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- 1. Trees species asindicators of ground water & recharge Rinku Verma, Jagadeeshwara K, Shivappa, Jayanti T, A.N.S. Gowda College of Sericulture, Chintamani, University of Agricultural Sciences., Bangalore
- 2. Objective of thestudy • Identifying areas of ground water potential using electrical resistivity. • Studying tree species present in these regions (near aquifer points and non aquifer points) sites. • Soil study of the same region. • Study of tree species near lakes/ponds/water bodies
- 3. Methods and Materials •Geophysical survey using electrical resistivity instrument was carried out (for 10 acres land). • The area near to the yielding aquifer point/ near an existing bore and the other regions were studied for the tree species prevalent in the region/ i.e. taxonomical identification. • Soil analysis was carried out to give the status of the soil type existing in the given location (aquifer and non- aquifer points). • Keen’s cup experiment for the determination of bulk density, particle density, maximum water holding capacity, percentage pore space and volume of expansion have been carried out.
- 4. Methods and Materialsconti., • Tree species existing in the nearby villages have been identified. • Identifying trees species existing near bore well point/tanks of some of the villages surrounding Chintamani, Kolar regions and moving towards Bangalore, Karnataka, India were carried out and a count of tree species were recorded. • Details of rainfall trend have been listed in the table over the last few years from (2004 to 2013).
- 5. Area of the existingbore plot 1 (5 acres) Plot 2 (5 acres), Area of the depleted bore, as water table level has gone down
- 6. Two plots of5 acre each were surveyed 1- Plot one 2- Plot two of the same campus Total surveyed area = 10 acre & Villages surrounding & Chintamani Chintamani – Kolar Chintamani - Bangalore
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- 8. Chintamani, Karnataka, India Famousfor 1. Indian Silk /mulberry –water reduction makes sericulture hard 2. Milk ? 3. Mango- shortage of water has led to unhealthy growth of mango trees 4. Vegetable growing 5. Gold, KGF (Karnataka Gold Field) – no gold Because of Climate Change: water shortage change in rainfall patterns
- 9. Tree species seen whereGround water table is available. Dalbergia spp
- 10. Results Plot one Camel foottree ( few) Cassia spp (24) Pongamia (18) Subabul (4) Acacia mangium Acacia spp (2) Albizia lebbeck (3) Tamarind (10) Gulmohar Sandal (16) Plot two Tamarind (1) Jack fruit Amla (1) Aegel marmalos (1) Champaka (3) Spathodia (3) Silver oak (22) Acacia species Cassia species Acacia species
- 11. Referred to aswater indicator species Mahagony Neem Subabul
- 12. Family Number ofSpecies Name of the tree species Water Indicator Species Near yielding bore Caesalpinaceae/ Leguminaceae 7 Camel foot tree ( few) Cassia spp (24) Pongamia (18) Subabul (4) Acacia mangium Acacia spp (2) Albizia lebbeck (3) Referred to as Indicators from literature Seen near water Fabaceae 2 Tamarind (10) Gulmohar Referred to as Indicators from literature Few near water Santalaceae 1 Sandal (16) Few near water The remaining portion of the area under survey Leguminaceae 3 Pongamia (18) Acacia auriculiformis (20) Acacia (20) Amaryllidaceae 1 Agave (6) Myrtaceae 2 Eucalyptus (2) Jamun (62) Moraceae 2 Fig, Mulberry (20) Away from water, Near the well (unconfined aquifer) Sapindaceae 1 Fern tree (24) No water/ rock area Meliaceae 2 Mahogany (3) (24) Neem (40) Few near water (well) Euphorbiaceae 3 Tapioca (20) Jatropa (3) Amla FOR FIRST FIVE ACRES IN CAMPU Moringaceae 1 Drumstick (3) Poaceae 1 Bamboo (20) Sapotaceae 1 Madhuca longifolia (20) 1 Hippae (3) Combretaceae 4 Terminalia tomentosa (1) Terminalia catappa (25) Indian almond Terminalia arjuna Verbenaceae 2 Casuarina equisetifolia
- 13. – Area surroundingthe existing bore well
- 14. New bore nextto the existing one
- 15. • Albezia lebback •Cassia spp
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- 18. Family Number ofspecies Number of Species Water Indicator Species Meliaceae 3 Mahogeny (3) Melia duba (3) Neem (47) Water indicator species Leguminaceae / Fabaceae 5 Acacia mendium (20) Acacia auriculiformis (20) Subabul Tamarind (10) Dalbergia (20) Near to the water region/ Few near water Malvaceae 1 Simaroba (22) - Proteaceae (Silver oak family) 1 Grevillea robusta (20) - Verbenaceae 1 Teak (13) Poaceae 2 Napier grass 2/ Bamboo (few) - Sapotaceae 1 Mohwa (1) - Anacardiaceae 2 Cashew (4) Mango (17) - Malvaceae 1 Thespesia (20) - Palmae 1 Coconut (4) - Annonaceae 1 Ashoka (12) - Pinnaceae 1 Christmas tree (2) - Tiliaceae 1 Cherry (1) - Moringaceae 1 Drumstick (5) -FOR SECOND FIVE ACRES IN CAMPUS Myritaceae 3 Jamun (4), Eucaylptus (70), Guava (5) - Near yielding bore Fabaceae 1 Tamarind (1) Moraceae 1 Jack fruit Euphorbiaceae 1 Amla (1) Rutaceae 1 Aegel marmalos (1) Magnoliaceae 1 Champaka (3) Bignoniaceae 1 Spathodia (3) Tiliaceae 1 Japanese Cherry Proteaceae 1 Silver oak (22) Coniferae 1 Tuja (4) Sapindaceae 1 Leechi (1) Rutaceae 1 Lemon tree (2)
- 19. 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 Chin- Kolar Chin-Bangalore Bangalore - International Airport College of Sericulture, Chintamani 1 College of Sericulture, Chintamani 2 Series2 Series1 Figure 2. Study area indicating the presence of two families seen predominately in various ground water available sites bores and ponds/ lakes. *Series 1 Leguminaceae and Series 2 Caesalpinaceae
- 20. Soil analysis results •Maximum water holding capacity (MWHC) recorded 34%, • Pore space 39.9% • Volume expansion of soil 15.50% respectively. These values were observed to be higher as compared to the other soils, the bulk density was slightly lower suggesting higher rain water infiltration rates. Thus leading to more of recharge, the tree species present in this region included Leguminaceae and Casesalpinaceae. • The regions were where the bores yielded water. • Electrical resistivity of 53 ohms.
- 21. Table 3. Plantspecies identified in the complete 10 acre plot. CN: African Tulip Tree BN: Spathodia companulata F: Bignoniaceae CN: Mango BN: Mangifera indica F: Anacardiaceae CN: Rose Apple BN: Syzygium jambosa F: Myrtaceae CN: Custard Apple BN: Annona squamosa F: Annonaceae CN: Hebbevu BN: Melia dubia F: Meliaceae CN: Agati BN: Sesbania grandiflora F: Leguminaceae CN: Champaka BN: Michelia champaka F: Magnoliaceae CN: Cashew BN: Anacardium occidenta le F: Anacardiaceae CN: Jamun Tree BN: Syzygium cumini F: Myrtaceae CN: Lantana BN: Lantana camara F: Verbenaceae CN: Sisso (Sisham) BN: Dalbergia sisso F: Fabaceae CN: Rubber Tree BN: Ficus elastica F: Moraceae CN: Neem Tree BN: Azadirechta indica F: Meliaceae CN: Sandal BN: Satalum album F: Santalaceae CN: Indian almond BN: Terminalia catappa F: Combretaceae CN: Terminalia (Asian) BN: Terminalia tomentosa F: Combretaceae CN: Banyan Tree BN: Ficus bengalensis F: Moraceae CN: Christmas Tree BN: Araucaria cooki F: Pinnaceae CN: Camel Foot Tree BN: Bahunia purpuria F: Caesalpinaceae CN: Opuntia BN: Opuntia microdasys F: Cactaceae CN: Indian tulip BN: Thespesia populnea F: Malvaceae CN: Terminalia BN: Terminalia arjuna F: Combretaceae CN: Bael BN: Aegle marmelos F: Rutaceae CN: Guava BN: Psidium guajava F: Myrtaceae CN: Silver Oak BN: Grevilia robusta F: Proteaceae CN: Fern Tree BN: Felicium decipiens F: Sapindaceae CN: Gliricidia BN: Gliricidia maculate F: Fabaceae CN: Mohwa BN: Madhuca longifolia F: Sapotaceae CN: Drumstick BN: Moringus oleifera F: Moringaceae CN: Sapota BN: Achras zapota F: Sapotaceae CN: Eucalyptus Tree BN: Eucalyptus grandis F: Myrtaceae CN: Amla BN: Emblica officinalis F: Euphorbiaceae CN: Mahogany BN: Swietenia mahogani F: Meliaceae CN: Teak BN: Tectona grandis F: Verbenaceae CN: Cassia BN: Cassia fistula F: Caesalpinaceae CN: Acacia BN: Acacia auriculiformis F: Leguminaceae
- 22. CN: Eucalyptus Tree BN:Eucalyptus grandis F: Myrtaceae CN: Amla BN: Emblica officinalis F: Euphorbiaceae CN: Mahogany BN: Swietenia mahogan i F: Meliaceae CN: Teak BN: Tectona grandis F: Verbenaceae CN: Cassia BN: Cassia fistula F: Caesalpinaceae CN: Acacia BN: Acacia auriculiformis F: Leguminaceae CN: Pongamia BN: Pongamia pinnata F: Leguminaceae CN: Subabul BN: Leucaena leucocephal a F: Leguminaceae CN: Lebbeck BN: Albizia lebbeck F: Fabaceae CN: Honne BN: Pterocarspus marsupi um F: Meliaceae CN: Simaruba BN: Simaruba glauca F: Malvaceae CN: Manjium Tree BN: Acacia manjium F: Leguminaceae CN: Agave BN: Agave americana F: Amaryllidaceae CN: Gulmohar BN: Delonix regia F: Fabaceae CN: Temple Tree BN: Plumeria alba F: Apocynaceae CN: Casuarina BN: Casuarina equisetifoli a F: Casuarinaceae CN: Acacia BN: Acacia nilotica F: Leguminaceae CN: Peacock Flower BN: Caesalpinia pulcherrima F: Caesalpiniaceae CN: Tamarind BN: Tamarindus indica F: Fabaceae CN: Jack Fruit BN: Artocarpus heterophy llus F: Moraceae CN: Japanese Cherry BN: Muntingia calabura F: Tiliaceae CN: Peepal Tree BN: Ficus religiosa F: Moraceae CN: Ashoka BN: Polyalthia longifolia F: Annonaceae CN: Confiderate Rose BN: Hibiscus mutabilis F: Malvaceae CN: Bamboo BN: Bambusa vulgaris F: Poaceae CN: Fig BN: Ficus carica F: Moraceae CN: Tapioca BN: Manihot esculenta F: Euphorbiaceae CN: Indian Cork Tree BN: Millingtonia hortensis F: Bignoniaceae CN: Mulberry BN: Morus alba F: Moraceae CN: Golden cane palm BN: Chrysalidocarpus lutesce ns F: Palmae CN: Coconut BN: Cocos nucifera F: Palmae *CN: Common Name *BN: Botanical Name *F: Family
- 23. Soil Analysis Si No Sample locationWith electrical resi stivity values pH Conductivit y Moisture c ontent Bulk de nsity Particle de nsity MWH C Pore sp ace % Volume expans ion of Soil in % First 5 acre location (College) 1 I Near high ER (Fer n trees)/ dyke no bore 200 ohms 6.26 0.210 9.94 1.47 2.10 18 26.7 3.46 2 I Existing bore low ER 2 inches water 0.59 ohms 6.70 0.326 9.98 1.14 1.91 34 39.9 14.50 3 I Near existing well Water filled 7.19 0.324 10.01 1.20 2.20 30.4 37.6 12.16 4 I Existing waste wa ter collection pit Water brought for r ecycling 6.76 0.226 9.94 1.33 2.06 23.1 30.7 8.04 Second 5 acre location (Krishi Vigyan Kendra and Farm) 1II Near failed bore p oint/ dykes prese nt No water 6.53 0.172 9.95 1.25 2.06 25.00 30.40 4.09 2II Near suggested b ore point 0.63 ohms 6.12 0.209 9.92 1.04 1.70 37.30 38.80 8.93 3II Near failed bore No water 7.71 0.409 9.97 1.40 4.13 24.00 35.00 10.82 4II Near operational bore 1 and half inches of water 6.01 0.420 9.91 1.40 1.95 20.00 28.00 3.72
- 24. Trees identified asindicators of ground water Si No Names of area Tree Species Near Borewe ll Near Pond 1 Chintamani, College of Seric uture, (1st 5 acres) Cassia, Camel foot tree, Acacia, Albizia sp p, Tamarind, Gulmohar, Pongamia, Subab ul, Sandal Near bore 2 Chintamani, College of Seric uture, (2nd 5 acres) Mahogeny, Melia dubia, Neem, Subabul, Acacia mendium, A. auriculiformis Tamarind, Dalbergia Near bore 3 Kaiwara Paramachanahalli C hintamani Jamun, Tamarind, Coconut, Teak People tree Near bore - 4 Konappalli Prosopis juliflora & Acacia spp Near bore - 5 Yadahalli Jamun, Jack, Pongamia, Coconut, mulberr y Near bore - 6 Ammanallur (towards Bang alore) Acacia spp & Pongamia - Sited near p ond 7 Ponds between college of S ericulture and Kolar Acacia, Pongamia & Tamarind - Sited near p ond 8 Sited in another 20 villages towards Bangalore via H- Cr oss Acacia nilotica, few other Acacia spp Few Pongamia, very few Tamarinds. One pond had Dalbergia sissoo surroundi ng Near bore Sited near p ond 9 Sited outskirts of Bangalore heading toward Internation al Airport (7 sites) Acacia nilotica, Acacia auriculiformis Copper pod / Peltophorum pterocarpum - Sited near p ond
- 25. • Rainfall inthe campus: College of Sericulture: Chintamani, Karnataka, India 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 Rainfall in mm over the years 2002 -2013 Rainfall in mm Year Amount of rainfall in mm
- 26. Electrical resistivity resultsindicated borewell regions had lower electrical resistivity and other regions showed higher electrical resistivity values. Families of tree species occurring near water regions have been identified as Leguminaceae, Caesalpinaceae, and Meliaceae in the studied plot of 10 acres at Agroclimatic zone 5, at College of Sericulture, Chintamani. Soil analysis reveals more recharge in the regions which had predominant tree species present in this region belonging to family Leguminaceae & Casesalpinaceae. The species Prosopis juliflora has been identified in one of the villages (Konappalli, Chintamani, Karnataka, India) Outside the study area in a survey made towards Kolar and Bangalore, the characteristic tree species prevalent near bores and ponds included Acacia species, A. nilotica/ A. arabica/ Pongamia spp and very few Tamarind trees, most of them belonging to the family Leguminaceae. Identification of the species belonging to family Leguminaceae and Caesalpinaceae are regarded as good ground water indicators and may suggest ground water recharge sites. Trees act as discharge points as may be evident from soil analysis data and low electrical resistivity values. Conclusions
- 27. Note with referenceto our Mountains/Hills With reference to the mountain regions this study will be useful 1. Identification and planting specific species/ belonging to particular families. 2. Deep rooted/helps in water infiltration/recharge 3. Protect the region from soil erosion and landslides 4. Preventing disasters and maintaining environmental balance 5. Sequesters maximum Carbon from the surroundings
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- 38. Copper pod, Peltophorum pterocarpumCaesalpiniaceae (Gulmohar family)
- 39. Thankyou and Byefrom India! Fern tree
- 40. Taxonomical identification oftree species has been carried out to help locate existing water points. Tree species and soil quality have been correlated with existing bore wells and well regions in the study area. Specific families of tree species present near ground water zones were identified and recorded.