Does CD4 Cell Count Influence CT features of Intracranial Opportunistic Infec...hajikareem00
The number of HIV cases in Malaysia in people aged 15 to 49 are 80,000 with its current rate of doubling every three years. In Malaysia, opportunistic infections such as Cryptococcus are found to be associated with advanced HIV infection. In predicting this, a useful guide is by monitoring the CD4 + T-Lymphocyte count. Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in establishing early intracranial involvement. In malaysia 5 oppurtunity infections: TB, PCP, toxoenceph, crypto mening,Bact pneumonia (Nissapatorn 2003)
According to Malaysia Ministry of Health Report year 2004; males remain the majority (93%) of reported HIV and AIDS cases (91%) within age group of 20 to 39 years. Malay teenagers and males involved in the drug addiction Another study in KL: most frequent routes of transmission were sexual contact (78.5%), followed by IDUs (30%), All females patients included in this study were a former wife to an intravenous drug users in which the virus transmission occurs through unprotected sexual relationship. This is due to poor knowledge regarding the relationship between drug addiction with HIV transmission and various routes of HIV/AIDS transmission in the community. Ignorance and being a naïve wife to those husbands involved with drug addiction also further increase HIV transmission.
The objective of this study is to identify the association between CD4 count with the site and type of intracranial lesions of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients.
Results of our study: All male patients were IV drug users. Late stage of HIV infection with a CD4 count <200><50.>< 50cells/µl presenting with non focal neurological symptoms of headache or altered behaviour. The CT findings were normal in 5 scans, cerebral atrophy in 1 scan and the rest had mass lesions.
Among 56 patients serological study for toxoplasmosis was done in 41 patients. Where by, 7 and 49 patients were in middle and late stage of the disease process respectively. This contribute to the high percentage of late stage patients with focal lesion as compared to those patients in middle stage of their illness (n=35 (71.4%) versus n=3 (42.9%) respectively).
No statistically significant correlation observed between intracranial lesions with clinical stage of disease in this study
--Professor Madya Dr. Hj. M. ABDUL KAREEM. USM, KUBANG KERIAN, KOTA BHARU, MALAYSIA
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR FIRST MBBS STUDENTS, DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
A CLASS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY,HIV-MORPHOLOGY, GENOME, LIFE CYCLE,MODE OF TRANSMISSION, IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.
Prepared By : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of ICAP for CA. at RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
Does CD4 Cell Count Influence CT features of Intracranial Opportunistic Infec...hajikareem00
The number of HIV cases in Malaysia in people aged 15 to 49 are 80,000 with its current rate of doubling every three years. In Malaysia, opportunistic infections such as Cryptococcus are found to be associated with advanced HIV infection. In predicting this, a useful guide is by monitoring the CD4 + T-Lymphocyte count. Neuroimaging plays a crucial role in establishing early intracranial involvement. In malaysia 5 oppurtunity infections: TB, PCP, toxoenceph, crypto mening,Bact pneumonia (Nissapatorn 2003)
According to Malaysia Ministry of Health Report year 2004; males remain the majority (93%) of reported HIV and AIDS cases (91%) within age group of 20 to 39 years. Malay teenagers and males involved in the drug addiction Another study in KL: most frequent routes of transmission were sexual contact (78.5%), followed by IDUs (30%), All females patients included in this study were a former wife to an intravenous drug users in which the virus transmission occurs through unprotected sexual relationship. This is due to poor knowledge regarding the relationship between drug addiction with HIV transmission and various routes of HIV/AIDS transmission in the community. Ignorance and being a naïve wife to those husbands involved with drug addiction also further increase HIV transmission.
The objective of this study is to identify the association between CD4 count with the site and type of intracranial lesions of opportunistic infections in HIV/AIDS patients.
Results of our study: All male patients were IV drug users. Late stage of HIV infection with a CD4 count <200><50.>< 50cells/µl presenting with non focal neurological symptoms of headache or altered behaviour. The CT findings were normal in 5 scans, cerebral atrophy in 1 scan and the rest had mass lesions.
Among 56 patients serological study for toxoplasmosis was done in 41 patients. Where by, 7 and 49 patients were in middle and late stage of the disease process respectively. This contribute to the high percentage of late stage patients with focal lesion as compared to those patients in middle stage of their illness (n=35 (71.4%) versus n=3 (42.9%) respectively).
No statistically significant correlation observed between intracranial lesions with clinical stage of disease in this study
--Professor Madya Dr. Hj. M. ABDUL KAREEM. USM, KUBANG KERIAN, KOTA BHARU, MALAYSIA
A LECTURE ON AIDS FOR FIRST MBBS STUDENTS, DEPT OF BIOCHEMISTRY.
A CLASS ON EPIDEMIOLOGY, VIROLOGY,HIV-MORPHOLOGY, GENOME, LIFE CYCLE,MODE OF TRANSMISSION, IMMUNOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS, LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT.
This powerpoint, deals with HIV pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, mode of transmission and diagnostic parameters.
Purely based on clinical pharmacist perspective.
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus that attacks the immune system, the body's natural defense system. Without a strong immune system, the body has trouble fighting off disease. Both the virus and the infection it causes are called HIV.
Prepared By : AFC Shah Zeb Khan
Student of ICAP for CA. at RAET PAC Lahore.
Also Student of BS Botany at University of Sargodha.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
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The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
THE BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT WHAT IS HIV AND HOW IT DESTRUCT THE IMMUNE SYSTEM. THEN LEADS TO AIDS. PRESENTATION ALSO EXPLAINS THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV, ITS TREATMENT
WHY WE DONT HAVE VACCINE FOR HIV AND WHAT ARE THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VACCINE DEVELOPMENT..
I HOPE IT WILL EXPLAIN WELL ABOUT HIV INFECTION AND AIDS, MAY PROVE USEFUL FOR YOU GUYS.....
Etiology, pathophysiology, Pharmacotherapy of AIDS .pptxdrsriram2001
Definition of AIDS:
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a late stage of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection. It is characterized by a severe depletion of the immune system, making the individual susceptible to opportunistic infections and certain cancers.
2. Etiology (HIV):
HIV Structure:
HIV is a retrovirus that primarily targets CD4+ T cells, a crucial component of the immune system.
The virus has two main types: HIV-1 and HIV-2, with HIV-1 being the most common and virulent worldwide.
3. Transmission:
Modes of Transmission:
HIV is primarily transmitted through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected person.
It can also be transmitted through sharing of contaminated needles, from an infected mother to her child during childbirth or breastfeeding, and through blood transfusions with infected blood (though this is rare now due to blood screening).
4. Clinical Stages:
Acute HIV Infection:
Occurs within the first few weeks after exposure.
Presents with flu-like symptoms such as fever, fatigue, and swollen lymph nodes.
Chronic HIV Infection (Asymptomatic Stage):
Can last for several years with few or no symptoms.
The virus is actively replicating, and the immune system is gradually compromised.
Symptomatic HIV Infection (Symptomatic Stage):
As the immune system weakens, symptoms such as persistent fever, weight loss, and diarrhea may occur.
AIDS:
Diagnosed when the immune system is severely compromised, typically when the CD4+ T cell count falls below a critical threshold.
Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia) and certain cancers (e.g., Kaposi's sarcoma) become more common.
5. Preventive Measures:
Condom Use:
Consistent and correct use of condoms during sexual intercourse helps prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP):
Antiretroviral medications, when taken consistently by HIV-negative individuals at high risk, can prevent HIV infection.
Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP):
Emergency treatment with antiretroviral drugs within 72 hours of potential exposure to HIV to prevent infection.
Needle Exchange Programs:
Reducing the sharing of needles among injecting drug users helps prevent the transmission of HIV.
1
Final Course Project Outline
Final Course Project Outline: The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry in
the Era of Climate Change
Ruinan Yang
King Graduate School, Monroe College
MG630: Organizational Behavior and Leadership in the 21st Century
Dr. Judith Riggs
November 20, 2021
2
Final Course Project Outline
I. Introduction
a. Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)
b. Climate change and sustainable development
II. Case Study on Pharmaceutical Companies with Notable ESG
Scores
a. What is ESG score?
b. Case study: Boehringer Ingelheim, a German pharmaceutical company
III. Critical Analysis of The Role of Pharmaceutical Industry on Climate Change
IV. Conclusion: My Role as a Leader
V. Reference
HIV AND AIDS
TITLE
Prepared by:
Teacher :
OUTLINE:
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Risk factors
Clinical Manifestation
Diagnosis
History taking
Physical examination
Laboratory studies
VI. Infection control Policies
VII. Nursing Diagnosis And Intervention
VIII. Summary
OBJECTIVES:
At the end of this lecture, students will be able to:
1. Know and understand what is HIV AND AIDS.
2. Understand the process how disease develop.
3. Practice how to deal and take care a patient according to infection control sets of guidelines.
4. Identify Nursing diagnosis and make interventions that help promote patient care and comfort.
INTRODUCTION
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets the immune system and weakens people's defense against many infections and some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can fight off. As the virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells, infected individuals gradually become immunodeficient. Immune function is typically measured by CD4 cell count.
The most advanced stage of HIV infection is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which can take many years to develop if not treated, depending on the individual. AIDS is defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations.
Since HIV was first identified almost 30 years ago, remarkable progress has been made in improving the quality and duration of life for people living with HIV disease.
HIV or human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a chronic condition that requires daily medication.
HIV- 1 is a retrovirus isolated and recognized as the etiologic agent of AIDS.
HIV-2 is a retrovirus identified in 1986 in AIDS patients in West
HIV
AIDS
is defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as any person with HIV infection and a CD4 lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mcL (or a CD4 count below 14%) or having an AIDS-indicator condition
The primary route of transmission of the HIV virus is by entering the mucosal surface (predominantly sexual contact).
Following mucosal entry, the virus binds to peripheral circulating T cells and macrophages (e.g., dendritic cells) that express the CD4 and CCR5 receptors.
As the dis ...
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Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
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