This document provides an overview of AIDS presented by Swizel S. Rana at Vinayaka Institute of Nursing. It discusses the history and introduction of AIDS, the HIV virus, modes of transmission including unprotected sex and intravenous drug use. It also summarizes the life cycle of HIV, clinical manifestations over time, laboratory diagnosis including ELISA and Western Blot tests, and prevention/treatment approaches like antiretroviral therapy and safe sex practices.

1. PRESENTATION ON
AIDS
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Presented By:
Swizel S . Rana
Roll No. 38
B.Sc [Nursing 2nd year]
Guided By:
Ms.Kinjal Jadav
[Nursing Tutor]

2. HISTORY OF AIDS
Scientist identified a type of CHIMPANZEE in
west africa as the source of HIV infection in
humans.
It is widely believed that HIV originated in
KINSHASA ,in the democratic republic of
CONGO around 1920 when HIV crossed
species from chimpanzees to humans.
HIV is transmitted via unprotected sexual
intercourse.
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3. INTRODUCTION
• AIDS stands for ‘Acquired immune deficiency
syndrome.
• ACQURIED means YOU CAN INFECTED WITH.
• IMMUNE DEFICIENCY means WEAKNESS IN
THE BODY SYSTEM THAT FIGHTS WITH
DISEASES.
• SYNDROM means GROUP OF HEALTH
PROBLEMS THAT MAKE A DISEASE.
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4. Virus of HIV
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5. • AIDS caused by a virus called HUMAN
IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS.
• Tests for HIV look for the antibodies in your
blood or mouth lining against HIV. If you have
them in blood it means that person have HIV
infection. People have the HIV antibodies are
called *HIV POSITIVE*.
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6. AGENT FACTOR
• AIDS is caused by HUMAN IMMUNO
DEFICIENCY VIRUS.[HIV]
• This virus has the ability to destroy human T4
cells [A Subset of human T lymphocytes].
• It can pass the blood brain barrier and destroy
brain cells.
• HIV mutates fast and new strains are develop
continualy.
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7. • The virus remains in the body life long after
being infected.
• The causative agent is present in blood
,semen, CSF in greatest concentrations.but in
tears, saliva, breast milk, vaginal secretion and
cervical secretions, its concentration is less.
• HIV has been found to be in lymph nodes
,bone marrow, brain tissues and skin.
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8. HOST FACTORS
Most commonly found in sexually active
people between the age group 20-49 years.
High risk people are male homo-sexual.
Male bisexual having multiple partners.
INTRAVENOUS DRUG abusers.
BLOOD TRANSFUSION recipient.
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9. LIFE CYCLE OF HIV
There are four stages-
1.Binding and Fusion – The virus attaches itself to a
helper T cell. The contents of HIV particle are then
released into the cell.
- The type of drug that can stop this part is called
Fusion or entry inhibitors.
2.Reverse Transcription and Integration – Once
inside a cell, HIV change its genetic material into HIV
DNA using an enzyme called Reverse transcriptase.
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10. 3.Transcription and Translation-
- The HIV DNA makes long strands of messenger
RNA proteins .And transport them towards the
cell and used for producing more HIV.
4.Budding and Maturation-
- It release new infected T helper cells. They all
are ready to infect other cells.
- the type of drug that can stop this process are
called Protease inhibitors.
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11. Vinayaka Institute of Nursing 11

12. MODE OF TRANSMISSION
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13. INCUBATION PERIOD
• INCUBATION PERIOD – Is the period of time
that elapses from the infection by the agent to
the appearance of clinical symptoms of the
host.
• HIVS incubation period is from a few months
to 10 years or even more.
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14. CLINICAL MENIFESTATIONS
After being infected with HIV generally fever,
sore throat and rash appear after a few weeks
and most of people remain without symptoms
for many years.
HIV antibodies also appear 2 to 12 weeks after
the infection the period before antibodies are
produced is known as WINDOW PERIOD.
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15. • As HIV remains in the body of infected
person,so the person acts as a CARRIER. After
being damage of immune system after a
longer period due to AIDS, the person will
show the symptoms are one or more.
- Malaise
- fatigue
- fever
-night sweats
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16. - Unexplained diarrhoea lasting longer than
1 month.
- Loss of body weight[more than 10% loss of
the body.
- Opportunistic infections such as oral thrush
- Generalised lymphadenopathy – A disease
affecting lymph nodes which are abnormal
in size ,number and consistency.
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17. - Enlarged spleen
- Kaposi sarcoma – Is cancer that develops
from the cells that lines lymph or blood vessels.
It appears as tumors on the skin or mucosal
surface.
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18. • -Cytomegalovirus candidiasis- Infection of
oesophagus.it is present as a deep ulcers on
the surface of oesophagus.
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19. • Hairy leukoplakia- Is a condition that
characterised by irregular white patches on
the side of the tongue and in mouth.
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20. • Cryptcoccal meningitis-is a fungal infection of
the tissues covering the brain and spinal cord.
• Skin infection
• Herpes zoster/shingles-painful and contagious
rash caused by chickenpox virus-varicella
zoster
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21. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
 ELISA TEST
- The ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBANT
ASSAY [ELISA] , was the first screening test
commonly employed for HIV.
- It is antibody detection test.
 WESTERN BLOT TEST
- Is like a ELISA. It detects HIV antibodies in
blood of the person. Antibodies are proteins
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22. Your immune system produces in response to
the presences of foreign substances , such as
viruses. If person test positive for HIV on the
ELISA test ,health provide will order the western
blot test to confirm HIV infection.
 CD 4 LYMPHOCYTE MARKER TEST
- A CD4 count does not an HIV test.
-It is used to monitor immune system function
in HIV positive people. Normal CD4 count is
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23. 500 cells/mm3 to 1000 cells/mm3.In HIV person
the count drops below200 cells /mm3.
P24 ANTIGEN TEST
-It detects the presence of the p24 protein of
HIV ,the capsid protein of the virus.
MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES specific to the P24 in
the person blood and will stick to antibodies
and enzyme linked antibodies to P24 causes a
colour change if P24 was present in sample.
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24. PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF AIDS
1) DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
- The cases of HIV/AIDS should be identified
through survey. laboratory investigation of the
patient ,who are coming for treatment of their
problem,should be done for HIV/AIDS so as to
identify the cases.
- As there is no vaccines or cure for treatment
of HIV/AIDS.
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25. - But these cases should be treated with
ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY.
-Antiretroviral therapy is the combination of
several antiretroviral medicines used to slow the
rate at which HIV makes copies of itself
[multiplies] in the body .
-Combination of three or more antiretroviral
medicines is more effective than using just one
medicine.
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26.  DRUGS OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY
1.Zidovudine – 500-600mg daily in two or three
divided doses.
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27. 2.Didanosine- 200-300 mg oral B D daily
3.Tenofovir- 300 mg orally B.D.
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28. 4. Ritonavir – 600mg orally B.D.
5.Nevirapine- 200mg orally daily
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29. • According to WHO, the definition of AIDS
surveillance is that an adult or adolescent is
considered to have AIDS if at least 2 of the
major signs with 1 minor sign is present.
MAJOR SIGNS:
- chronic diarrhoea for more than 1 month
- Weight loss more than 10% of body weight
- Fever for more than one month
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30. MINOR SIGNS:
- Oropharyngeal candiasis- is a fungal infection
of candida species on the mucous membrane
of the mouth.
- Generalised pruritic dermatitis- it is itching
.including dry skin, skin disease .
- Persistent cough for more than 1 month
- History of Herpes Zoster
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31. - Chronic progressive or disseminated herpes
simplex- is a viral disease and based on the
part of the body infected.
- Generalised Lymphadenopathy-is a disease of
lymph nodes which are abnormal in size,
number and consistency.
- In case of surveillance ,presence of
generalised kaposi sarcoma or cryptococcal
meningitis is sufficient for diagnosis of AIDS.
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32. 2. POST EXPOSURE PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT
-On accidental exposure to virus, antiretroviral
therapy should be started within hours.US
centre for Disease Control and prevention has
recommended the following treatment for
health care provider who are exposed to HIV
accidently.
- Zidovudine[AZT]- 200 mg TDS
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33. - Lamivudine[3TC]- 150mg BD in 4 weeks
A. If the source individual has advanced AIDS
then---Nelfinavir 750 mg TDS should be
added to AZT/3TC regimen.
B. If the source individual has failed on
AZT/3TC---Stavudine +Didanosine should be
used instead of AZT/3TC.
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34. 3.INTERUPTING THE MODE OF TRANSMISION
- Prevention of HIV/AIDS can be achieved by
interupting the mode of transmission .This
includes-
1.Using condoms,while having sex
2.Avoid multisexual partners
3.Avoid the use of needle , syringes of infected
HIV/AIDS and use disposable needle and
syringes.
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35. 4.Check blood for HIV/AIDS before transfusion.
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36. THANK YOU
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