This document provides information on the skills and responsibilities of an Instrument Technician. It discusses that an Instrument Technician is responsible for calibrating process instruments in the field and bench. They also have skills in troubleshooting, testing loops, and commissioning process equipment. The document then lists various skills and knowledge required, including calibrating different types of instruments, installing tubing and instruments, understanding diagrams, and ensuring safety practices.
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Information about
Differential Pressure
Pressure Transmitter
Definition
Industrial dp transmitter
Construction
Internal arrangement
Uses
Advantage and disadvantage
covered all the concepts
In this presentation you know about turbine flow meter and how it works. We are providing business directory of turbine flow meter manufacturers and suppliers.
This Course basics of instrumentation and control systems used in oil and gas and petrochemical industry,
The course the following topics
Basics of Instrumentation
Field Instruments
Control Valves
Process Control
Control systems
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
System and Instrumentation for Practising Effective CSRF W
Presented at,
3rd IBL Conference on CSR 2010
Wednesday, 29 September 2010 Time 15.20 s/d 16.30 PM
Balai Kartini Exhibition & Convention Center
Jakarta - Indonesia
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
CONTENTS
Measurements
Significance of Measurement system
Fundamental methods of Measurement
The generalized measurement system
Definitions & basic concepts
Errors in Measurements
Sources of errors
Accuracy Precision
Resolution
Linearity
Hysteresis
Impedance loading
Introduction to Transducers
Classification of transducers
Capacitive
Inductive
Resistive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Photoconductive
Photovoltaic
In this presentation how flow rate, pressure, temperature and level in tank measure in refinery or any industry with different instrument are discussed.
Information about
Differential Pressure
Pressure Transmitter
Definition
Industrial dp transmitter
Construction
Internal arrangement
Uses
Advantage and disadvantage
covered all the concepts
In this presentation you know about turbine flow meter and how it works. We are providing business directory of turbine flow meter manufacturers and suppliers.
This Course basics of instrumentation and control systems used in oil and gas and petrochemical industry,
The course the following topics
Basics of Instrumentation
Field Instruments
Control Valves
Process Control
Control systems
This slide comprises a very rudimentary introduction of Industrial Instrumentation.
These slides may help students understand the aspects the Industrial Instrumentation.
System and Instrumentation for Practising Effective CSRF W
Presented at,
3rd IBL Conference on CSR 2010
Wednesday, 29 September 2010 Time 15.20 s/d 16.30 PM
Balai Kartini Exhibition & Convention Center
Jakarta - Indonesia
Presentation at Harvard Medical School and CIMIT (Center for Integration of Medicine & Innovative Technology) on Techniques for Inventing, Funding, Developing & Commercializing High Impact Clinical Innovations
ME 313 Mechanical Measurements and Instrumentation is a followup course on ME-312 Machine Design. Design and implementation of measurement systems, signal conditioning and formatting. Dr. Bilal Siddiqui teaches this course every spring at DHA Suffa University.
80 instrumentation interview questions with answerskirstymoore071
In this file, you can ref interview materials for instrumentation such as, instrumentation situational interview, instrumentation behavioral interview, instrumentation phone interview, instrumentation interview thank you letter, instrumentation interview tips …
Top 36 instrumentation interview questions with answers pdf
free pdf download ebook
Team Building PowerPoint PPT Content Modern SampleAndrew Schwartz
130 slides include: why teams work, building a team, reasons to create teams, structuring your team, developing effective teams, five intrinsic elements of teams, four stages of team development, team behaviors, team roles, 18 group building behaviors, overcoming common obstacles, responsibilities for team leadership, evaluating team performance, viewing the top teams, how to's and more.
Team Building PowerPoint Slides include topics such as: why teams work, building a team, reasons to create teams, structuring your team, developing effective teams, five intrinsic elements of teams, four stages of team development, team behaviors, team roles, 18 group building behaviors, overcoming common obstacles, responsibilities for team leadership, evaluating team performance, viewing the top teams, how to's and more. Slides can easily be tailored to your specific needs (make handouts, create overheads and use them with an LCD projector) and are available for license. 100+ PowerPoint presentation content slides. Each slide includes slide transitions, clipart and animation. System & Software Requirements: IBM or MAC and PowerPoint 97 or higher. Royalty Free - Use Them Over and Over Again. Once purchased, download instructions will be sent to you via email. (PC and MAC Compatible).
Business Valuation Principles for EntrepreneursBen Wann
This insightful presentation is designed to equip entrepreneurs with the essential knowledge and tools needed to accurately value their businesses. Understanding business valuation is crucial for making informed decisions, whether you're seeking investment, planning to sell, or simply want to gauge your company's worth.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Memorandum Of Association Constitution of Company.pptseri bangash
www.seribangash.com
A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
https://seribangash.com/article-of-association-is-legal-doc-of-company/
Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
www.seribangash.com
Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
https://seribangash.com/promotors-is-person-conceived-formation-company/
Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
https://seribangash.com/difference-public-and-private-company-law/
Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
What is the TDS Return Filing Due Date for FY 2024-25.pdfseoforlegalpillers
It is crucial for the taxpayers to understand about the TDS Return Filing Due Date, so that they can fulfill your TDS obligations efficiently. Taxpayers can avoid penalties by sticking to the deadlines and by accurate filing of TDS. Timely filing of TDS will make sure about the availability of tax credits. You can also seek the professional guidance of experts like Legal Pillers for timely filing of the TDS Return.
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
RMD24 | Retail media: hoe zet je dit in als je geen AH of Unilever bent? Heid...BBPMedia1
Grote partijen zijn al een tijdje onderweg met retail media. Ondertussen worden in dit domein ook de kansen zichtbaar voor andere spelers in de markt. Maar met die kansen ontstaan ook vragen: Zelf retail media worden of erop adverteren? In welke fase van de funnel past het en hoe integreer je het in een mediaplan? Wat is nu precies het verschil met marketplaces en Programmatic ads? In dit half uur beslechten we de dilemma's en krijg je antwoorden op wanneer het voor jou tijd is om de volgende stap te zetten.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
2. • is a skilled person whose responsible for
bench and field calibration of different kinds
of process instruments.
• Had a proven skills also in termination,
troubleshooting, loop testing, pre-
commissioning, commissioning, building
automation and process equipment
monitoring.
3. Instrument Technician must have skills and
knowledge in:
• Bench/Field calibration of process
instruments
• Bending and installation of
stainless/copper tubing
• Leak testing of process tubing
• Mounting and installation of different kinds
of process instruments
4. • Basic principles of process instruments and
devices
• Basic logic symbols and schematic diagrams.
• System logic testing, complex loops and
interlocking system associated with the PLC.
• Process instrumentation diagrams.
• Instrument and accessories installation
procedure.
Instrument Technician must have skills and
knowledge in:
5. Instrument Technician must have skills and
knowledge in:
• Local and DCS panels, field junction box
installation procedure
• Linear measurements in both English and
Metric System
• Identification of different kinds, type and
size of instrumentation materials like
fittings, tubing, piping, etc.
6. Instrument Technician must have skills and
knowledge in:
• Material take-off and estimate
• Basic rigging technique and scaffolding
installation
• Proper use and operation of tools and
equipments
• Safety practices and housekeeping
7. • A device used directly or indirectly to measure
and/ or control a variable.
• The term includes primary elements, final
control elements, computing devices and
electrical devices such as switches and
pushbuttons.
• a collection of instruments or their applications
for the purpose of observation, measurement
and control. (ISA Definition)
8. HISTORY OF INSTRUMENTATION
• More than two centuries has already
passed since Oliver Evans used
feedback control to automate a
Philadelphia flourmill in 1794.
9. ADVANTAGES OF INSTRUMENTATION
AND CONTROL
♦ Production & Quality
wise
♦ Material Savings
♦ Cost Savings
♦ Production Inspecting and
Testing
♦ Plant Safety and Comfort
♦ Less man power/automatic
10. INSTRUMENTATION APPLICATIONS
♦ Building automation, HVAC control
♦ Fire protection system
♦ Construction and Design
♦ Food and Beverage
♦ Glass and Ceramics
♦ Mining and metals
♦ Chemical, Petroleum, Refineries
♦ Pharmaceutical and Medical
♦ Pulp and Paper, Textile
♦ Water and wastewater
♦ Power Plant
♦ Semiconductor
♦ Robotics Technology
♦ Aerospace, Automotive and Vehicle
11. STANDARDS REFERENCES
ISA Instruments, Systems and Automation (formerly
Instrument Society of America)
ANSI American National Standards Institute
SAMA Society of Apparatus Makers Association
ASTM American Society for Testing Materials
ISO International Organization of Standards
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association
SI International System of Units
NBS National Bureau of Standards
IN INSTRUMENTATION
13. INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL LOOP
• a group of instruments together with a process in
order to measure or control a single variable.
=Four elements of Instrument Loop=
1. Process
• pressure, temperature, level, flow, signal
instrument
2. Measuring Element
• Sensor, transmitter, transducers, etc.
14. =Four elements of Instrument Loop=
3. Receiving Element
• Indicators, recorders, controllers, alarms, etc.
4. Final Control Element
• Control valve, dampers, motor drive,
relay, etc.
INSTRUMENT AND CONTROL LOOP
16. Process
• A physical or chemical change of matter, or
conversion of energy.
Process Control
• technique of balancing supply and demand over
a period of time at a pre-determined level of
operation called “set point” (SP).
17. • The controller compares the measured variable
(PV)) with the set point and then makes an
adjustment in the final control element based on
the difference between the set point and the
measured variable and this is the error signal (e).
Process Control
PV - SP = e
Measured Variable – Setpoint = Error
19. INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
1. Pressure
2. Flow
3. Level
4. Temperature
5. Viscosity, Humidity, Specific Gravity, pH,
conductivity, etc.
Variable – A physical quantity or property that can be
measured. Also known as the measurand.
20. A. Pressure
• Is defined as force per unit area.
• It is the force exerted by an object on a certain area.
P = F / A
where,
P = Pressure
F = Force acting on a
surface
A = Unit Area of
Surface
1 inch
1”
100
lbs.
An object weighs
10 pounds is
resting on an area
of one square inch,
it is exerting a
pressure of 100
pounds per square
inch (100 psi)
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
21. Forms of Pressure Measurement
1. Atmospheric Pressure - is the pressure caused
by the weight of the atmosphere.
2. Absolute Pressure - is the total pressure
exerted. It is measured with respect to a reference
called absolute 0 pressure less than this (meaning
a negative absolute pressure.
Absolute Pressure
= Atmospheric Pressure + Gage Pressure
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
22. 3. Gage Pressure – is the pressure with respect to
the atmospheric pressure. It can be higher than
atmospheric pressure, which makes it a positive
value. Or it may be lower than the atmospheric
pressure, which makes it a negative value.
4. Vacuum Pressure – the negative pressure. If we
call it vacuum pressure, we no longer give the value
a negative sign.
5. Differential pressure – the difference between
two pressures.
Forms of Pressure Measurement
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
24. • movement of a liquid, a gas, or a
vapor from one place to another.
B. Flow
• may be defined as the height or
depth of a liquid or solid surface from
a datum or reference point.
C. Level
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
25. The level measurement can be either
continuous or point values.
• Continuous level sensors measure level
within a specified range and are used to know
the exact amount of liquid in a certain place.
• Point level sensors only measures a specific
level, generally this is used to detect high
level alarms or low level alarms.
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
C. Level
26. D. Temperature
• It is a condition of a body, which determines the
transfer of heat to and from other bodies.
• It is the measure of its molecular activity.
Temperature is not a measure of heat.
• It is the ability to transfer heat.
INSTRUMENT PROCESS VARIABLES
27.
28. SETPOINT
• An input variable that sets the desired
value of the controlled variable.
MANIPULATED VARIABLE
• The quantity or condition that is varied as a
function of the actuating error signal in order to
change the value of the directly controlled variable.
CONTROLLED VARIABLE
• The variable that the control system attempts to
keep at the set point value. The set point may be
constant or variable.
29. OPEN LOOP
• A system in which does not use feedback.
CLOSED LOOP
• A system in which the output is fed back and
compared with the input.
SIGNAL
• a variable that carries information about another
variable it represents
30. IMPULSE LINE
• sensing line, tubing or pipe, that connects
the process to the primary measuring
element of the instrument loop and is part
of the process pressure boundary and
containment.
IN-LINE INSTRUMENT/DEVICE
• instrument/device installed in the process piping
system (e.g. control valves, orifice plates,
thermowell, etc.)
31. PROCESS AND INSTRUMENTATION
DIAGRAM ( P & ID )
• This is a drawing that represents the process
with their corresponding instruments.
• A schematic illustration of functional
relationship of piping, instrumentation
and system equipment components. It is
used to operate the process system.
32. LOOP
● A combination of two or more instruments or
control functions arranged so that signals pass
form one to another for the purpose of
measurement and/or control of a process variable.
SYMBOLS
● A representation of an instrument valve or other
process equipment often identified by letters and
numbers
33. INSTRUMENT LOOP DRAWING
• is a drawing that shows all the connections for
the instruments and other devices in a complete
loop, including field junction box terminals,
marshalling panel terminal blocks,down to DCS
panel.
34. INSTALLATION DETAIL
• installation documentation in the form of
standards, specifications, procedures, drawings,
and quality inspection plans.
MATERIAL TAKE-OFF
• an estimate of materials showing its description
or specifications, and its quantity.
35. LOCAL OR FIELD-MOUNTED
• The location of an instrument that is neither on a
panel nor mounted in a control room. Local
instruments are commonly in the vicinity of a
primary element or a final control element.
PANEL / BOARD
• A structure that has a group of instruments
mounted on it, houses the operator-process
interface, and is chosen to have a unique
designation. The panel may consist of one or more
sections, cubicles, consoles, or desks.
36. PANEL-MOUNTED
• A term applied to an instrument that is
mounted on a panel or console and is
accessible for an operator’s normal use.
LOCAL PANEL
• A panel that is not a central or main panel.
Local panels are commonly in the vicinity of
plant subsystems or sub-areas.
37. LINE MOUNTED INSTRUMENT
• an instrument installed directly connected to
the process piping system (e.g. temperature
indicators, temperature elements rotary flow
meter, control valves, orifice plates & flow
switches).
LOCAL MOUNTED INSTRUMENT
• an instrument installed locally on a
wall, column, floor stand, etc. (e.g.
transmitters,switches, indicators)
38. BEHIND THE PANEL
• a term applied to a location that is within an
area that contains (1) the instrument panel, (2)
its associated rack-mounted hardware, or (3) is
enclosed within the panel.
• Behind the panel devices are not accessible for
the operator’s normal use.
39. CALIBRATION
• A comparison of two instruments or measuring
devices, one of which is a standard of known
accuracy traceable to international standard, to
detect, correlate or eliminate by adjustment any
discrepancy in accuracy of the instrument or
measuring device being compared with the
standard.
40. BENCH CALIBRATION
• Usually done in an instrument calibration
van / workshop with a proper hook-up
procedures and complete documentation as
per manufacturers instruction manuals.
ACCURACY
• The degree of conformity of an indicated value to
a recognized, accepted value, or ideal value.
• is the ratio of the error to the full-scale output.
41. AS-LEFT
• the final data after the calibration
made.
AS-FOUND
• the initial reading/indication prior to calibration.
• the reference data for zero adjustment or a span
adjustment .
42. POINTER ADJUSTMENT
• repositioning the pointer relative to the scale is
called “re-zeroing” the gauge.
• shall be done at the minimum scale value.
SPAN ADJUSTMENT
• A potentiometer were to adjust only the span
ratio expressed in percent, minimum & maximum
scale of span.
43. HAIRSPRING ADJUSTMENT
• the hairspring's function is to take up clearance
in the movement and linkage. It should be adjusted
with tweezers to set them perfectly level so that
when wound up approx. 360º., they will not distort.
LINEARITY ADJUSTMENT
• when the motion of the pointer slows down or
speeds up at the end of the range as the pressure
is increased in uniform increments, rotary
movement is rotated either downward or upward.
44. AMBIENT TEMPERATURE
• room temperature, a certain temperature within
enclosed space at which human beings are
accustomed,
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)
• is a ratio, expressed in percent (%
RH), of the amount of atmospheric
moisture present relative to the amount
that would be present if the air is
saturated.
45. SPAN
• the difference between the upper range and
lower range values expressed in the same units
as the range.
OPERATING PRESSURE
• the actual (positive or negative) pressure at
which a device operates under normal
conditions.
46. WET LEG
• a liquid filled sensing line in a differential
pressure level measuring system.
PINION
• the center portion of pressure
gauge where the pointer is attached.
47. STANCHION
• a structure wherein an instrument
such as transmitter is mounted with a
standad height from its base.
PIGTAIL
• A 270º or 360º loop in pipe or tubing to form a
trap for vapor condensate. It is used to prevent
high temperature vapors form reaching the
instrument.
48. ROOT VALVE
• the first valve located in a sample line after it taps
off the process. It is typically located in close
proximity to the sample tap.
THERMOWELL
• A pressure tight receptacle connected to a
temperature sensing element and provided with
external threads or other means for pressure tight
attachment to a vessel.
49. MILLIAMP (mA)
• one thousandth of an ampere.
MILLIVOLT (mV)
• one thousandth of a volt.
VENT valve
• use for venting excess pressure or gas trap in
the process line.
DRAIN valve
• use for draining excess liquid or steam
accumulating in the process line or seal pots.
50. SEAL POT
• enlarge pipe sections in measurement
impulse line to provide:
a. A high area to volume displacement ratio to
minimize error from hydrostatic head
difference when using large volume
displacement measuring elements
b. To prevent loss of seal fluid by displacement
into the process.
51. LOCK OUT & TAG OUT (LOTO)
LOCK OUT
• to place a suitable padlock on an energy-
isolating device of a machine or on
equipment to prevent un-authorised or
accidental operation of the machine or
equipment where work is in-progress.
• Energy isolating devices includes circuit
breakers, switches, valves, blocks, etc.
52. TAG OUT
• an information or identification tag which
is securely fastened to an energy-isolating
device under lock-out, to indicate the
identity of the person and nature of work
conducted on the said equipment or
device.
LOCK OUT & TAG OUT (LOTO)