This document summarizes the key differences between open cycle and closed cycle gas turbines. It explains that open cycle gas turbines involve irreversible compression and expansion processes, while closed cycle gas turbines involve ideal isentropic compression and expansion. The document also discusses gas turbine cycles with intercooling and reheat to increase output, as well as regenerative cycles to improve efficiency. Additional sections cover the advantages of gas turbines over internal combustion engines and steam turbines.
Brayton cycle is a air standard cycle used to understand working of gas turbines. It is constant pressure cycle which shows how process are going in gas turbine.
Brayton cycle is a air standard cycle used to understand working of gas turbines. It is constant pressure cycle which shows how process are going in gas turbine.
The presentation represents an overview of brayton cycle.The brief ideas along with advantages,disadvantages and application are described.The thermodynamics analysis,derivation,block diagrams are also attached.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
Gas Turbine Power Plant
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
Types of gas turbine power plant
1 Open cycle gas power plant
2 Closed cycle gas power plant
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
The presentation represents an overview of brayton cycle.The brief ideas along with advantages,disadvantages and application are described.The thermodynamics analysis,derivation,block diagrams are also attached.
Basic Scheme Open Cycle Gas Turbine Plant Aman Gupta
Gas Turbine Power Plant
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine.
Types of gas turbine power plant
1 Open cycle gas power plant
2 Closed cycle gas power plant
Brayton or Joule cycle -P-V diagram and thermal efficiency. Construction and working of gas turbine i] Open cycle ii] Closed cycle gas turbine, simple circuit, Comparison, P-V & T-S diagramTurbojet and Turboprop Engine and Application
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
Gas turbine is an important topic usually studied in mechanical engineering, aeronautical engineering, power plant engineering, electrical engineering, and some other related engineering branches. The gas turbine is an air breathing heat engine, said to be the heart of the power plant produces electric power, by burning of gas (or) liquid fuels along with fresh air. The fresh air performs two main functions in gas turbine. The fresh air acts as a cooling agent for various parts of the power plants and gives required amount of oxygen for combustion of fuel. Topics covered in the ppt
Gas Turbines: Simple gas turbine plant- Ideal cycle, closed cycle and open cycle for gas turbines Efficiency, work ratio and optimum pressure ratio for simple gas turbine cycle Parameters of performance- Actual cycle, regeneration, Inter-cooling and reheating. the topics covered are almost same in all the universities. some problems were discussed in each and concept to make them understand clearly.
There are 5 types of jet propulsion engine such as turbojet, turbofan, turboprop, turbo-shaft, and ramjet.Some types of jet propulsive engine are not cover in this slide such as pulse engine and rocket.
Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants Gas Turbine Powerplants
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
4. Operation 3-4 : The air is expanded isentropically from p2 to p1, the temperature
falling from T3 to T4. No heat flow occurs.
Operation 4-1 : Heat is rejected from the system as the volume decreases from V4 to
V1 and the temperature from T4 to T1 whilst the pressure remains constant at p1. Heat
rejected = mcp (T4 –T1 )
Closed cycle processes
Operation 1-2 : The air is
compressed isentropically from the
lower pressure p1 to the upper
pressure p2, the temperature rising
from T1 to T2. No heat flow occurs.
Operation 2-3 : Heat flow into the
system increasing the volume from V2
to V3 and
temperature from T2 to T3 whilst the
pressure remains constant at p2.
Heat received = mcp (T3 – T2).
5. Gas Turbine Cycle with Inter-cooling
The cooling of air between two stages of compression is known as intercooling. This
reduces the work of compression and increases the specific output of the plant with a
decrease in the thermal efficiency. The loss in efficiency due to intercooling can be
remedied by employing exhaust heat exchange as in the reheat cycle
Specific work output =
Cycle with intercooling
Heat supplied =
If is constant and not dependent on
temperature, we can write:
Note:
6. Here heat supply and output both increases as compared to simple cycle. Because the
increase in heat supply is proportionally more, decreases.
With multiple inter-cooling and multiple reheat, the compression and expansion
processes tend to be isothermal as shown in Figure 5.3
Multiple reheat and intercool cycle
The cycle tends towards the Ericsson cycle, the efficiency is same as that of the Carnot
cycle
The use of intercoolers is seldom contemplated in practice because they are bulky
and need large quantities of cooling water. The main advantage of the gas turbine,
that it is compact and self-contained, is then lost.
7. Gas Turbine Cycle with Reheat
A common method of increasing the mean temperature of heat reception is to reheat the
gas after it has expanded in a part of the gas turbine. By doing so the mean temperature
of heat rejection is also increased, resulting in a decrease in the thermal efficiency of
the plant. However , the specific output of the plant increases due to reheat. A reheat
cycle gas turbine plant is shown in Figure
Reheat cycle gas turbine plant
The specific work output is given by
The heat supplied to the cycle is
8. Thus, the cycle efficiency,
Therefore, a reheat cycle is used to increase the work output while a
regenerative cycle is used to enhance the efficiency
Gas turbine with regenerative
The effectiveness of the heat exchanger, or regenerator, is a measure of how
well it uses the available temperature potential to raise the temperature of the
compressor discharge air. Specifically, it is the actual rate of heat transferred
to the air divided by the maximum possible heat transfer rate that would exist
if the heat exchanger had infinite heat transfer surface area. The actual heat
transfer rate to the air is mcp(Tc T2), and the maximum possible rate is
mcp(T4 T2). Thus the regenerator effectiveness can be written as
nreg = ( Tc -T2 )/( T4- T2)
9. and the combustor inlet temperature can be written as
Tc = T2 + nreg( T4- T2)
It is seen that the combustor inlet temperature varies from T2 to T4 as the
regenerator effectiveness varies from 0 to 1. The regenerator effectiveness increases
as its heat transfer area increases. Increased heat transfer area allows the cold fluid to
absorb more heat from the hot fluid and therefore leave the exchanger with a higher
Tc. On the other hand, increased heat transfer area implies increased pressure losses
on both air and gas sides of the heat exchanger, which in turn reduces the turbine
pressure ratio and therefore the turbine work. Thus, increased regenerator
effectiveness implies a tradeoff, not only with pressure losses but with increased heat
exchanger size and complexity and, therefore, increased cost.
10. The exhaust gas temperature at the exit of the heat exchanger may be determined by
applying the steady-flow energy equation to the regenerator. Assuming that the heat
exchanger is adiabatic and that the mass flow of fuel is negligible compared with the air
flow, and noting that no shaft work is involved, we may write the steady-flow energy
equation for two inlets and two exits as
q = 0 = he + hc –h2 –h4 + w = cp,gTe + cpTc –cpT2 –cp,gT4 +
0
Thus the regenerator combustion-gas-side exit temperature is:
Te = T4 –(cp/cpg)( Tc -–T2 )
While the regenerator effectiveness does not appear explicitly in Equation (5.28),
the engine exhaust temperature is reduced in proportion to the air temperature rise
in the regenerator, which is in turn proportional to the effectiveness. The
dependence of
the exhaust temperature on nreg may be seen directly by eliminating Tc from
Equation
(5.28), using Equation (5.27) to obtain
T4 –- Te = nreg (cp/cp.g)(T4 -–T2)
11. The regenerator exhaust gas temperature reduction, T4 -–Te, is seen to be jointly
proportional to the effectiveness and to the maximum temperature potential, T4 -–
T2.
The regenerator, like other heat exchangers, is designed to have minimal pressure
losses on both air and gas sides. These may be taken into account by the fractional
pressure drop approach discussed in connection with the combustor.
12. TO LIST OUT THE ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES OVER IC
ENGINES AND STEAM TURBINES
ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINES OVER STEAM TURBINES
- The important components are compressor and combustion chamber and not the
boiler and accessories.
- A gas turbine requires less space for installation.
- The installation and running cost is less.
- The starting of gas turbine is very easy and quick.
- Its control, with the changing load conditions, is easy.
- A gas turbine does not depend on water supply.
13. ADVANTAGES OF GAS TURBINE OVER IC ENGINES
- The installation and running cost is less.
- The efficiency is higher than IC engine.
- The balancing of gas turbine is perfect and does not
require a lot of maintenance in this matter.
- The torque produced is uniform. Thus no use of flywheel
is required.
- The lubrication and ignition systems are simple which
gives huge advantage over an IC engine.
- It can be driven at a very higher speed.
- The pressures used are very low.
- The exhaust of a gas turbine is free from smoke and less
polluting.
- They are very suitable for air crafts.
14. PROPELLER JET :
• An aircraft propeller or airscrew converts rotary motion from a piston engine, a
turboprop or an electric motor, to provide propulsive force. Its pitch may be fixed
or variable. Early aircraft propellers were carved by hand from solid or laminated
wood, while later propellers were constructed of metal. Modern designs use high-
technology composite materials.
• The propeller attaches to the crankshaft of a piston engine, either directly or
through a reduction unit.
• A light aircraft engine may not require the complexity of gearing, which is
essential on a larger engine or on a turboprop aircraft.A well-designed propeller
typically has an efficiency of around 80% when operating in the best regime. The
efficiency of the propeller is influenced by the angle of attack (α).
• This is defined as:
α = Φ - θ,
where, θ is the helix angle (the angle between the resultant relative velocity and
the blade rotation direction) and Φ is the blade pitch angle.
15. • Very small pitch and helix angles give a good performance against resistance but
provide little thrust, while larger angles have the opposite effect. The best helix angle
is when the blade is acting as a wing producing much more lift than drag.
Forces acting on a propeller :-
• Five forces act on the blades of an aircraft propeller in motion, they are:
• Thrust bending force
– Thrust loads on the blades act to bend them forward.
• Centrifugal twisting force
– Acts to twist the blades to a low, or fine pitch angle.
• Aerodynamic twisting force
– As the centre of pressure of a propeller blade is forward of its centre line the
blade is twisted towards a coarse pitch position.
• Centrifugal force
– The force felt by the blades acting to pull them away from the hub when turning.
• Torque bending force
– Air resistance acting against the blades, combined with inertial effects causes
propeller blades to bend away from the direction of rotation.
16. TURBO JET PROPULSION SYSTEM :
• The turbojet is an air breathing jet engine, usually used in aircraft. It consists of a
gas turbine with a propelling nozzle. The gas turbine has an air inlet, a compressor,
a combustion chamber, and a turbine (that drives the compressor). The compressed
air from the compressor is heated by the fuel in the combustion chamber and then
allowed to expand through the turbine.
• The turbine exhaust is then expanded in the propelling nozzle where it is
accelerated to high speed to provide thrust.
• Turbojets have been replaced in slower aircraft by turboprops which use less fuel.
At medium speeds, where the propeller is no longer efficient, turboprops have been
replaced by turbofan. The turbofan is quieter and uses less fuel than the turbojet.
Turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high
exhaust speed, small frontal area, and relative simplicity.
• The jet engine is only efficient at high vehicle speeds, which limits their usefulness
apart from aircraft. Turbojet engines have been used in isolated cases to power
vehicles other than aircraft, typically for attempts on land speed records.
• Where vehicles are 'turbine powered' this is more commonly by use of a turboshaft
engine, a development of the gas turbine engine where an additional turbine is used
to drive a rotating output shaft. These are common in helicopters and hovercraft.
Turbojets have also been used experimentally to clear snow from switches in rail
yards.
17. TURBO-PROP :
• A turboprop engine is a turbine engine that drives an aircraft propeller. In contrast
to a turbojet, the engine's exhaust gases do not contain enough energy to create
significant thrust, since almost all of the engine's power is used to drive the
propeller.
• The propeller is coupled to the turbine through a reduction gear that converts the
high RPM, low torque output to low RPM, high torque. The propeller itself is
normally a constant speed (variable pitch) type similar to that used with larger
reciprocating aircraft engines.
• In its simplest form a turboprop consists of an intake, compressor, combustor,
turbine, and a propelling nozzle. Air is drawn into the intake and compressed by
the compressor. Fuel is then added to the compressed air in the combustor, where
the fuel-air mixture then combusts.
• The hot combustion gases expand through the turbine. Some of the power generated
by the turbine is used to drive the compressor. The rest is transmitted through the
reduction gearing to the propeller.
• Further expansion of the gases occurs in the propelling nozzle, where the gases
exhaust to atmospheric pressure. The propelling nozzle provides a relatively small
proportion of the thrust generated by a turboprop.
18. A jet engine is a reaction engine
discharging a fast moving
jet that generates thrust by jet
propulsion in accordance with
Newton's laws of motion. This broad
definition of jet engines includes
turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets,
and pulse jets
THRUST:
19. THRUST POWER:
Thrust Power
Generation of thrust in
flight requires the
expenditure of power. For
a propeller or a jet-engine
fan, the shaft power and
the thrust are related by
the definition of propeller
efficiency.
20. Image result for propulsive
efficiency
In aircraft and rocket design,
overall propulsive efficiency is
the efficiency, in percent, with
which the energy contained in a
vehicle's propellant is converted
into useful energy, to replace
losses due to aerodynamic drag,
gravity, and acceleration.
Propulsive efficiency:
21. The thermal efficiency is a
dimensionless performance
measure of a thermal device such
as an internal combustion engine,
a boiler,or a furnace for example.
The input to the device is heat or
the heat-content of a fuel that is
consumed. The desired output is
mechanical work, or heator
possibly both
Thermal efficiency: