This document discusses how gendered local irrigation institutions in Nepal shape access to water, particularly during times of scarcity. It analyzes two farmer managed irrigation systems (AFMIS and GFMIS) and finds that AFMIS, which lacks a formal water users' committee and allocation rules, leads to inequitable access for women and lower castes who must divert water at night. In contrast, GFMIS, which has an inclusive water users' committee and fixed rotation schedule, improves access for all farmers, including women from marginalized groups. The study concludes that formal, inclusive irrigation institutions are important for decreasing the vulnerability of marginalized populations during water shortages.
Pani Panchayat is the name first given to a movement by Mr. Vilasrao Salunke for motivating farmers of Naigaon village of the drought-prone Purandhar taluka of Maharashtra in 1974. The government's inability to deal with the drought situation prompted him to take a 40 acre land on lease from the village temple trust and develop a recharge pond in the recharge area of the village, a dug well in the discharge zone and a lift irrigation system.
Pani Panchayat is the name first given to a movement by Mr. Vilasrao Salunke for motivating farmers of Naigaon village of the drought-prone Purandhar taluka of Maharashtra in 1974. The government's inability to deal with the drought situation prompted him to take a 40 acre land on lease from the village temple trust and develop a recharge pond in the recharge area of the village, a dug well in the discharge zone and a lift irrigation system.
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
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Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
OPPOSITION OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Ralegan lies in drought prone zone of ahmednagar dist. of Maharashtra.
Before 1975 there was acute under deprivation, fragile, degraded ecosystem and water scarcity.
70% of population was below poverty line.
Village met only 30% of food requirement.
People restored to illicit liquor vending.
Women were also suffering with prostitution.
15-20% population underfed.
Untouchability- 16 harizan family lived under isolation.
Corruption of govt. funds.
Recharge the ground water to 6.5meter depth through out the year Agricultural production went up from 294.3tonnes in 1975-76 to 1386.2tonnes in 1985-86.
Average yield per hact. Of cropped area increase 19 times.
Income from agriculture increased from Rs3,45,910 to Rs.31,72,678 peer annum.
Milk yield increased from 300ltr. To 4000 ltr.
In 2002 Per capita increase from Rs.271 to Rs.2257.
Best health indicator
provision of safe drinking water
Supply of water for industries.
Removal of caste barriers and promoting social cohesiveness.
1. Tapping rain water
2. Repairing of percolation
3. Horticulture development
4.Drip irrigation
5. Restriction on cultivation of water intense crop
6. Cash crop production was emphasized
7. Lift irrigation & establishment of water cooperatives
8. 4 lakh trees were planted
9. Watershed development
10. State agriculture department selected Ralegan Siddhi in 1982-83 for implementing this plan
11. 47 check dams were built in 4 micro watershed areas
12. Total water storage capacity is 300 cubic meters approx.
13. A canal of 3 kms long, 10 to 12 meter wide and 2 to 3 meters deep constructed
ppt on 10th class social science topic- Water resources.It contains topics like water sources, types of sources, water scarcity, water conservation and conservation methods.
Traditional methods of irrigation.
Rahat uses animal labour. Above the well, we tie a large wheel. An ox or cow would turn the wheel to draw the water from the well.
Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.
Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.
Dhekli is a traditional system of irrigation.
It is done manually. A person has to take out water through a bucket and pour it into the field.
A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain. There are buckets attached to the chain. Further, one part of the chain dips into the water source. As the wheel turns, the bucket picks up water. The chain later lifts them to the upper wheel where the water gets deposited into a source. The empty bucket gets carried back down.
Aurangabad district is located mostly in Godavari Basin, fall under Maharashtra agro climatic zone-VII (Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone). It is ‘Assured Rainfall Zone’ with average rainfall of 450-650 mm.
Peri urban Project Introduction_Anjal Prakash and Vishal NarainSaciWATERs
About the Project – Water Security in Peri-urban South Asia: Adapting to Climate Change and
Urbanization- Dr. Anjal Prakash, SaciWATERs, Hyderabad and Dr. Vishal Narain, MDI, Gurgaon
Rwss (rural water supply and sanitation)tushar garg
This is the pdf notes about the rural water supply and sanitation. This pdf sis related to the cicil engineering. This pdf is for quick revision of this topic.
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document explains the class 10 geography chapter 3 Water Resources. This will help all the students.
Teachers can take the help of this document to explain this chapter to their students, as students learn better when they visualize their learning
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10Shivam Parmar
I have expertise in making educational and other PPTs. Email me for more PPTs at a very reasonable price that perfectly fits in your budget.
Email: parmarshivam105@gmail.com
Chapter - 3, Water Resources, Geography, Social Science, Class 10
INTRODUCTION
CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY
OPPOSITION OF MULTI PURPOSE PROJECTS
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Every topic of this chapter is well written concisely and visuals will help you in understanding and imagining the practicality of all the topics.
By Shivam Parmar (PPT Designer)
Ralegan lies in drought prone zone of ahmednagar dist. of Maharashtra.
Before 1975 there was acute under deprivation, fragile, degraded ecosystem and water scarcity.
70% of population was below poverty line.
Village met only 30% of food requirement.
People restored to illicit liquor vending.
Women were also suffering with prostitution.
15-20% population underfed.
Untouchability- 16 harizan family lived under isolation.
Corruption of govt. funds.
Recharge the ground water to 6.5meter depth through out the year Agricultural production went up from 294.3tonnes in 1975-76 to 1386.2tonnes in 1985-86.
Average yield per hact. Of cropped area increase 19 times.
Income from agriculture increased from Rs3,45,910 to Rs.31,72,678 peer annum.
Milk yield increased from 300ltr. To 4000 ltr.
In 2002 Per capita increase from Rs.271 to Rs.2257.
Best health indicator
provision of safe drinking water
Supply of water for industries.
Removal of caste barriers and promoting social cohesiveness.
1. Tapping rain water
2. Repairing of percolation
3. Horticulture development
4.Drip irrigation
5. Restriction on cultivation of water intense crop
6. Cash crop production was emphasized
7. Lift irrigation & establishment of water cooperatives
8. 4 lakh trees were planted
9. Watershed development
10. State agriculture department selected Ralegan Siddhi in 1982-83 for implementing this plan
11. 47 check dams were built in 4 micro watershed areas
12. Total water storage capacity is 300 cubic meters approx.
13. A canal of 3 kms long, 10 to 12 meter wide and 2 to 3 meters deep constructed
ppt on 10th class social science topic- Water resources.It contains topics like water sources, types of sources, water scarcity, water conservation and conservation methods.
Traditional methods of irrigation.
Rahat uses animal labour. Above the well, we tie a large wheel. An ox or cow would turn the wheel to draw the water from the well.
Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.
Also called the pulley system, it involves pulling up water from a well or other such source to irrigate the land. This is a time consuming and labour intensive process, but it is very cost-efficient. Also, using a moat avoids wastage of water.
Dhekli is a traditional system of irrigation.
It is done manually. A person has to take out water through a bucket and pour it into the field.
A chain pump consists of two large wheels connected by a chain. There are buckets attached to the chain. Further, one part of the chain dips into the water source. As the wheel turns, the bucket picks up water. The chain later lifts them to the upper wheel where the water gets deposited into a source. The empty bucket gets carried back down.
Aurangabad district is located mostly in Godavari Basin, fall under Maharashtra agro climatic zone-VII (Central Maharashtra Plateau Zone). It is ‘Assured Rainfall Zone’ with average rainfall of 450-650 mm.
Peri urban Project Introduction_Anjal Prakash and Vishal NarainSaciWATERs
About the Project – Water Security in Peri-urban South Asia: Adapting to Climate Change and
Urbanization- Dr. Anjal Prakash, SaciWATERs, Hyderabad and Dr. Vishal Narain, MDI, Gurgaon
Rwss (rural water supply and sanitation)tushar garg
This is the pdf notes about the rural water supply and sanitation. This pdf sis related to the cicil engineering. This pdf is for quick revision of this topic.
Water resources (geography chapter 3, class 10)VJLEARNING
This document explains the class 10 geography chapter 3 Water Resources. This will help all the students.
Teachers can take the help of this document to explain this chapter to their students, as students learn better when they visualize their learning
1. GENDERED LOCAL IRRIGATION
INSTITUTIONS: IMPLICATIONS ON
ACCESS TO WATER IN THE CONTEXT
OF CHANGING WATER AVAILABILITY
SMRITTEE KALA PANTA
12TH JANUARY 2015
UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA
ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
2. INTRODUCTION
• Increasing feminization of agriculture in Nepal
• Changing water availability
• Association of irrigation as male domain
• Gendered irrigation institutions such as WUAs, water rights, water
allocation rules
3. OBJECTIVE
• To illustrate the crucial role of local formal and informal
institutions in shaping water access of women and men farmers of
different castes particularly during water scarce situations
4. DESCRIPTION OF FMIS UNDER STUDY
AFMIS
• Constructed by farmers in 1934
• Perennial rain fed water source
• Command Area- 350 ha
• Wards Covered -5,6,7,8
• Canal Length-4Km
• Increasing competition for irrigation
water
• Unorganized water users and lack of
formal committee
GFMIS
• Constructed under government
investment in 1987
• Perennial rain fed water source
• Command Area- 200 ha
• Wards Covered -1,2,3
• Canal Length-5.5 Km
• Increasing competition for irrigation
water
• Organized water users and formal
committee
5.
6. GENDERED INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS OF
AFMIS
Lack of definite organizational structure such as WUA
-VDC chairperson, political leaders, contractors organizing canal
maintenance activities
Formal committee formation in 2003 through political consensus- inactive
after completion of SISP project
Rule making process undeveloped
Informal groups of politically active upper caste men and previous irrigation
leaders after peace treaty
Gender neutral unwritten water right
- user title of land within the reach of canal
- contribution in canal maintenance activities
Rule in practice: whoever diverts the water first, gets the water
7. Gendered access to water in AFMIS
“My husband works in Kathmandu….I myself go to divert water to irrigate our field for rice transplantation in
summer and for potato in the winter. We neighbors go collectively in a group of 4-5 women at night when
others are sleeping. It’s risky to go during night but we have to. We don’t get chance to irrigate during the day
time. 6-7 years ago we didn’t need to struggle so much to get water. There used to be timely rainfall and several
water sources used to emerge locally…Now because of the water shortage we have to quarrel with others to get
water. The person near the source and person with able bodied male members can transplant rice timely and
get good yield while others have to wait for the rain. This is the reason why we could transplant rice in our field
only in July instead of June. It took 20 days instead of 7 days to finish the transplantation due to irregular water
supply”.
Mrs B10’, an upper caste woman irrigator from middle section, 2010
Source: Semi Structured Interviews, 2010
11. IMPROVED ACCESS TO WATER IN GFMIS
“I have been cultivating garlic for the last 3 years in bari (upland). Other
farmers were getting profit from it long before but I couldn’t take risk as it
needs much water. So I used to cultivate wheat instead which could give yield
even if its rainfed. Now the water is more reliable as we have fixed schedule of
irrigation and I am now benefiting from garlic”. Mrs J12, a woman from
Bhujel (middle) caste
“Now, we don’t need to argue with other irrigators like before. We can get
water by turns” Mrs D9, women irrigator from dalit caste.
12. IMPROVED ACCESS TO WATER IN GFMIS
Rotation schedule followed in winter
Committee actively involved in allocating and distributing water
- Access to water of women and men residing at different location
improved
- Less dependence of women irrigators
- Access to water still challenge in rainy season
Forceful assertion of water right ---- assertion on the basis of
contribution
13. CONCLUSION
• Continue to maintain the dominance of men (mostly higher caste and elite)
in irrigation management
• Having water rights does not automatically translate to secure access to water
• Gender inequality more striking in irrigation system with poorly developed
institutional arrangements
• Role of inclusive irrigation institutions in decreasing vulnerability of
marginalized populations in FMISs