlations of the COPAHT with (TA,i - TE)/(TG,i - TC) for both cases could be:
y = -9.4407x + 5.6852
R² = 0.9243
y = -10.463x + 7.5228
R² = 0.7074
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
EERAHT(kWth/kWelec
(TA,i-TE) / (TG,i-TC
No use of hot water
Use of hot water
Figure 7. Effect of (TA,i - TE)/(TG,i - TC) on COPAHT of the CAHT at hot water temperature leaving the AHT around 100
C
from the experimental results.
For used hot water condition:
EERAHT = -10.463(TA,i-TE)/(TG,i-TC) + 7.5228. (11)
For non-used hot water condition:
EERAHT = -12.577(TA,i-TE)/(TG,i-TC) + 6.7079. (12)
These equations are valid for the following criteria:
70 TG,i 90
C, 70 TG,i 90
C,
60 TE 90
C, 10 TC 35
C. (13)
C35T10
C90T60
C90T70
C90T70
C
E
i,A
i,G
8. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1930 | Page
Fig.8 and Fig.9 show steps of calculation for the analyses of the VCHP and the AHT cycles with the simplified models.
Performance correlations of the EER and the electrical power consumption with the operating temperatures are given. With
the input data which are the operating conditions, the upgraded temperature leaving the VCHP condenser and that leaving
the AHT absorber are the outputs of the calculations, respectively.
START
timeStep,t,t,d,c,b,a,N,M,T,T,T),t(m USVCHPTank,UGmax,UGS,UGi,CWUG
INPUT OF THE VCHP
GIVEN PERFORMANCE CURVE
b)TT(aEER i,CWi,HW
)]timeStep/t(t[to1t US
CALCULATIONS
t
i,CWi,CW T)t(T
))t(T),t(T(f)t(EER i,CWi,HWVCHP
)t(W)t(EER)t(Q VCHPVCHPC
]TT[Cp)t(m)t(Q t
i,HW
1t
o,HWbulk,UGUGUse
2/)TT(T 1t
o,HW
t
i,HWbulk,UG
)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q UseVCHP,CUG
t
UG
bulk,UGUG
UG1t
UG T
CpM
)t(Q
T
1t
UGmax,UG TT
CHECK
t
UG
t
UG TT 1t
UG
t
UG TT
NOYES
)timeStep/t(tt US GIVEN
S,DifT
CALCULATIONS
0)t(EERVCHP
0)t(WVCHP
0)t(Q VCHP,C
)]t(TT[)UA()t(Q a
t
UGUGUG,Loss
)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q UG,LossUseVCHP,CUG
t
UG
bulk,UGUG
UG1t
UG T
CpM
)t(Q
T
t
i,UGi,HW T)t(T
1t
UGS,Diffmax,UG TTT
CHECK
1t
UG
t
UG TT
1t
UG
t
UG TT
NOYES
THE AHT
)timeStep/t(tt US
)timeStep/t(tt US
d)TT(cW i,CWi,HWVCHP
))t(T),t(T(f)t(W i,CWi,HWVCHP
VCHPCVCHP,C N)t(Q)t(Q
t
i,CWi,CW T)t(T
t
i,UGi,HW T)t(T
]TT[Cp)t(m)t(Q t
i,HW
1t
o,HWbulk,UGUGUse
Figure 8. Flow chart for simulation of the vapor compression heat pump by using performance curve.
THE VCHP
timeStep,t,t,b,a,DT,DT,N,M,T,T,T),t(m),t(T),t(T),t(T USCEAHTTank,UFmax,UFS,UFi,CWUFai,UGi,HW
INPUT OF THE AHT
GIVEN PERFORMANCE CURVE
b)
TT
TT
(aEER/COP
Ci,G
Ei,A
)]timeStep/t(t[to1t US
RECEIVED HOT WATER TEMPERATURE PROFILE
)t(T)t(T i,HWi,G
CALCULATIONS
Ei,UGE DT)t(T)t(T
Ci,CWC DTT)t(T
)T,T,T,T(f)t(EER Ci,GEi,AAHT
)T,T,T,T(f)t(W Ci,GEi,AAHT
)t(W)t(EER)t(Q AHTAHTA
]TT[Cp)t(m)t(Q i,UF
t
STbulk,UFUFUF
2/)TT(T i,UF
t
STbulk,UF
)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q UFAST
t
ST
bulk,UFST
ST1t
ST T
CpM
)t(Q
T
1t
STmax,UF TT
CHECK
t
ST
t
ST TT 1t
ST
t
ST TT
NOYES
)timeStep/t(tt US
GIVEN
S,DifT
CALCULATIONS
Ei,UGE DT)t(T)t(T
Ci,CWC DTT)t(T
0)t(EERAHT
0)t(WAHT
0)t(QA
)TT(Cp)t(m)t(Q i,UF
t
STbulk,UFUFUF
)]t(TT[)UA()t(Q a
t
STSTST,Loss
)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q)t(Q ST,LossUFAST
t
ST
bulk,UFST
ST1t
ST T
CpM
)t(Q
T
t
STST T)t(T
t
STST T)t(T
1t
STS,Diffmax,UF TTT
CHECK
1t
ST
t
ST TT
1t
ST
t
ST TT
NOYES
END
)timeStep/t(tt US
)timeStep/t(tt US
t
STi,A T)t(T
Figure 9. Flow chart for simulation of the absorption heat transformer by using performance curve.
9. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1931 | Page
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The modified system of the solar water heating system combined with the VCHP system cascade with the AHT
system as described above was tested. The EER of its VCHP was evaluated when the hot water of 200 liter at the AHT
absorber was used at a heating capacity around 10 kWth. The result was shown in Fig.10. It could be seen that the simulation
results agreed well with those of the experimental data. Fig.10 also showed the water temperatures leaving the VCHP
condenser and EERVCHP. In this figure, hot water temperature and the EERVCHP were nearly constant around 60 o
C and 3.1,
respectively.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
11:30:49 11:55:49 12:20:49 12:45:49 13:10:49 13:35:49
Hotwatertemperature(Celcius)
EERHP(kWth/kWe)
Time
The simulation resultsThe measured data
EERVCHP(kWth/kWe)
Figure 10. Comparison results of the measured data and the simulation results of hot water temperature from the R-123
VCHP system at flow rate 0.031 l/s (hot water is used at tank 200 liter)
Fig.11 shows the simulated results of the EERAHT when the R-123 VCHP system is coupled with the AHT system. Since the
water temperature might be over the boiling point then glycol was mixed in the water with a concentration of around 40% by
mass. In this case, the generated hot water was non-used. It could be seen that the simulated results agreed well with the
measured data. The hot water temperature also affected the EERAHT which as the temperature increased the EER decreased.
Fig.12 also shows the EERAHT when the generated hot water is used at a flow rate of 0.024 l/s. It could be seen that when the
hot water was used, the EERAHT was higher than that of the non-used hot water because the water temperature in the storage
tank was lower than the system could supply more heat rate. In this Figure, the hot water temperature in the storage tank was
nearly constant at 90
C and the EERAHT was nearly constant at around 4.1. The simulated results agreed well with the
measured data.
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
EERAHT(kWth/kWelec
Hotwatertemperature(Celcius)
Time of day [October]
Outlet temperature and EER of the AHT at tank 200 liter (Non-used water)
The measured data
The simulation results
Figure 11. Comparison results of the measured data and the simulation results of the water-glycol solution temperature from
the AHT system (hot water is not used at tank 200 liter)
O u tle t te m p e ra tu re a n d E E R o f th e A H T a t ta n k 2 0 0 lite r (U s e d w a te r a t 0 .0 2 4 l/s )
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
16:43:39 16:51:39 16:59:39 17:07:40 17:15:39 17:23:40
Time of day (October)
Hotwatertemperature
(Celcius)
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
EERAHT(kWth/kWelec)
The measured dataThe simulation results
Figure 12. Comparison results of the measured data and the simulation results of water-glycol solution temperature from the
AHT system at flow rate 0.024 l/s (hot water is used at tank 200 liter)
10. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1932 | Page
For the economic results, the modified system is used to partial support a boiler for generating hot water in a hospital. For
the hospital, the boiler is normally used to generate heat in a form of steam at temperature higher 120
C. For the some
processes, the using steam temperature does not exceed 90
C such as a drying process. Thus the modified is used to support
the boiler for reducing the fossil fuel and the green house emission form fossil combustion.
The flue rate of the hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand is selected for the simulation. A boiler using diesel and heavy oil at
around 326 l/d and 2,523 l/d, respectively, is taken to generate steam at temperature around 150
C. The conditions for the
simulation are as follow:
Operating period 15 h/d.
Profile of hot water consumption as in Error! Reference source not found.
Initial temperature of hot water (THW,S) in a storage tank is at 30
C and the maximum temperature is at 85
C.
The rate of hot water consumption is around 35,000 l/d.
Fill-in water temperature (TSup,i) is at 27
C.
Table 5. The fuel rate of the hospital in Chiang Mai, Thailand [7].
Data Diesel (liter) Heavy oil (liter)
Average (l/d) 326 2,523
Total (l/d) 2,848
Fraction of fuel (Diesel/Heavy oil) 13.08%
Average (l/m) 10,100 78,200
Total (l/m) 88,300
In this study, the modified unit is conducted to work with the boiler as described above to reduce the fossil fuel. Fig.13
shows the schematic skate of the boiler to generate steam 35 m3
/d. Fig.14 shows the schematic skate of the modified system
operating with the boiler to produce steam and hot water at 30 m3
/d and 5 m3
/d, respectively. The economic results of the
modified system shows in Table 6.
Boiler
Process in
hospital 35 m3
/d
Condensate
Feed water
(FW)
Blow down
(BD)
Feed water tank
Figure 13. Schematic skate of the steam generation by boiler at 35 m3
/d.
Boiler
Process in
hospital 30 m3
/d
Condensate
Feed water
(FW)
Blow down
(BD)
Feed water tank
Hot water
tank
T
I
Waste heat
Absorption heat
transformer
Process in
hospital 5 m3
/d
Figure 14. Schematic skate of the steam and hot water generation by boiler and the modified system at 30 m3
/h and 5 m3
/h,
respectively.
11. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1933 | Page
Table 6. The economics results
Descriptions The normal
unit
The modified
unit
Working time (h/d)
On-peak period (9.00 - 22.00, h/d)
Off-peak period (22.00 - 9.00, h/d)
15
8
4
15
8
4
Fuel type
Diesel (l/d)
Heavy oil (l/d)
Total (l/d)
373
2,475
2,848
316
2,097
2,413
Cost of fuel (Baht/y) 11,306,123 8,288,9906
The electrical cost [8] (Baht/y) 38,477.33 380,176.09
Cost of solar collector at 2 m2
/unit (36 units, Baht) - 900,000
Cost of the VCHP system 20 kW (2 units, Baht) - 1,000,000
Cost of the AHT system 10 kW (2 units, Baht) - 1,000,000
Payback period (y) 1.12
Note: 1 USD = 30.6535 Baht
Table 6 shows the economic results of the method to upgrade a low temperature heat form solar energy by the VCHP system
cascade with the AHT system to generate heat partial the boiler. It could be seen that payback period of the modified system
is around 1 y 2 m. For increasing the load form 10,000-35,000 l/d at temperature around 85
C, it could be found that the
payback is longer with the higher load because the saving cost at the high load is less than the investment cost compared
with the lower load as shown in Fig.15.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
PaybackperiodMonth
The produced hot water capacity form the cascade heat pump (Ton/day)
Figure 15. Comparison results of the payback period of the modified system for varying the hot water load at 10,000-35,000
l/d
VI. CONCLUSION
From this study, the conclusions are as follows:
1. The modified system could be upgraded hot water temperature around 50 o
C which increases solar heat form 40-60
o
C to be around 90-110 o
C of the final hot water temperature.
2. The prediction results from performance curve of the modified system could be simulated the system performance
such as the system EER and the final hot water temperature of the models to be close with those of the experimental
results.
3. From the economic results, the modified system was used to partially support a boiler for generating hot water at 5
Ton/d compared up to fully support at 35 Ton/d. For the partially support, the energy saving and the payback period
for the modified system were around 2,675,434 Baht/y and 1 year 2 months, respectively. The payback was longer
with the higher load of the system.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to thank School of Renewable Energy, Maejo University and Thermal System Research Unit, Chiang
Mai University for supporting testing facilities.
NOMENCLATURE
A Area, (m2
)
Cp Heat capacity, (kJ/kg·K)
COP Coefficient of performance
EER Energy efficiency ratio, (kWth/kWe)
h Enthalpy, (kJ/kg)
IT Solar radiation, (W/m2
)
m Mass flow rate, (kg/s)
12. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.3, Issue.4, Jul - Aug. 2013 pp-1923-1934 ISSN: 2249-6645
www.ijmer.com 1934 | Page
P Pressure, (bar)
Q Heat rate, (kW)
s Entropy, (kJ/kg·K)
SC Subcooling, (°C)
SH Superheating, (°C)
t Time, (s)
T Temperature, (°C)
U Overall heat transfer coefficient, (W/m2
·K)
W Work, (kW)
X Concentrate, (%LiBr)
Greek Symbol
Efficiency, (%)
Effectiveness, (%)
Density, (kg/m3
)
Subscript
A Absorber
Aux Auxiliary heat
act Actual
amb Ambient
bulk Bulk temperature
C Condenser
Coll Solar collector
Comp Compressor
CW Cooling water
e Electric
E Evaporator
G Generator
H High
HS Heat source
HW Hot water
HX Heat exchanger
i Inlet
L Low
max Maximum
min Minimum
o Outlet
r Refrigerant
S Start
SC Solar collector
ST Storage tank
Sup Supply
th Thermal
U Stop using time
UF Useful
UG Upgraded
REFERENCES
[1] Kiatsiriroat, T, Bhattacharya, S.C., Wibulswas, P. Upgrading Heat by a Reversed Absorption Heat Pump. Applied Thermal
Engineering, 25, 1986, 175-186.
[2] Florides, GA, Kalogirou, SA, Tassou, SA,Wrobel, LC. Modeling and Simulation of an Absorption Solar Cooling System for
Cyprus. Solar Energy, 72, 2002, 43-51.
[3] Xuehu, Ma, Jiabin, C, Songping Li, Qingyun, Sha, Aiming, L, Wei, Li, Jiayan, Z, Guojun, Z, Zhihao, F. Application of absorption
heat transformer to recover waste heat from a synthetic rubber plant. Apply Thermal Energy, 25, 2002, 797-806.
[4] Chaiyat, N, and Kiatsiriroat, T. Improvement of an Absorption Heat Transformer Performance for Upgrading Low Temperature
Heat by Coupling with a Vapor Compression Heat Pump, Chiang Mai University Journal of Natural Sciences, 10(2), 2011, pp.315-
333.
[5] Chaiyat, N, and Kiatsiriroat, T. Upgrading of Low Temperature Solar Heat for Medium Temperature Applications by a Solar-
Absorption Heat Transformer Assisting with a Vapor Compression Heat Pump, Proc. 1st
Conf. on International Symposium on Low
Carbon & Renewable Energy Technology (ISLCT2010), Korea, 15-18 November 2010, 150.
[6] Chaiyat, N. and Chaichana, C. Drying Room from Geothermal Energy, Proc. 8th
Conf. on Heat and Mass Transfer in Thermal
Equipments, Thailand, 12-14 March 2008, 87-91
[7] Maharaj Nakorn Chiang Mai Hospital. The fuel rate of boiler, Chiang Mai University, Thailand, 2013.
[8] Provincial Electricity Authority. The rate of electricity cost. Online, http://www.pea.co.th, 2013.