AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is caused by the HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) which attacks cells of the immune system. HIV was discovered in 1983 by scientists in Paris and Maryland. HIV destroys CD4 cells (T cells) and makes copies of itself, gradually weakening the immune system. HIV is structured with an outer membrane and glycoprotein molecules that help it enter and fuse with host cells. Symptoms of AIDS include weight loss, fever, tiredness and opportunistic infections. HIV spreads through unprotected sex, contaminated needles, from mother to child during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Prevention methods include blood screening, safe sex practices, and not sharing equipment. ELISA and Western Blot tests

1. AIDS

2. Synopsis
• Introduction – AIDS
• Discovery
• HIV- & its structure
• Mode of action
• Symptoms
• Reasons for HIV infection
• Prevention
• Test
• Treatment

3. Introduction - AIDS
• Stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
• Each word can be explained as:
• Acquired- which means to get infected.
• Immune deficiency- means weakness of body’s immune system.
•Syndrome – a group of symptoms that cause disease.
•It is immunodeficiency disease.
•Is an immuneless state.
•It is a disease of humans immune system that is cause by HIV virus
•HIV virus attack the humans immune system & cause AIDS.
•In every patient, the symptoms of AIDS is vary.

4. Discovery
• In 1983, HIV virus was discovered by Luc
Antoine Montagnier in Paris & Dr. Robert Gallo
in Bethesda.
• Dr. Gallo discovered the first 2 human
retroviruses i.e. HIV -1 & HIV -2.
• The first named HTLV-III i.e. Human T-cell
Lymphotrophic Virus- III.
• The named was later changed to HIV virus.

5. HIV
• It stands for Human Immuno Deficiency Virus.
• It attacks the cells of immune system i.e. our body’s natural
defence against illness.
• HIV destroy WBC in immune system i.e TH cell.
• And makes multiple copies of itself inside the cells.
• As HIV destroy more CD4 (TH CELL) cells & makes more copies of
itself it gradually weakens human immune system.
• HIV mostly spread in body fluids like: blood, semen, vaginal
fluid,breast milk,etc.
• While AIDS not spread by saliva, tears, sweat, etc. because
the concentration of HIV is very low in these fluids.

6. HIV - STRUCTURE

7. Structure- HIV
• HIV virus is an enveloped virus that means lipid
bilayer outer membrane present.
• On the surface of lipid bilayer protein molecules
present i.e. called glycoprotein molecules(gp) .
• These glycoproteins help virus to enter into the
cell (TH).
• gp 120: help in primary attachment of virus to
CD4 molecule.
• gp 41: help virus to fused with host cell
membrane.

8. Role of encoded proteins in HIV
• 1. gag gene ---> p17- called matrix protein & form outer core-
protein layer.
• P24- called capsid protein & forms inner
core-protein layer.
• 2. env gene---> gp120-acts as Ag.
Protrudes from envelop & binds CD4.
• gp 41---> is transmembrane protein associated with gp120 &
req. for fusion.
• 3. pol gene--->p64-(RT enzyme) has reverse transcriptase &
RNase activity.
• P10-is a protease enzyme that breaks gag precursor.
• P32- is an integrase enzyme .

11. Symptoms
• Rapid weight loss.
• Recurring fever or extreme night sweat.
• Sore throat
• Extreme tiredness
• Muscles & jiont pain.

12. Reasons for HIV infection
• By unprotected intercourse with infected
person.
• by blood transfusion.
• By use of contaminated needles, syringes, etc.
• From mother to child during pregnancy.
• Also spread by breast feeding to child.
• Through donated organs from infected donar.

13. Prevention
• Check blood before the transfusion.
• Use of sterile needles, syringes, etc.
• Prevent free intercourse.
• Never share equipments with others.
• Infected women should feeding their baby with formula
instead of breast feeding.
• Proper check up of pregnant women.

14. Test
• ELISA Test:- it stands for Enzyme linked
immuno sorbent assay.
• Used to detect HIV infection or CD4 or TH cells
count in blood.
• If ELISA is positive then Western blot test
usually estimated to confirmed the diagnosis.
• WESTERN BLOT TEST:- is very sensitive blood
test.
• Used to confirm positive ELISA test result.

15. Treatment
• HAART :-
• stands for Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy.
• Introduced in 1996.
• It is a combination of 2 or more drugs.
• It slow down the rate at which HIV virus replicates itself.
• Also makes T cell strong.
• Aim to reduced the amount of HIV virus in body.
• NACO: -
• It is National AIDS Control Organization.
• Introduced in 1992.
• Aim to control AIDS patients.
• Provide them best treatment.
• Provide awareness among people about AIDS.

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