Dipak gyawali
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1. The document discusses several perspectives on addressing climate change from various publications. It outlines 10 suggestions for policymakers from the book "Human Choice and Climate Change" including taking a holistic view and recognizing both environmental and institutional limits. 2. It also summarizes key points from other publications. One argues international climate mechanisms are cumbersome and insufficient. Another notes we disagree on climate change because we worry about different things. A third discusses defining climate change as a "wicked problem" with many potential solutions. 3. The document advocates for a pluralistic approach incorporating hierarchical, individualistic, and egalitarian forms of governance when addressing climate change. It promotes "many 10% solutions" rather than one single solution
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Action plans for climate ethics 2007
The document discusses several international frameworks and conferences related to climate change, sustainable development, and human rights. It summarizes the goals and outcomes of conferences such as the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. It also outlines some principles of climate ethics and justice, and examples of climate justice actions and sub-national level actions being taken to address climate change.
Ecological economics. Farber & bradley
Leyendo el texto completo, responda:
1) ¿Cuál es el problema que aborda la economía ecológica?
2) ¿Cuál es el asunto primario bajo el paradigma de administración de la economía ecológica?
Puede responder en inglés o español.
History of environmental movements
since human started the industrial revolution and things started to become worse for environment and public health and so many movements took place. movements were means for representing anger and revolution.
Environmental Ethics
This chapter discusses different environmental worldviews and approaches to environmental ethics. It presents several philosophies for determining what is right and wrong from an environmental perspective, such as utilitarianism which evaluates based on the greatest good, and biocentrism which views all life as intrinsically valuable. It also outlines various worldviews including viewing humans as stewards of the planet versus being in charge of managing Earth. The chapter concludes by discussing the need for environmentally literate citizens to build a more sustainable society through understanding our interactions with nature and effective problem solving approaches.
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Environmental Conflict Analysis: the Ecological Economics Approach
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Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
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Political ecology and integrated landscape approaches: fruitful engagement or...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
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Action plans for climate ethics 2007
The document discusses several international frameworks and conferences related to climate change, sustainable development, and human rights. It summarizes the goals and outcomes of conferences such as the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, and the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen. It also outlines some principles of climate ethics and justice, and examples of climate justice actions and sub-national level actions being taken to address climate change.
Ecological economics. Farber & bradley
Leyendo el texto completo, responda:
1) ¿Cuál es el problema que aborda la economía ecológica?
2) ¿Cuál es el asunto primario bajo el paradigma de administración de la economía ecológica?
Puede responder en inglés o español.
History of environmental movements
since human started the industrial revolution and things started to become worse for environment and public health and so many movements took place. movements were means for representing anger and revolution.
Environmental Ethics
This chapter discusses different environmental worldviews and approaches to environmental ethics. It presents several philosophies for determining what is right and wrong from an environmental perspective, such as utilitarianism which evaluates based on the greatest good, and biocentrism which views all life as intrinsically valuable. It also outlines various worldviews including viewing humans as stewards of the planet versus being in charge of managing Earth. The chapter concludes by discussing the need for environmentally literate citizens to build a more sustainable society through understanding our interactions with nature and effective problem solving approaches.
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The document discusses the need for self-sufficiency and sustainability. It summarizes the author's dissertation which examines various environmental issues like pollution, deforestation, climate change, and their impacts. The author uses normative theory and conducts experiments to study environmental awareness. The findings show a lack of global governance action on these problems. However, new technologies may help solve issues of water, food and energy supply, allowing societies to become more self-reliant. The conclusion argues that states must promote sustainability before environmental changes make it inevitable.
Environmental Conflict Analysis: the Ecological Economics Approach
Monday 4/7/2011 Giorgos Kallis (ICTA-UAB). Environmental Conflict Analysis: the Ecological Economics Approach.
Political ecology of environmental management; a critical review of some rele...
Introduction
The tremendous increase in the scale of human impact on earth together with our increased although imperfect understanding of ecological processes means that the environment can no longer viewed as a relatively stable background factor. Rather the interaction between economic development and complex and often fragile ecosystems on which that development depends has become a major political issue both locally and globally (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
It is no longer possible to treat ecology and politics as separate spheres. The institutions that matter most are no longer specifically environmental but rather are the core institutions that govern or at least seek to govern the workings of the world politics and economy. A major focus is actually the integration of environmental concerns into the sphere of economic planning and policy making rather than the development of an entirely separate thus peripheral sphere (Maigua & Musyimi, n.d.).
This study therefore aims to make a critical analysis of some important aspects regarding the political ecology of environmental management. Political ecology informs political makers and organizations about the complexities surrounding environment and development thereby contributing to better environmental governance. It helps understand the decisions that communities make about the natural environment in the context of their political environment, economic pressures and societal regulations. Political ecology also looks at how unequal relations in and among societies affects the environment especially in the context of government policy (Grieber, 2009).
The study therefore at various political aspects and their influence on environmental management. Firstly it looks at the issue of environmental democracy and how it influences environmental management. This includes the aspects of participation, environmental justice and information access. It then elaborates environmental governance including global environmental governance and implications on environmental management.
The study then looks at other political aspects of relevance to environmental management including: the global commons, geopolitics, environmental movements and the conduct of politicians. It then looks at trends in the political ecology of Africa and then Kenya specifically. Policy making and how it influences environmental management is then explained. The study then winds up with a review of. The legal and policy frameworks for environmental management in Kenya.
Political ecology and integrated landscape approaches: fruitful engagement or...
Political ecology and integrated landscape approaches: fruitful engagement or...Global Landscapes Forum (GLF)
This document discusses the potential for political ecology and landscape approaches to productively engage with each other or form an "unhappy marriage". It outlines key principles of each approach - landscape approaches focus on integrated, multi-functional landscapes through negotiated consensus, while political ecology examines power imbalances and uneven social impacts. The document argues that landscape approaches could benefit from political ecology's analysis of inequality and power, while political ecology needs practical solutions; together they may form a "practical political ecology" or "political landscape approach" to address complex environmental problems at multiple scales.Tackling the World's Biggest Problems With Robust Action
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effects of economic growth on environment
1. Economic growth is an increase in a country's ability to produce goods and services over time.
2. Benefits of economic growth include rising living standards, more jobs, increased capital investment, and more tax revenue for the government to spend on public services.
3. However, economic growth also places pressure on the environment as natural resources are used up in production and pollution increases. Common types of environmental degradation caused by economic growth include air, water, soil, and noise pollution.
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Torrel et al.,2010
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01 introduction envt ecos
This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
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The document discusses the relationship between human societies and the natural environment. It notes that while nature always posed risks, human societies have now developed the ability to significantly modify their environment quickly. This introduces new risks from uncoordinated human activities that can impact natural systems. The document examines different types of risks from nature, society, and problems of social cooperation/coordination. It also discusses the assessment of environmental risks and different approaches like cost-benefit analysis and risk management. Property rights regimes and common resource issues are evaluated in the context of sustainability and management of exhaustible resources.
Kgt COP 10 cities & biodiversity summit
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2) A survey of 203 people found that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively influence behavioral intentions to travel in a low-emission way, and that social media engagement moderates these relationships.
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Annotated bibliography
1. Andrew Light argues that environmental ethics should take a more pragmatic approach and embrace both biocentric and anthropocentric views to engage the public on environmental issues. This will make environmental ethics more accessible and allow environmental philosophers to better persuade people.
2. Ramachandra Guha provides a developing world perspective on environmental ethics, arguing that Western conservation models can harm indigenous communities. Sustainability approaches must consider how local human populations interact with nature.
3. Brian Walker and David Salt introduce resilience thinking, which focuses on systems' ability to withstand disturbances rather than optimization. Considering interconnected social and ecological systems can increase nature's value and support sustainability.
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Here are two 300 word essays on environmental pollution:
Essay 1:
Pollution is damaging our planet in many ways. One of the major forms of pollution is air pollution. Air pollution comes from emissions released from factories, vehicles, and other sources that use fossil fuels. These emissions contain harmful gases and small particles that can have negative effects on both the environment and human health.
Some of the main air pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, and particulate matter. When released into the atmosphere, these pollutants can cause problems like acid rain, global warming, and respiratory illnesses. Acid rain occurs when sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water, oxygen,
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This article summarizes our award-winning 2015 article -- "Tackling Grand Challenges Pragmatically: Robust Action Revisited" -- which was published in Organization Studies.
The left forum
This powerpoint presentation is a condensed outline of a lecture that I gave at Pace University during the Earth Day 2011 celebrations. I would be happy to respond to requests for further clarifications. I can be reached at: wp.karam@gmail.com.
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under
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effects of economic growth on environment
1. Economic growth is an increase in a country's ability to produce goods and services over time.
2. Benefits of economic growth include rising living standards, more jobs, increased capital investment, and more tax revenue for the government to spend on public services.
3. However, economic growth also places pressure on the environment as natural resources are used up in production and pollution increases. Common types of environmental degradation caused by economic growth include air, water, soil, and noise pollution.
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This document discusses different approaches to human ecology and their relation to disasters. It describes three main approaches: ecosystem approach, landscape approach, and perception approach.
The ecosystem approach focuses on interactions between organisms and their environment. It recognizes humans as integral parts of ecosystems. The landscape approach takes a holistic view of natural features, infrastructure, stakeholders, and external forces affecting an area. It facilitates inclusive risk assessment and planning.
The perception approach involves three stages: selection of sensory information, organization of information into patterns based on proximity, similarity, and difference, and interpretation to explain selections and organizations in a way that makes sense, influenced by both internal and external factors.Burntwood lecture
The document discusses "wicked problems", which are complex social or environmental issues with many interrelated factors and no clear solutions, such as climate change. It describes how proposed solutions to wicked problems often create new issues and involve value conflicts. The author argues that traditional approaches trying to "tame" wicked problems through hierarchical control, markets, or increased participation often fail or make the problems worse. Instead, "clumsy solutions" that incorporate multiple perspectives in an informal, ongoing process may be better at addressing interconnected wicked problems.
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This document provides an introduction to environmental economics. It defines key terms like environment, ecology, ecosystem, and environmental economics. Environmental economics studies the relationship between the economy and the environment, including how economic activity impacts the environment and vice versa. The environment provides natural resources and services to the economy, acts as a sink to absorb pollution and wastes, and provides amenity, spiritual and global support values. However, using the environment for one purpose reduces its ability to provide other services, creating conflicts over resource use.
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This document discusses the role of "greening" or environmental stewardship activities in building resilience after disasters or conflicts. It provides examples of how tree planting, memorial gardens, and fisheries management helped communities recover from events like 9/11 and wars in Iraq. The document argues that including local communities in greening activities can help social-ecological systems withstand disturbances by providing feedback and strengthening connections between people and nature. Policymakers are encouraged to support such efforts through funding, research, and integrating greening into emergency response plans to facilitate long-term adaptation to climate change impacts.
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1) The document discusses research on how social media engagement related to sustainability influences behavioral intentions toward sustainable mobility in alpine regions.
2) A survey of 203 people found that attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control positively influence behavioral intentions to travel in a low-emission way, and that social media engagement moderates these relationships.
3) Specifically, social media engagement strengthens the influence of attitude and perceived behavioral control on behavioral intentions, but weakens the influence of subjective norm on behavioral intentions.BSA Climate Change Launch Event Welcome by Elizabeth Shove
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The diversity of organizations in society depends on the both the number of organizational forms and the distribution of organizations over forms".
This is a dynamic process, with new forms being created, some orgs changing into other forms, and some forms going away. Organizations are created and disbanded or merged. organization that cannot change strategy and structure as quickly as their environments can change.
Annotated bibliography
1. Andrew Light argues that environmental ethics should take a more pragmatic approach and embrace both biocentric and anthropocentric views to engage the public on environmental issues. This will make environmental ethics more accessible and allow environmental philosophers to better persuade people.
2. Ramachandra Guha provides a developing world perspective on environmental ethics, arguing that Western conservation models can harm indigenous communities. Sustainability approaches must consider how local human populations interact with nature.
3. Brian Walker and David Salt introduce resilience thinking, which focuses on systems' ability to withstand disturbances rather than optimization. Considering interconnected social and ecological systems can increase nature's value and support sustainability.
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Environmental communication and Social Awareness: Successful Case Studies
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Here are two 300 word essays on environmental pollution:
Essay 1:
Pollution is damaging our planet in many ways. One of the major forms of pollution is air pollution. Air pollution comes from emissions released from factories, vehicles, and other sources that use fossil fuels. These emissions contain harmful gases and small particles that can have negative effects on both the environment and human health.
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Despite scientific consensus about the reality and severity of climate change, the public appears to show relatively little concern about the issue and to be taking few actions to tackle it. In this talk, we will discuss what influences public perceptions and how they may be shaped by communication. Recent survey and interview data, and findings from psychological experiments will be used to expose the strong ideological and social influences on public attitudes to climate change. Research will also be presented on low-carbon lifestyles, along with insights into fostering behaviour change, including new research to achieve behavioural ‘spillover’ (i.e., when changing one behaviour leads to further behavioural changes).
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Chapter One Introduction
This document provides an overview of key concepts in environmental science, including:
1) It defines the environment and discusses how humans exist within and impact the environment.
2) It explains that environmental science studies human interactions with the natural world and how to develop solutions to environmental problems.
3) It discusses sustainability and sustainable development as important goals for environmental science.
American naturalists such as John Muir (1838–1914), Aldo Leopold (.docx
American naturalists such as John Muir (1838–1914), Aldo Leopold (1887–1948), and Edward Abbey (1927–1989) have long pointed to theimportance of protecting the environment. However, genuine issues arise between those who wish to leave the environment as it is, and thosewho wish to utilize it for other purposes, such as drilling, development, or mining. These issues have become much more common topics ofdebate in recent decades, with increased energy and other demands placing stress on the environment. With the first "Earth Day" in 1970,various environmental groups began to develop more effective political organizations, and the environmental movement began to play asignificant role in American politics. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was begun, also in 1970, during the administration of PresidentRichard Nixon, in order to protect both human health and the environment by developing laws and reviewing regulations.
In this chapter, we will explore some of the questions that arise within the context of environmental ethics, the study of the moral relationshipbetween human beings and their surroundings, including nonhuman components found within those surroundings. Throughout, we will examinedifficult issues, such as how to balance the economic benefits of development with the benefits (economic and otherwise) of a wilderness orbeach or forest. Do we have a right to clean water and to clean air? If so, how are those rights enforced, and how do we maintain those rightswithout inhibiting important economic gains? And do we have an obligation to leave a sustainable environment to the generations that willfollow us?
Why Care About the Environment?
Often in discussions of environmental ethics, it is assumed by all involved that we should respect the environment, and seek toprevent its degradation, specifically if various forms of pollutions harm others. In a sense, this assumption is pretty safe: After all, ifsomeone does something to harm an innocent person, we generally regard that as wrong. So if I dump lead into a river thatincreases the lead content of water that children are exposed to, and harmed by, that seems to just be a specific case of my actionharming an innocent person, and thus is wrong.
But should we care about the environment at all? Many people, regardless of the positions they adopt relative to specificenvironmental policies, would agree with many of the following reasons to do so:
· More efficient use of energy saves money.
· A cleaner environment is healthier.
· Some natural scenery is unique and irreplaceable.
· Biodiversity is valuable in itself, and if not itself valuable, can be utilized to help create drugs, foods, and other things thatimprove life.
· If we have any obligations to future generations, leaving them a planet that is inhabitable—or even flourishing—would seem tobe a fundamental obligation.
· It's an ill bird that fouls its own nest: It doesn't make sense to ruin the place where you live.
· Various relig.
How do we approach messy. practical problems? A reflection on how to respond ...
The question how to approach practical, messy problems where problems are not well-defined remains actual. The recent financial and economic crisis, as well as an emerging ecological crisis, is an opportunity to reflect on deeper questions on how to approach and inform decisions in the real world.
Human Systems And Climate Change Essay
The IPCC report found that climate change is occurring and human activity is the dominant cause. Temperature and sea level rise data show the climate is warming due to increased greenhouse gases from human sources like burning fossil fuels. While some specifics around impacts are uncertain, the IPCC concluded it is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of observed warming since the mid-20th century. More data is still needed to better understand regional impacts of climate change.
REPLACING THE EPA
Today, EPA is all but a wholly owned subsidiary of liberal activist groups. The takeover of EPA and all of its activities
by liberal activists was slow and methodical over the past 30 years. Today, EPA is all but a wholly owned subsidiary of liberal activist groups. Its rules account for about half of the nearly $2 trillion a year cost of complying with all national regulations in the U.S.2 Barack Obama is using it to circumvent Congress to impose regulations on the energy sector that will cause prices to “skyrocket.” It is a rogue agency!
"LIMITS TO GROWTH REVISITED"; White Paper of the 2012 Winter School by the Pa...
A Winter School on "Limits to Growth Revisited", which was addressed to 60 young researchers of all relevant fields, took place in the week running up to the symposium. Following the event, the participants developed a "White Paper" report which shows their perspectives on the various subjects discussed within the Winter School.
Climate change
Humans are the main cause of climate change according to scientific evidence. Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and methane, which are byproducts of human activities such as burning fossil fuels and agriculture, are the leading cause of changes in the climate. While more people now believe that climate change is occurring and human-caused, many do not see it as an immediate threat. Proposed solutions such as a carbon tax are controversial, as they may help reduce emissions but also negatively impact economies and lower-income families. Overall the document argues that humans play a significant role in driving climate change.
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Why we find it so hard to act against climate change (Marshall 2010) Lecturas...
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Behavioural Meetup: "Think global, act local? Public engagement with climate ...
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Behavioural Meetup: Perceptions of and behavioural responses to climate change.
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Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays
Thesis Statement Examples For Argumentative Essays
American naturalists such as John Muir (1838–1914), Aldo Leopold (.docx
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Dipak gyawali
- 1. Reflecting on ‘Human Choice and Climate Change’ Dipak Gyawali Academician, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology & Chair, Nepal Water Conservation Foundation, Kathmandu 14th January 2015 August 2008 Kosi Breach: Flood from Climate Change??? Hardly!!!! Explanation more ‘pedestrian’ and garden variety!!
- 2. Rayner, S. and Malone, E. (eds) 1998. Human Choice and Climate Change. Vol 1-4. Battelle Pacific Northwest National Lab, Columbus, Ohio.
- 3. Human Choice & Climate Change’s Ten Suggestions for Policy Makers 1. View climate change issue holistically and not only as emissions reduction (or adaptation: DG) 2. Recognize institutional limits being as important as environmental limits 3. Recognize likelihood that social, economic and technological change will be more rapid and have greater impact on human populations than climate change 4. Recognize limits of rational planning 5. Employ decision aids from full range of natural & social sciences and humanities 6. Design policy for real world rather than fit world into particular policy model 7. Incorporate climate change concerns into other more immediate issues such as employment, economic development, public health, security 8. Make climate policy making and implementation more regional and local 9. Direct resources into identifying vulnerability and promoting resilience in massive impact areas 10.Use pluralistic approach to decision making
- 4. Marco Verweij and Michael Thompson (eds). 2006. Clumsy Solutions for a Complex World: Governance, Policy and Plural Perceptions. Palgrave/Macmillan Press, Basingstoke, UK. Cumbersome to implement international mechanisms of CDMs, JI, emission permits Measures insufficient to stabilize world climate even in most favourable scenario Trading scheme too expensive (transaction and political costs); encourages ‘wait-and-see’ instead of ‘no regrets’ Informed only by hierarchic procedural fetishism, ignores egalitarian and individualistic forms of governance
- 5. Hulme, M. 2009. Why We Disagree About Climate Change: Understanding Controversy, Inaction and Opportunity; Cambridge University Press, UK. “Climate change, global warming and greenhouse effect have different meanings popularly across languages and scientifically Human beings are more than material objects and climate is more than a physical entity Climate change cannot be ‘solved’ by technical and political resource mobilization like ozone depletion We need to understand ways in which climate change connects with foundational human attributes in psychological, spiritual and ethical work We disagree about climate change because we worry about different things
- 6. Asymmetrical Transactions Symmetrical Transactions Competition Unfettered and Unaccountable Competition Fettered and Accountable FATALISM HIERARCHY INDIVIDUALISM EGALITARIANISM RESOURCE LOTTERY RESOURCE SCARCITY RESOURCE DEPLETIONRESOURCE ABUNDANCE CLUB GOODS PUBLIC GOODS PRIVATE GOODS COMMON-POOL GOODS Electricity as ‘mirage’ in ads? Electricity as regulated ‘municipal or utility supply’. Priced, glamourized private diesel generators, solar on rooftops, individual solutions. Accessible to all, ‘common pool’ Alternative Energy – banmara briquettes Resources: Abundance, Scarcity or Depletion? Source: D. Gyawali 2009. Pluralized Water Policy Terrain = Sustainability and Integration. SAWAS 1(2): 193-199 http://www.sawasjournal.org/templates/sawas/images/PluralizedWaterPolicyTerrain.pdf believes in that produces from which they are excluded argues for to produce argues against to produce argues for to produce low jointness high highexcludability
- 7. Hierarchism: Coercive Power (Tamasik), Strategy of Codes and Procedures Individualism: Persuasive Power (Rajasik), Strategy of Networking Freedom Egalitarianism: Moral Power (Satwik), Strategy of Critique Source: D. Gyawali 2003. Rivers, Technology and Society, Zed Books, London Agency Choice: Cement Dam, Modern cement technology Community Choice: Brushwood Dam, simple labor saving devices Market Choice: Diesel Pump, Donkey Cart- Mobile Phone, Irrigated Truck
- 8. Bureaucratic HierarchismControl - too many people is the problem: Solution is to manage it through rules and regulation. DegradationAbundance Scarcity Market Individualism Egalitarianism of Social Movements/Greens Free innovation is the solution to scarcity brought about by too much control and scare mongering. Profligacy is the problem: solution is to reign in our greed. Climate Change Adapted from Rayner and Malone (1998) Neruvian Politics: Regulatory and Management Solutions Regano-Thatcherite Politics: Technical creativity and solutions Gandhian Politics: Ethical Behavioral solutions Plural Definition of the Wicked Climate Change Problem (and the origins of innovation) Answer is: “Many 10% Solutions”!!
- 9. International Treaty Consensus NationState NationState NationState NationState Old Assumption Based on S. Rayner and E. Malone 1998: Social Science Insights in Climate Change, in Human Choice and Climate Change, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Battelle Press, Ohio.
- 10. International Treaty Consensus NationState NationState NationState NationState New Reality Based on S. Rayner and E. Malone 1998: Social Science Insights in Climate Change, in Human Choice and Climate Change, Pacific Northwest National Lab, Battelle Press, Ohio. Environmental Activists Multinational Corporations Scientific and Professional Groups Non Government Social Organizations
- 11. Verweij, M. 2000. Transboundary Environmental Problems and Cultural Theory: The Protection of the Rhine and the Great Lakes. Palgrave, Basingstoke, UK Benedick, R. E. 1991. Ozone Diplomacy: New Directions in Safeguarding the Planet. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachussets, USA. If the Rhine can be cleaned up and the salmon returned, every polluted river AND the atmosphere can be cleaned up Non-binding goals and commitments at the high level, implementation at the lowest unit of governance All three styles of organizing included at the level of cantons and landers Pragmatically oriented American industry forced intervened in favour and against US Government Informed consumers and consumer groups had decisive influence Effectiveness of a regulatory agreement is enhanced when it employs market incentives to stimulate technological innovations