Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
Level Measurement
one can go through this ppt to learn about level measurement
you will be learning following points through it.
1.meaning of level measurement
2.Need of level measurement
3.selection of level measurement devices.
4.types of level measurements
5.types of direct measurements
6.types of indirect level measurements.
7. capacitance level measurement
8. materials used and their working ranges
9. advantages , Disadvantages of it.
10. Practical applications with videos.
11. proper explanation about working of all methods,easy to understand.
one will thoroughly learn the principle of level measurement after going through this ppt , it will help u in clearing some concepts about measurement principle.
introduction to flow,flow type,laminar,turbulent,one dimensional flow,two dimensional flow,type of flow measurement,flow measuring elements,orifices,nozzles,venturi,pitot tubes,limitations,advantages of the elements,application of elements
Liquid Level Measurement By Indirect MethodJaydeep Vakil
This ppt contains Differential Method for measuring of liquid level of storage tanks and vessels. Differential method is one of the indirect method for liquid level measurement..
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
1.LEVEL MEASUREMENT
In modern manufacturing industries which use many solvents, chemicals, steam and other liquids and in power plants which use vast amount of water, the accurate measurement of liquid level is very essential.
Liquid level refers to the position or height of a liquid surface above a datum line.
Level measurements are made to a certain quantity of the liquid held with in a container.
Level measurements are made to a certain quantity of the liquid held with in a container.
Level offers both the pressure and rate of flow in and out of the container and as such its measurement and control is an important function in a variety of processes.
The task of liquid level measurement may be accomplished by direct methods and indirect methods.
Generally, there are two methods used in industries for
measuring liquid level.
These are
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Direct method use the varying level of the liquid as a mean of obtaining the measurement.
The indirect method use a variable that changes with the liquid level to accurate the measuring mechanism.
1. DIRECT METHOD:-
This is the simplest method of measuring liquid level. In this method, the level of the liquid is measured directly by means of the following level indicators
Sight Glass
Float Type
Hook-type Level Indicator
1.Ultrasonic Flowmeter is a type of flowmeter that determines the flow velocity of fluid using ultrasonic soundwaves .
2.Ultrasonic Flowmeter works on the principle of Transit Time Difference Method , where we use Ultrasonic Transducers to emit and detect the ultrasonic waves.
In this PPt u will see
1.Introduction
2.principle
3.construction
4.working
5.advantages and disadvantages
6.application
of Diaphragm and bellows pressure gauge
Instrumentation and process control fundamentalshossam hassanein
Basic course covers:
-Basic understanding of process control
-Important process control terminology
-Major components of a process loop
-Instrumentation P&ID symbols
1.LEVEL MEASUREMENT
In modern manufacturing industries which use many solvents, chemicals, steam and other liquids and in power plants which use vast amount of water, the accurate measurement of liquid level is very essential.
Liquid level refers to the position or height of a liquid surface above a datum line.
Level measurements are made to a certain quantity of the liquid held with in a container.
Level measurements are made to a certain quantity of the liquid held with in a container.
Level offers both the pressure and rate of flow in and out of the container and as such its measurement and control is an important function in a variety of processes.
The task of liquid level measurement may be accomplished by direct methods and indirect methods.
Generally, there are two methods used in industries for
measuring liquid level.
These are
Direct Method
Indirect Method
Direct method use the varying level of the liquid as a mean of obtaining the measurement.
The indirect method use a variable that changes with the liquid level to accurate the measuring mechanism.
1. DIRECT METHOD:-
This is the simplest method of measuring liquid level. In this method, the level of the liquid is measured directly by means of the following level indicators
Sight Glass
Float Type
Hook-type Level Indicator
Float level sensors are continuous level sensors attributing a magnetic float that move up and down as liquid levels change. The movement of the float creates a magnetic field that actuates a hermetically sealed reed switch in the stem of the level sensor, triggering the switch to open or close.
various types of flow meter
1. rotameter
2. venturimeter
3. electromagnetic flow meter
4. positive displacement flow meter
with their working advantage and disadvantages
Furnaces in Refinery and Petrochemicals
Process furnaces
Crude distillation unit
Reaction Heaters
Reformer Heater
Heater Performance objectives
Reasons to save Energy
Heater Types
Radiant section
Convection section
Crossover section
Burners
Centrifugal Pump
Type of pumps
Centrifugal Pump working
Centrifugal Pump calculation
How to choose pump
Characteristics curves
Pump head compensation
Cavitation and NPSH
Priming
Multi stage centrifugal Pump
Pump safety
Effluent Treatment Plant
What is ETP
Need fo ETP
Design of ETP
Design of ETP
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
Sludge treatment process
Flowchart of ETP
Case study of ETP
ETP plant operation
Textile plant ETP
Equalization
Sedimentation
Settlers
PH adjustment
Rotating equipment maintenance.
PUMPS
COMPRESSORS
AGITATORS
FANS / BLOWERS
TURBINES
VACUUM PUMPS
VALVES
Type of Seals
Stuffing
SINGLE MECHANICAL SEAL Pusher Type
Bellows Mechanical Seal
Double Mechanical Seal
STEAM TRAPS
Steam trap is a type of automatic valve that filters out
condensate (i.e. condensed steam) and non-condensable gases
such as air without letting steam escape.
Steam ejector working principle
An ejector is a device used to suck the gas or vapour from the desired vessel or system. An ejector is similar to an of vacuum pump or compressor. The major difference between the ejector and the vacuum pump or compressor is it had no moving parts. Hence it is relatively low-cost and easy to operate and maintenance free equipment.
Piping and Instrument Diagram
Piping and Instrument Diagram Standard Symbols Detailed Documentation provides a standard set of shapes & symbols for documenting P&ID and PFD,
including standard shapes of instrument, valves, pump, heating exchanges, mixers, crushers, vessels, compressors, filters, motors and connecting shapes.
Permit To Work
Types of Permit To Work
Hot Work Permit
Confined Space Entry Permit
Electrical Permit
Excavation Permit
Radiography Permit
Crane Critical Lifts Permit
Man Basket Operation
Permit Issuer Responsibilities
Permit Receiver Responsibilities
HSE Permit Coordinator
Responsibilities
Revalidation of the Permit
Work Permit Flow Chart
Heat exchangers
TUBE AND SHELL
PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER
FLOW OF ARRANGEMENT
REGENERATIVE HEAT EXCHANGER
log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
Number of Transfer Units (NTU) Method
EFFECTIVENESS OF HEAT EXCHANGER
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
2. LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT
• Generally, there are two methods used in industries for
measuring liquid level.
These are
1. Direct Method
2. Indirect Method
• Direct method use the varying level of the liquid as a mean of
obtaining the measurement and the indirect method use a
variable that changes with the liquid level to accurate the
measuring mechanism.
3. 1. DIRECT METHOD
This is the simplest method of measuring liquid level. In this
method, the level of the liquid is measured directly by means of the
following level indicators
i. Sight Glass / Gauge Glass
ii. Float Type / Float - Operated Level Gauges
iii. Torque Tube Displacer / Float Displacement Type Level
Gauges
4. 2. INDIRECT METHODS
Following are the indirect methods of liquid level measurement
generally used in industries.
i. Hydrostatic pressure type
ii. Electrical methods
iii. Ultrasonic level sensor
5. SIGHT GLASS / GAUGE GLASS
•Sight glass is used for the continuous indication of liquid level
within a tank or vessel. A sight glass instrument consists of a
graduated tube of toughened glass which is connected to the interior
of the tank at the bottom in which the water level is required.
6. • Fig.1 shows a simple sight glass for an open tank in which the
liquid level in the sight glass matches the level of liquid in the
tank. As the level of liquid in the tank rises and falls, the level in
the sight glass also rises and falls accordingly. Thus, by
measuring the level in the sight glass, the level of liquid in the
tank is measured. In sight glass, it is not necessary to use the
same liquid as in the tank. Any other desired liquid also can be
used.
• Fig.2 shows a high pressure sight glass in which measurement is
made by reading the position of the liquid level on the
calibrated scale. This type of sight glass in high pressure tanks
is used with appropriate safety precautions. The glass tube must
have a small inside diameter and a thick wall.
7. Advantages
• Direct reading is possible
• Special designs are available for use up to 316°C and 10000 psi.
• Glassless designs are available in numerous materials for
corrosion resistance.
Disadvantages
• It is read only where the tank is located, which is not always
convenient.
• Overlapping gauges are needed for long level spans
• Accuracy and readability depend on the cleanliness of glass and
fluid
8. FLOAT DISPLACEMENT TYPE
LEVEL MEASUREMENT
• These instruments work on the Archimedes principle according
to which a body when placed in a liquid is buoyed up by a force
equal to the weight of the displaced liquid, and the apparent
change in weight of the body is directly proportional to the level
of liquid in which it is placed.
• Torque tube is the most commonly used device for this purpose.
• The displacer is attached to a torque tube assembly whose rotary
motion is used for read out/control.
• Otherwise, this instrument is rugged and simple in construction
and reliable in operation. With selection of suitable material for
float, float cage, and torque tube, it’s possible to use this
instrument over a wide range of pressure and for many liquids.
10. Advantages
• High accuracy
• Reliable in clean liquids
• Can be mounted internally or externally (external mounted unit
can be disconnected for maintenance)
• Adaptable to liquid interface measurement
Disadvantages
• Limited range, devices exceeding 1.2m in length are bulky and
difficult to balance
• Cost increases appreciably for externally mounted units as
pressure ratings increase
• External units may require stilling chambers
11. i. HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE
TYPE
Hydrostatic pressure methods used for liquid level measurement are
listed below.
a. Pressure gauge method
b. Air purge system
c. Diaphragm box type
d. Torque balance type
12. a. Air purge system
Air purge (bubbler tube) is one of the most popular hydrostatic
pressure types of liquid measuring system which is suitable for any
liquid as shown in fig.
13. Advantages
• Pressure gauge can be placed above or below the tank level and
can be kept as far away as 500 ft (12.7m) from the tank with the
help of piping.
• Well - suited for measuring the corrosive/abrasive liquid.
14. b. DIAPHRAGM BOX METHOD
The diaphragm box liquid level meter is shown in fig. and consist
of two flanges in between which is contained a diaphragm element
made of rubber or oil resistant synthetic composition.
15. Advantage
•Where it is necessary to prevent contact b/w liquid and diaphragm,
the box may be installed in a well outside the tank and the well is
communicated to the tank with an impulse piping. The impulse
piping and the well are filled with an inert liquid.
Disadvantage
•The main disadvantage is that the head developed is not sufficient
to meet up the line losses as well as for a satisfactory indication.
Hence ranges are quite limited.