This document discusses co-design and co-production in climate change research from the perspective of Future Earth. It outlines that traditional research uses a linear model where scientists design and implement problem-oriented research, while co-design and co-production involve establishing solution-oriented research with stakeholders. It identifies gaps between scientists and stakeholders like different vocabularies and timelines. The document provides key points on co-design/co-production, such as recognizing different research scales, communicating uncertainties, building trust with stakeholders, and learning through experience rather than following fixed models.